the autobiography of benjamin...

234
THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN WEBSTER'S KOREAN THESAURUS EDITION for ESL, EFL, ELP, TOFEL ® , TOEIC ® , and AP ® Test Preparation Benjamin Franklin TOEFL , TOEIC , AP and Advanced Placement are trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which has neither reviewed nor endorsed this book. All rights reserved.

Upload: others

Post on 28-Oct-2019

11 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY

OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

WEBSTER'S KOREAN THESAURUS EDITION

for ESL, EFL, ELP, TOFEL®, TOEIC®, and AP® Test Preparation

Benjamin Franklin

TOEFL, TOEIC, AP and Advanced Placement are trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which hasneither reviewed nor endorsed this book. All rights reserved.

TOEFL®, TOEIC®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which has neither reviewed nor endorsed this book. All rights reserved.

The Autobiography

of Benjamin Franklin Webster's Korean Thesaurus Edition

for ESL, EFL, ELP, TOFEL®, TOEIC®, and AP® Test

Preparation

Benjamin Franklin

ii

I C O N C L A S S I C S

Published by ICON Group International, Inc. 7404 Trade Street

San Diego, CA 92121 USA

www.icongrouponline.com

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin: Webster's Korean Thesaurus Edition for ESL, EFL, ELP, TOFEL®, TOEIC®, and AP® Test Preparation

This edition published by ICON Classics in 2005

Printed in the United States of America.

Copyright ©2005 by ICON Group International, Inc. Edited by Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. (INSEAD); Copyright ©2005, all rights reserved.

All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc.

TOEFL®, TOEIC®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which has neither reviewed nor endorsed this book. All rights reserved.

ISBN 0-497-91339-9

iii

Contents

PREFACE FROM THE EDITOR.......................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTORY NOTE..................................................................................................... 2

PART ONE ........................................................................................................................ 5

PART TWO ...................................................................................................................... 76

PART THREE .................................................................................................................. 93

PART FOUR .................................................................................................................. 165

CHIEF EVENTS IN FRANKLIN’S LIFE ............................................................................ 170

GLOSSARY ....................................................................................................................... 1

Benjamin Franklin 1

PREFACE FROM TH E ED ITOR

Webster’s paperbacks take advantage of the fact that classics are frequently assigned readings in English courses. By using a running English-to-Korean thesaurus at the bottom of each page, this edition of The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin by Benjamin Franklin was edited for three audiences. The first includes Korean-speaking students enrolled in an English Language Program (ELP), an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) program, an English as a Second Language Program (ESL), or in a TOEFL® or TOEIC® preparation program. The second audience includes English-speaking students enrolled in bilingual education programs or Korean speakers enrolled in English speaking schools. The third audience consists of students who are actively building their vocabularies in Korean in order to take foreign service, translation certification, Advanced Placement® (AP®)1 or similar examinations. By using the Rosetta Edition® when assigned for an English course, the reader can enrich their vocabulary in anticipation of an examination in Korean or English. Webster’s edition of this classic is organized to expose the reader to a maximum number of difficult and potentially ambiguous English words. Rare or idiosyncratic words and expressions are given lower priority compared to “difficult, yet commonly used” words. Rather than supply a single translation, many words are translated for a variety of meanings in Korean, allowing readers to better grasp the ambiguity of English, and avoid them using the notes as a pure translation crutch. Having the reader decipher a word’s meaning within context serves to improve vocabulary retention and understanding. Each page covers words not already highlighted on previous pages. If a difficult word is not translated on a page, chances are that it has been translated on a previous page. A more complete glossary of translations is supplied at the end of the book; translations are extracted from Webster’s Online Dictionary. Definitions of remaining terms as well as translations can be found at www.websters-online-dictionary.org. Please send suggestions to [email protected]

The Editor

Webster’s Online Dictionary www.websters-online-dictionary.org

1 TOEFL®, TOEIC®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which has neither reviewed nor endorsed this book. All rights reserved.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 2

INTRODUCTORY % NO TE

Benjamin Franklin was born in Milk Street, Boston, on January 6, 1706. His father, Josiah Franklin, was a tallow chandler who married twice, and of his seventeen children Benjamin was the youngest son. His schooling ended at ten, and at twelve he was bound apprentice to his brother James, a printer, who published the “New England Courant.” To this journal he became a contributor, and later was for a time its nominal editor. But the brothers quarreled, and Benjamin ran away, going first to New York, and thence to Philadelphia, where he arrived in October, 1723. He soon obtained work as a printer, but after a few months he was induced by Governor Keith to go to London, where, finding Keith’s promises empty, he again worked as a compositor till he was brought back to Philadelphia by a merchant named Denman, who gave him a position in his business. On Denman’s death he returned to his former trade, and shortly set up a printing house of his own from which he published “The Pennsylvania Gazette,” to which he contributed many essays, and which he made a medium for agitating a variety of local reforms. In 1732 he began to issue his famous “Poor Richard’s Almanac” for the enrichment of which he borrowed or composed those pithy utterances of worldly wisdom which are the basis of a large part of his popular reputation. In 1758, the year in which he ceases writing for the Almanac, he printed in it “Father Abraham’s Sermon,” now regarded as the most famous piece of literature produced in Colonial America.

Korean

apprentice: 도제, 견습, 계시로삼다,

견습으로보내다, 초심자.

borrowed: 다른 데서 따온, 빈, 차용한

.

chandler: 챈들러, 잡화상, 양초제조판

매인, 양초제조인, 양초 제조판매인.

compositor: 식자공.

contributor: 기부자, 공헌자, 기고가.

enrichment: 장식물, 부유, 부유하게

하기, 비옥, 풍부하게 함.

induced: 인공적으로 출산시키는, 인

공분만을 하는, 유도하는, 야기하는,

인공적으로 일으키는, 권유하는, 귀납

하는.

named: 유명한, 지명된, 지정의.

nominal: 이름의, 근소한, 명사의, 이

름뿐인, 명사적인, 만족한, 계획 로,

공칭의, 기명의, 명목상의, 명사 상당

어.

pithy: 간결한, 수의, 수가 많은, 기력

이 있는, 속이 있는, 골수가 있는.

printing: 인쇄, 인쇄물, 날염, 활자체

의 문자, 인화, 인쇄 부수, 인쇄업, 원

색 제판법, 인쇄부수, 인쇄술, 무늬찍

기.

schooling: 교육, 학교 교육, 학비, 훈

련, 견책.

tallow: 짐승 기름, 수지 양초, 수지가

생기다, 수지를 바르다, 살찌게 하다,

수지, 짐승기름.

thence: 그때부터, 그러므로, 거기서부

터, 그런고로, 그곳에서부터.

worldly: 세속적인, 이 세상의, 세상의.

Benjamin Franklin 3

Meantime %Franklin was concerning himself more and more with public affairs. He set forth a scheme for an Academy, which was taken up later and finally developed into the University of Pennsylvania; and he founded an “American Philosophical Society” for the purpose of enabling scientific men to communicate their discoveries to one another. He himself had already begun his electrical researches, which, with other scientific inquiries, he called on in the intervals of money-making and politics to the end of his life. In 1748 he sold his business in order to get leisure for study, having now acquired comparative wealth; and in a few years he had made discoveries that gave him a reputation with the learned throughout Europe. In politics he proved very able both as an administrator and as a controversialist; but his record as an office-holder is stained by the use he made of his position to advance his relatives. His most notable service in home politics was his reform of the postal system; but his fame as a statesman rests chiefly on his services in connection with the relations of the Colonies with Great Britain, and later with France. In 1757 he was sent to England to protest against the influence of the Penns in the government of the colony, and for five years he remained there, striving to enlighten the people and the ministry of England as to Colonial conditions. On his return to America he played an honorable part in the Paxton affair, through which he lost his seat in the Assembly; but in 1764 he was again despatched to England as agent for the colony, this time to petition the King to resume the government from the hands of the proprietors. In London he actively opposed the proposed Stamp Act, but lost the credit for this and much of his popularity through his securing for a friend the office of stamp agent in America. Even his effective work in helping to obtain the repeal of the act left him still a suspect; but he continued his efforts to present the case for the Colonies as the troubles thickened toward the crisis of the Revolution. In 1767 he crossed to France, where he was received with honor; but before his return home in 1775 he lost his position as postmaster through his share in divulging to Massachusetts the famous letter of Hutchinson and Oliver. On his arrival in Philadelphia he was chosen a member of the Continental Congress and in 1777 he was despatched to France as commissioner for the United States. Here he remained till 1785, the favorite of French society; and with

Korean

administrator: 행정관, 관리인, 관리자

, 행정 능력이 있는 사람, 관리 능력이

있는 사람.

chiefly: 주로, 개, 거의, 우선.

commissioner: 위원, 장관, 이사, 국장,

커미셔너, 판무관, 청장, 지방 행정관,

감독관, 도박 브로커.

controversialist: 논변가, 논객, 논쟁자

.

enabling: 합법화하는, 권능을 부여하

는.

enlighten: 계몽하다, 명백하게 하다,

교화하다, 밝히다, 빛을 비추다.

favorite: 마음에 드는 좋아하는 물건,

특히 좋아하는 물건, 특히 잘하는, 인

기 있는 말, 마음에 드는, 좋아하는 사

람.

honor: 명예, 명성, 존경하다, 체면, 자

존심, 훈장, 서훈, 고관, 인수하고 지

불하다, 정절, 작위.

honorable: 존경할 만한, 고귀한, 명예

로운, 훌륭한, 수치를 아는, 영광의.

office-holder: 공무원.

postal: 우편의, 우체국의, 우편 엽서.

postmaster: 우체국장.

repeal: 폐지하다, 폐지, 무효로 하다,

폐기, 취소, 철회, 무효로하다, 법률

따위를 무효로 하다.

resume: 요약하다, 다시 시작하다, 되

찾다, 개요, 적요, 다시 차지하다, 회

복하다, 이력서, 다시 계속하다, 계속

하다, 재점유하다.

statesman: 정치가.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 4

such success did he conduct the affairs of his country that when he finally returned he received a place only second to that of Washington as the champion of American independence. He died on April 17, 1790.%

The first five chapters of the Autobiography were composed in England in 1771, continued in 1784-5, and again in 1788, at which date he brought it down to 1757. After a most extraordinary series of adventures, the original form of the manuscript was finally printed by Mr. John Bigelow, and is here reproduced in recognition of its value as a picture of one of the most notable personalities of Colonial times, and of its acknowledged rank as one of the great autobiographies of the world.

Korean

acknowledged: 일반적으로 인정된,

정평 있는, 정평있는.

affairs: 상황, 정사.

champion: 일류의, 투사, 선수권 보유

자, 챔피언, 우승자, 옹호하다, 우승한

, 전사, 뛰어난 사람, 투사로서 활동하

다, 옹호자.

composed: 침착한, 으로 구성되어, 차

분한.

conduct: 행위, 지도, 수행하다, 지휘하

다, 이끌다, 품행, 안내하다, 행동하다

, 전도하다, 지휘, 교목.

extraordinary: 보통이아닌, 비범한, 특

명의, 엄청난, 이상한, 특별 수당, 임

시의, 비상한.

independence: 독립, 자활할 수 있는

수입, 자주, 자립, 독립심, 독립해서

지낼 만한 수입, 독립하여 살만한 수

입, 일하지 않고 살만한 수입.

manuscript: 원고, 손으로 쓴, 필사한,

사본, 필사의, 사본 원고의.

notable: 주목할 만한, 명사, 저명한,

유명한, 두드러진, 유명한것, 명망가,

뛰어난, 프랑스 비상시 의회의 명사의

원, 살림잘하는, 지각할수 있는.

printed: 날염한, 인쇄된, 프린트의, 인

쇄한.

rank: 열, 계급, 지독한, 병졸, 고관, 평

가하다, 횡렬, 군 , 고위, 등급을 매

기다, 나란히 세우다.

recognition: 인식, 표창, 승인, 인사,

사례, 인정, 보수, 알아줌, 인지, 절,

알아보기.

Benjamin Franklin 5

PART O NE

Twyford, at the Bishop of St. Asaph’s, 1771.%

Dear Son, I have ever had pleasure in obtaining any little anecdotes of my ancestors.

You may remember the inquiries I made among the remains of my relations when you were with me in England, and the journey I undertook for that purpose. Imagining it may be equally agreeable to you to know the circumstances of my life, many of which you are yet unacquainted with, and expecting the enjoyment of a week’s uninterrupted leisure in my present country retirement, I sit down to write them for you. To which I have besides some other inducements. Having emerged from the poverty and obscurity in which I was born and bred, to a state of affluence and some degree of reputation in the world, and having gone so far through life with a considerable share of felicity, the conducing means I made use of, which with the blessing of God so well succeeded, my posterity may like to know, as they may find some of them suitable to their own situations, and therefore fit to be imitated.

That felicity, when I reflected on it, has induced me sometimes to say, that were it offered to my choice, I should have no objection to a repetition of the same life from its beginning, only asking the advantages authors have in a second edition to correct some faults of the first. So I might, besides correcting the faults, change some sinister accidents and events of it for others more

Korean

affluence: 풍부, 부유, 풍부한 공급, 유

입, 유복.

agreeable: 기분 좋은, 유쾌한, 적당한,

어울리는, 쾌이 흥하는, 사근사근한,

마음에 드는, 맞는, 상냥한, 기꺼이 동

의하는.

blessing: 고마운 것, 은총, 축복, 행복,

가호, 식전의 기도, 복, 찬성, 축복의

말.

bred: 하게 자란.

edition: 호화판, 판, 총서, 복제, 보급

판의 판, 호화판의 판.

enjoyment: 향락, 기쁨, 보유, 향유.

felicity: 행복, 지복, 적절한 표현, 교묘

함, 경사, 적절.

imitated: 본뜬, 모조의 가짜의, 모방된

, 흉내내어진.

objection: 반 , 이의, 반 이유, 싫은

, 혐오, 난점.

obscurity: 불명료, 어두컴컴함, 난해한

곳, 미천, 어둠, 불분명, 세상에 알려

지지 않음.

posterity: 자손, 후세.

repetition: 되풀이, 반복, 암송, 모사,

모방, 복사, 반복된 말, 복주, 복창, 사

본, 재주장.

sinister: 불길한, 왼쪽의, 사악한, 불행

한, 방패의 왼쪽의, 부정직한, 음험한,

악의가 있는.

unacquainted: 낯선, 생소한, 알지 못

하는.

uninterrupted: 끊임없는, 연속적인,

중단되지 않은.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 6

favorable. But though this were denied, I should still accept the offer. Since such a repetition is not to be expected, the next thing most like living one’s life over again seems to be a recollection of that life, and to make that recollection as durable as possible by putting it down in writing.%

Hereby, too, I shall indulge the inclination so natural in old men, to be talking of themselves and their own past actions; and I shall indulge it without being tiresome to others, who, through respect to age, might conceive themselves obliged to give me a hearing, since this may be read or not as any one pleases. And, lastly (I may as well confess it, since my denial of it will be believed by nobody), perhaps I shall a good deal gratify my own vanity. Indeed, I scarce ever heard or saw the introductory words, “Without vanity I may say,” &c., but some vain thing immediately followed. Most people dislike vanity in others, whatever share they have of it themselves; but I give it fair quarter wherever I meet with it, being persuaded that it is often productive of good to the possessor, and to others that are within his sphere of action; and therefore, in many cases, it would not be altogether absurd if a man were to thank God for his vanity among the other comforts of life.

And now I speak of thanking God, I desire with all humility to acknowledge that I owe the mentioned happiness of my past life to His kind providence, which lead me to the means I used and gave them success. My belief of this induces me to hope, though I must not presume, that the same goodness will still be exercised toward me, in continuing that happiness, or enabling me to bear a fatal reverse, which I may experience as others have done: the complexion of my future fortune being known to Him only in whose power it is to bless to us even our afflictions.

The notes one of my uncles (who had the same kind of curiosity in collecting family anecdotes) once put into my hands, furnished me with several particulars relating to our ancestors. From these notes I learned that the family had lived in the same village, Ecton, in Northamptonshire, for three hundred years, and how much longer he knew not (perhaps from the time when the name of Franklin, that before was the name of an order of people, was assumed by them as a

Korean

complexion: 안색, 외관, 형세, 모양,

양상, 형편, 혈색, 얼굴빛, 얼굴의 살

갗.

durable: 오래견디는, 튼튼한, 지속하

는, 내구재, 영속성 있는.

favorable: 유리한, 유망한, 호의적인,

호의를 보이는.

gratify: 기쁘게 하다, 만족 시키다, 기

쁘게 해주다, 에게 사례금을 주다, 채

우다, 에게 보수를 주다.

humility: 겸손, 겸허.

lastly: 최후에, 최후로.

possessor: 소유자, 점유자.

presume: 추정하다, 기화로 삼다, 이라

고 생각하다, 담히도..하다, 주제넘

게 나서다, 담히도, 하다, 가정하다.

providence: 섭리, 장래에 한 배려,

신의 뜻, 신조, 검약, 선견, 하나님, 천

우, 신의.

recollection: 회상, 기억, 추억, 회고록,

상기, 회고, 옛날을 생각케 하는 것,

마음의 평정, 기억력.

scarce: 드문, 부족한, 희귀한, 결석하

다, 결핍한.

tiresome: 귀찮은, 성가신, 지루한, 따

분한, 진저리 나는, 지겨운, 싫증나는,

속썩이는, 지리한.

vain: 헛된, 쓸데 없는, 공허한, 자부심

이 강한, 헛되게, 경솔하게, 가치없는,

자만심이 강한, 속절없는.

vanity: 공허, 화장 , 무가치, 허영, 무

익, 허영심, 허무함, 허황한 것, 휴

용 화장품 상자.

Benjamin Franklin 7

surname%when others took surnames all over the kingdom), on a freehold of about thirty acres, aided by the smith’s business, which had continued in the family till his time, the eldest son being always bred to that business; a custom which he and my father followed as to their eldest sons. When I searched the registers at Ecton, I found an account of their births, marriages and burials from the year 1555 only, there being no registers kept in that parish at any time preceding. By that register I perceived that I was the youngest son of the youngest son for five generations back. My grandfather Thomas, who was born in 1598, lived at Ecton till he grew too old to follow business longer, when he went to live with his son John, a dyer at Banbury, in Oxfordshire, with whom my father served an apprenticeship. There my grandfather died and lies buried. We saw his gravestone in 1758. His eldest son Thomas lived in the house at Ecton, and left it with the land to his only child, a daughter, who, with her husband, one Fisher, of Wellingborough, sold it to Mr. Isted, now lord of the manor there. My grandfather had four sons that grew up, viz.: Thomas, John, Benjamin and Josiah. I will give you what account I can of them, at this distance from my papers, and if these are not lost in my absence, you will among them find many more particulars.

Thomas was bred a smith under his father; but, being ingenious, and encouraged in learning (as all my brothers were) by an Esquire Palmer, then the principal gentleman in that parish, he qualified himself for the business of scrivener; became a considerable man in the county; was a chief mover of all public-spirited undertakings for the county or town of Northampton, and his own village, of which many instances were related of him; and much taken notice of and patronized by the then Lord Halifax. He died in 1702, January 6, old style, just four years to a day before I was born. The account we received of his life and character from some old people at Ecton, I remember, struck you as something extraordinary, from its similarity to what you knew of mine.

“Had he died on the same day,” you said, “one might have supposed a transmigration.”

Korean

absence: 부재, 결핍, 방심, 결석, 없음.

apprenticeship: 도제살이, 도제의 신

분.

brothers: 형제.

custom: 풍습, 습관, 관습, 세관, 애고,

관세, 규칙, 관례, 고객, 단골, 돌봐줌.

dyer: 염색하는 사람, 염색하는사람,

염색업자.

eldest: 가장나이많은, 가장 나이 많은.

freehold: 자유보유권.

grandfather: 조부, 조상.

gravestone: 묘석, 묘비.

ingenious: 교묘한, 독창적인, 영리한,

재간 있는, 정교한, 창의력이 있는, 재

주가 있는, 있는.

manor: 장원, 영지, 영국 봉건시 의

장원.

mover: 움직이는 사람, 동의 제출자,

발동기, 발의자, 발기인, 움직이는 것,

움직이게 하는 사람, 발동력, 움직이

게 하는 것.

particulars: 상세.

preceding: 선행하는, 앞의, 전술한.

public-spirited: 공공심이 있는, 애국

심이 있는.

qualified: 한정된, 자격 있는, 조건부

의, 적임의, 면허 받은, 제한된.

scrivener: 공증인, 서인, 금융업자.

similarity: 유사, 비슷함, 상사.

struck: 파업으로 폐쇄된.

youngest: 최연소자, 가장 나이 어린

가족, 막내 아이, 특히 가장 나이 어린

가족.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 8

John%was bred a dyer, I believe of woolens. Benjamin was bred a silk dyer, serving an apprenticeship at London. He was an ingenious man. I remember him well, for when I was a boy he came over to my father in Boston, and lived in the house with us some years. He lived to a great age. His grandson, Samuel Franklin, now lives in Boston. He left behind him two quarto volumes, MS., of his own poetry, consisting of little occasional pieces addressed to his friends and relations, of which the following, sent to me, is a specimen. He had formed a short-hand of his own, which he taught me, but, never practising it, I have now forgot it. I was named after this uncle, there being a particular affection between him and my father. He was very pious, a great attender of sermons of the best preachers, which he took down in his short-hand, and had with him many volumes of them. He was also much of a politician; too much, perhaps, for his station. There fell lately into my hands, in London, a collection he had made of all the principal pamphlets, relating to public affairs, from 1641 to 1717; many of the volumes are wanting as appears by the numbering, but there still remain eight volumes in folio, and twenty-four in quarto and in octavo. A dealer in old books met with them, and knowing me by my sometimes buying of him, he brought them to me. It seems my uncle must have left them here, when he went to America, which was about fifty years since. There are many of his notes in the margins.

This obscure family of ours was early in the Reformation, and continued Protestants through the reign of Queen Mary, when they were sometimes in danger of trouble on account of their zeal against popery. They had got an English Bible, and to conceal and secure it, it was fastened open with tapes under and within the cover of a joint-stool. When my great-great-grandfather read it to his family, he turned up the joint-stool upon his knees, turning over the leaves then under the tapes. One of the children stood at the door to give notice if he saw the apparitor coming, who was an officer of the spiritual court. In that case the stool was turned down again upon its feet, when the Bible remained concealed under it as before. This anecdote I had from my uncle Benjamin. The family continued all of the Church of England till about the end of Charles the Second’s reign, when some of the ministers that had been outed for

Korean

affection: 애정, 영향, 병, 감정, 특성,

성질, 호의, 기질, 감동.

anecdote: 일화, 기담, 비사.

apparitor: 하급 관리, 포고자, 총장의

권표를 받드는 사람, 집행리, 전령관.

conceal: 숨기다, 감추다, 비 로 하다,

내색하지 않다.

concealed: 숨기는.

folio: 이절지, 단위 어수, 장수, 한장,

장수를 세다, 이 표지, 이책, 전지의 2

절, 전지의 이절, 한 장, 이판.

grandson: 손자.

lately: 요즈음, 최근.

obscure: 덮어 감추다, 불명료한, 어둡

게 하다, 어두운, 세상에 알려지지 않

은, 모호한, 눈에 띄지 않는, 거무칙칙

한, 뚜렷하지 않은, 명성 따위의빛을

잃게 하다, 발음 따위를 불명료하게

하다.

pious: 경건한, 신앙심이 깊은, 종교적

인, 효성스러운, 실현 가능성이 없는,

종교심으로의, 탄복할 만한.

politician: 정치가, 행정관, 정객.

popery: 카톨릭교, 카톨릭교 제도.

quarto: 사절판, 사절판의, 사절의.

specimen: 견본, 표본, 괴짜, 인물, 별

난 사람, 예.

stool: 그루터기, 발판, 변소, 변보기,

밑동, 무릎받치는 궤, 걸상 비슷한 물

건, 걸상, 후림새의 홰, 창 문지방, 싹

이 나다.

woolens: 모직의 옷.

zeal: 열중, 열심, 열의, 열성.

Benjamin Franklin 9

nonconformity holding conventicles in Northamptonshire, Benjamin and Josiah adhered to them, and so continued all their lives: the rest of the family remained with the Episcopal Church.%

Josiah, my father, married young, and carried his wife with three children into New England, about 1682. The conventicles having been forbidden by law, and frequently disturbed, induced some considerable men of his acquaintance to remove to that country, and he was prevailed with to accompany them thither, where they expected to enjoy their mode of religion with freedom. By the same wife he had four children more born there, and by a second wife ten more, in all seventeen; of which I remember thirteen sitting at one time at his table, who all grew up to be men and women, and married; I was the youngest son, and the youngest child but two, and was born in Boston, New England. My mother, the second wife, was Abiah Folger, daughter of Peter Folger, one of the first settlers of New England, of whom honorable mention is made by Cotton Mather in his church history of that country, entitled Magnalia Christi Americana, as ‘a godly, learned Englishman,” if I remember the words rightly. I have heard that he wrote sundry small occasional pieces, but only one of them was printed, which I saw now many years since. It was written in 1675, in the home-spun verse of that time and people, and addressed to those then concerned in the government there. It was in favor of liberty of conscience, and in behalf of the Baptists, Quakers, and other sectaries that had been under persecution, ascribing the Indian wars, and other distresses that had befallen the country, to that persecution, as so many judgments of God to punish so heinous an offense, and exhorting a repeal of those uncharitable laws. The whole appeared to me as written with a good deal of decent plainness and manly freedom. The six concluding lines I remember, though I have forgotten the two first of the stanza; but the purport of them was, that his censures proceeded from good-will, and, therefore, he would be known to be the Author,

because to be a libeller (says he)

I hate it with my heart;

Korean

behalf: 위하여, 이익.

favor: 호의를 보이다, 호의, 찬성 찬성

하다, 부탁, 각별히 보아주다, 애호,

편애하다, 편애, 친절한 행위, 즐겨 착

용하다, 즐겨 입다.

forbidden: 금지된, 금단의.

godly: 신을 공경하는, 신앙심이 깊은,

경건한, 믿음이 깊은 사람들, 믿음이

깊은, 신앙심을 돈독하게, 신앙심깊은

사람들.

heinous: 가증한, 극악무도한, 가증스

러운.

libeller: 중상자.

manly: 사내다운, 남자 같은, 남성적인

, 남자와 같은, 여자가 남자와 같은.

nonconformity: 비국교도, 불일치, 비

국교주의, 국교 불신봉, 비추종, 모순,

부조화, 비협조, 국교를 신봉하지 않

기.

offense: 반칙, 죄, 위반.

persecution: 종교적 박해, 종교적인

박해.

plainness: 간소, 솔직함, 명백함, 검소,

명백.

purport: 취지, 요지, 의미, 이라 칭하

다, 의미하다, 을 취지로 하다, 이라고

칭하다.

stanza: 절, 연.

sundry: 잡다한, 여러가지의.

thither: 저기에, 저쪽에, 저쪽의, 저쪽

으로.

uncharitable: 무자비한, 가차없는, 엄

한.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 10

From Sherburne town, where now I dwell My name I do put here;

Without offense your real friend, It is Peter Folgier.%

My elder brothers were all put apprentices to different trades. I was put to

the grammar-school at eight years of age, my father intending to devote me, as the tithe of his sons, to the service of the Church. My early readiness in learning to read (which must have been very early, as I do not remember when I could not read), and the opinion of all his friends, that I should certainly make a good scholar, encouraged him in this purpose of his. My uncle Benjamin, too, approved of it, and proposed to give me all his short-hand volumes of sermons, I suppose as a stock to set up with, if I would learn his character. I continued, however, at the grammar-school not quite one year, though in that time I had risen gradually from the middle of the class of that year to be the head of it, and farther was removed into the next class above it, in order to go with that into the third at the end of the year. But my father, in the meantime, from a view of the expense of a college education, which having so large a family he could not well afford, and the mean living many so educated were afterwards able to obtain—reasons that he gave to his friends in my hearing—altered his first intention, took me from the grammar-school, and sent me to a school for writing and arithmetic, kept by a then famous man, Mr. George Brownell, very successful in his profession generally, and that by mild, encouraging methods. Under him I acquired fair writing pretty soon, but I failed in the arithmetic, and made no progress in it. At ten years old I was taken home to assist my father in his business, which was that of a tallow-chandler and sope-boiler; a business he was not bred to, but had assumed on his arrival in New England, and on finding his dying trade would not maintain his family, being in little request. Accordingly, I was employed in cutting wick for the candles, filling the dipping mold and the molds for cast candles, attending the shop, going of errands, etc.

Korean

arithmetic: 산수, 계산, 셈본, 초등수학

, 산수의 능력, 산수의.

attending: 주치의인, 학 부속병원에

의사로서 근무하는.

devote: 바치다.

dwell: 살다, 거주하다, 곰곰이 생각하

다, 천천히발음하다, 천천히 발음하다

, 길게논하다, 곰곰이생각하다, 길게

논하다, 머무르다, 발을 올리는 것이

더디다.

elder: 장로, 원로, 손위의, 연장자, 연

장의, 고참, 고참의, 양딱총나무, 딱총

나무, 이전의, 이전의-연장자.

farther: 더먼, 좀더, 그위에, 더욱더,

더멀리, 더욱이, 더 앞선, 더 멀리, 더

먼, 더 뒤의, 더 나중의.

intending: 미래의.지망하는.

meantime: 이럭저럭하는 동안에, 그

동안에, 이야기는 바뀌어, 한편 이야

기는 바뀌어.

mold: 거푸집, 형, 곰팡이, 모양, 특성,

옥토, 연마하다, 경지, 성격, 토지, 지

면.

readiness: 신속, 준비, 쾌락, 준비성,

준비가 되어 있음, 용이, 자진해서함,

재빠름.

risen: 일어난, 부활한, 오른.

scholar: 학생, 장학생, 학자, 학식, 어

학자, 학식이 있는 사람.

tithe: 십일조, 십일조를 부과하다, 소

액의 세금, 작은 부분, 십분의 한, 십

일조를 바치다.

wick: 심지, 등심지.

Benjamin Franklin 11

I disliked the trade, and had a strong inclination for the sea, but my father declared against it; however, living near the water, I was much in and about it, learnt early to swim well, and to manage boats; and when in a boat or canoe with other boys, I was commonly allowed to govern, especially in any case of difficulty; and upon other occasions I was generally a leader among the boys, and sometimes led them into scrapes, of which I will mention one instance, as it shows an early projecting public spirit, tho’ not then justly conducted.%

There was a salt-marsh that bounded part of the mill-pond, on the edge of which, at high water, we used to stand to fish for minnows. By much trampling, we had made it a mere quagmire. My proposal was to build a wharff there fit for us to stand upon, and I showed my comrades a large heap of stones, which were intended for a new house near the marsh, and which would very well suit our purpose. Accordingly, in the evening, when the workmen were gone, I assembled a number of my play-fellows, and working with them diligently like so many emmets, sometimes two or three to a stone, we brought them all away and built our little wharff. The next morning the workmen were surprised at missing the stones, which were found in our wharff. Inquiry was made after the removers; we were discovered and complained of; several of us were corrected by our fathers; and though I pleaded the usefulness of the work, mine convinced me that nothing was useful which was not honest.

I think you may like to know something of his person and character. He had an excellent constitution of body, was of middle stature, but well set, and very strong; he was ingenious, could draw prettily, was skilled a little in music, and had a clear pleasing voice, so that when he played psalm tunes on his violin and sung withal, as he sometimes did in an evening after the business of the day was over, it was extremely agreeable to hear. He had a mechanical genius too, and, on occasion, was very handy in the use of other tradesmen’s tools; but his great excellence lay in a sound understanding and solid judgment in prudential matters, both in private and publick affairs. In the latter, indeed, he was never employed, the numerous family he had to educate and the straitness of his circumstances keeping him close to his trade; but I remember well his being

Korean

canoe: 카누, 카누를 젓다, 카누로 가다

, 마상이, 카누를 젖다, 통나무 배.

diligently: 부지런히, 애써, 근면하게,

부지런하게, 열심히.

educate: 교육하다, 훈련하다, 양성하

다, 양육하다, 기르다, 학교에 보내다.

inclination: 경향, 기울기, 경사, 경각,

경도, 성향, 기울이기, 의향, 숙임, 사

면, 비탈.

justly: 바르게, 정당하게, 공정하게.

pleasing: 유쾌한, 만족한, 붙임성 있는

.

prettily: 귀엽게, 예쁘장하게, 얌전하

게, 깨끗하게.

projecting: 돌출한.

prudential: 조심성 있는, 분별 있는,

신중한, 신중한 고려.

psalm: 찬송가, 시편, 성가, 성가를 불

러 찬미하다.

quagmire: 궁지, 늪지, 진퇴유곡의 곤

경, 소택지.

salt-marsh: 바닷물이 드나드는 늪.

stature: 발달, 신장 성장, 키, 성장, 성

장도.

straitness: 좁음, 엄격함, 답답함.

tho: -이긴 하지만, 이나.

usefulness: 쓸모 있음, 유용성.

violin: 바이올린, 바이올린 연주자, 현

악기.

withal: 게다가, 또한, 으로써, 그위에,

을 가지고 있는, 을 나타내어, 을 사용

하여, 을 상 로, 을 합쳐서, 의 몸에

지니고, 의 일원으로서.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 12

frequently visited by leading people, who consulted him for his opinion in affairs of the town or of the church he belonged to, and showed a good deal of respect for his judgment and advice: he was also much consulted by private persons about their affairs when any difficulty occurred, and frequently chosen an arbitrator between contending parties.%

At his table he liked to have, as often as he could, some sensible friend or neighbor to converse with, and always took care to start some ingenious or useful topic for discourse, which might tend to improve the minds of his children. By this means he turned our attention to what was good, just, and prudent in the conduct of life; and little or no notice was ever taken of what related to the victuals on the table, whether it was well or ill dressed, in or out of season, of good or bad flavor, preferable or inferior to this or that other thing of the kind, so that I was bro’t up in such a perfect inattention to those matters as to be quite indifferent what kind of food was set before me, and so unobservant of it, that to this day if I am asked I can scarce tell a few hours after dinner what I dined upon. This has been a convenience to me in travelling, where my companions have been sometimes very unhappy for want of a suitable gratification of their more delicate, because better instructed, tastes and appetites.

My mother had likewise an excellent constitution: she suckled all her ten children. I never knew either my father or mother to have any sickness but that of which they dy’d, he at 89, and she at 85 years of age. They lie buried together at Boston, where I some years since placed a marble over their grave, with this inscription:

Josiah Franklin,

and Abiah his Wife,

Lie here interred. They lived lovingly together in wedlock

Fifty-five Years. Without an Estate, or any gainful Employment,

Korean

arbitrator: 중재인, 심판자, 전권중재

인.

converse: 담화, 교제, 반 , 뒤바뀐, 전

환 명제, 친하게 사귀다, 함께 이야기

하다, 역, 거꾸로의, 이야기하다, 회화

.

flavor: 맛, 풍미, 향미, 은은한 맛, 양념

, 멋, 향기, 맛을 내다, 신랄한 맛, 독

특한 맛, 에 풍치를 더하다.

gainful: 이익이 있는, 돈벌이에 열중

한, 유리한, 유급으로, 수지맞는, 벌이

가 되는, 유급인, 이익이 나도록.

gratification: 보수, 기쁨, 만족 시키는

것, 만족, 만족시키기 것, 만족시키는

것.

inattention: 부주의, 태만, 무뚝뚝함,

무심, 실례, 행동, 경솔한.

inscription: 명, 비문, 제명, 헌정사, 명

각, 비명, 공채의 등록, 등록공채, 제

자.

lived: 생명이 ...한.

lovingly: 애정을 기울여.

neighbor: 이웃의, 이웃하다, 동포, 이

웃사람, 서로 이웃하는 것, 인접하다,

이웃해 있다, 가까운사이이다, 근처에

살고 있다, 근처의 것, 인접한.

prudent: 신중한, 조심성 있는, 분별

있는, 조심스러운.

unobservant: 부주의한, 지키지 않는,

부주의 한.

victuals: 식료품을 공급하다, 식료품을

사들이다, 음식물, 음식을 먹다.

wedlock: 결혼, 결혼 생활.

Benjamin Franklin 13

By constant labor and industry, With God’s Blessing,

They maintained a large Family Comfortably,

And brought up thirteen Children And seven Grand Children

Reputably.%From this Instance, Reader,

Be encouraged to Diligence in thy Calling, And distrust not Providence.

He was a pious and prudent Man; She, a discreet and virtuous Woman.

Their youngest Son, In filial Regard to their Memory,

Places this Stone. J.F. born 1655, died 1744, AEtat 89. A.F. born 1667, died 1752, ------- 85.

By my rambling digressions I perceive myself to be grown old. I us’d to write more methodically. But one does not dress for private company as for a publick ball. ‘Tis perhaps only negligence.

To return: I continued thus employed in my father’s business for two years, that is, till I was twelve years old; and my brother John, who was bred to that business, having left my father, married, and set up for himself at Rhode Island, there was all appearance that I was destined to supply his place, and become a tallow-chandler. But my dislike to the trade continuing, my father was under apprehensions that if he did not find one for me more agreeable, I should break away and get to sea, as his son Josiah had done, to his great vexation. He therefore sometimes took me to walk with him, and see joiners, bricklayers, turners, braziers, etc., at their work, that he might observe my inclination, and endeavor to fix it on some trade or other on land. It has ever since been a pleasure to me to see good workmen handle their tools; and it has been useful to me, having learnt so much by it as to be able to do little jobs myself in my house

Korean

destined: 예정된, 운명지어진, 향하는.

discreet: 사려가 깊은, 신중한, 분별 있

는, 분별있는, 지각있는, 사려있는.

dislike: 싫어하다, 혐오, 미워하다, 증

오, 싫어함.

distrust: 불신, 의혹, 의심하다.

endeavor: 노력하다, 하려고 노력하다,

노력, 시도하다.

filial: 자식으로서의, 자식의, 잡종세

의.

labor: 노동, 수고, 애써 만들다, 일하

다, 노력, 근로, 진통, 진통으로 괴로

워하다, 몹시 흔들리다, 진통으로 괴

로와하다, 일.

negligence: 태만, 무관심, 부주의, 소

홀, 단정치 못함, 등한, 과실, 자유분

방, 태반한 행위, 법칙의 무시, 부주의

로 인한 과실.

perceive: 지각하다, 이해하다, 알아채

다, 인식하다.

rambling: 산만한, 덩굴지는, 흩어져있

는, 할 일없이 거니는, 한가로이 걷는,

어스렁거리는, 사방으로 뻗은, 두서없

는, 꾸불꾸불한, 균형이 잡혀지지 않

은, 구불구불 뻗은.

thy: 그 의.

tools: 도구.

vexation: 애탐, 괴롭힘, 화냄, 고민거

리, 고통, 고민, 귀찮은 사물, 애태움,

속상함, 괴로움의 원인, 번뇌의 원인.

virtuous: 정숙한, 선량한, 도덕적인,

덕이 있는, 덕 있는, 효력이 있는, 고

결한 체하는.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 14

when a workman could not readily be got, and to construct little machines for my experiments, while the intention of making the experiment was fresh and warm in my mind. My father at last fixed upon the cutler’s trade, and my uncle Benjamin’s son Samuel, who was bred to that business in London, being about that time established in Boston, I was sent to be with him some time on liking. But his expectations of a fee with me displeasing my father, I was taken home again.%

From a child I was fond of reading, and all the little money that came into my hands was ever laid out in books. Pleased with the Pilgrim’s Progress, my first collection was of John Bunyan’s works in separate little volumes. I afterward sold them to enable me to buy R. Burton’s Historical Collections; they were small chapmen’s books, and cheap, 40 or 50 in all. My father’s little library consisted chiefly of books in polemic divinity, most of which I read, and have since often regretted that, at a time when I had such a thirst for knowledge, more proper books had not fallen in my way since it was now resolved I should not be a clergyman. Plutarch’s Lives there was in which I read abundantly, and I still think that time spent to great advantage. There was also a book of De Foe’s, called an Essay on Projects, and another of Dr. Mather’s, called Essays to do Good, which perhaps gave me a turn of thinking that had an influence on some of the principal future events of my life.

This bookish inclination at length determined my father to make me a printer, though he had already one son (James) of that profession. In 1717 my brother James returned from England with a press and letters to set up his business in Boston. I liked it much better than that of my father, but still had a hankering for the sea. To prevent the apprehended effect of such an inclination, my father was impatient to have me bound to my brother. I stood out some time, but at last was persuaded, and signed the indentures when I was yet but twelve years old. I was to serve as an apprentice till I was twenty-one years of age, only I was to be allowed journeyman’s wages during the last year. In a little time I made great proficiency in the business, and became a useful hand to my brother. I now had access to better books. An acquaintance with the apprentices of booksellers

Korean

abundantly: 남아돌 정도의.

acquaintance: 지식, 알고 있음, 면식,

아는 사람, 잘아는 사람, 익히 알고 있

음, 안면, 숙지, 아는 사인.

afterward: 나중에, 그 후, 뒤에.

bookish: 책의, 학자연하는, 서적상의,

딱딱한, 책을 좋아하는, 탁상의, 학식

이 많은, 독서의, 책에 열중하는, 학문

에 열중하는.

clergyman: 성직자, 목사.

displeasing: 불쾌한, 싫은, 불유쾌한.

divinity: 신학, 신, 신성, 신의 힘, 신의

덕.

experiment: 실험하다, 실험, 시험.

fond: 어리석은, 다정한, 정에 무른, 사

랑에 빠진, 실없는, 애정있는, 좋아서,

토 , 레이스의 바닥 천, 기초, 좋아하

는.

hankering: 열망, 갈망, 갈망 갈망하는

, 갈망하는.

impatient: 성마른, 안달하는, 참을수

없는, 갈망하는몹시기다려지는, 못 견

디는, 성급한, 안절부절 못하는, 조바

심하는, 참을성없는, 탐나서 못견디는

.

liking: 기호, 좋아함.

polemic: 논쟁, 논쟁의, 논객, 특히 신

학상의 논객.

proficiency: 숙달, 진보.

thirst: 갈증, 갈망, 갈망하다, 목마름,

한잔 마시고 싶다, 목마르다.

workman: 노동자, 일을 하는 사람, 노

동자의.

Benjamin Franklin 15

enabled me sometimes to borrow a small one, which I was careful to return soon and clean. Often I sat up in my room reading the greatest part of the night, when the book was borrowed in the evening and to be returned early in the morning, lest it should be missed or wanted.%

And after some time an ingenious tradesman, Mr. Matthew Adams, who had a pretty collection of books, and who frequented our printing-house, took notice of me, invited me to his library, and very kindly lent me such books as I chose to read. I now took a fancy to poetry, and made some little pieces; my brother, thinking it might turn to account, encouraged me, and put me on composing occasional ballads. One was called The Lighthouse Tragedy, and contained an account of the drowning of Captain Worthilake, with his two daughters: the other was a sailor’s song, on the taking of Teach (or Blackbeard) the pirate. They were wretched stuff, in the Grub-street-ballad style; and when they were printed he sent me about the town to sell them. The first sold wonderfully, the event being recent, having made a great noise. This flattered my vanity; but my father discouraged me by ridiculing my performances, and telling me verse-makers were generally beggars. So I escaped being a poet, most probably a very bad one; but as prose writing bad been of great use to me in the course of my life, and was a principal means of my advancement, I shall tell you how, in such a situation, I acquired what little ability I have in that way.

There was another bookish lad in the town, John Collins by name, with whom I was intimately acquainted. We sometimes disputed, and very fond we were of argument, and very desirous of confuting one another, which disputatious turn, by the way, is apt to become a very bad habit, making people often extremely disagreeable in company by the contradiction that is necessary to bring it into practice; and thence, besides souring and spoiling the conversation, is productive of disgusts and, perhaps enmities where you may have occasion for friendship. I had caught it by reading my father’s books of dispute about religion. Persons of good sense, I have since observed, seldom fall into it, except lawyers, university men, and men of all sorts that have been bred at Edinborough.

Korean

acquainted: 사귀게 된, 안면이 있는,

정통한, 친한.

advancement: 승진, 전진, 선불, 진보,

발달, 발전, 진출, 출세, 촉진, 증진.

apt: 적당한, 하기쉬운, 이해가 빠른,

적절한, 총기있는, 하기 쉬운, 할 것

같은, 재기있는.

composing: 진정시키는, 작곡, 조립,

식자, 식자 식자의.

desirous: 원하는, 바라는.

disagreeable: 불쾌한, 까다로운, 마음

에 안 드는, 불유쾌한.

discouraged: 낙담한, 낙심한, 술에 취

한.

disputatious: 논쟁적인, 논쟁을 좋아

하는.

drowning: 물에 빠져 있는, 이해할 수

없는, 혼란한.

escaped: 도망한, 탈주한.

intimately: 친 히, 친 하게, 충심으

로, 직접적으로, 상세하게, 내심으로.

lest: 을 두려워하여, 하지 않도록, 하지

나 않을까 하고.

pirate: 약탈하다, 해적, 침해자, 저작권

을 침해하다, 훔치는 사람, 약탈자, 저

작권, 해적짓을 하다, 해적질하다, 약

탈자-해적짓을 하다, 표절자.

tradesman: 소매상인, 장인, 소매 상인

, 배달인.

wonderfully: 이상하게, 훌륭하게, 이

상하게도.

wretched: 나쁜, 불운한, 지독한, 비참

한, 야비한, 아주 불쾌한, 서툰.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 16

A question was once, somehow or other, started between Collins and me, of the propriety of educating the female sex in learning, and their abilities for study. He was of opinion that it was improper, and that they were naturally unequal to it. I took the contrary side, perhaps a little for dispute’s sake. He was naturally more eloquent, had a ready plenty of words; and sometimes, as I thought, bore me down more by his fluency than by the strength of his reasons. As we parted without settling the point, and were not to see one another again for some time, I sat down to put my arguments in writing, which I copied fair and sent to him. He answered, and I replied. Three or four letters of a side had passed, when my father happened to find my papers and read them. Without entering into the discussion, he took occasion to talk to me about the manner of my writing; observed that, though I had the advantage of my antagonist in correct spelling and pointing (which I ow’d to the printing-house), I fell far short in elegance of expression, in method and in perspicuity, of which he convinced me by several instances. I saw the justice of his remark, and thence grew more attentive to the manner in writing, and determined to endeavor at improvement.%

About this time I met with an odd volume of the Spectator. It was the third. I had never before seen any of them. I bought it, read it over and over, and was much delighted with it. I thought the writing excellent, and wished, if possible, to imitate it. With this view I took some of the papers, and, making short hints of the sentiment in each sentence, laid them by a few days, and then, without looking at the book, try’d to compleat the papers again, by expressing each hinted sentiment at length, and as fully as it had been expressed before, in any suitable words that should come to hand. Then I compared my Spectator with the original, discovered some of my faults, and corrected them. But I found I wanted a stock of words, or a readiness in recollecting and using them, which I thought I should have acquired before that time if I had gone on making verses; since the continual occasion for words of the same import, but of different length, to suit the measure, or of different sound for the rhyme, would have laid me under a constant necessity of searching for variety, and also have tended to fix that variety in my mind, and make me master of it. Therefore I took some of the tales and turned them into verse; and, after a time, when I had pretty well

Korean

antagonist: 적 자, 립자, 반 의,

길항근, 적 하는.

attentive: 친절한, 경청하는, 정중한,

주의깊은, 주의 깊은.

contrary: 반 의, 심술궂은, 상반하는

사물, 정반 , 반 로, 거꾸로, 역, 불

리한, 거꾸로의, 반 명제, 외고집의.

elegance: 우아, 고상함, 과학적인 정

성, 단아, 우미, 우아한 말씨, 고상한

것, 과학적인 정 함, 우아한 것, 정

함, 고상.

eloquent: 표정이 풍부한, 웅변의, 을

잘 나타내는.

fluency: 유창, 능변, 거침없음.

imitate: 모방하다, 흉내내다, 모조하다

, 모범으로 삼다, 본받다, 모사하다,

위조하다.

improper: 부적당한, 버릇없는, 부도덕

한, 틀린, 맞지 않는, 어울리지 않는,

온당치 못한, 음란한, 타당하지 않은,

그른, 상스러운.

perspicuity: 명확함, 문장 따위의 명쾌

도, 언어 따위의 명쾌도, 언어 따위의

명쾌, 명쾌도, 명쾌, 문장 따위의 명쾌

.

propriety: 적당, 예의 범절, 예의 바름,

타당, 교양, 예의.

rhyme: 운, 시를 짓다, 압운시, 동운어,

운이 맞다, 운을 달다, 각운, 운문, 운

이 맞게 하다, 암운, 시로 만들다.

spelling: 철자, 철자법.

unequal: 같지 않은, 불평등한, 감당

못하는, 부동한, 비등하지 않은.

Benjamin Franklin 17

forgotten the prose, turned them back again. I also sometimes jumbled my collections of hints into confusion, and after some weeks endeavored to reduce them into the best order, before I began to form the full sentences and compleat the paper. This was to teach me method in the arrangement of thoughts. By comparing my work afterwards with the original, I discovered many faults and amended them; but I sometimes had the pleasure of fancying that, in certain particulars of small import, I had been lucky enough to improve the method or the language, and this encouraged me to think I might possibly in time come to be a tolerable English writer, of which I was extremely ambitious. My time for these exercises and for reading was at night, after work or before it began in the morning, or on Sundays, when I contrived to be in the printing-house alone, evading as much as I could the common attendance on public worship which my father used to exact on me when I was under his care, and which indeed I still thought a duty, though I could not, as it seemed to me, afford time to practise it.%

When about 16 years of age I happened to meet with a book, written by one Tryon, recommending a vegetable diet. I determined to go into it. My brother, being yet unmarried, did not keep house, but boarded himself and his apprentices in another family. My refusing to eat flesh occasioned an inconveniency, and I was frequently chid for my singularity. I made myself acquainted with Tryon’s manner of preparing some of his dishes, such as boiling potatoes or rice, making hasty pudding, and a few others, and then proposed to my brother, that if he would give me, weekly, half the money he paid for my board, I would board myself. He instantly agreed to it, and I presently found that I could save half what he paid me. This was an additional fund for buying books. But I had another advantage in it. My brother and the rest going from the printing-house to their meals, I remained there alone, and, despatching presently my light repast, which often was no more than a bisket or a slice of bread, a handful of raisins or a tart from the pastry-cook’s, and a glass of water, had the rest of the time till their return for study, in which I made the greater progress, from that greater clearness of head and quicker apprehension which usually attend temperance in eating and drinking.

Korean

apprehension: 이해력, 우려, 체포, 두

려움, 파악, 이해, 걱정.

boiling: 비등, 비등하는, 끓음, 사나운,

끓어 오르는, 일회분의 삶을 거리, 푹

푹 찌는 듯한, 격렬한.

clearness: 밝기, 명료도, 방해물이 없

음, 밝음, 명석, 맑음, 투명, 아무렴 그

렇고말고, 확실히, 분명함.

contrived: 부자연스러운, 인위적인.

dishes: 식탁용 접시류.

hasty: 급한, 성급한, 지레짐작, 경솔한

.

jumbled: 난잡하게 하는, 뒤섞이는.

prose: 산문, 산문의, 평범, 공상력이

부족한, 공상력이 부족한-평범하게

쓰다, 산문적인, 평범하게 말하다, 평

범한 이야기, 평범한 이야기-산문의,

평범하게 쓰다, 산문체로 쓰다.

pudding: 푸딩, 소시지의 일종, 푸딩처

럼 말랑말랑한 것, 실리, 실익헛 칭찬,

살이 찌고 키가 작은 남자, 물질적 보

수.

repast: 식사, 식사량.

singularity: 단독, 단일, 특이, 비범, 이

상, 기이, 기이한 버긋, 괴이, 희한, 단

수성, 회유.

tart: 매춘부, 갈보, 과일을 넣는 과자,

신, 신랄한, 타트, 야하게 꾸며 다,

바람난 여자, 시큼한.

temperance: 절주, 절제, 금주, 삼감.

tolerable: 참을수 있는, 상당한, 참을

수 있는, 웬만한, 꽤 건강한.

unmarried: 미혼의.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 18

And now it was that, being on some occasion made asham’d of my ignorance in figures, which I had twice failed in learning when at school, I took Cocker’s book of Arithmetick, and went through the whole by myself with great ease. I also read Seller’s and Shermy’s books of Navigation, and became acquainted with the little geometry they contain; but never proceeded far in that science. And I read about this time Locke On Human Understanding, and the Art of Thinking, by Messrs. du Port Royal.%

While I was intent on improving my language, I met with an English grammar (I think it was Greenwood’s), at the end of which there were two little sketches of the arts of rhetoric and logic, the latter finishing with a specimen of a dispute in the Socratic method; and soon after I procur’d Xenophon’s Memorable Things of Socrates, wherein there are many instances of the same method. I was charm’d with it, adopted it, dropt my abrupt contradiction and positive argumentation, and put on the humble inquirer and doubter. And being then, from reading Shaftesbury and Collins, become a real doubter in many points of our religious doctrine, I found this method safest for myself and very embarrassing to those against whom I used it; therefore I took a delight in it, practis’d it continually, and grew very artful and expert in drawing people, even of superior knowledge, into concessions, the consequences of which they did not foresee, entangling them in difficulties out of which they could not extricate themselves, and so obtaining victories that neither myself nor my cause always deserved. I continu’d this method some few years, but gradually left it, retaining only the habit of expressing myself in terms of modest diffidence; never using, when I advanced any thing that may possibly be disputed, the words certainly, undoubtedly, or any others that give the air of positiveness to an opinion; but rather say, I conceive or apprehend a thing to be so and so; it appears to me, or I should think it so or so, for such and such reasons; or I imagine it to be so; or it is so, if I am not mistaken. This habit, I believe, has been of great advantage to me when I have had occasion to inculcate my opinions, and persuade men into measures that I have been from time to time engag’d in promoting; and, as the chief ends of conversation are to inform or to be informed, to please or to persuade, I wish well-meaning, sensible men would not lessen their power of

Korean

abrupt: 험준한, 느닷없는, 퉁명스러운

, 뜻밖의, 단열의, 툭 잘라낸 꼴의.

apprehend: 우려하다, 체포하다, 이해

다다, 붙잡다, 염려하다, 이해하다, 깨

닫다, 감지하다-이해하다, 감지하다.

argumentation: 토의, 논의, 논쟁, 입

톤, 입론.

artful: 교활한, 기교가 부르는, 기교가

뛰어난.

conceive: 상상하다, 임신하다, 배다,

이해하다, 마음에 품다, 착상하다, 마

음에품다, 말로표현하다, 라고 생각하

다, 생각하다, 생각해 내다.

diffidence: 자신 없음, 암띰, 망설임,

망성임, 자신이 없음.

extricate: 구해내다, 유리시키다.

foresee: 예견하다, 미리알다.

geometry: 기하학, 기하학책, 기하학서

.

inculcate: 사상, 심어주다, 사실, 가르

쳐 주입시키다, 지식, 열심히 설득하

다, 가르치다.

inquirer: 탐구자, 문의하다, 묻는 사람

, 묻다, 조사원, 조사하다, 문의자.

lessen: 적게하다, 줄이다, 얕보다, 작

게 되다, 작게 하다, 적게 되다, 적게

하다.

well-meaning: 선의의, 선의에서 나온

, 호인인, 마음씨 좋은, 호의에서 우러

난.

wherein: 어떤 점에서, 그 중에, 그점

에서, 무엇 가운데에, 하는 바의, 어떤

점으로.

Benjamin Franklin 19

doing%good by a positive, assuming manner, that seldom fails to disgust, tends to create opposition, and to defeat every one of those purposes for which speech was given to us, to wit, giving or receiving information or pleasure. For, if you would inform, a positive and dogmatical manner in advancing your sentiments may provoke contradiction and prevent a candid attention. If you wish information and improvement from the knowledge of others, and yet at the same time express yourself as firmly fix’d in your present opinions, modest, sensible men, who do not love disputation, will probably leave you undisturbed in the possession of your error. And by such a manner, you can seldom hope to recommend yourself in pleasing your hearers, or to persuade those whose concurrence you desire. Pope says, judiciously:

Men should be taught as if you taught them not, And things unknown propos’d as things forgot,

farther recommending to us,

To speak, tho’ sure, with seeming diffidence.

And he might have coupled with this line that which he has coupled with another, I think, less properly,

For want of modesty is want of sense.

If you ask, Why less properly? I must repeat the lines,

Immodest words admit of no defense, For want of modesty is want of sense.

Korean

candid: 솔직한, 공평한, 포즈를 취하

지 않은, 스냅 사진, 자연 그 로의,

있는 로의, 입바른, 성실한, 꺼리낌

없는, 거리낌없는, 공정한.

concurrence: 동의, 집합, 의견의 일치,

협력, 동시에 발생하기, 동시작용, 동

시발생, 일치, 동시 발생, 동시 작용,

집합점.

contradiction: 부정, 모순, 부인, 상반,

반박, 모순된 말, 당착, 반 .

coupled: 연결하는, 결혼하는, 교미시

키는, 결혼시키는, 교미하는, 결부시

켜 생각하는, 연결되는.

defense: 수비, 방위, 변명, 수비측, 변

호, 방어, 종심방어, 을 지키어, 을 변

호하여, 방어적인, 화를 잘 내는.

disgust: 역겹게하다, 혐오, 역겨움, 정

떨어지게 하다, 정떨어지게하다-역겨

움, 싫음, 메스꺼워찌게 하다.

disputation: 논쟁.

dogmatical: 고압적인, 교의의, 독단적

인, 독단주의의.

judiciously: 현명한, 사려있는, 현명하

게, 사려있게, 분별있게.

modesty: 겸양, 수줍음, 정숙, 조심스

러움, 겸손.

provoke: 자극하다, 성나게 하다, 불러

일으키다, 일으키다, 야기하다, 화나

게 하다.

seeming: 겉으로의, 외관상의 겉보기,

외관, 겉모양, 외관상의, 표면만의.

undisturbed: 평온한, 방해되지 않는,

방해받지 않은.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 20

Now, is not want of sense (where a man is so unfortunate as to want it) some apology for his want of modesty? and would not the lines stand more justly thus?

Immodest words admit but this defense, That want of modesty is want of sense.%

This, however, I should submit to better judgments.

My brother had, in 1720 or 1721, begun to print a newspaper. It was the second that appeared in America, and was called the New England Courant. The only one before it was the Boston News-Letter. I remember his being dissuaded by some of his friends from the undertaking, as not likely to succeed, one newspaper being, in their judgment, enough for America. At this time (1771) there are not less than five-and-twenty. He went on, however, with the undertaking, and after having worked in composing the types and printing off the sheets, I was employed to carry the papers thro’ the streets to the customers.

He had some ingenious men among his friends, who amus’d themselves by writing little pieces for this paper, which gain’d it credit and made it more in demand, and these gentlemen often visited us. Hearing their conversations, and their accounts of the approbation their papers were received with, I was excited to try my hand among them; but, being still a boy, and suspecting that my brother would object to printing anything of mine in his paper if he knew it to be mine, I contrived to disguise my hand, and, writing an anonymous paper, I put it in at night under the door of the printing-house. It was found in the morning, and communicated to his writing friends when they call’d in as usual. They read it, commented on it in my hearing, and I had the exquisite pleasure of finding it met with their approbation, and that, in their different guesses at the author, none were named but men of some character among us for learning and ingenuity. I suppose now that I was rather lucky in my judges, and that perhaps they were not really so very good ones as I then esteem’d them.

Korean

anonymous: 작자불명의, 익명의, 개

성없는, 작자 불명의, 개성이 없는, 의

명의.

apology: 사과, 명색뿐인 것, 변명, 사

죄, 해명.

approbation: 허가, 시인, 칭찬.

disguise: 속이다, 거짓꾸밈, 변장하다,

구실, 거짓 꾸미다, 가장복, 변장, 감

추다-변장, 감추다, 변장시키다, 변신

.

employed: 고용자들, 노동자, 취직하

고 있는.

excited: 흥분한, 흥분한 활발한, 여기

한, 여기 상태의.

exquisite: 절묘한, 정교한, 예민한, 멋

쟁이 남자, 우미한, 우아한, 더할나위

없는, 깊은, 취미가 까다로운 사람, 취

미가까다로운사람, 아주 아름다운.

ingenuity: 발명의 재간, 정교, 교묘함,

재주, 발명의재주, 독창력, 교묘, 고안

력, 발명의 재질.

submit: 복종시키다, 제출하다, 복종하

다, 공손히 아뢰다, 부탁하다.

thro: 직행의, 처음부터 끝까지, 죽, 장

소를 두루, 을 통하여, 을 거쳐서, 으

로 인하여, 완전히, 통과하여, 동안 줄

곧, 연결되어.

undertaking: 사업, 약속, 인수한 일,

장의 취급업.

unfortunate: 유감스러운, 불길한, 불

행한, 불행한 결과를 가져오는, 불운

한 사람, 불운한, 적당하지 않은, 불행

한 사람.

Benjamin Franklin 21

Encourag’d, however, by this, I wrote and convey’d in the same way to the press several more papers which were equally approv’d; and I kept my secret till my small fund of sense for such performances was pretty well exhausted and then I discovered it, when I began to be considered a little more by my brother’s acquaintance, and in a manner that did not quite please him, as he thought, probably with reason, that it tended to make me too vain. And, perhaps, this might be one occasion of the differences that we began to have about this time. Though a brother, he considered himself as my master, and me as his apprentice, and accordingly, expected the same services from me as he would from another, while I thought he demean’d me too much in some he requir’d of me, who from a brother expected more indulgence. Our disputes were often brought before our father, and I fancy I was either generally in the right, or else a better pleader, because the judgment was generally in my favor. But my brother was passionate, and had often beaten me, which I took extreamly amiss; and, thinking my apprenticeship very tedious, I was continually wishing for some opportunity of shortening it, which at length offered in a manner unexpected.%

One of the pieces in our newspaper on some political point, which I have now forgotten, gave offense to the Assembly. He was taken up, censur’d, and imprison’d for a month, by the speaker’s warrant, I suppose, because he would not discover his author. I too was taken up and examin’d before the council; but, tho’ I did not give them any satisfaction, they content’d themselves with admonishing me, and dismissed me, considering me, perhaps, as an apprentice, who was bound to keep his master’s secrets.

During my brother’s confinement, which I resented a good deal, notwithstanding our private differences, I had the management of the paper; and I made bold to give our rulers some rubs in it, which my brother took very kindly, while others began to consider me in an unfavorable light, as a young genius that had a turn for libelling and satyr. My brother’s discharge was accompany’d with an order of the House (a very odd one), that “James Franklin should no longer print the paper called the New England Courant.”

Korean

amiss: 어긋나서, 잘못한, 형편이 나쁜,

고장난, 빗나가서, 수사납게, 이 적절

하지 않은, 잘못되어, 탈이 나서, 이

적질하지 않은.

confinement: 제한, 감금, 해산, 유폐,

틀어박힘, 억류, 한계, 산욕, 국한, 해

산자리에 누움.

exhausted: 다 써버린, 다 퍼버린, 소모

된, 물이 마른, 고갈된, 지칠 로 지친

.

forgotten: 망각된.

indulgence: 사, 신앙의 자유, 은혜,

탐닉, 관 , 방종, 사부, 도락, 멋

로 함, 면죄부, 방자.

notwithstanding: 에도 불구하고, 그런

데도 불구하고, 할지라도, 불구하고,

한데, 그럼에도 불구하고, 함에도 불

구하고, 이라 할지라도.

passionate: 열렬한, 감정적인, 감정에

지배되는, 성 잘 내는, 열렬하다, 열렬

하는, 인정에 무른, 화내기 쉬운.

pleader: 탄원자, 변호사, 변론자, 변호

인.

satyr: 사티로스, 호색한, 호색가.

shortening: 단축, 생략, 쇼트닝, 단축

어, 생략어, 생략법.

tedious: 지루한, 장황한.

unfavorable: 형편이 나쁜, 불리한, 호

의적이 아닌, 바람직하지 못한.

warrant: 영장, 정당화하다, 정당한 이

유, 보증하다, 보증, 권능, 근거, 단언

하다, 준사관 사령, 권한을 부여하다,

준위.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 22

There was a consultation held in our printing-house among his friends, what he should do in this case. Some proposed to evade the order by changing the name of the paper; but my brother, seeing inconveniences in that, it was finally concluded on as a better way, to let it be printed for the future under the name of BENJAMIN FRANKLIN; and to avoid the censure of the Assembly, that might fall on him as still printing it by his apprentice, the contrivance was that my old indenture should be return’d to me, with a full discharge on the back of it, to be shown on occasion, but to secure to him the benefit of my service, I was to sign new indentures for the remainder of the term, which were to be kept private. A very flimsy scheme it was; however, it was immediately executed, and the paper went on accordingly, under my name for several months.%

At length, a fresh difference arising between my brother and me, I took upon me to assert my freedom, presuming that he would not venture to produce the new indentures. It was not fair in me to take this advantage, and this I therefore reckon one of the first errata of my life; but the unfairness of it weighed little with me, when under the impressions of resentment for the blows his passion too often urged him to bestow upon me, though he was otherwise not an ill-natur’d man: perhaps I was too saucy and provoking.

When he found I would leave him, he took care to prevent my getting employment in any other printing-house of the town, by going round and speaking to every master, who accordingly refus’d to give me work. I then thought of going to New York, as the nearest place where there was a printer; and I was rather inclin’d to leave Boston when I reflected that I had already made myself a little obnoxious to the governing party, and, from the arbitrary proceedings of the Assembly in my brother’s case, it was likely I might, if I stay’d, soon bring myself into scrapes; and farther, that my indiscrete disputations about religion began to make me pointed at with horror by good people as an infidel or atheist. I determin’d on the point, but my father now siding with my brother, I was sensible that, if I attempted to go openly, means would be used to prevent me. My friend Collins, therefore, undertook to manage a little for me. He agreed with the captain of a New York sloop for my passage, under the notion of

Korean

atheist: 무신론자, 무신앙자.

bestow: 수여하다, 숙박시키다, 쓰다,

간직하여 두다, 주다, 두다, 증여하다,

저장하다, 묵게 하다, 부여하다.

censure: 비난, 비난하다, 혹평, 견책,

책망하다, 견책하다, 책망, 혹평하다.

contrivance: 고안품, 계략, 장치, 계획,

연구, 고안, 모략, 연구의 재간.

errata: 정오표, 오류의 복수.

indenture: 계약서, 증서, 새김눈을 붙

임, 톱니자국, 톱니모양으로 만듦, 기

한부 도제로 넣다, 기한부 고용살이로

보내다, 기한부 고용살이 계약서, 계

약서로써 정하다, 도제계약 문서, 톱

니 자국을 내기.

indiscrete: 나뉘어져 있지 않은, 착

한.

infidel: 이교도, 이교도의, 믿음이 없

는 사람, 불신자, 신앙심 없는 사람,

신앙심이 없는, 신앙심이 없는 사람,

이단자의.

obnoxious: 불쾌한, 밉살스러운, 마음

에 걸리는, 미움을 사는.

presuming: 주제넘은, 뻔뻔스러운, 염

치없는.

provoking: 성이 나는, 속타게 하는,

자극하는.

saucy: 건방진, 스마트한, 멋진, 뻔뻔스

런, 쾌활한.

siding: 편들기, 측선, 가담, 마늘판벽,

피선, 벽널.

sloop: 외 박이 돛배, 슬루프형의 범

선.

Benjamin Franklin 23

my being a young acquaintance of his, that had got a naughty girl with child, whose friends would compel me to marry her, and therefore I could not appear or come away publicly. So I sold some of my books to raise a little money, was taken on board privately, and as we had a fair wind, in three days I found myself in New York, near 300 miles from home, a boy of but 17, without the least recommendation to, or knowledge of any person in the place, and with very little money in my pocket.%

My inclinations for the sea were by this time worne out, or I might now have gratify’d them. But, having a trade, and supposing myself a pretty good workman, I offer’d my service to the printer in the place, old Mr. William Bradford, who had been the first printer in Pennsylvania, but removed from thence upon the quarrel of George Keith. He could give me no employment, having little to do, and help enough already; but says he, “My son at Philadelphia has lately lost his principal hand, Aquila Rose, by death; if you go thither, I believe he may employ you.” Philadelphia was a hundred miles further; I set out, however, in a boat for Amboy, leaving my chest and things to follow me round by sea.

In crossing the bay, we met with a squall that tore our rotten sails to pieces, prevented our getting into the Kill and drove us upon Long Island. In our way, a drunken Dutchman, who was a passenger too, fell overboard; when he was sinking, I reached through the water to his shock pate, and drew him up, so that we got him in again. His ducking sobered him a little, and he went to sleep, taking first out of his pocket a book, which he desir’d I would dry for him. It proved to be my old favorite author, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, in Dutch, finely printed on good paper, with copper cuts, a dress better than I had ever seen it wear in its own language. I have since found that it has been translated into most of the languages of Europe, and suppose it has been more generally read than any other book, except perhaps the Bible. Honest John was the first that I know of who mix’d narration and dialogue; a method of writing very engaging to the reader, who in the most interesting parts finds himself, as it were, brought into the company and present at the discourse. De Foe in his Cruso, his

Korean

compel: 강요하다, 강제하다, 억지로

복종시키다, 억지로 시키다, 강제적인

, 억지로...시키다.

drunken: 술취한, 술고래의.

ducking: 오리사냥, 물오리 사냥, 물

속에 처박음.

engaging: 매력 있는, 마음 끄튼, 마음

끄는, 남의 마음을 끄는.

finely: 훌륭하게, 아름답게, 정교하게,

미세하게, 잘게, 곱게, 가늘게, 멋지게

, 세 하게.

narration: 서술, 화법, 이야기하기, 이

야기함, 스토리, 이야기.

naughty: 버릇없는, 장난꾸러기의, 못

된, 외설한, 아슬아슬한, 성교, 못된

나쁜, 나쁜, 장난스러운, 도리에 어긋

난, 부적합한.

overboard: 배 밖으로.

pate: 머리, 두뇌, 머리의.

quarrel: 싸움의 원인, 싸움, 불평, 말다

툼, 네모진 촉이 달린 화살, 불화의 씨

, 불화, 불평하다, 싸움하다, 말다툼하

다, 말다툼의 원인.

rotten: 약한, 썩은, 부패한, 부서지기

쉬운, 타락한, 더러운, 취약한, 나쁜,

태도가 나쁜, 궂은, 축축한.

sinking: 가라앉음, 내려앉는, 쇠약 가

라앉는, 쇠퇴하는, 가라앉는.

squall: 소동, 돌풍, 스콜, 질풍, 질풍이

휘몰아치다, 그 소리, 싸움, 꽥꽥 떠들

다, 비명을 지르다, 일진의 광풍, 꽥꽥

우는 소리.

supposing: 이라면, 만약.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 24

Moll Flanders, Religious Courtship, Family Instructor, and other pieces, has imitated it with success; and Richardson has done the same, in his Pamela, etc.%

When we drew near the island, we found it was at a place where there could be no landing, there being a great surff on the stony beach. So we dropt anchor, and swung round towards the shore. Some people came down to the water edge and hallow’d to us, as we did to them; but the wind was so high, and the surff so loud, that we could not hear so as to understand each other. There were canoes on the shore, and we made signs, and hallow’d that they should fetch us; but they either did not understand us, or thought it impracticable, so they went away, and night coming on, we had no remedy but to wait till the wind should abate; and, in the meantime, the boatman and I concluded to sleep, if we could; and so crowded into the scuttle, with the Dutchman, who was still wet, and the spray beating over the head of our boat, leak’d thro’ to us, so that we were soon almost as wet as he. In this manner we lay all night, with very little rest; but, the wind abating the next day, we made a shift to reach Amboy before night, having been thirty hours on the water, without victuals, or any drink but a bottle of filthy rum, and the water we sail’d on being salt.

In the evening I found myself very feverish, and went in to bed; but, having read somewhere that cold water drank plentifully was good for a fever, I follow’d the prescription, sweat plentiful most of the night, my fever left me, and in the morning, crossing the ferry, I proceeded on my journey on foot, having fifty miles to Burlington, where I was told I should find boats that would carry me the rest of the way to Philadelphia.

It rained very hard all the day; I was thoroughly soak’d, and by noon a good deal tired; so I stopt at a poor inn, where I staid all night, beginning now to wish that I had never left home. I cut so miserable a figure, too, that I found, by the questions ask’d me, I was suspected to be some runaway servant, and in danger of being taken up on that suspicion. However, I proceeded the next day, and got in the evening to an inn, within eight or ten miles of Burlington, kept by one Dr. Brown. He entered into conversation with me while I took some refreshment, and, finding I had read a little, became very sociable and friendly. Our

Korean

abate: 덜다, 내리다, 할인하다, 누구러

지다, 누그러뜨리다, 누그러지다, 줄

다 약해지다, 중지하다, 감소시키다,

배제하다.

boatman: 뱃사공, 보트 세 놋는 사람,

보트 젓는 사람, 배젓는 사람, 전세 보

트 업자.

feverish: 열병이 많은, 열광적인, 열이

있는, 열병의, 열띤, 열병이 유행하는.

impracticable: 실행 불가능한, 통행할

수 없는, 다루기 힘든, 통행할수 없는,

처치 곤란한, 억척스러운, 버거운, 고

집센, 다루기 어려운, 실시 불가능한.

plentiful: 많은.

refreshment: 원기 회복, 원기를 회복

시키는 것, 휴양, 다과, 원기를 북돋우

는 것, 음식물, 피로 풀기, 가벼운 음

식물, 기분을 상쾌하게 함, 특히 간단

한 음식물, 간단한 음식물.

runaway: 도망, 쉽게 이긴, 도망친, 탈

주자, 도망자, 달아난, 탈주, 낙승, 사

랑의 도피, 급히 오르는, 가출소년.

scuttle: 작은 창, 석탄 그릇, 포기하다,

줄행랑, 급한 걸음, 구멍을 내어 침몰

시키다, 바쁜 걸음, 폐기하다, 천창,

승강구의 뚜껑, 스커틀.

sociable: 사교적인, 친목회, 붙임성 있

는, 사귀기 쉬운, 사교를 좋아하는, 친

목의, 사륜 마차의 일종, 사교에 능한,

간친회.

staid: 침착한, 차분한, 착실한.

stopt: 과거분사형.

swung: 흔들거리는, 물결 모양의.

Benjamin Franklin 25

acquaintance continu’d as long as he liv’d. He had been, I imagine, an itinerant doctor, for there was no town in England, or country in Europe, of which he could not give a very particular account. He had some letters, and was ingenious, but much of an unbeliever, and wickedly undertook, some years after, to travestie the Bible in doggrel verse, as Cotton had done Virgil. By this means he set many of the facts in a very ridiculous light, and might have hurt weak minds if his work had been published; but it never was.%

At his house I lay that night, and the next morning reach’d Burlington, but had the mortification to find that the regular boats were gone a little before my coming, and no other expected to go before Tuesday, this being Saturday; wherefore I returned to an old woman in the town, of whom I had bought gingerbread to eat on the water, and ask’d her advice. She invited me to lodge at her house till a passage by water should offer; and being tired with my foot travelling, I accepted the invitation. She understanding I was a printer, would have had me stay at that town and follow my business, being ignorant of the stock necessary to begin with. She was very hospitable, gave me a dinner of ox-cheek with great good will, accepting only a pot of ale in return; and I thought myself fixed till Tuesday should come. However, walking in the evening by the side of the river, a boat came by, which I found was going towards Philadelphia, with several people in her. They took me in, and, as there was no wind, we row’d all the way; and about midnight, not having yet seen the city, some of the company were confident we must have passed it, and would row no farther; the others knew not where we were; so we put toward the shore, got into a creek, landed near an old fence, with the rails of which we made a fire, the night being cold, in October, and there we remained till daylight. Then one of the company knew the place to be Cooper’s Creek, a little above Philadelphia, which we saw as soon as we got out of the creek, and arriv’d there about eight or nine o’clock on the Sunday morning, and landed at the Market-street wharf.

I have been the more particular in this description of my journey, and shall be so of my first entry into that city, that you may in your mind compare such unlikely beginnings with the figure I have since made there. I was in my working

Korean

ale: 맥주, 에일 맥주.

creek: 작은 만, 후미, 작은 내, 크리크

동맹, 크리크 말, 크리크족, 지류, 내

포, 작은내, 크리크, 크리크 사람.

daylight: 일광, 주간, 낮, 틈, 눈, 이해,

의식.

gingerbread: 값싼, 생강이 든 빵, 싸구

려, 생강이 든 케이크.

hospitable: 극진한, 따뜻하게 접하

는, 기꺼이 받아들이는, 접이 좋은.

ignorant: 무식한, 을 모르는, 무지몽매

한, 무지에서 비롯되는, 무지한.

itinerant: 순회하는, 순회자, 편력자,

순방자, 설교자, 순회 전도사, 도붓장

수, 편력중인, 지방순회 공연배우등,

지방순회의, 지방 순회의.

lodge: 맡기다, 묵다, 하숙인, 오두막집

, 쓰러지다, 지부, 수위실, 투숙케 하

다, 파수막, 해리따위의 굴, 동거인.

mortification: 굴욕, 고행, 금욕, 탈저,

억울함, 회저, 분함, 억울한 일.

rails: 철도주, 울타리.

toward: 에 하여, 을 위하여, 가까이,

온순한, 으로의, 의 쪽으로, 무렵, 쪽

으로, 바야흐로 일어나려는, 에 가까

이, 전도 유망한.

unbeliever: 회의자, 믿지 않는 사람,

불신앙자, 신앙 없는 사람.

wharf: 부두, 선창, 선창에 매다.

wherefore: 이유, 어째서, 그러므로, 왜

, 무슨 이유로, 까닭, 그런 이유로.

wickedly: 불쾌하게, 사악하게, 나쁘게

.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 26

dress, my best cloaths being to come round by sea. I was dirty from my journey; my pockets were stuff’d out with shirts and stockings, and I knew no soul nor where to look for lodging. I was fatigued with travelling, rowing, and want of rest, I was very hungry; and my whole stock of cash consisted of a Dutch dollar, and about a shilling in copper. The latter I gave the people of the boat for my passage, who at first refus’d it, on account of my rowing; but I insisted on their taking it. A man being sometimes more generous when he has but a little money than when he has plenty, perhaps thro’ fear of being thought to have but little.%

Then I walked up the street, gazing about till near the market-house I met a boy with bread. I had made many a meal on bread, and, inquiring where he got it, I went immediately to the baker’s he directed me to, in Secondstreet, and ask’d for bisket, intending such as we had in Boston; but they, it seems, were not made in Philadelphia. Then I asked for a three-penny loaf, and was told they had none such. So not considering or knowing the difference of money, and the greater cheapness nor the names of his bread, I made him give me three-penny worth of any sort. He gave me, accordingly, three great puffy rolls. I was surpriz’d at the quantity, but took it, and, having no room in my pockets, walk’d off with a roll under each arm, and eating the other. Thus I went up Market-street as far as Fourth-street, passing by the door of Mr. Read, my future wife’s father; when she, standing at the door, saw me, and thought I made, as I certainly did, a most awkward, ridiculous appearance. Then I turned and went down Chestnut-street and part of Walnut-street, eating my roll all the way, and, corning round, found myself again at Market-street wharf, near the boat I came in, to which I went for a draught of the river water; and, being filled with one of my rolls, gave the other two to a woman and her child that came down the river in the boat with us, and were waiting to go farther.

Thus refreshed, I walked again up the street, which by this time had many clean-dressed people in it, who were all walking the same way. I joined them, and thereby was led into the great meeting-house of the Quakers near the market. I sat down among them, and, after looking round awhile and hearing nothing said, being very drowsy thro’ labor and want of rest the preceding night, I fell

Korean

awhile: 잠시, 잠깐.

awkward: 어색한, 하기 어려운, 약 빠

르지 못한, 보기흉한, 사용하기 거북

한, 서투른, 섣부른, 어거하기 힘든,

다루기 어려운, 깔볼 수 없는, 거북한.

cheapness: 염가, 값쌈.

copper: 구리, 구리빛의, 동, 동전, 주

홍부전나비속의 나비, 순경, 동화, 동

산주, 취사용 보일러, 구리의, 구리빛.

draught: 선발하다, 기안하다, 기초하

다, 끌다, 제도공으로서 기술을 연마

하다.

drowsy: 졸린, 졸음오게하는, 조는 듯

한, 나른한, 졸리는.

inquiring: 알고 싶어 하는, 묻고 싶은

듯한, 묻는, 미심쩍은, 미심쩍은 듯한,

알고 싶어하는, 호기심에찬, 캐묻기

좋아하는, 탐구적인.

loaf: 덩어리, 요리의 일종, 어정거리다

, 빵 한덩어리, 놀고지내다, 빈둥거리

다, 원뿔꼴의 한덩이, 머리, 원뿔꼴의

횐 설탕, 시간을 놀며 보내다, 빵의 덩

어리.

lodging: 하숙, 셋방, 숙소, 숙박, 하숙

집, 학장 관사, 주소.

puffy: 부푼, 뚱뚱한, 한 바탕 부는, 훅

부는, 숨찬, 휙 부는, 숨가쁜, 바람이

휙 부는.

rowing: 로잉, 배젓기, 저정용의, 조정.

shilling: 실링.

travelling: 이동, 순업, 여행의, 여행하

는 여행, 이동하는, 여행함, 여행용의,

여행.

Benjamin Franklin 27

fast asleep, and continued so till the meeting broke up, when one was kind enough to rouse me. This was, therefore, the first house I was in, or slept in, in Philadelphia.%

Walking down again toward the river, and, looking in the faces of people, I met a young Quaker man, whose countenance I lik’d, and, accosting him, requested he would tell me where a stranger could get lodging. We were then near the sign of the Three Mariners. “Here,” says he, “is one place that entertains strangers, but it is not a reputable house; if thee wilt walk with me, I’ll show thee a better.” He brought me to the Crooked Billet in Water-street. Here I got a dinner; and, while I was eating it, several sly questions were asked me, as it seemed to be suspected from my youth and appearance, that I might be some runaway.

After dinner, my sleepiness return’d, and being shown to a bed, I lay down without undressing, and slept till six in the evening, was call’d to supper, went to bed again very early, and slept soundly till next morning. Then I made myself as tidy as I could, and went to Andrew Bradford the printer’s. I found in the shop the old man his father, whom I had seen at New York, and who, travelling on horseback, had got to Philadelphia before me. He introduc’d me to his son, who receiv’d me civilly, gave me a breakfast, but told me he did not at present want a hand, being lately suppli’d with one; but there was another printer in town, lately set up, one Keimer, who, perhaps, might employ me; if not, I should be welcome to lodge at his house, and he would give me a little work to do now and then till fuller business should offer.

The old gentleman said he would go with me to the new printer; and when we found him, “Neighbor,” says Bradford, “I have brought to see you a young man of your business; perhaps you may want such a one.” He ask’d me a few questions, put a composing stick in my hand to see how I work’d, and then said he would employ me soon, though he had just then nothing for me to do; and, taking old Bradford, whom he had never seen before, to be one of the town’s people that had a good will for him, enter’d into a conversation on his present undertaking and projects; while Bradford, not discovering that he was the other

Korean

asleep: 잠들어, 활발치않아서, 마비되

어, 팽이가서서, 영면하여, 죽어, 자서

, 저려.

civilly: 속인적으로, 민법상, 민간으로,

민법산, 정중히, 예절바르게, 정중하

게, 예의바르게, 민사적으로, 시민답

게, 시민 답게.

countenance: 원조, 장려하다, 호의를

보이다, 침착, 표정, 승인하다, 허용하

다, 찬조, 찬성하다, 찬성, 지지.

fuller: 직물의 축융공, 축융공, 둥근 홈

을 내는 연장, 둥근 홈을 내다, 천의

올을 배게하는 직공, 천의 올을 배게

하는 직공.

horseback: 말의 등, 말등, 말을 타고.

reputable: 훌륭한, 평판이 좋은, 명성

있는, 이름높은, 존경할 만한, 평판 좋

은.

rouse: 각성, 격려하다, 날아오르게하

다, 일어나다, 술판, 일으키다, 성나게

하다, 분발, 잠이 깨다, 휘젓다, 고무

하다.

sleepiness: 졸린, 졸음이 오는 듯한.

sly: 교활한, 익살맞은, 음흉한, 장난스

러운, 몰래, 은 한.

soundly: 충분히, 건전한, 확실한, 합

리적인, 철저한, 강하지않은, 안전한,

건전하게.

supper: 저녁 식사, 밤참.

thee: 너를, 너에게.

wilt: 이울다, 시들다, 청고병, 풀이 죽

다, 이울게 하다, 장승병, 약하게 하다

.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 28

printer’s father, on Keimer’s saying he expected soon to get the greatest part of the business into his own hands, drew him on by artful questions, and starting little doubts, to explain all his views, what interests he reli’d on, and in what manner he intended to proceed. I, who stood by and heard all, saw immediately that one of them was a crafty old sophister, and the other a mere novice. Bradford left me with Keimer, who was greatly surpris’d when I told him who the old man was.%

Keimer’s printing-house, I found, consisted of an old shatter’d press, and one small, worn-out font of English which he was then using himself, composing an Elegy on Aquila Rose, before mentioned, an ingenious young man, of excellent character, much respected in the town, clerk of the Assembly, and a pretty poet. Keimer made verses too, but very indifferently. He could not be said to write them, for his manner was to compose them in the types directly out of his head. So there being no copy, but one pair of cases, and the Elegy likely to require all the letter, no one could help him. I endeavor’d to put his press (which he had not yet us’d, and of which he understood nothing) into order fit to be work’d with; and, promising to come and print off his Elegy as soon as he should have got it ready, I return’d to Bradford’s, who gave me a little job to do for the present, and there I lodged and dieted, A few days after, Keimer sent for me to print off the Elegy. And now he had got another pair of cases, and a pamphlet to reprint, on which he set me to work.

These two printers I found poorly qualified for their business. Bradford had not been bred to it, and was very illiterate; and Keimer, tho’ something of a scholar, was a mere compositor, knowing nothing of presswork. He had been one of the French prophets, and could act their enthusiastic agitations. At this time he did not profess any particular religion, but something of all on occasion; was very ignorant of the world, and had, as I afterward found, a good deal of the knave in his composition. He did not like my lodging at Bradford’s while I work’d with him. He had a house, indeed, but without furniture, so he could not lodge me; but he got me a lodging at Mr. Read’s, before mentioned, who was the owner of his house; and, my chest and clothes being come by this time, I made

Korean

compose: 짓다, 구성하다, 조립하다,

조정하다, 작곡하다, 식자하다, 안치

하다, 작문하다, 짜맞추다, 가다듬다,

쓰다.

crafty: 교활한, 교묘한, 간사한, 나쁜

꾀가 많은, 간사하게.

font: 샘, 원천, 세례, 기름통, 종류와

크기가 같은 활자 한벌, 글꼴, 세례반,

동일형 활자의 한 벌, 종류와 크기가

같은 활자 한 벌.

illiterate: 무식한, 문맹인, 읽기 쓰기를

못하는, 읽고 쓸 줄 모르는, 무식자,

무교육자, 글자를 모르는.

indifferently: 무관심하게, 상당히, 시

원치 않게.

knave: 잭, 하인, 약한, 신분이 낮은 사

내, 무뢰한, 악한, 남자아이.

novice: 초심자, 풋내기, 처음 출장하

는 말, 수련자, 수련수사초신자, 수련

수사, 무경험자, 초심자의.

presswork: 인쇄물, 인쇄.

profess: 공언하다, 직업으로 삼다, 신

앙을 고백하다, 을 신앙한다고 공언하

다, 라고 자칭하다, 학문, 인 체하다,

기술 따위를 지니고 있다고 공언하

다-공언하다, 기술 따위를 지니고 있

다고 공언하다, 언명하다, 학 교수

로 있다.

reprint: 재판하다, 재판, 번각하다, 재

판되다, 책이 재판되다.

sophister: 궤변가, 소피스트.

worn-out: 써서 낡은, 진부한, 지쳐빠

진.

Benjamin Franklin 29

rather a more respectable appearance in the eyes of Miss Read than I had done when she first happen’d to see me eating my roll in the street.%

I began now to have some acquaintance among the young people of the town, that were lovers of reading, with whom I spent my evenings very pleasantly; and gaining money by my industry and frugality, I lived very agreeably, forgetting Boston as much as I could, and not desiring that any there should know where I resided, except my friend Collins, who was in my secret, and kept it when I wrote to him. At length, an incident happened that sent me back again much sooner than I had intended. I had a brother-in-law, Robert Holmes, master of a sloop that traded between Boston and Delaware. He being at Newcastle, forty miles below Philadelphia, heard there of me, and wrote me a letter mentioning the concern of my friends in Boston at my abrupt departure, assuring me of their good will to me, and that every thing would be accommodated to my mind if I would return, to which he exhorted me very earnestly. I wrote an answer to his letter, thank’d him for his advice, but stated my reasons for quitting Boston fully and in such a light as to convince him I was not so wrong as he had apprehended.

Sir William Keith, governor of the province, was then at Newcastle, and Captain Holmes, happening to be in company with him when my letter came to hand, spoke to him of me, and show’d him the letter. The governor read it, and seem’d surpris’d when he was told my age. He said I appear’d a young man of promising parts, and therefore should be encouraged; the printers at Philadelphia were wretched ones; and, if I would set up there, he made no doubt I should succeed; for his part, he would procure me the public business, and do me every other service in his power. This my brother-in-law afterwards told me in Boston, but I knew as yet nothing of it; when, one day, Keimer and I being at work together near the window, we saw the governor and another gentleman (which proved to be Colonel French, of Newcastle), finely dress’d, come directly across the street to our house, and heard them at the door.

Keimer ran down immediately, thinking it a visit to him; but the governor inquir’d for me, came up, and with a condescension of politeness I had been

Korean

afterwards: 나중에, 후에.

agreeably: 기꺼이, 쾌히, 일치하여, 유

쾌하게, 에 따라서, 에 따라.

assuring: 보증하는, 확인하는, 확신을

주는.

brother-in-law: 자매의 남편, 자형, 형

부, 남편 또는 아내의 형제.

condescension: 겸손, 생색내는 듯한

태도, 정중, 은혜를 베풀듯한 태도, 겸

양.

convince: 확신시키다, 납득시키다, 수

긍하게하다.

earnestly: 진지하게, 진정으로, 진심으

로, 열심히.

evenings: 매일저녁.

frugality: 절약, 검소, 검약.

intended: 고의의, 약혼자, 계획된, 미

래의, 의도된, 미래의 남편, 예정된.

pleasantly: 유쾌하게, 상냥하게, 즐겁

게, 쾌활하게.

politeness: 공손.

procure: 알선하다, 얻다, 가져오다, 획

득하다, 뚜쟁이질하다, 일으키다, 특

히 노력하거나 애를 써서 획득하다,

매춘부를 주선하다.

promising: 장래성 있는, 유망한, 장래

가 촉망되는.

respectable: 존경할 만한, 상당한, 훌

륭한, 점잔빼는, 존경할만한, 훌륭한

사람, 품행이 방정한, 품위 있는 보기

흉치 않은, 존경할만한 사람, 흉하지

않은, 신분이 좋은.

stated: 정해진, 진술된.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 30

quite%unus’d to, made me many compliments, desired to be acquainted with me, blam’d me kindly for not having made myself known to him when I first came to the place, and would have me away with him to the tavern, where he was going with Colonel French to taste, as he said, some excellent Madeira. I was not a little surprised, and Keimer star’d like a pig poison’d. I went, however, with the governor and Colonel French to a tavern, at the corner of Third-street, and over the Madeira he propos’d my setting up my business, laid before me the probabilities of success, and both he and Colonel French assur’d me I should have their interest and influence in procuring the public business of both governments. On my doubting whether my father would assist me in it, Sir William said he would give me a letter to him, in which he would state the advantages, and he did not doubt of prevailing with him. So it was concluded I should return to Boston in the first vessel, with the governor’s letter recommending me to my father. In the mean time the intention was to be kept a secret, and I went on working with Keimer as usual, the governor sending for me now and then to dine with him, a very great honor I thought it, and conversing with me in the most affable, familiar, and friendly manner imaginable.

About the end of April, 1724, a little vessel offer’d for Boston. I took leave of Keimer as going to see my friends. The governor gave me an ample letter, saying many flattering things of me to my father, and strongly recommending the project of my setting up at Philadelphia as a thing that must make my fortune. We struck on a shoal in going down the bay, and sprung a leak; we had a blustering time at sea, and were oblig’d to pump almost continually, at which I took my turn. We arriv’d safe, however, at Boston in about a fortnight. I had been absent seven months, and my friends had heard nothing of me; for my br. Holmes was not yet return’d, and had not written about me. My unexpected appearance surpriz’d the family; all were, however, very glad to see me, and made me welcome, except my brother. I went to see him at his printing-house. I was better dress’d than ever while in his service, having a genteel new suit from head to foot, a watch, and my pockets lin’d with near five pounds sterling in silver. He receiv’d me not very frankly, look’d me all over, and turn’d to his work again.

Korean

affable: 상냥한, 붙임성 있는, 부드러

운, 정중한.

ample: 넓은, 충분한, 광 한, 풍부한.

blustering: 호통치는, 사납게 불어치

는, 고함치는, 세차게 몰아치는, 시끄

러운, 뽐내는.

compliments: 의례적인 인사말.

desired: 옳은, 훌륭한, 바랐던, 희망했

던.

dine: 정찬을 들다, 식사를 하다, 식사

할 수 있다, 만찬을 접하다, 정찬을

먹다, 정찬을 접하다.

doubting: 의혹을 품고 있는, 불안한.

flattering: 아첨하는, 유망한, 실물보다

좋게 보이는, 알랑거리는, 빌붙는, 비

위 맞추는, 기쁘게 하는, 발림말하는.

frankly: 숨김없이, 터놓고, 솔직히.

genteel: 점잖은 체하는, 품위 있는, 우

아한, 현 적인, 멋진, 예의바른, 지체

높은, 가문이 좋은.

holmes: 홈스명탐정.

imaginable: 상상할 수 있는.

leak: 새다, 샘, 새는 구멍이 있다, 새는

곳, 누전, 새기 시작하다, 새다비, 새

는 구멍, 비 따위가 새다, 새는 물,

새게 하다.

prevailing: 우세한, 유력한, 유행의,

일반의, 널리 행해지는, 널리 행해진.

shoal: 얕아지다, 떼를 짓다, 모래톱,

어군, 여울목, 떼 다수, 무리, 앝은, 다

수, 얕은, 여울.

sprung: 얼근한.

tavern: 선술집, 여인숙.

Benjamin Franklin 31

The journeymen were inquisitive where I had been, what sort of a country it was, and how I lik’d it. I prais’d it much, the happy life I led in it, expressing strongly my intention of returning to it; and, one of them asking what kind of money we had there, I produc’d a handful of silver, and spread it before them, which was a kind of raree-show they had not been us’d to, paper being the money of Boston. Then I took an opportunity of letting them see my watch; and, lastly (my brother still grum and sullen), I gave them a piece of eight to drink, and took my leave. This visit of mine offended him extreamly; for, when my mother some time after spoke to him of a reconciliation, and of her wishes to see us on good terms together, and that we might live for the future as brothers, he said I had insulted him in such a manner before his people that he could never forget or forgive it. In this, however, he was mistaken.%

My father received the governor’s letter with some apparent surprise, but said little of it to me for some days, when Capt. Holmes returning he showed it to him, ask’d him if he knew Keith, and what kind of man he was; adding his opinion that he must be of small discretion to think of setting a boy up in business who wanted yet three years of being at man’s estate. Holmes said what he could in favor of the project, but my father was clear in the impropriety of it, and at last gave a flat denial to it. Then he wrote a civil letter to Sir William, thanking him for the patronage he had so kindly offered me, but declining to assist me as yet in setting up, I being, in his opinion, too young to be trusted with the management of a business so important, and for which the preparation must be so expensive.

My friend and companion Collins, who was a clerk in the post-office, pleas’d with the account I gave him of my new country, determined to go thither also; and, while I waited for my father’s determination, he set out before me by land to Rhode Island, leaving his books, which were a pretty collection of mathematicks and natural philosophy, to come with mine and me to New York, where he propos’d to wait for me.

My father, tho’ he did not approve Sir William’s proposition, was yet pleas’d that I had been able to obtain so advantageous a character from a person of such

Korean

advantageous: 유리한, 형편이 좋은.

approve: 찬성하다, 시인하다, 실증하

다, 인가하다, 마음에들다, 승인하다,

보여주다-시인하다, 보여주다, 좋다

고 인정하다, 수락하다, 임을 보이다.

declining: 기울어, 쇠하여, 기우는.

denial: 부정, 극기, 부인, 거부.

forgive: 용서하다, 삭치다, 빚을탕감하

다, 빚을 탕감하다, 면제하다, 삭히다,

관 히 봐주다.

impropriety: 부적당, 행실 나쁨, 점잖

지 못함, 잘못오용, 온당치 않음, 상스

러움, 도리에 어긋남, 부정, 버릇없는

행위, 버릇없음, 어울리지 않는 말.

inquisitive: 캐묻기 좋아하는, 알고자

하는, 물어보고 싶어하는, 호기심이

강한, 호기심이 많은, 알고싶어하는.

insulted: 모욕한.

kindly: 친절한, 쾌히, 기꺼이, 상냥하

게, 상냥한, 온하한, 쾌히 받아들이다,

친절히, 기후 따위가 온화한, 온화한,

자연히.

letting: 셋집, 임 , 전세아파트.

patronage: 후원, 서임권, 애고, 후원하

다, 특히 관직의 임명권, 임명권, 생색

, 생색을 내기.

post-office: 우체국, 우체국 놀이, 우체

국의.

proposition: 명제, 유혹, 제안, 기업,

상 , 것, 놈, 서술, 유혹하다, 정리,

제의.

reconciliation: 화해, 조정, 복종, 조화,

체념, 일치, 단념.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 32

note where I had resided, and that I had been so industrious and careful as to equip myself so handsomely in so short a time; therefore, seeing no prospect of an accommodation between my brother and me, he gave his consent to my returning again to Philadelphia, advis’d me to behave respectfully to the people there, endeavor to obtain the general esteem, and avoid lampooning and libeling, to which he thought I had too much inclination; telling me, that by steady industry and a prudent parsimony I might save enough by the time I was one-and-twenty to set me up; and that, if I came near the matter, he would help me out with the rest. This was all I could obtain, except some small gifts as tokens of his and my mother’s love, when I embark’d again for New York, now with their approbation and their blessing.%

The sloop putting in at Newport, Rhode Island, I visited my brother John, who had been married and settled there some years. He received me very affectionately, for he always lov’d me. A friend of his, one Vernon, having some money due to him in Pensilvania, about thirty-five pounds currency, desired I would receive it for him, and keep it till I had his directions what to remit it in. Accordingly, he gave me an order. This afterwards occasion’d me a good deal of uneasiness.

At Newport we took in a number of passengers for New York, among which were two young women, companions, and a grave, sensible, matron-like Quaker woman, with her attendants. I had shown an obliging readiness to do her some little services, which impress’d her I suppose with a degree of good will toward me; therefore, when she saw a daily growing familiarity between me and the two young women, which they appear’d to encourage, she took me aside, and said: “Young man, I am concern’d for thee, as thou has no friend with thee, and seems not to know much of the world, or of the snares youth is expos’d to; depend upon it, those are very bad women; I can see it in all their actions; and if thee art not upon thy guard, they will draw thee into some danger; they are strangers to thee, and I advise thee, in a friendly concern for thy welfare, to have no acquaintance with them.” As I seem’d at first not to think so ill of them as she did, she mentioned some things she had observ’d and heard that had escap’d my

Korean

accordingly: 따라서, 그러므로, 그에

따라서, 적절히, 그에 알맞게.

affectionately: 애정을 다하여, 친애하

는, 자애로운, 애정어린, 상냥한, 애정

이 넘치게, 다정하게.

equip: 장비하다, 갖추다, 꾸미다, 준비

하다, 갖추게 하다, 갖추어 주다, 채비

를 해주다.

esteem: 존중하다, 존중, 존경하다, 귀

중히 여기다, 간주하다, 존경, 간주하

다-존경, 평가하다.

familiarity: 친교, 친함, 허울없음, 친

숙함, 친 , 무엄한, 무간함, 치근치근

함, 익히 앎, 임의로움, 스스럼 없음.

grave: 수수한, 무덤, 명심하다, 새기다

, 중 한, 진지한, 묘혈, 심각한, 중요

한, 예사롭지 않은, 침침한.

industrious: 근면한, 부지런한, 애쓰는

.

obliging: 친절한, 기꺼이 남을 돌봐 주

는.

parsimony: 인색, 극도의 절약, 극도의

검약.

remit: 송금하다, 면제하다, 보내다, 다

시 투옥하다, 연기하다, 의뢰하다, 조

회하다, 하급 법원에 환송하다, 용서

하다, 감퇴하다, 경감하다.

respectfully: 삼가, 공손하게, 정중하

게, 정중히, 공손히.

thou: 너는, 네가, 달러, 당신은, 천개,

파운드.

uneasiness: 불안, 거북함, 걱정, 불쾌,

불유쾌.

Benjamin Franklin 33

notice, but now convinc’d me she was right. I thank’d her for her kind advice, and promis’d to follow it. When we arriv’d at New York, they told me where they liv’d, and invited me to come and see them; but I avoided it, and it was well I did; for the next day the captain miss’d a silver spoon and some other things, that had been taken out of his cabbin, and, knowing that these were a couple of strumpets, he got a warrant to search their lodgings, found the stolen goods, and had the thieves punish’d. So, tho’ we had escap’d a sunken rock, which we scrap’d upon in the passage, I thought this escape of rather more importance to me.%

At New York I found my friend Collins, who had arriv’d there some time before me. We had been intimate from children, and had read the same books together; but he had the advantage of more time for reading and studying, and a wonderful genius for mathematical learning, in which he far outstript me. While I liv’d in Boston most of my hours of leisure for conversation were spent with him, and he continu’d a sober as well as an industrious lad; was much respected for his learning by several of the clergy and other gentlemen, and seemed to promise making a good figure in life. But, during my absence, he had acquir’d a habit of sotting with brandy; and I found by his own account, and what I heard from others, that he had been drunk every day since his arrival at New York, and behav’d very oddly. He had gam’d, too, and lost his money, so that I was oblig’d to discharge his lodgings, and defray his expenses to and at Philadelphia, which prov’d extremely inconvenient to me.

The then governor of New York, Burnet (son of Bishop Burnet), hearing from the captain that a young man, one of his passengers, had a great many books, desir’d he would bring me to see him. I waited upon him accordingly, and should have taken Collins with me but that he was not sober. The gov’r. treated me with great civility, show’d me his library, which was a very large one, and we had a good deal of conversation about books and authors. This was the second governor who had done me the honor to take notice of me; which, to a poor boy like me, was very pleasing.

Korean

brandy: 브랜디.

civility: 정중한 태도, 정중, 정중함, 예

의바름, 공손, 예의바른말, 예의바른

태도, 예의바른 말, 정중한 말.

defray: 지불하다, 부담하다.

genius: 수호신, 천재, 사조, 경향, 귀신

, 기풍, 자질, 진수, 천성, 특질, 요정.

inconvenient: 불편한, 형편이 마땅하

지 않은, 폐가되는, 부자유스런, 형편

이 나쁜, 부자유한.

intimate: 친 한, 상세한, 암시하다,

사사로운, 깊은, 친구, 친한친구, 알리

다, 일신상의, 정교를 맺고 있는 사통

하고 있는, 친숙한.

lodgings: 셋방.

oddly: 기묘하게, 기이하게, 홀수로, 기

수로, 나머지가 되어, 짝 안 맞게, 기

묘하게도, 흘수로.

respected: 훌륭한, 소문난, 높이평가

되는.

sober: 수수한, 술이 깨다, 냉정한, 취

하지않은, 진지한, 분별 있는, 맑은 정

신의, 마음이 가라앉다, 마음을 가라

앉히다, 과장 없는, 침착해지다.

spoon: 숟가락, 숟가락으로 뜨다, 애무

하다, 높이치기용의 골프채의 일종,

미끼쇠, 새롱거리다, 후림낚시로 낚다

, 숟가락 모양의 물건, 여자에게 약한

사람, 퍼올리듯이 치다, 공을 퍼올리

듯이 치다.

sunken: 물밑의, 움푹 들어간, 가라앉

은, 내려앉은, 살이 빠진, 움푹한.

thieves: 도둑.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 34

We proceeded to Philadelphia. I received on the way Vernon’s money, without which we could hardly have finish’d our journey. Collins wished to be employ’d in some counting-house, but, whether they discover’d his dramming by his breath, or by his behaviour, tho’ he had some recommendations, he met with no success in any application, and continu’d lodging and boarding at the same house with me, and at my expense. Knowing I had that money of Vernon’s, he was continually borrowing of me, still promising repayment as soon as he should be in business. At length he had got so much of it that I was distress’d to think what I should do in case of being call’d on to remit it.%

His drinking continu’d, about which we sometimes quarrell’d;, for, when a little intoxicated, he was very fractious. Once, in a boat on the Delaware with some other young men, he refused to row in his turn. “I will be row’d home,” says he. “We will not row you,” says I. “You must, or stay all night on the water,” says he, “just as you please.” The others said, “Let us row; what signifies it?” But, my mind being soured with his other conduct, I continu’d to refuse. So he swore he would make me row, or throw me overboard; and coming along, stepping on the thwarts, toward me, when he came up and struck at me, I clapped my hand under his crutch, and, rising, pitched him head-foremost into the river. I knew he was a good swimmer, and so was under little concern about him; but before he could get round to lay hold of the boat, we had with a few strokes pull’d her out of his reach; and ever when he drew near the boat, we ask’d if he would row, striking a few strokes to slide her away from him. He was ready to die with vexation, and obstinately would not promise to row. However, seeing him at last beginning to tire, we lifted him in and brought him home dripping wet in the evening. We hardly exchang’d a civil word afterwards, and a West India captain, who had a commission to procure a tutor for the sons of a gentleman at Barbadoes, happening to meet with him, agreed to carry him thither. He left me then, promising to remit me the first money he should receive in order to discharge the debt; but I never heard of him after.

The breaking into this money of Vernon’s was one of the first great errata of my life; and this affair show’d that my father was not much out in his judgment

Korean

boarding: 기숙, 판장.

borrowing: 차용, 차용어, 빈 것.

continually: 빈번히, 줄곧, 계속해서,

끊임없이, 계속적으로.

crutch: 협장, 까치발, 목다리, 버팀목,

샅, 여자용 안장의 등자, 당목 모양의

지팡이, 고물의 팔꿈치꼴 버팀목, 목

다리로 걷다, 크러치, 차주.

discharge: 발사하다, 방전, 방출하다,

이행하다, 방전하다, 해임, 짐을부리

다, 번지다, 해고, 해고하다, 발사.

dripping: 흠뻑 젖은, 적하, 적하 듣는

것, 물방울 똑똑 떨어지는, 뚝뚝 떨어

짐, 들음.

fractious: 성마른, 다루기 힘든, 다루

기힘든.

intoxicated: 취하다, 흥분한, 술취한,

도취된.

obstinately: 부득부득.

repayment: 보은, 반제, 보장, 앙갚음,

보복, 반환.

swimmer: 헤엄치는 사람, 수영자, 헤

엄치는사람, 헤엄치는동물.

tire: 타이어, 지치다, 피로하게하다, 넌

더리나게 하다, 머리 장식, 싫증나게

하다, 장식을 하다, 지겹게 하다, 타이

어를 달다, 피곤해지다, 싫증 나다.

tutor: 억제하다, 후견인, 가정 교사, 개

인 지도 교사 노릇을 하다, 개인 지도

교사, 강사, 지도하다, 가정 교사로서

가르치다, 개인 교수를 받다, 가정 교

사 노릇을 하다, 개인 가정 교사로서

지도하다.

Benjamin Franklin 35

when he suppos’d me too young to manage business of importance. But Sir William, on reading his letter, said he was too prudent. There was great difference in persons; and discretion did not always accompany years, nor was youth always without it. “And since he will not set you up,” says he, “I will do it myself. Give me an inventory of the things necessary to be had from England, and I will send for them. You shall repay me when you are able; I am resolv’d to have a good printer here, and I am sure you must succeed.” This was spoken with such an appearance of cordiality, that I had not the least doubt of his meaning what he said. I had hitherto kept the proposition of my setting up, a secret in Philadelphia, and I still kept it. Had it been known that I depended on the governor, probably some friend, that knew him better, would have advis’d me not to rely on him, as I afterwards heard it as his known character to be liberal of promises which he never meant to keep. Yet, unsolicited as he was by me, how could I think his generous offers insincere? I believ’d him one of the best men in the world.%

I presented him an inventory of a little print’g-house, amounting by my computation to about one hundred pounds sterling. He lik’d it, but ask’d me if my being on the spot in England to chuse the types, and see that every thing was good of the kind, might not be of some advantage. “Then,” says he, “when there, you may make acquaintances, and establish correspondences in the bookselling and stationery way.” I agreed that this might be advantageous. “Then,” says he, “get yourself ready to go with Annis;” which was the annual ship, and the only one at that time usually passing between London and Philadelphia. But it would be some months before Annis sail’d, so I continu’d working with Keimer, fretting about the money Collins had got from me, and in daily apprehensions of being call’d upon by Vernon, which, however, did not happen for some years after.

I believe I have omitted mentioning that, in my first voyage from Boston, being becalm’d off Block Island, our people set about catching cod, and hauled up a great many. Hitherto I had stuck to my resolution of not eating animal food, and on this occasion consider’d, with my master Tryon, the taking every fish as a kind of unprovoked murder, since none of them had, or ever could do us any

Korean

accompany: 반주하다, 따르다, 따르게

하다, 동반하다.

bookselling: 서적 판매, 서적 판매업.

cod: 구, 속이다, 속이기, 우롱하다,

남을 속이기, 화학적 산소 요구량.

computation: 계산, 계량, 계산결과,

산정수치, 컴퓨터의 사용, 평가.

cordiality: 진심, 진심어린 언동, 따뜻

한 우정, 성실, 충정, 친절.

hitherto: 지금까지는, 지금까지.

insincere: 성의 없는, 거짓의, 성실치

못한, 성의가 없는.

inventory: 재고품, 표, 목록, 재산 목

록, 재고조사 자산, 재고품의 총가격,

재고품목록, 천연자원 재고 일람표,

재고조사, 재고 조사를 하다, 인물조

사기록.

repay: 갚다, 보답하다, 빚을 갚다, 상

환하다, 은혜를 갚다, 보복하다, 돈을

갚다, 에 보답하다.

stationery: 문방구, 편지지, 문구.

sterling: 영화, 훌륭한, 순수한, 표준량

의, 표준 은으로 만든, 신뢰할만한, 진

정한, 법정 순분을 함유하는, 법정 순

분의 은.

unprovoked: 자극받지 않은, 정당한

이유가 없는, 도발되지 않은, 자극되

지 않은.

unsolicited: 탄원을받지않은, 괜한, 의

뢰받지도않은, 쓸데없는, 청원받지 않

은, 탄원받지 않은.

voyage: 항해, 항해하다, 바다를 건너

가다, 건너 지르다, 여행기.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 36

injury that might justify the slaughter. All this seemed very reasonable. But I had formerly been a great lover of fish, and, when this came hot out of the frying-pan, it smelt admirably well. I balanc’d some time between principle and inclination, till I recollected that, when the fish were opened, I saw smaller fish taken out of their stomachs; then thought I, “If you eat one another, I don’t see why we mayn’t eat you.” So I din’d upon cod very heartily, and continued to eat with other people, returning only now and then occasionally to a vegetable diet. So convenient a thing it is to be a reasonable creature, since it enables one to find or make a reason for everything one has a mind to do.%

Keimer and I liv’d on a pretty good familiar footing, and agreed tolerably well, for he suspected nothing of my setting up. He retained a great deal of his old enthusiasms and lov’d argumentation. We therefore had many disputations. I used to work him so with my Socratic method, and had trepann’d him so often by questions apparently so distant from any point we had in hand, and yet by degrees lead to the point, and brought him into difficulties and contradictions, that at last he grew ridiculously cautious, and would hardly answer me the most common question, without asking first, “What do you intend to infer from that?” However, it gave him so high an opinion of my abilities in the confuting way, that he seriously proposed my being his colleague in a project he had of setting up a new sect. He was to preach the doctrines, and I was to confound all opponents. When he came to explain with me upon the doctrines, I found several conundrums which I objected to, unless I might have my way a little too, and introduce some of mine.

Keimer wore his beard at full length, because somewhere in the Mosaic law it is said, “Thou shalt not mar the corners of thy beard.” He likewise kept the Seventh day, Sabbath; and these two points were essentials with him. I dislik’d both; but agreed to admit them upon condition of his adopting the doctrine of using no animal food. “I doubt,” said he, “my constitution will not bear that.” I assur’d him it would, and that he would be the better for it. He was usually a great glutton, and I promised myself some diversion in half starving him. He agreed to try the practice, if I would keep him company. I did so, and we held it

Korean

admirably: 훌륭히.

confound: 혼동하다, 꺾다, 저주하다,

좌절시키다, 제기랄, 당황케하다, 곤

혹케 하다, 난처하게 하다, 당황케 하

다, 제기랄 가벼운 욕 망할 자식, 제기

랄 망할 자식.

footing: 지위, 발밑, 편제, 입장, 스텝

밟기, 확고한 지반, 정원, 발판, 합계,

관계, 기초.

glutton: 식가, 끈덕진 사람, 악착꾸

러기, 족제비과의 동물, 지칠 줄 모르

는 사람, 족제비과의 오소리 비슷한

육식동물의, 식가의, 열성가, 열성

가의, 족제비과의 오소리 비슷한 육식

동물.

heartily: 마음으로부터, 열의를 갖고,

정중히, 매우, 배불리, 마음으로, 기운

차게.

infer: 추론하다, 의미하다, 암시하다,

추단하다, 추측하다.

preach: 설교하다, 설교, 전도하다-설

교하다, 창도하다, 전하다, 전하다창

도하다, 전도하다, 도를 전하다, 권고

하다.

recollected: 냉정한, 침착한, 추억의,

차분한, 묵상에 잠긴, 생각난.

ridiculously: 어리석게, 우습게.

sect: 당파, 교파, 종파, 분파.

shalt: 직설법 현재.

smelt: 용해하다, 제련하다, 빙어, 빙어

무리의 식용어.

tolerably: 참을성 있게, 참을 수 있을

정도로.

Benjamin Franklin 37

for three months. We had our victuals dress’d, and brought to us regularly by a woman in the neighborhood, who had from me a list of forty dishes to be prepar’d for us at different times, in all which there was neither fish, flesh, nor fowl, and the whim suited me the better at this time from the cheapness of it, not costing us above eighteenpence sterling each per week. I have since kept several Lents most strictly, leaving the common diet for that, and that for the common, abruptly, without the least inconvenience, so that I think there is little in the advice of making those changes by easy gradations. I went on pleasantly, but poor Keimer suffered grievously, tired of the project, long’d for the flesh-pots of Egypt, and order’d a roast pig. He invited me and two women friends to dine with him; but, it being brought too soon upon table, he could not resist the temptation, and ate the whole before we came.%

I had made some courtship during this time to Miss Read. I had a great respect and affection for her, and had some reason to believe she had the same for me; but, as I was about to take a long voyage, and we were both very young, only a little above eighteen, it was thought most prudent by her mother to prevent our going too far at present, as a marriage, if it was to take place, would be more convenient after my return, when I should be, as I expected, set up in my business. Perhaps, too, she thought my expectations not so well founded as I imagined them to be.

My chief acquaintances at this time were Charles Osborne, Joseph Watson, and James Ralph, all lovers of reading. The two first were clerks to an eminent scrivener or conveyancer in the town, Charles Brogden; the other was clerk to a merchant. Watson was a pious, sensible young man, of great integrity; the others rather more lax in their principles of religion, particularly Ralph, who, as well as Collins, had been unsettled by me, for which they both made me suffer. Osborne was sensible, candid, frank; sincere and affectionate to his friends; but, in literary matters, too fond of criticising. Ralph was ingenious, genteel in his manners, and extremely eloquent; I think I never knew a prettier talker. Both of them great admirers of poetry, and began to try their hands in little pieces. Many pleasant

Korean

affectionate: 깊이 사랑하고 있는, 애

정 있는, 애정이 깊은, 애정어린, 친애

하는.

conveyancer: 부동산 양도 취급인, 운

반자, 전달자.

courtship: 구애, 구혼, 구혼기간, 구혼

기간.

fowl: 가금, 새, 닭, 들새를 잡다, 새고

기, 엽조를 사냥하다.

gradations: 순서.

grievously: 슬프도록.

inconvenience: 불편, 부자유, 폐, 귀찮

음, 불편을 느끼게하다, 불편을 주다,

불편한것, 폐를 끼치다, 귀찮은 일, 불

편한 것, 에게 불편을 느끼게 하다.

lax: 모호한, 느즈러진, 단정치 못한, 느

슨한, 혀의 근육이 이완된, 해이해진,

장이 이완된, 이완된.

neighborhood: 근처, 지방, 약, 인근,

이웃, 지역, 자네근처의, 이웃사람들

주위, 이웃의, 이웃간의 정의, 이웃 사

람들.

roast: 불고기, 굽기, 구워지다, 굽다,

데우다, 구운, 조롱, 볶다, 익히다, 심

한 조롱, 생선을굽다.

talker: 공론가, 말이 많은 사람, 연설

자, 이야기하는 사람, 수다장이, 이야

기 하는 사람, 좌담가, 강연자.

unsettled: 변하기 쉬운, 할당되지 않은

, 결정되지 않은, 동란의, 동요하는,

미결제의, 미정의, 미해결의, 불안정

한, 일정치 않은, 정착 주민이 없는.

whim: 변덕, 일시적 기분, 권상기.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 38

walks we four had together on Sundays into the woods, near Schuylkill, where we read to one another, and conferr’d on what we read.%

Ralph was inclin’d to pursue the study of poetry, not doubting but he might become eminent in it, and make his fortune by it, alleging that the best poets must, when they first began to write, make as many faults as he did. Osborne dissuaded him, assur’d him he had no genius for poetry, and advis’d him to think of nothing beyond the business he was bred to; that, in the mercantile way, tho’ he had no stock, he might, by his diligence and punctuality, recommend himself to employment as a factor, and in time acquire wherewith to trade on his own account. I approv’d the amusing one’s self with poetry now and then, so far as to improve one’s language, but no farther.

On this it was propos’d that we should each of us, at our next meeting, produce a piece of our own composing, in order to improve by our mutual observations, criticisms, and corrections. As language and expression were what we had in view, we excluded all considerations of invention by agreeing that the task should be a version of the eighteenth Psalm, which describes the descent of a Deity. When the time of our meeting drew nigh, Ralph called on me first, and let me know his piece was ready. I told him I had been busy, and, having little inclination, had done nothing. He then show’d me his piece for my opinion, and I much approv’d it, as it appear’d to me to have great merit. “Now,” says he, “Osborne never will allow the least merit in any thing of mine, but makes 1000 criticisms out of mere envy. He is not so jealous of you; I wish, therefore, you would take this piece, and produce it as yours; I will pretend not to have had time, and so produce nothing. We shall then see what he will say to it.” It was agreed, and I immediately transcrib’d it, that it might appear in my own hand.

We met; Watson’s performance was read; there were some beauties in it, but many defects. Osborne’s was read; it was much better; Ralph did it justice; remarked some faults, but applauded the beauties. He himself had nothing to produce. I was backward; seemed desirous of being excused; had not had sufficient time to correct, etc.; but no excuse could be admitted; produce I must. It was read and repeated; Watson and Osborne gave up the contest, and join’d in

Korean

amusing: 우스운, 재미나는, 재미있는,

즐거운, 우스움, 즐거움.

backward: 거꾸로의, 싫어하는, 뒤로

의, 개약의, 뒤로, 개악의, 거꾸로, 발

전이 늦은, 후방의, 후방으로, 퇴보하

여.

defects: 결점들.

diligence: 부지런함, 근면, 승합마차,

근민, 합승 마차.

eighteenth: 십팔 세의, 열 여덟, 여덟

개의, 십팔, 여덟 명의.

eminent: 현저한, 우수한, 유명한, 뛰

어난, 저명한, 돌출한.

envy: 부러워하다, 시기하다, 부러움,

신망, 질투, 선망의 상.

jealous: 불신앙을 용서치 않는, 샘내는

, 질투많은, 경계심이 강한, 다른 신을

섬기는 것을 허락지 않는, 지키는데

급급한, 질투심 많은.

mercantile: 상업의, 돈에 눈이 어두운,

무역의.

merit: 장점, 공적, 공로, 뛰어남, 취할

점, 가치, 공죄, 학교에서 벌점에 한

상점, 취할만한 점, 시비, 상점.

nigh: 인색한, 가까운, 근친의, 바람을

옆으로 받으며, 아주 비슷한, 아슬아

슬한, 시간적으로 가까이, 시간 따위

가까운, 이해 관계가 깊은, 왼쪽인, 정

하게.

punctuality: 시간 엄수, 꼼꼼함, 기한

을 어기지 않음.

wherewith: 무엇으로, 하기 위한, 그것

으로, 그것을 가지고.

Benjamin Franklin 39

applauding it. Ralph only made some criticisms, and propos’d some amendments; but I defended my text. Osborne was against Ralph, and told him he was no better a critic than poet, so he dropt the argument. As they two went home together, Osborne expressed himself still more strongly in favor of what he thought my production; having restrain’d himself before, as he said, lest I should think it flattery. “But who would have imagin’d,” said he, “that Franklin had been capable of such a performance; such painting, such force, such fire! He has even improv’d the original. In his common conversation he seems to have no choice of words; he hesitates and blunders; and yet, good God! how he writes!” When we next met, Ralph discovered the trick we had plaid him, and Osborne was a little laught at.%

This transaction fixed Ralph in his resolution of becoming a poet. I did all I could to dissuade him from it, but he continued scribbling verses till Pope cured him. He became, however, a pretty good prose writer. More of him hereafter. But, as I may not have occasion again to mention the other two, I shall just remark here, that Watson died in my arms a few years after, much lamented, being the best of our set. Osborne went to the West Indies, where he became an eminent lawyer and made money, but died young. He and I had made a serious agreement, that the one who happen’d first to die should, if possible, make a friendly visit to the other, and acquaint him how he found things in that separate state. But he never fulfill’d his promise.

The governor, seeming to like my company, had me frequently to his house, and his setting me up was always mention’d as a fixed thing. I was to take with me letters recommendatory to a number of his friends, besides the letter of credit to furnish me with the necessary money for purchasing the press and types, paper, etc. For these letters I was appointed to call at different times, when they were to be ready, but a future time was still named. Thus he went on till the ship, whose departure too had been several times postponed, was on the point of sailing. Then, when I call’d to take my leave and receive the letters, his secretary, Dr. Bard, came out to me and said the governor was extremely busy in writing,

Korean

acquaint: 알리다, 정통한, 숙지시키다,

의히 알게 하다, 정통하게 하다.

bard: 시인, 음유시인, 음유 시인, 마갑

, 마갑을 입히다.

critic: 비평가, 비판하는 사람, 혹평가,

감정가, 흠잡는사람, 흠잡기를 일삼는

사람, 평론가, 비평가의, 임계의, 비평

의, 비판적인.

departure: 이탈, 출발, 발차, 변경, 출

발의, 동서 거리, 새 발전, 사망.

dissuade: 단념시키다, 그만두게 하다.

flattery: 아첨, 감언, 치렛말, 빌붙음.

furnish: 설비, 공급하다, 가구를 갖추

다, 비치된가구, 비치된 가구, 장치를

갖추다, 주다, 설치하다, 가구를 설비

하다.

hereafter: 내세에서, 금후, 앞으로, 이

후.

lamented: 애도를 받는.

plaid: 격자무늬 나사의 어깨걸이, 격

자무늬, 격자 무늬의, 격자 줄무늬의

나사, 격자 무늬의 나사, 스코틀랜드

고지 사람들의 격자 줄무늬의 나사,

스코틀랜드 고지 사람들의 격자 무늬

의 나사.

ralph: 남자이름.

recommendatory: 추천의, 장점이 되

는, 권고의, 권고적인.

remark: 주의, 말하다, 의견, 주목, 비

평, 주의하다, 알아채다, 논평하다, 말

, 감지하다, 유의하다.

sailing: 범주, 출범, 항행, 항해술, 순

조로운 진행, 항행력, 항해의.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 40

but would be down at Newcastle before the ship, and there the letters would be delivered to me.%

Ralph, though married, and having one child, had determined to accompany me in this voyage. It was thought he intended to establish a correspondence, and obtain goods to sell on commission; but I found afterwards, that, thro’ some discontent with his wife’s relations, he purposed to leave her on their hands, and never return again. Having taken leave of my friends, and interchang’d some promises with Miss Read, I left Philadelphia in the ship, which anchor’d at Newcastle. The governor was there; but when I went to his lodging, the secretary came to me from him with the civillest message in the world, that he could not then see me, being engaged in business of the utmost importance, but should send the letters to me on board, wish’d me heartily a good voyage and a speedy return, etc. I returned on board a little puzzled, but still not doubting.

Mr. Andrew Hamilton, a famous lawyer of Philadelphia, had taken passage in the same ship for himself and son, and with Mr. Denham, a Quaker merchant, and Messrs. Onion and Russel, masters of an iron work in Maryland, had engag’d the great cabin; so that Ralph and I were forced to take up with a berth in the steerage, and none on board knowing us, were considered as ordinary persons. But Mr. Hamilton and his son (it was James, since governor) return’d from Newcastle to Philadelphia, the father being recall’d by a great fee to plead for a seized ship; and, just before we sail’d, Colonel French coming on board, and showing me great respect, I was more taken notice of, and, with my friend Ralph, invited by the other gentlemen to come into the cabin, there being now room. Accordingly, we remov’d thither.

Understanding that Colonel French had brought on board the governor’s despatches, I ask’d the captain for those letters that were to be under my care. He said all were put into the bag together and he could not then come at them; but, before we landed in England, I should have an opportunity of picking them out; so I was satisfied for the present, and we proceeded on our voyage. We had a sociable company in the cabin, and lived uncommonly well, having the addition of all Mr. Hamilton’s stores, who had laid in plentifully. In this passage Mr.

Korean

berth: 숙소, 침 , 지위, 정박시키다,

정박지, 직업-정박하다, 정박 위치,

정박 거리, 정박 간격, 적당한 장소,

정박하다.

cabin: 선실, 가두다, 개빈, 오두막집신

호소, 선실 따위여객기의 객실, 오두

막, 오두막집에서 살다, 거주 부분, 캐

빈, 오두막집.

correspondence: 일치, 서신왕래, 통신

, 상응, 조화, 해당, 편지, 왕복서한,

왕복문서, 상당, 응.

discontent: 불만, 불만을 품게하다, 불

만의 원인, 불만이 있는, 불평이 있는.

onion: 양파, 양파냄새, 머리가 돈, 인

간, 눈을 양파로 비벼서 눈물나게 하

다, 양파로 비벼서 눈물나게 하다.

plead: 답변하다, 탄원하다, 변호하다,

주장하다, 변명으로 말하다, 변명으로

말하다-변호하다, 변론하다, 간청하

다, 변명하다.

puzzled: 하면 좋은가에 해 어찌할

바를 몰라, 어쩔 줄을 모르는, 좋은가

에 해 어찌할 바를 몰라.

seized: 점유한.

speedy: 즉시의, 민속한, 재빠른, 조속

한, 빠른.

steerage: 조종, 고물, 조타, 선미, 키의

성능, 삼등선실, 삼등실로.

uncommonly: 드물게, 매우, 진귀하게

, 흔하지 않게.

utmost: 최 의, 가장먼, 극한, 최 한

도, 최고의 것, 가장 떨어진, 최 한도

, 최 한의, 최상의 것.

Benjamin Franklin 41

Denham contracted a friendship for me that continued during his life. The voyage was otherwise not a pleasant one, as we had a great deal of bad weather.%

When we came into the Channel, the captain kept his word with me, and gave me an opportunity of examining the bag for the governor’s letters. I found none upon which my name was put as under my care. I picked out six or seven, that, by the handwriting, I thought might be the promised letters, especially as one of them was directed to Basket, the king’s printer, and another to some stationer. We arriv’d in London the 24th of December, 1724. I waited upon the stationer, who came first in my way, delivering the letter as from Governor Keith. “I don’t know such a person,” says he; but, opening the letter, “O! this is from Riddlesden. I have lately found him to be a compleat rascal, and I will have nothing to do with him, nor receive any letters from him.” So, putting the letter into my hand, he turn’d on his heel and left me to serve some customer. I was surprized to find these were not the governor’s letters; and, after recollecting and comparing circumstances, I began to doubt his sincerity. I found my friend Denham, and opened the whole affair to him. He let me into Keith’s character; told me there was not the least probability that he had written any letters for me; that no one, who knew him, had the smallest dependence on him; and he laught at the notion of the governor’s giving me a letter of credit, having, as he said, no credit to give. On my expressing some concern about what I should do, he advised me to endeavor getting some employment in the way of my business. “Among the printers here,” said he, “you will improve yourself, and when you return to America, you will set up to greater advantage.”

We both of us happen’d to know, as well as the stationer, that Riddlesden, the attorney, was a very knave. He had half ruin’d Miss Read’s father by persuading him to be bound for him. By this letter it appear’d there was a secret scheme on foot to the prejudice of Hamilton (suppos’d to be then coming over with us); and that Keith was concerned in it with Riddlesden. Denham, who was a friend of Hamilton’s thought he ought to be acquainted with it; so, when he arriv’d in England, which was soon after, partly from resentment and ill-will to

Korean

attorney: 변호사, 리인, 법률가, 사

무변호사.

contracted: 수축한, 옹졸한, 계약한,

인색한, 찌푸린, 도량이 좁은, 단축한,

수축된.

dependence: 신뢰, 의존, 종속, 의지,

의존증, 의지하는 것, 의뢰, 미결, 의

존 관계.

friendship: 우정, 친목, 친선, 교우, 벗

으로서 사귐, 벗으로서의 사귐.

handwriting: 필적, 육필, 필사본.

heel: 뒤축을 다, 기울이다, 뒤꿈치로

춤추다, 뒷발, 의 바로 뒤를 따르다,

바로 뒤따르다, 뒤꿈치, 기울어지다,

굽, 경사, 비열한놈.

prejudice: 편견, 해치다, 손해, 비뚤어

진 생각, 불리-편견을 갖게 하다, 손

상시키다해치다, 침해, 이익 따위를

해치다, 에 편견을 가지게 하다, 권리

따위를 해치다.

printer: 인쇄업자, 인쇄인, 인쇄공, 인

서기, 프린터, 인쇄기, 인쇄 장치,

착 인화기, 활판소, 인화지나 필름 인

화기, 인화기.

probability: 개연성, 확률, 있음직한,

가망, 있을 법한 일, 있을 법한 사건,

일어날 법한 일, 일어날 법한 사건.

rascal: 악당, 녀석, 악한, 하층민, 천한

사람, 악당근성, 불량배, 놈, 장난꾸러

기, 부랑자의.

resentment: 분개, 원한, 분노.

sincerity: 성실, 성의, 정직.

stationer: 문방구상.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 42

Keith and Riddlesden, and partly from good-will to him, I waited on him, and gave him the letter. He thank’d me cordially, the information being of importance to him; and from that time he became my friend, greatly to my advantage afterwards on many occasions.%

But what shall we think of a governor’s playing such pitiful tricks, and imposing so grossly on a poor ignorant boy! It was a habit he had acquired. He wish’d to please everybody; and, having little to give, he gave expectations. He was otherwise an ingenious, sensible man, a pretty good writer, and a good governor for the people, tho’ not for his constituents, the proprietaries, whose instructions he sometimes disregarded. Several of our best laws were of his planning and passed during his administration.

Ralph and I were inseparable companions. We took lodgings together in Little Britain at three shillings and sixpence a week—as much as we could then afford. He found some relations, but they were poor, and unable to assist him. He now let me know his intentions of remaining in London, and that he never meant to return to Philadelphia. He had brought no money with him, the whole he could muster having been expended in paying his passage. I had fifteen pistoles; so he borrowed occasionally of me to subsist, while he was looking out for business. He first endeavored to get into the playhouse, believing himself qualify’d for an actor; but Wilkes, to whom he apply’d, advis’d him candidly not to think of that employment, as it was impossible be should succeed in it. Then he propos’d to Roberts, a publisher in Paternoster Row, to write for him a weekly paper like the Spectator, on certain conditions, which Roberts did not approve. Then he endeavored to get employment as a hackney writer, to copy for the stationers and lawyers about the Temple, but could find no vacancy.

I immediately got into work at Palmer’s, then a famous printing-house in Bartholomew Close, and here I continu’d near a year. I was pretty diligent, but spent with Ralph a good deal of my earnings in going to plays and other places of amusement. We had together consumed all my pistoles, and now just rubbed on from hand to mouth. He seem’d quite to forget his wife and child, and I, by degrees, my engagements with Miss Read, to whom I never wrote more than one

Korean

acquired: 획득한, 습득한, 후천적인.

actor: 행위자, 배위, 배우, 관여자.

amusement: 즐거움, 위안, 오락, 재미

로 하는 것, 재미.

candidly: 숨김없이, 솔직히 말하면,

솔직하게, 정직하게, 솔직히.

cordially: 성의를 다해서, 진심으로,

성실하게, 정성껏.

diligent: 부지런한, 근면한.

grossly: 크게, 천하게, 뚱뚱하게, 거칠

게.

hackney: 전세 마차, 진부한, 빌려주다

, 승용말, 써서 날게 하다, 써서 낡게

하다, 승마용 말, 삯 받고 빌려주는.

imposing: 남의 눈을 끄는, 당당한, 인

상적인, 인상적인당당한, 훌륭한.

inseparable: 분리할 수 없는, 친구, 나

눌수없는, 떨어지기 어려운것, 떨어질

수 없는, 나눌 수 없는.

muster: 소집하다, 소집, 점호하다, 검

열, 점호, 분발시키다, 집합, 점호를

위해 병사 등을 소집하다, 선원 등을

소집하다, 사람 따위의 집합, 모이다.

pitiful: 불쌍한, 인정 많은, 비루한, 가

련하게 여겨야 할, 인정이 많은, 불쌍

히 여겨야 할, 동정심이 많은.

playhouse: 극장, 놀잇간, 장난감 집.

subsist: 생존하다, 존재하다, 급양하다

, 밥을 다, 생활하다, 존속하다, 에

게 양식을 공급하다.

vacancy: 공허, 결원, 공석, 방심, 틈,

빈곳, 공백, 빈 자리, 빈자리, 공간, 빈

터.

Benjamin Franklin 43

letter, and that was to let her know I was not likely soon to return. This was another of the great errata of my life, which I should wish to correct if I were to live it over again. In fact, by our expenses, I was constantly kept unable to pay my passage.%

At Palmer’s I was employed in composing for the second edition of Wollaston’s “Religion of Nature.” Some of his reasonings not appearing to me well founded, I wrote a little metaphysical piece in which I made remarks on them. It was entitled “A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain.” I inscribed it to my friend Ralph; I printed a small number. It occasion’d my being more consider’d by Mr. Palmer as a young man of some ingenuity, tho’ he seriously expostulated with me upon the principles of my pamphlet, which to him appear’d abominable. My printing this pamphlet was another erratum. While I lodg’d in Little Britain, I made an acquaintance with one Wilcox, a bookseller, whose shop was at the next door. He had an immense collection of second-hand books. Circulating libraries were not then in use; but we agreed that, on certain reasonable terms, which I have now forgotten, I might take, read, and return any of his books. This I esteem’d a great advantage, and I made as much use of it as I could.

My pamphlet by some means falling into the hands of one Lyons, a surgeon, author of a book entitled “The Infallibility of Human Judgment,” it occasioned an acquaintance between us. He took great notice of me, called on me often to converse on those subjects, carried me to the Horns, a pale alehouse in ------ Lane, Cheapside, and introduced me to Dr. Mandeville, author of the “Fable of the Bees,” who had a club there, of which he was the soul, being a most facetious, entertaining companion. Lyons, too, introduced me to Dr. Pemberton, at Batson’s Coffee-house, who promis’d to give me an opportunity, some time or other, of seeing Sir Isaac Newton, of which I was extreamely desirous; but this never happened.

I had brought over a few curiosities, among which the principal was a purse made of the asbestos, which purifies by fire. Sir Hans Sloane heard of it, came to see me, and invited me to his house in Bloomsbury Square, where he show’d me

Korean

abominable: 지독한, 싫은, 지겹게, 지

겨운, 지긋지긋한, 참으로 싫은.

alehouse: 비어홀, 맥주홀.

appearing: 인 듯한.

asbestos: 석면, 돌솜.

bookseller: 책장수, 서가, 책선반, 서

적상.

circulating: 순환하는, 순회하는.

entertaining: 재미있는, 유쾌한.

erratum: 오식, 오자, 잘못, 오류.

expenses: 소요 경비.

facetious: 우스운, 익살맞은, 농담의,

허튼소리의.

founded: 기초가 ...한.

inscribed: 헌사하는, 내접시키는, 명기

하는, 쓰는, 기입하는.

lyons: 프랑스남 동부의 도시, 리용.

metaphysical: 형이상학의, 공론의, 추

상적인, 형이상의, 형이상파 시인, 형

이상파의, 초자연적인, 시인이 형이상

파의.

palmer: 성지 순례자, 순례, 참예의 기

념으로 종려나무의 가지를 가지고 돌

아갔음.

pamphlet: 팸플릿, 팸플릿을 쓰는 사

람, 소논문.

purse: 돈주머니, 돈지갑, 오므라지다,

금전, 상금, 기부금-오므리다, 오므리

다, 동식물 따위의 낭, 오그라들다, 입

술을 오므리다, 낭.

second-hand: 중고로, 중고의, 고물로,

간접의.

surgeon: 군의관, 외과 의사, 선의.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 44

all his curiosities, and persuaded me to let him add that to the number, for which he paid me handsomely.%

In our house there lodg’d a young woman, a milliner, who, I think, had a shop in the Cloisters. She had been genteelly bred, was sensible and lively, and of most pleasing conversation. Ralph read plays to her in the evenings, they grew intimate, she took another lodging, and he followed her. They liv’d together some time; but, he being still out of business, and her income not sufficient to maintain them with her child, he took a resolution of going from London, to try for a country school, which he thought himself well qualified to undertake, as he wrote an excellent hand, and was a master of arithmetic and accounts. This, however, he deemed a business below him, and confident of future better fortune, when he should be unwilling to have it known that he once was so meanly employed, he changed his name, and did me the honor to assume mine; for I soon after had a letter from him, acquainting me that he was settled in a small village (in Berkshire, I think it was, where he taught reading and writing to ten or a dozen boys, at sixpence each per week), recommending Mrs. T------ to my care, and desiring me to write to him, directing for Mr. Franklin, schoolmaster, at such a place.

He continued to write frequently, sending me large specimens of an epic poem which he was then composing, and desiring my remarks and corrections. These I gave him from time to time, but endeavor’d rather to discourage his proceeding. One of Young’s Satires was then just published. I copy’d and sent him a great part of it, which set in a strong light the folly of pursuing the Muses with any hope of advancement by them. All was in vain; sheets of the poem continued to come by every post. In the mean time, Mrs. T------, having on his account lost her friends and business, was often in distresses, and us’d to send for me, and borrow what I could spare to help her out of them. I grew fond of her company, and, being at that time under no religious restraint, and presuming upon my importance to her, I attempted familiarities (another erratum) which she repuls’d with a proper resentment, and acquainted him with my behaviour. This made a breach between us; and, when he returned again to

Korean

borrow: 차용하다, 빌다, 꾸어오다, 바

람을 참작하여 치다, 언덕을 참작하여

치다, 차입하다, 에서 빌다, 무단 차용

하다.

discourage: 낙담시키다, 용기를 잃게

하다, 방해하다, 용기를 잃게 하다.

epic: 서사시, 서사시의, 서사시적 작품

, 서사시적인, 영웅적이다, 웅장하다.

folly: 어리석음, 어리석은 짓, 어리석

게 돈만 많이 들인 물건, 우론, 막 한

돈을 들인 어처구니없는 큰 건축, 글

래머 걸 출연자, 어리석은 행동.

fortune: 행운, 부, 운, 재산, 운명, 운수

, 재산을 주다, 우연히 일어나다, 운명

의 여신.

franklin: 자유 보유 지주, 과학자, 미

국의 정치가, 프랭클린, 남자이름.

genteelly: 예의 바르게, 품위있게.

meanly: 의미 있는 듯이, 일부러, 비열

하게, 빈약하게, 상스럽게.

milliner: 부인 모자상, 여성용 모자 제

조인, 여성용 모자 판매인.

proceeding: 의사록, 행동, 조치, 소송

절차, 회보, 조처, 처리, 소송 절차, 행

위, 의사, 진행.

restraint: 속박, 억제, 자제, 구속, 감금

, 제지, 출항금지, 억제력, 조심, 금지,

구속하는 것.

schoolmaster: 교사, 도미의 일종, 교

장, 가르치다, 교육 기자재, 남자 교원

, 지도자, 교사로서 가르치다.

unwilling: 마음 내키지 않은, 바라지

않는, 마음 내키지 않는, 반항적인.

Benjamin Franklin 45

London, he let me know he thought I had cancell’d all the obligations he had been under to me. So I found I was never to expect his repaying me what I lent to him, or advanc’d for him. This, however, was not then of much consequence, as he was totally unable; and in the loss of his friendship I found myself relieved from a burthen. I now began to think of getting a little money beforehand, and, expecting better work, I left Palmer’s to work at Watts’s, near Lincoln’s Inn Fields, a still greater printing-house. Here I continued all the rest of my stay in London.%

At my first admission into this printing-house I took to working at press, imagining I felt a want of the bodily exercise I had been us’d to in America, where presswork is mix’d with composing. I drank only water; the other workmen, near fifty in number, were great guzzlers of beer. On occasion, I carried up and down stairs a large form of types in each hand, when others carried but one in both hands. They wondered to see, from this and several instances, that the Water-American, as they called me, was stronger than themselves, who drank strong beer! We had an alehouse boy who attended always in the house to supply the workmen. My companion at the press drank every day a pint before breakfast, a pint at breakfast with his bread and cheese, a pint between breakfast and dinner, a pint at dinner, a pint in the afternoon about six o’clock, and another when he had done his day’s work. I thought it a detestable custom; but it was necessary, he suppos’d, to drink strong beer, that he might be strong to labor. I endeavored to convince him that the bodily strength afforded by beer could only be in proportion to the grain or flour of the barley dissolved in the water of which it was made; that there was more flour in a pennyworth of bread; and therefore, if he would eat that with a pint of water, it would give him more strength than a quart of beer. He drank on, however, and had four or five shillings to pay out of his wages every Saturday night for that muddling liquor; an expense I was free from. And thus these poor devils keep themselves always under.

Watts, after some weeks, desiring to have me in the composing-room, I left the pressmen; a new bien venu or sum for drink, being five shillings, was demanded of me by the compositors. I thought it an imposition, as I had paid

Korean

barley: 보리.

beforehand: 미리, 예기하다, 비하다

, 전부터, 사전에, 서다, 앞서다, 벌써

부터, 지레 짐작으로, 이전에, 빨리.

bodily: 통째로, 육체적인-몸소, 모조

리, 몸의, 신체상의, 구체의, 육체상의

.

companion: 동료, 동무, 동반자, 갑판

승강구의 덮개문, 말동무, 안내서, 이

야기 상 로 고용된 여자, 짝, 천창,

최하위 훈작사, 패.

detestable: 몹시 싫은, 혐오할 만한.

flour: 가루를 뿌리다, 가루, 가루, 가

루로 만들다, 가루가 되다, 가루가 많

은.

grain: 곡물, 낟알, 그레인, 미량, 성질,

나뭇결, 돌결, 알로 만들다, 특성, 성

미, 껄걸한 면.

imposition: 부담, 세금, 사기, 부과, 부

과물, 정판, 협잡, 안수, 놓음, 과함,

사람좋음을 기화로 이용하기.

lent: 사순절, 케리므브즈 학 춘계 보

트 레이스.

liquor: 알코올 음료, 술, 술을 많이 먹

이다, 물약, 용액에 담그다, 독주를 마

시게 하다, 독주를 많이 마시다, 분비

액.

pennyworth: 소액, 거래.

pint: 파인트, 일파인트 들이 용기.

quart: 쿼트, 액량의 단위, 건량의 단위

, 일쿼트들이의 병, 일쿼트들이의 단

지.

wages: 임금, 죄값.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 46

below; the master thought so too, and forbad my paying it. I stood out two or three weeks, was accordingly considered as an excommunicate, and bad so many little pieces of private mischief done me, by mixing my sorts, transposing my pages, breaking my matter, etc., etc., if I were ever so little out of the room, and all ascribed to the chappel ghost, which they said ever haunted those not regularly admitted, that, notwithstanding the master’s protection, I found myself oblig’d to comply and pay the money, convinc’d of the folly of being on ill terms with those one is to live with continually.%

I was now on a fair footing with them, and soon acquir’d considerable influence. I propos’d some reasonable alterations in their chappel laws, and carried them against all opposition. From my example, a great part of them left their muddling breakfast of beer, and bread, and cheese, finding they could with me be suppli’d from a neighboring house with a large porringer of hot water-gruel, sprinkled with pepper, crumbl’d with bread, and a bit of butter in it, for the price of a pint of beer, viz., three half-pence. This was a more comfortable as well as cheaper breakfast, and kept their heads clearer. Those who continued sotting with beer all day, were often, by not paying, out of credit at the alehouse, and us’d to make interest with me to get beer; their light, as they phrased it, being out. I watch’d the pay-table on Saturday night, and collected what I stood engag’d for them, having to pay sometimes near thirty shillings a week on their account. This, and my being esteem’d a pretty good riggite, that is, a jocular verbal satirist, supported my consequence in the society. My constant attendance (I never making a St. Monday) recommended me to the master; and my uncommon quickness at composing occasioned my being put upon all work of dispatch, which was generally better paid. So I went on now very agreeably.

My lodging in Little Britain being too remote, I found another in Duke-street, opposite to the Romish Chapel. It was two pair of stairs backwards, at an Italian warehouse. A widow lady kept the house; she had a daughter, and a maid servant, and a journeyman who attended the warehouse, but lodg’d abroad. After sending to inquire my character at the house where I last lodg’d she agreed to take me in at the same rate, 3s. 6d. per week; cheaper, as she said, from the

Korean

comply: 따르다, 응하다, 승낙하다.

dispatch: 발송, 급파하다, 재빨리 처리

하다, 해치우다, 급송, 급송하다, 습파

, 재빨리 해치우다, 특파하다, 신속,

운송 리점.

excommunicate: 파문하다, 제명하다,

추방당한 사람, 파문당한, 추방당한,

파문당한 사람.

haunted: 붙은, 고뇌에 시달린, 도깨비

가 나오는, 유령이 나오는, 무엇에 흘

린.

inquire: 문의하다, 묻다, 조사하다, 질

문하다.

jocular: 우스운, 익살맞은, 우스꽝스러

운.

journeyman: 날품팔이, 직공, 숙련노

동자, 숙련노 공장.

mischief: 장난, 해, 손해, 위해, 고자,

익살, 재난의 씨, 장난꾸러기, 도 체.

mixing: 혼성, 음량조정, 믹싱, 음량 조

정, 영상 조정.

neighboring: 근처의, 이웃의, 인근의,

근처의 인접한, 인접하고 있는.

porringer: 우묵한 접시, 오트 용 따

위의 운두가 낮은 공기, 운두가 낮은

공기.

quickness: 민첩, 성급함, 신속, 기민,

빠르기, 급격, 속도, 성마름, 급속.

satirist: 빗 다, 풍자하다, 풍자시, 풍

자, 비꼼, 풍자가, 풍자시 작자, 문 작

자.

uncommon: 드문, 비범한, 이상한, 흔

하지 않은, 보통 아닌.

Benjamin Franklin 47

protection she expected in having a man lodge in the house. She was a widow, an elderly woman; had been bred a Protestant, being a clergyman’s daughter, but was converted to the Catholic religion by her husband, whose memory she much revered; had lived much among people of distinction, and knew a thousand anecdotes of them as far back as the times of Charles the Second. She was lame in her knees with the gout, and, therefore, seldom stirred out of her room, so sometimes wanted company; and hers was so highly amusing to me, that I was sure to spend an evening with her whenever she desired it. Our supper was only half an anchovy each, on a very little strip of bread and butter, and half a pint of ale between us; but the entertainment was in her conversation. My always keeping good hours, and giving little trouble in the family, made her unwilling to part with me; so that, when I talk’d of a lodging I had heard of, nearer my business, for two shillings a week, which, intent as I now was on saving money, made some difference, she bid me not think of it, for she would abate me two shillings a week for the future; so I remained with her at one shilling and sixpence as long as I staid in London.%

In a garret of her house there lived a maiden lady of seventy, in the most retired manner, of whom my landlady gave me this account: that she was a Roman Catholic, had been sent abroad when young, and lodg’d in a nunnery with an intent of becoming a nun; but, the country not agreeing with her, she returned to England, where, there being no nunnery, she had vow’d to lead the life of a nun, as near as might be done in those circumstances. Accordingly, she had given all her estate to charitable uses, reserving only twelve pounds a year to live on, and out of this sum she still gave a great deal in charity, living herself on water-gruel only, and using no fire but to boil it. She had lived many years in that garret, being permitted to remain there gratis by successive Catholic tenants of the house below, as they deemed it a blessing to have her there. A priest visited her to confess her every day. “I have ask’d her,” says my landlady, “how she, as she liv’d, could possibly find so much employment for a confessor?” “Oh,” said she, “it is impossible to avoid vain thoughts.” I was permitted once to visit her, She was chearful and polite, and convers’d pleasantly. The room was clean, but had no other furniture than a matras, a table with a crucifix and book,

Korean

anchovy: 안초비, 멸치.

boil: 삶다, 끓이다, 종기, 비등, 부스럼

, 데치다, 비등하다, 격분하다, 졸여서

만들다, 분출하다, 끓다.

charitable: 자비로운, 자선의, 관 한,

관용적인, 인애정신에 넘치는, 인정많

은, 자선심이 많은.

confess: 자인하다, 자백하다, 고해를

듣다, 고해하다, 참회하다, 고백하다,

자공하다, 공언하다.

crucifix: 십자 현수, 십자가, 십자가예

수상, 큰시련, 모진박해, 그리수도 수

난상, 그리스도 수난상, 십자 매달리

기.

garret: 다락방, 머리, 제일윗층, 초라한

작은 방, 고미다락.

gout: 통풍, 방울, 취미, 응혈, 맛, 미각.

gratis: 무료로.

lame: 절름발이의, 절름발이로 만들다,

불충분한, 앞뒤가 맞지 않는, 절름발

이가 절룩거리다, 절름발이가 되다,

운율이 불완전한, 불완전한, 불구의,

라메.

landlady: 여관의 여주인, 여자지주,

하숙 따위의 여주인, 여지주, 여주인,

여관 따위의 여주인, 여가장.

maiden: 처음의, 아가씨, 처녀, 미혼녀

, 미혼의, 소녀, 단두 , 단두 ... 미혼

의, 처녀인, 처녀의.

nun: 수녀, 수녀집비둘기의 일종, 독나

방의 일종, 집비둘기의 일종.

nunnery: 수녀원, 수녀원수녀사회, 여

자 수도원.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 48

a stool which she gave me to sit on, and a picture over the chimney of Saint Veronica displaying her handkerchief, with the miraculous figure of Christ’s bleeding face on it, which she explained to me with great seriousness. She look’d pale, but was never sick; and I give it as another instance on how small an income life and health may be supported.%

At Watts’s printing-house I contracted an acquaintance with an ingenious young man, one Wygate, who, having wealthy relations, had been better educated than most printers; was a tolerable Latinist, spoke French, and lov’d reading. I taught him and a friend of his to swim at twice going into the river, and they soon became good swimmers. They introduc’d me to some gentlemen from the country, who went to Chelsea by water to see the College and Don Saltero’s curiosities. In our return, at the request of the company, whose curiosity Wygate had excited, I stripped and leaped into the river, and swam from near Chelsea to Blackfryar’s, performing on the way many feats of activity, both upon and under water, that surpris’d and pleas’d those to whom they were novelties.

I had from a child been ever delighted with this exercise, had studied and practis’d all Thevenot’s motions and positions, added some of my own, aiming at the graceful and easy as well as the useful. All these I took this occasion of exhibiting to the company, and was much flatter’d by their admiration; and Wygate, who was desirous of becoming a master, grew more and more attach’d to me on that account, as well as from the similarity of our studies. He at length proposed to me travelling all over Europe together, supporting ourselves everywhere by working at our business. I was once inclined to it; but, mentioning it to my good friend Mr. Denham, with whom I often spent an hour when I had leisure, he dissuaded me from it, advising me to think only of returning to Pennsilvania, which he was now about to do.

I must record one trait of this good man’s character. He had formerly been in business at Bristol, but failed in debt to a number of people, compounded and went to America. There, by a close application to business as a merchant, he acquir’d a plentiful fortune in a few years. Returning to England in the ship with me, he invited his old creditors to an entertainment, at which he thank’d them

Korean

admiration: 감탄, 칭찬, 찬미, 경탄, 경

이, 칭찬의 상, 찬양의 상.

aiming: 겨냥, 조준.

bleeding: 출혈, 방혈, 엄청난, 출혈하

는, 피나는 느낌의.

chimney: 등피, 굴뚝, 분화구, 침니, 굴

뚝모양의 것, 단한 흡연가, 굴뚝 모

양의 것.

curiosity: 호기심, 골동품, 진기함, 진

기한 것, 신기함, 진기한것.

graceful: 우미한, 우아한.

handkerchief: 손수건.

inclined: 경사진, 하고 싶어하여, 에

마음이 내키는, 경사진각도를 이루는,

경각을 이루는, 경향을 나타내며, 경

향이 있는.

miraculous: 기적적인, 놀랄만한, 불가

사의한.

novelties: 보지 못하던 상품.

performing: 공연을 요하는, 실행할 수

있는, 재주 부릴 수 있는, 재주 부릴줄

아는, 실행하는, 성취할 수 있는.

seriousness: 정색, 진지, 용이치 않음,

딱딱함, 엄숙, 중 , 심각함, 중 함,

진지함.

swim: 헤엄치다, 물고기의 부레, 수영,

띄우다, 미끄러지다, 뜨다, 넘치다, 헤

엄치는 시간, 헤엄, 헤엄치게 하다, 현

기증이 나다.

trait: 특색, 특징, 얼굴 모습, 특성, 일

필.

wealthy: 부유한, 풍부한, 유복한, 부자

인, 많은, 넉넉한.

Benjamin Franklin 49

for the easy composition they had favored him with, and, when they expected nothing but the treat, every man at the first remove found under his plate an order on a banker for the full amount of the unpaid remainder with interest.%

He now told me he was about to return to Philadelphia, and should carry over a great quantity of goods in order to open a store there. He propos’d to take me over as his clerk, to keep his books, in which he would instruct me, copy his letters, and attend the store. He added that, as soon as I should be acquainted with mercantile business, he would promote me by sending me with a cargo of flour and bread, etc., to the West Indies, and procure me commissions from others which would be profitable; and, if I manag’d well, would establish me handsomely. The thing pleas’d me; for I was grown tired of London, remembered with pleasure the happy months I had spent in Pennsylvania, and wish’d again to see it; therefore I immediately agreed on the terms of fifty pounds a year, Pennsylvania money; less, indeed, than my present gettings as a compositor, but affording a better prospect.

I now took leave of printing, as I thought, for ever, and was daily employed in my new business, going about with Mr. Denham among the tradesmen to purchase various articles, and seeing them pack’d up, doing errands, calling upon workmen to dispatch, etc.; and, when all was on board, I had a few days’ leisure. On one of these days, I was, to my surprise, sent for by a great man I knew only by name, a Sir William Wyndham, and I waited upon him. He had heard by some means or other of my swimming from Chelsea to Blackfriar’s, and of my teaching Wygate and another young man to swim in a few hours. He had two sons, about to set out on their travels; he wish’d to have them first taught swimming, and proposed to gratify me handsomely if I would teach them. They were not yet come to town, and my stay was uncertain, so I could not undertake it; but, from this incident, I thought it likely that, if I were to remain in England and open a swimming-school, I might get a good deal of money; and it struck me so strongly, that, had the overture been sooner made me, probably I should not so soon have returned to America. After many years, you and I had

Korean

banker: 은행가, 물주, 시궁창 파는 인

부, 작업 .

cargo: 뱃짐, 선하, 적하, 화물.

clerk: 목사, 판매원, 사무원, 점원, 학

자, 서기, 서기로 근무하다, 프런트계,

점원 노릇을 하다, 사무관, 교회서기.

favored: 혜택을 받고 있는, 호감을 사

고 있는, 호의를 사고 있는.

instruct: 지시하다, 알리다, 가르치다,

통고하다, 교육하다, 명령하다, 에게

교수하다, 에게 명령하다, 에게 지시

하다, 보고하다.

overture: 제안, 신청, 서곡, 시 따위의

서장, 서장, 교섭 개시.

profitable: 이문이 있는, 유익한, 유리

한.

remainder: 나머지, 유적, 잔류자, 잉

여, 잔여권, 남은, 나머지의, 팔다 남

은 책, 따로 남겨 놓은, 잔여, 싸게 처

분하다.

sooner: 선구적 이주자, 선구이주민,

선수치는 사람.

swimming: 수영, 쉽게, 일사 천리로,

거침 없이, 현기증, 땀으로 넘친, 물로

넘친, 어지러운, 흐르는 듯한, 침 따위

로 넘친, 헤엄치는.

undertake: 약속하다, 떠맡다, 보증하

다, 인수인, 인수하다, 기도하다, 청부

인, 장의사, 맡다, 싸우다, 장례식을

떠맡다.

unpaid: 무보수의, 무급의, 명예직의,

지불되지 않은, 지불하지 않은, 급료

를 받지 않는.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 50

something of more importance to do with one of these sons of Sir William Wyndham, become Earl of Egremont, which I shall mention in its place.%

Thus I spent about eighteen months in London; most part of the time I work’d hard at my business, and spent but little upon myself except in seeing plays and in books. My friend Ralph had kept me poor; he owed me about twenty-seven pounds, which I was now never likely to receive; a great sum out of my small earnings! I lov’d him, notwithstanding, for he had many amiable qualities. I had by no means improv’d my fortune; but I had picked up some very ingenious acquaintance, whose conversation was of great advantage to me; and I had read considerably.

We sail’d from Gravesend on the 23d of July, 1726. For the incidents of the voyage, I refer you to my journal, where you will find them all minutely related. Perhaps the most important part of that journal is the plan to be found in it, which I formed at sea, for regulating my future conduct in life. It is the more remarkable, as being formed when I was so young, and yet being pretty faithfully adhered to quite thro’ to old age.

We landed in Philadelphia on the 11th of October, where I found sundry alterations. Keith was no longer governor, being superseded by Major Gordon. I met him walking the streets as a common citizen. He seem’d a little asham’d at seeing me, but pass’d without saying anything. I should have been as much asham’d at seeing Miss Read, had not her friends, despairing with reason of my return after the receipt of my letter, persuaded her to marry another, one Rogers, a potter, which was done in my absence. With him, however, she was never happy, and soon parted from him, refusing to cohabit with him or bear his name, it being now said that he bad another wife. He was a worthless fellow, tho’ an excellent workman, which was the temptation to her friends. He got into debt, ran away in 1727 or 1728, went to the West Indies, and died there. Keimer had got a better house, a shop well supply’d with stationery, plenty of new types, a number of hands, tho’ none good, and seem’d to have a great deal of business.

Mr. Denham took a store in Water-street, where we open’d our goods; I attended the business diligently, studied accounts, and grew, in a little time,

Korean

amiable: 붙임성 있는, 귀염성 있는,

호감을 주는, 온화한, 상냥한, 마음씨

고운, 귀여운, 마음씨가 상냥한.

citizen: 시민, 공민, 주민, 민간인, 국민

, 단조롭고 보수적인 그룹에 속해 있

는 사람, 공민권, 도시인, 융통성이 없

는 딱딱한 사람, 인민, 일반인.

cohabit: 동서하다, 동거생활을 하다,

동거하다, 반 당과 협력하다.

despairing: 절망적인, 필사의, 자포자

기한.

faithfully: 여불비례, 충실히.

governor: 통치자, 지배자, 회장, 두목,

지사, 주인어른, 장관, 사령관, 조절기

, 총재, 영감.

landed: 소유지의, 토지를 갖고 있는,

토지의, 토지를 소유한, 양륙한, 토지

로 된.

minutely: 일분마다, 상세히, 일분마다

의.

parted: 나뉜, 부분으로 나뉜, 흐트러진

, 갈라진.

potter: 도공, 옹기장이, 꾸물거리며 일

하다, 공 치는 사람, 꾸물거리며 하는

일, 놓는 사람, 놓는 물건.

receipt: 영수증, 수령, 수취, 영수, 영

수증을 떼다, 조리법, 영수필이라고

쓰다, 영수 필이라고 쓰다, 영수증을

발행하다, 영수액, 수령액.

temptation: 유혹, 광야의 시험, 유혹

물.

worthless: 가치 없는, 아무짝에도 못

쓸.

Benjamin Franklin 51

expert at selling. We lodg’d and, boarded together; he counsell’d me as a father, having a sincere regard for me. I respected and lov’d him, and we might have gone on together very happy; but, in the beginning of February, 1726-7, when I had just pass’d my twenty-first year, we both were taken ill. My distemper was a pleurisy, which very nearly carried me off. I suffered a good deal, gave up the point in my own mind, and was rather disappointed when I found myself recovering, regretting, in some degree, that I must now, some time or other, have all that disagreeable work to do over again. I forget what his distemper was; it held him a long time, and at length carried him off. He left me a small legacy in a nuncupative will, as a token of his kindness for me, and he left me once more to the wide world; for the store was taken into the care of his executors, and my employment under him ended.%

My brother-in-law, Holmes, being now at Philadelphia, advised my return to my business; and Keimer tempted me, with an offer of large wages by the year, to come and take the management of his printing-house, that he might better attend his stationer’s shop. I had heard a bad character of him in London from his wife and her friends, and was not fond of having any more to do with him. I tri’d for farther employment as a merchant’s clerk; but, not readily meeting with any, I clos’d again with Keimer. I found in his house these hands: Hugh Meredith, a Welsh Pensilvanian, thirty years of age, bred to country work; honest, sensible, had a great deal of solid observation, was something of a reader, but given to drink. Stephen Potts, a young countryman of full age, bred to the same, of uncommon natural parts, and great wit and humor, but a little idle. These he had agreed with at extream low wages per week, to be rais’d a shilling every three months, as they would deserve by improving in their business; and the expectation of these high wages, to come on hereafter, was what he had drawn them in with. Meredith was to work at press, Potts at book-binding, which he, by agreement, was to teach them, though he knew neither one nor t’other. John ------, a wild Irishman, brought up to no business, whose service, for four years, Keimer had purchased from the captain of a ship; he, too, was to be made a pressman. George Webb, an Oxford scholar, whose time for four years

Korean

countryman: 동향인, 촌사람, 지방의

주민, 같은 나라 사람, 시골사람, 동포

.

deserve: 값어치가 있다, 받을 만하다,

할 만하다.

distemper: 디스템퍼, 사회적 불안, 소

동, 어지럽히다, 탈나게 하다, 수성 도

료를 칠하다, 에 디스템퍼를 칠하다,

템페라 그림, 병적으로 되게 하다, 병,

디스템퍼 화법.

humor: 해학, 기질, 만족시키다, 기분,

유머, 심기, 잘 다루다, 일시적인 기분

, 익살, 유우머, 우스개.

idle: 한가한, 일이 없는, 활용되지 않

고 있는, 쓸모 없는, 무용의, 까닭 없

는, 태만한, 쉬고 있는, 놀고 보내다,

공전하다, 게으름 피우다.

kindness: 친절, 우정, 상냥함, 친절한

태도, 친절한 행위.

legacy: 유산, 전승물.

meredith: 영국의 소설가.시인.

nuncupative: 구두의, 구두로 하는, 유

언 등의 구두로 하는, 유언 등의 구두

의.

pleurisy: 늑막염, 흉막염.

pressman: 신문 기자, 인쇄공, 인쇄직

공.

sincere: 성실한, 진실의.

token: 기념품, 표, 이름만의, 용화폐

, 명목상의, 암호, 유물, 점점, 증거,

전조, 신호.

wit: 기지, 재치, 지력, 알다, 재치있는

사람, 정신, 재주꾼, 지.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 52

he had likewise bought, intending him for a compositor, of whom more presently; and David Harry, a country boy, whom he had taken apprentice.%

I soon perceiv’d that the intention of engaging me at wages so much higher than he had been us’d to give, was, to have these raw, cheap hands form’d thro’ me; and, as soon as I had instructed them, then they being all articled to him, he should be able to do without me. I went on, however, very cheerfully, put his printing-house in order, which had been in great confusion, and brought his hands by degrees to mind their business and to do it better.

It was an odd thing to find an Oxford scholar in the situation of a bought servant. He was not more than eighteen years of age, and gave me this account of himself; that he was born in Gloucester, educated at a grammar-school there, had been distinguish’d among the scholars for some apparent superiority in performing his part, when they exhibited plays; belong’d to the Witty Club there, and had written some pieces in prose and verse, which were printed in the Gloucester newspapers; thence he was sent to Oxford; where he continued about a year, but not well satisfi’d, wishing of all things to see London, and become a player. At length, receiving his quarterly allowance of fifteen guineas, instead of discharging his debts he walk’d out of town, hid his gown in a furze bush, and footed it to London, where, having no friend to advise him, he fell into bad company, soon spent his guineas, found no means of being introduc’d among the players, grew necessitous, pawn’d his cloaths, and wanted bread. Walking the street very hungry, and not knowing what to do with himself, a crimp’s bill was put into his hand, offering immediate entertainment and encouragement to such as would bind themselves to serve in America.

He went directly, sign’d the indentures, was put into the ship, and came over, never writing a line to acquaint his friends what was become of him. He was lively, witty, good-natur’d, and a pleasant companion, but idle, thoughtless, and imprudent to the last degree.

John, the Irishman, soon ran away; with the rest I began to live very agreeably, for they all respected me the more, as they found Keimer incapable of instructing them, and that from me they learned something daily. We never

Korean

articled: 도제계약의.

bind: 동이다, 덩굴, 감다, 제본, 구속

하다-묶는 것, 속박하다-굳어지다,

끈, 매다, 변비를 일으키게 하다, 속박

하다, 장정하다.

cheerfully: 쾌활하게, 기분좋게, 명랑

하게, 기쁜 마음으로, 기꺼이.

footed: 발이 있는, 발의, 발 가진, 발이

...한.

furze: 바늘금작화, 가시금작화.

gown: 잠옷, 긴 겉옷, 야회복, 화장복,

가운, 학생, 겉옷, 학 정복, 화장

옷, 학인.

imprudent: 경솔한, 무분별한, 경망스

러운, 분별없는.

incapable: 무능한, 무력한, 허용하지

않는, 할수 없는, 자격이 없는, 자격

없는, 을 못하는, 에 견딜 수 없는, 불

가능한, 무자격자, 무능자.

necessitous: 가난한, 궁핍한, 긴급한,

임박한, 피할수 없는, 필연적인.

presently: 현재, 이내, 목하, 곧, 이윽

고, 얼마 안되어, 곧바로.

quarterly: 계간지, 철마다의, 방패 모

양을 넷으로 나누어, 방패 모양을 넷

으로 나눈, 연 4 회 간행물, 연 4 회의,

일년에 사회에, 일년에 사회의, 계간

물.

superiority: 우월, 우세.

thoughtless: 인정 없는, 경솔한, 사려

가 없는, 생각이 없는.

witty: 재치있는, 익살 잘 떠는, 재치

있는, 기지 있는.

Benjamin Franklin 53

worked on Saturday, that being Keimer’s Sabbath, so I had two days for reading. My acquaintance with ingenious people in the town increased. Keimer himself treated me with great civility and apparent regard, and nothing now made me uneasy but my debt to Vernon, which I was yet unable to pay, being hitherto but a poor oeconomist. He, however, kindly made no demand of it.%

Our printing-house often wanted sorts, and there was no letter-founder in America; I had seen types cast at James’s in London, but without much attention to the manner; however, I now contrived a mould, made use of the letters we had as puncheons, struck the matrices in lead, And thus supply’d in a pretty tolerable way all deficiencies. I also engrav’d several things on occasion; I made the ink; I was warehouseman, and everything, and, in short, quite a factotum.

But, however serviceable I might be, I found that my services became every day of less importance, as the other hands improv’d in the business; and, when Keimer paid my second quarter’s wages, he let me know that he felt them too heavy, and thought I should make an abatement. He grew by degrees less civil, put on more of the master, frequently found fault, was captious, and seem’d ready for an outbreaking. I went on, nevertheless, with a good deal of patience, thinking that his encumber’d circumstances were partly the cause. At length a trifle snapt our connections; for, a great noise happening near the court-house, I put my head out of the window to see what was the matter. Keimer, being in the street, look’d up and saw me, call’d out to me in a loud voice and angry tone to mind my business, adding some reproachful words, that nettled me the more for their publicity, all the neighbors who were looking out on the same occasion being witnesses how I was treated. He came up immediately into the printing-house, continu’d the quarrel, high words pass’d on both sides, he gave me the quarter’s warning we had stipulated, expressing a wish that he had not been oblig’d to so long a warning. I told him his wish was unnecessary, for I would leave him that instant; and so, taking my hat, walk’d out of doors, desiring Meredith, whom I saw below, to take care of some things I left, and bring them to my lodgings.

Korean

abatement: 인하, 감소, 배제, 폐지.

captious: 흠잡기 잘하는, 꾀까다로운,

말꼬리를 잡고 늘어지는, 짓궂은, 흠

잡는.

factotum: 잡역부, 막일꾼.

ink: 잉크, 먹물, 잉크를 칠하다, 잉크

로 쓰다, 잉크로 더럽히다서명하다,

인쇄용 잉크.

instant: 순간, 절박한, 즉시, 즉각의,

긴급한, 즉석의, 즉각, 즉석식의, 인스

턴트식품, 인스턴트커피, 이달의.

mould: 지면, 옥토, 곰팡이, 거푸집, 틀

에 넣어 만든 것, 형, 본뜨다, 부식토,

성격을 형성하다, 성질, 양토.

patience: 인내, 끈기, 혼자 노는 카드

놀이, 혼자 하는 카드 놀이, 혼자서 놀

기, 트럼프 따위 혼자서 놀기.

reproachful: 책망하는, 비난하는, 수

치스러운, 책망하는 듯한, 나무랄 만

한, 나무라는, 부끄러운, 꾸짖는.

serviceable: 쓸모 있는, 오래쓸수 있는

, 튼튼한, 사용할 수 있는, 소용에 닿

는, 기꺼이 도와주는, 쓸모있는.

trifle: 소량, 낭비하다, 트라이플, 실없

는 짓을 하다, 가지고 장난하다, 만지

작 거리다, 사소한일, 소홀히 하다, 실

떡거리다, 약간, 하찮은일.

uneasy: 불안한, 걱정되는, 거북한, 어

색한.

unnecessary: 불필요한, 무익한, 불필

요한 것.

warehouseman: 도매 업자, 창고 업자,

창고업자, 도매 상인, 창고관리인.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 54

Meredith came accordingly in the evening, when we talked my affair over. He had conceiv’d a great regard for me, and was very unwilling that I should leave the house while he remain’d in it. He dissuaded me from returning to my native country, which I began to think of; he reminded me that Keimer was in debt for all he possess’d; that his creditors began to be uneasy; that he kept his shop miserably, sold often without profit for ready money, and often trusted without keeping accounts; that he must therefore fall, which would make a vacancy I might profit of. I objected my want of money. He then let me know that his father had a high opinion of me, and, from some discourse that had pass’d between them, he was sure would advance money to set us up, if I would enter into partnership with him. “My time,” says he, “will be out with Keimer in the spring; by that time we may have our press and types in from London. I am sensible I am no workman; if you like it, your skill in the business shall be set against the stock I furnish, and we will share the profits equally.”%

The proposal was agreeable, and I consented; his father was in town and approv’d of it; the more as he saw I had great influence with his son, had prevail’d on him to abstain long from dram-drinking, and he hop’d might break him off that wretched habit entirely, when we came to be so closely connected. I gave an inventory to the father, who carry’d it to a merchant; the things were sent for, the secret was to be kept till they should arrive, and in the mean time I was to get work, if I could, at the other printing-house. But I found no vacancy there, and so remain’d idle a few days, when Keimer, on a prospect of being employ’d to print some paper money in New Jersey, which would require cuts and various types that I only could supply, and apprehending Bradford might engage me and get the jobb from him, sent me a very civil message, that old friends should not part for a few words, the effect of sudden passion, and wishing me to return. Meredith persuaded me to comply, as it would give more opportunity for his improvement under my daily instructions; so I return’d, and we went on more smoothly than for some time before. The New jersey jobb was obtain’d, I contriv’d a copperplate press for it, the first that had been seen in the country; I cut several ornaments and checks for the bills. We went together to Burlington, where I executed the whole to satisfaction; and he received so large a

Korean

abstain: 끊다, 자제하다, 금주가, 금주

하다, 금주하다절제가, 기권하다, 절

제하다.

connected: 연속된, 관계가 있는, 일관

된, 연고가 있는, 관계있는, 연락이 있

는.

copperplate: 동판, 깨끗한 초서체, 동

판 인쇄의, 동판 조각, 동판의, 동판인

쇄, 동판 인쇄, 동판조각.

discourse: 담화, 논설, 설교, 이야기,

강연, 강연하다, 논술하다, 강화.

engage: 약속하다, 교전하다, 걸리다,

예약하다, 고용하다, 정치에 관계된,

속박하다, 당기다, 종사시키다, 교전

시키다, 관계된.

executed: 완성하는, 실행하는, 실시하

는, 사형을 집행하는.

instructions: 훈령.

jobb: 강타하다.

merchant: 상인, 소매상인, 무역상인,

도매상인, 광, 상업의, 표준규격의, 표

준규격형의.

miserably: 비참하게, 불쌍하게, 형편

없이, 비참할 만큼, 초라하게, 지독히.

native: 원주민, 토착의, 자기나라의,

출생의, 타고난, 미개인, 그 지방 고유

의, 토착의 동식물, 오스트레일리아

태생의 백인, 토인의, 양식한 영국산

굴.

smoothly: 평지, 매끄러운, 입에 당기

는, 유창한, 반드러워지다, 수염 없는,

초원, 잔잔한, 반드럽게 함, 반드러운

부분, 반드러운.

Benjamin Franklin 55

sum for the work as to be enabled thereby to keep his head much longer above water.%

At Burlington I made an acquaintance with many principal people of the province. Several of them had been appointed by the Assembly a committee to attend the press, and take care that no more bills were printed than the law directed. They were therefore, by turns, constantly with us, and generally he who attended, brought with him a friend or two for company. My mind having been much more improv’d by reading than Keimer’s, I suppose it was for that reason my conversation seem’d to be more valu’d. They had me to their houses, introduced me to their friends, and show’d me much civility; while he, tho’ the master, was a little neglected. In truth, he was an odd fish; ignorant of common life, fond of rudely opposing receiv’d opinions, slovenly to extream dirtiness, enthusiastic in some points of religion, and a little knavish withal.

We continu’d there near three months; and by that time I could reckon among my acquired friends, Judge Allen, Samuel Bustill, the secretary of the Province, Isaac Pearson, Joseph Cooper, and several of the Smiths, members of Assembly, and Isaac Decow, the surveyor-general. The latter was a shrewd, sagacious old man, who told me that he began for himself, when young, by wheeling clay for the brick-makers, learned to write after he was of age, carri’d the chain for surveyors, who taught him surveying, and he had now by his industry, acquir’d a good estate; and says he, “I foresee that you will soon work this man out of business, and make a fortune in it at Philadelphia.” He had not then the least intimation of my intention to set up there or anywhere. These friends were afterwards of great use to me, as I occasionally was to some of them. They all continued their regard for me as long as they lived.

Before I enter upon my public appearance in business, it may be well to let you know the then state of my mind with regard to my principles and morals, that you may see how far those influenc’d the future events of my life. My parents had early given me religious impressions, and brought me through my childhood piously in the Dissenting way. But I was scarce fifteen, when, after doubting by turns of several points, as I found them disputed in the different

Korean

clay: 점토, 육체, 찰흙, 자질, 흙, 인격,

인품, 사기담뱃 , 천성, 진흙, 인체.

constantly: 끊임없이, 항상, 빈번히,

노상, 자주, 변함없이.

directed: 규제된, 유도된, 지시받은.

dirtiness: 불결, 비열, 천함, 상스러움.

enthusiastic: 열광의, 광신적인, 열광

적인.

intimation: 통고, 암시하다, 발표, 알

리다, 암시넌지시 비춤통고, 고시.

knavish: 부정한, 악한의, 악한 같은.

morals: 도덕, 예의범절.

neglected: 게을리한.

province: 범위, 주, 영토, 본분, 시골,

방, 부문, 성, 이탈리아 이외의 영토,

스페인 따위의 주, 지방.

reckon: 세다, 기 하다, 계산하다, 생

각하다, 단정하다, 간주하다, 평가하

다, 판단하다, 돌리다.

rudely: 조잡하게, 무례하게, 버릇없이,

거칠게, 불쑥, 격력하게.

sagacious: 현명한, 슬기로운, 명민한,

기민한, 슬기롭다, 영리한.

shrewd: 빈틈없는, 기민한, 모진, 심한,

약빠른, 날카로운, 짓궂은, 얘민한, 영

리해 보이는.

slovenly: 단정치 못한, 부주의한, 단정

치 못하게, 되는 로의, 되는 로,

되는 로의 되는 로, 게으른, 추레

한.

surveying: 측량, 측량술.

wheeling: 윤전, 노면의 상태, 수레로

나르기, 자전거 타기.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 56

books%I read, I began to doubt of Revelation itself. Some books against Deism fell into my hands; they were said to be the substance of sermons preached at Boyle’s Lectures. It happened that they wrought an effect on me quite contrary to what was intended by them; for the arguments of the Deists, which were quoted to be refuted, appeared to me much stronger than the refutations; in short, I soon became a thorough Deist. My arguments perverted some others, particularly Collins and Ralph; but, each of them having afterwards wrong’d me greatly without the least compunction, and recollecting Keith’s conduct towards me (who was another freethinker), and my own towards Vernon and Miss Read, which at times gave me great trouble, I began to suspect that this doctrine, tho’ it might be true, was not very useful. My London pamphlet, which had for its motto these lines of Dryden:

Whatever is, is right. Though purblind man Sees but a part o’ the chain, the nearest link: His eyes not carrying to the equal beam, That poises all above;

and from the attributes of God, his infinite wisdom, goodness and power, concluded that nothing could possibly be wrong in the world, and that vice and virtue were empty distinctions, no such things existing, appear’d now not so clever a performance as I once thought it; and I doubted whether some error had not insinuated itself unperceiv’d into my argument, so as to infect all that follow’d, as is common in metaphysical reasonings.

I grew convinc’d that truth, sincerity and integrity in dealings between man and man were of the utmost importance to the felicity of life; and I form’d written resolutions, which still remain in my journal book, to practice them ever while I lived. Revelation had indeed no weight with me, as such; but I entertain’d an opinion that, though certain actions might not be bad because they were forbidden by it, or good because it commanded them, yet probably these actions might be forbidden because they were bad for us, or commanded because

Korean

attributes: 속성, 특성.

beam: 광선, 선폭, 도리, 빛나다, 가로

들보, , 성에, 들보, 번쩍이다, 미

소짓다, 들보.

compunction: 양심의 가책, 양심의가

책, 회한, 후회.

dealings: 교섭.

doctrine: 교의, 주의, 교리, 학설.

infect: 감염시키다, 병독을 혼입하다,

영향을 미치다, 물들이다, 젖게하다,

오염하다, 병을 전염시키다, 병독으로

오염하다, 감화하다, 에 영향을 미치

다, 병균을 혼입하다.

infinite: 무한의, 막 한, 끝없는, 무한

, 부정의, 부정형의, 무한한 공간,

무한량, 완전무결한, 무한, 무수한.

motto: 금언, 표어, 모토, 반복 악구, 명

, 좌우명, 서적 따위의 제구, 제구.

perverted: 이상의, 그릇된, 변태의, 사

도에 빠진, 비뚤어진.

purblind: 반소경의, 우둔한, 흐려뵈는

, 반소경이 되게 하다, 우둔해지게 하

다.

revelation: 폭로, 계시, 묵시, 발각, 적

발, 요한 계시록, 폭로된 사물, 천계,

뜻밖의 새 사실, 뜻밖의 사실, 성경.

thorough: 순전한, 철저한, 완전한, 충

분한, 철저한 정책, 철저한 행동.

vice: 악습, 육체적 결함, 나쁜 버릇, 사

악, 결점, 부도덕, 바이스, 리로서,

악, 악덕, 병.

wrought: 만든, 세공한, 가공한, 꾸민,

두들겨 만든.

Benjamin Franklin 57

they were beneficial to us, in their own natures, all the circumstances of things considered. And this persuasion, with the kind hand of Providence, or some guardian angel, or accidental favorable circumstances and situations, or all together, preserved me, thro’ this dangerous time of youth, and the hazardous situations I was sometimes in among strangers, remote from the eye and advice of my father, without any willful gross immorality or injustice, that might have been expected from my want of religion. I say willful, because the instances I have mentioned had something of necessity in them, from my youth, inexperience, and the knavery of others. I had therefore a tolerable character to begin the world with; I valued it properly, and determin’d to preserve it.%

We had not been long return’d to Philadelphia before the new types arriv’d from London. We settled with Keimer, and left him by his consent before he heard of it. We found a house to hire near the market, and took it. To lessen the rent, which was then but twenty-four pounds a year, tho’ I have since known it to let for seventy, we took in Thomas Godfrey, a glazier, and his family, who were to pay a considerable part of it to us, and we to board with them. We had scarce opened our letters and put our press in order, before George House, an acquaintance of mine, brought a countryman to us, whom he had met in the street inquiring for a printer. All our cash was now expended in the variety of particulars we had been obliged to procure, and this countryman’s five shillings, being our first-fruits, and coming so seasonably, gave me more pleasure than any crown I have since earned; and the gratitude I felt toward House has made me often more ready than perhaps I should otherwise have been to assist young beginners.

There are croakers in every country, always boding its ruin. Such a one then lived in Philadelphia; a person of note, an elderly man, with a wise look and a very grave manner of speaking; his name was Samuel Mickle. This gentleman, a stranger to me, stopt one day at my door, and asked me if I was the young man who had lately opened a new printing-house. Being answered in the affirmative, he said he was sorry for me, because it was an expensive undertaking, and the expense would be lost; for Philadelphia was a sinking place, the people already

Korean

accidental: 우연한, 우연의 우발적인

사물, 비본질적인, 임시 변화의, 우발

적인, 사고의, 우유적인.

affirmative: 긍정의, 긍정문, 찬성자,

확정의, 확언, 확언적인, 확인의, 단언

.

boding: 불길한, 징조, 불길한 전조 전

조의, 전조, 징조가 되는, 징조의, 흉

조.

glazier: 유리 장수, 유약칠하는 직공,

유리 직공.

gratitude: 감사.

hazardous: 모험적인, 운에 맡기는, 위

험한.

immorality: 부도덕, 추행, 외설, 품행

이 나쁨, 풍속, 난잡함, 문란, 부도덕

행위, 음란, 품행 나쁨, 난행.

inexperience: 무경험, 미숙, 서투름,

세상을 모름.

injustice: 부정, 불공평, 부정행위, 불

법, 권리침해.

knavery: 사기, 무뢰한의 행위, 속임,

부정, 속임수.

persuasion: 설득, 확신, 종류, 종파, 신

념, 종지.

ruin: 파멸, 폐허, 손해, 파산, 몰락, 파

멸시키다, 피해, 잔해, 파괴하다, 영락

, 몰락한 사람.

seasonably: 시기에 알맞게, 계절에 알

맞게, 마침 좋은 때에, 호기로, 적절하

게.

willful: 고집센, 계획적인, 고의의, 일

부러의, 고집 센.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 58

half-bankrupts, or near being so; all appearances to the contrary, such as new buildings and the rise of rents, being to his certain knowledge fallacious; for they were, in fact, among the things that would soon ruin us. And he gave me such a detail of misfortunes now existing, or that were soon to exist, that he left me half melancholy. Had I known him before I engaged in this business, probably I never should have done it. This man continued to live in this decaying place, and to declaim in the same strain, refusing for many years to buy a house there, because all was going to destruction; and at last I had the pleasure of seeing him give five times as much for one as he might have bought it for when he first began his croaking.%

I should have mentioned before, that, in the autumn of the preceding year, I had form’d most of my ingenious acquaintance into a club of mutual improvement, which we called the JUNTO; we met on Friday evenings. The rules that I drew up required that every member, in his turn, should produce one or more queries on any point of Morals, Politics, or Natural Philosophy, to be discuss’d by the company; and once in three months produce and read an essay of his own writing, on any subject he pleased. Our debates were to be under the direction of a president, and to be conducted in the sincere spirit of inquiry after truth, without fondness for dispute, or desire of victory; and, to prevent warmth, all expressions of positiveness in opinions, or direct contradiction, were after some time made contraband, and prohibited under small pecuniary penalties.

The first members were Joseph Breintnal, a copyer of deeds for the scriveners, a good-natur’d, friendly, middle-ag’d man, a great lover of poetry, reading all he could meet with, and writing some that was tolerable; very ingenious in many little Nicknackeries, and of sensible conversation.

Thomas Godfrey, a self-taught mathematician, great in his way, and afterward inventor of what is now called Hadley’s Quadrant. But he knew little out of his way, and was not a pleasing companion; as, like most great mathematicians I have met with, he expected universal precision in everything said, or was for ever denying or distinguishing upon trifles, to the disturbance of all conversation. He soon left us.

Korean

contraband: 흑인 노예, 금제의, 금지

의, 매매, 매자, 금제품, 금제풍,

수업자, 수, 부역, 매매품.

declaim: 연설하다, 열변을 토하다, 열

변을 토하다-낭독하다, 낭독하다, 웅

변조로 낭독하다.

distinguishing: 다른 것과 구별되는,

구별이 있는, 특색 있는.

disturbance: 방해물, 불안, 소동, 소란,

교란시키는 것, 방해, 침해.

engaged: 바쁜, 약속된, 교전중인, 고

용된, 약혼중인, 용무중인, 통화중인,

약혼인, 연동의, 종사하는, 벽에 반쯤

묻힌.

essay: 수필, 소론, 시도하다, 시도, 시

험하다, 시론, 평론, 하려고 하다, 기

도.

fallacious: 그릇된, 허위의, 속이는, 사

람을 현혹시키는.

fondness: 취미, 경신, 기호, 도타운 사

랑, 자애, 좋아함, 귀여워함, 다정함,

맹목적 사랑.

inventor: 발명자, 발명가, 창안자, 창

출자, 고안자.

mathematician: 수학자.

melancholy: 우울, 우울한, 습관적인

우울, 우울병, 체질적인 우울, 우울증.

mutual: 상호의, 공통의, 공동의.

pecuniary: 금전의, 금전상의.

precision: 정확, 정 , 정 한, 정확히

사격하는.

rents: 부모.

self-taught: 독학의, 독습의.

Benjamin Franklin 59

Nicholas Scull, a surveyor, afterwards surveyor-general, who lov’d books, and sometimes made a few verses.%

William Parsons, bred a shoemaker, but loving reading, had acquir’d a considerable share of mathematics, which he first studied with a view to astrology, that he afterwards laught at it. He also became surveyor-general.

William Maugridge, a joiner, a most exquisite mechanic, and a solid, sensible man.

Hugh Meredith, Stephen Potts, and George Webb I have characteriz’d before. Robert Grace, a young gentleman of some fortune, generous, lively, and

witty; a lover of punning and of his friends. And William Coleman, then a merchant’s clerk, about my age, who had the

coolest, dearest head, the best heart, and the exactest morals of almost any man I ever met with. He became afterwards a merchant of great note, and one of our provincial judges. Our friendship continued without interruption to his death, upward of forty years; and the club continued almost as long, and was the best school of philosophy, morality, and politics that then existed in the province; for our queries, which were read the week preceding their discussion, put us upon reading with attention upon the several subjects, that we might speak more to the purpose; and here, too, we acquired better habits of conversation, every thing being studied in our rules which might prevent our disgusting each other. From hence the long continuance of the club, which I shall have frequent occasion to speak further of hereafter.

But my giving this account of it here is to show something of the interest I had, every one of these exerting themselves in recommending business to us. Breintnal particularly procur’d us from the Quakers the printing forty sheets of their history, the rest being to be done by Keimer; and upon this we work’d exceedingly hard, for the price was low. It was a folio, pro patria size, in pica, with long primer notes. I compos’d of it a sheet a day, and Meredith worked it off at press; it was often eleven at night, and sometimes later, before I had finished my distribution for the next day’s work, for the little jobbs sent in by our other friends now and then put us back. But so determin’d I was to continue

Korean

astrology: 점성학, 점성술.

continuance: 계속, 연속, 지속, 체류,

존속, 연기, 계속 기간.

exceedingly: 단히, 엄청나게, 매우,

굉장히.

interruption: 중단, 방해, 가로막음, 중

절, 불통.

joiner: 소목장이, 결합자, 즐겨 여러

단체에 드는 사람, 많은 단체에 가입

하는 사람, 많은 단체에 것을 좋아하

는 사람, 많은 회에 가입하는 것을 좋

아하는 사람, 많은 회에 가입하는 사

람.

mechanic: 직공, 기계공, 직공의, 기계

적인, 기계역학의, 기계상의, 기계학

의, 기계의.

pica: 파이커 세로의 길이, 파이커 활자

, 법규집, 파이카.

primer: 뇌관, 입문서, 장전하는 사람,

프리머 활자, 초급 독본, 초보, 독본,

소 기도서, 종교 개혁 전의 소 기도서,

프라머, 프라머 활자.

pro: 찬성하여, 매춘부, 프로, 찬성론,

프로의, 찬부양론, 직업적인, 직업선

수의, 직업선수, 전문가, 찬성하여-찬

부양론.

shoemaker: 구두 고치는 사람, 제화공

, 구두 만드는 사람, 구둣방.

surveyor: 측량자, 감정인, 검사관, 측

량, 감시인, 측량기사.

upward: 상승하는, 위로 향하는, 이상,

위쪽으로, 위를 향해서, 위로 향한, 위

로 향하여, 에서 위쪽으로.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 60

doing a sheet a day of the folio, that one night, when, having impos’d my forms, I thought my day’s work over, one of them by accident was broken, and two pages reduced to pi, I immediately distributed and compos’d it over again before I went to bed; and this industry, visible to our neighbors, began to give us character and credit; particularly, I was told, that mention being made of the new printing-office at the merchants’ Every-night club, the general opinion was that it must fail, there being already two printers in the place, Keimer and Bradford; but Dr. Baird (whom you and I saw many years after at his native place, St. Andrew’s in Scotland) gave a contrary opinion: “For the industry of that Franklin,” says he, “is superior to any thing I ever saw of the kind; I see him still at work when I go home from club, and he is at work again before his neighbors are out of bed.” This struck the rest, and we soon after had offers from one of them to supply us with stationery; but as yet we did not chuse to engage in shop business.%

I mention this industry the more particularly and the more freely, tho’ it seems to be talking in my own praise, that those of my posterity, who shall read it, may know the use of that virtue, when they see its effects in my favour throughout this relation.

George Webb, who had found a female friend that lent him wherewith to purchase his time of Keimer, now came to offer himself as a journeyman to us. We could not then employ him; but I foolishly let him know as a secret that I soon intended to begin a newspaper, and might then have work for him. My hopes of success, as I told him, were founded on this, that the then only newspaper, printed by Bradford, was a paltry thing, wretchedly manag’d, no way entertaining, and yet was profitable to him; I therefore thought a good paper would scarcely fail of good encouragement. I requested Webb not to mention it; but he told it to Keimer, who immediately, to be beforehand with me, published proposals for printing one himself, on which Webb was to be employ’d. I resented this; and, to counteract them, as I could not yet begin our paper, I wrote several pieces of entertainment for Bradford’s paper, under the title of the Busy Body, which Breintnal continu’d some months. By this means the attention of the

Korean

counteract: 중화하다, 방해하다, 거스

르다, 훼방하다, 좌절시키다, 반작용

하다.

distributed: 분포된.

employ: 고용하다, 쓰다, 고용, 사용,

에 종사하다, 소비하다, 소비하다-고

용, 실직하다, 에 고용되어, 사용하다,

직업을 주다.

encouragement: 격려함, 격려, 격려가

되는 것, 장려가 되는 것.

entertainment: 마음에 품음, 접, 여

녜, 연회, 오락, 여응, 환 , 연예, 주

연.

foolishly: 어리석게도, 바보같이, 미련

하게, 어리석게.

freely: 아낌없이, 마음 로, 인심 후하

게, 자유로이, 자유롭게, 허물없이.

paltry: 하찮은, 무가치한, 얼마 안 되

는, 보잘 것없는.

pi: 뒤죽박죽-뒤섞다, 원주율, 그리스

알파벳의 16 째 글자, 파이.

pieces: 산산조각.

praise: 칭찬, 찬미, 칭찬하다, 숭배하

다, 칭찬할 만한 사람, 칭찬할 만한 물

건, 신을 숭배하다, 찬미하다, 찬양하

다, 찬양, 신을 찬미하다.

scarcely: 겨우, 거의, 이 아니다, 하지

않는 일은 좀처럼 없다, 간신히.

virtue: 미덕, 정조, 장점, 가치, 고결,

효력, 미점, 도덕적 우수성, 선량, 덕,

효능.

wretchedly: 불쾌하게, 야비하게, 지독

하게, 불쌍하게.

Benjamin Franklin 61

publick was fixed on that paper, and Keimer’s proposals, which we burlesqu’d and ridicul’d, were disregarded. He began his paper, however, and, after carrying it on three quarters of a year, with at most only ninety subscribers, he offered it to me for a trifle; and I, having been ready some time to go on with it, took it in hand directly; and it prov’d in a few years extremely profitable to me.%

I perceive that I am apt to speak in the singular number, though our partnership still continu’d; the reason may be that, in fact, the whole management of the business lay upon me. Meredith was no compositor, a poor pressman, and seldom sober. My friends lamented my connection with him, but I was to make the best of it.

Our first papers made a quite different appearance from any before in the province; a better type, and better printed; but some spirited remarks of my writing, on the dispute then going on between Governor Burnet and the Massachusetts Assembly, struck the principal people, occasioned the paper and the manager of it to be much talk’d of, and in a few weeks brought them all to be our subscribers.

Their example was follow’d by many, and our number went on growing continually. This was one of the first good effects of my having learnt a little to scribble; another was, that the leading men, seeing a newspaper now in the hands of one who could also handle a pen, thought it convenient to oblige and encourage me. Bradford still printed the votes, and laws, and other publick business. He had printed an address of the House to the governor, in a coarse, blundering manner, we reprinted it elegantly and correctly, and sent one to every member. They were sensible of the difference: it strengthened the hands of our friends in the House, and they voted us their printers for the year ensuing.

Among my friends in the House I must not forget Mr. Hamilton, before mentioned, who was then returned from England, and had a seat in it. He interested himself for me strongly in that instance, as he did in many others afterward, continuing his patronage till his death.

Mr. Vernon, about this time, put me in mind of the debt I ow’d him, but did not press me. I wrote him an ingenuous letter of acknowledgment, crav’d his

Korean

acknowledgment: 감사, 사례, 수취증

명, 승인, 용인, 인사, 감사의 표시.

blundering: 실수하는, 서투른, 어색한

, 어줍은, 투미한.

coarse: 야비한, 조잡한, 결이 거친, 조

제의, 하치의, 천한, 상스러운, 추잡한

, 눈, 굵은, 거친.

correctly: 바르게, 정확하게, 정확히 말

하면.

elegantly: 고상한, 우아한.

ensuing: 다음의, 뒤이어 일어나는, 결

과로서 따르는, 뒤이은.

hamilton: 남자 이름.

ingenuous: 꾸밈없는, 순진한, 솔직한,

천진난만한, 정직한, 소박한, 솔직담

백한.

oblige: 할 의무를 지우다, 에게 은혜를

베풀다, 호의를 나타내다, 하지 않을

수 없게 하다.

quarters: 병사.

scribble: 낙서, 잡문 쓰는 사람, 갈겨

쓰는 사람, 갈겨 씀, 낙서하다, 아무렇

게나 쓴 것, 문필을 업으로 삼다, 갈겨

쓰기, 갈겨 쓰다, 되는 로 쓴 것, 서

투른 문장을 쓰다.

seldom: 드물게, 흔히, 좀처럼...않는,

좀처럼, 않는.

singular: 단수, 단 하나의, 단수의, 현

저한, 각각의 단수의, 보통이 아닌 단

수, 멋진, 이상한, 개개의, 훌륭한, 단

수형.

spirited: 활기찬, 원기 있는, 정신의,

한 정신을 가진, 힘찬.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 62

forbearance a little longer, which he allow’d me, and as soon as I was able, I paid the principal with interest, and many thanks; so that erratum was in some degree corrected.%

But now another difficulty came upon me which I had never the least reason to expect. Mr. Meredith’s father, who was to have paid for our printing-house, according to the expectations given me, was able to advance only one hundred pounds currency, which had been paid; and a hundred more was due to the merchant, who grew impatient, and su’d us all. We gave bail, but saw that, if the money could not be rais’d in time, the suit must soon come to a judgment and execution, and our hopeful prospects must, with us, be ruined, as the press and letters must be sold for payment, perhaps at half price.

In this distress two true friends, whose kindness I have never forgotten, nor ever shall forget while I can remember any thing, came to me separately, unknown to each other, and, without any application from me, offering each of them to advance me all the money that should be necessary to enable me to take the whole business upon myself, if that should be practicable; but they did not like my continuing the partnership with Meredith, who, as they said, was often seen drunk in the streets, and playing at low games in alehouses, much to our discredit. These two friends were William Coleman and Robert Grace. I told them I could not propose a separation while any prospect remain’d of the Merediths’ fulfilling their part of our agreement, because I thought myself under great obligations to them for what they had done, and would do if they could; but, if they finally fail’d in their performance, and our partnership must be dissolv’d, I should then think myself at liberty to accept the assistance of my friends.

Thus the matter rested for some time, when I said to my partner, “Perhaps your father is dissatisfied at the part you have undertaken in this affair of ours, and is unwilling to advance for you and me what he would for you alone. If that is the case, tell me, and I will resign the whole to you, and go about my business.” “No,” said he, “my father has really been disappointed, and is really unable; and I am unwilling to distress him farther. I see this is a business I am

Korean

according: 그러므로, 따라서, 나름으

로, 에 따라, 에 의하여.

bail: 보석, 뱃바닥에 괸물을 퍼내다,

보석금, 들손, 통의 반달꼴손잡이, 삼

주문위의 가로나무, 들손-보석받게하

다, 위탁하다, 반원형 손잡이, 종이 누

르개, 칸막이 가로장.

disappointed: 실망한.

discredit: 신용하지 않다, 불신, 신용

을 잃게하다, 의혹, 불명예, 망신, 평

판을 나쁘게 하다.

dissatisfied: 불만인, 불만인의, 불만스

러운.

distress: 고난, 고통, 빈궁, 비탄, 고민,

심통, 피로하게 하다, 피로, 괴롭히다,

압류-괴롭히다, 압류.

drunk: 주정뱅이, 술취한, 취한, 술주

정뱅이, 술좌석, 도취된.

forbearance: 인내, 관용, 자제, 참음,

보류, 용서.

hopeful: 유망한, 희망적인, 희망에 찬,

우승을 노리는 선수, 유력 후보, 유망

한 사람.

practicable: 실행할 수 있는, 실용에

맞는, 통행할 수 있는, 사용할 수 있는

.

resign: 사임하다, 포기하다, 몸을 맡기

다, 사직하다, 양도하다, 체념하다, 감

수하다, 그만두다, 따르다, 맡기다, 버

리다.

ruined: 몰락한, 파멸한, 황폐한, 해를

입은, 타락한, 멸망한, 파산한.

undertaken: 맡은.

Benjamin Franklin 63

not fit for. I was bred a farmer, and it was a folly in me to come to town, and put myself, at thirty years of age, an apprentice to learn a new trade. Many of our Welsh people are going to settle in North Carolina, where land is cheap. I am inclin’d to go with them, and follow my old employment. You may find friends to assist you. If you will take the debts of the company upon you; return to my father the hundred pound he has advanced; pay my little personal debts, and give me thirty pounds and a new saddle, I will relinquish the partnership, and leave the whole in your hands.” I agreed to this proposal: it was drawn up in writing, sign’d, and seal’d immediately. I gave him what he demanded, and he went soon after to Carolina, from whence he sent me next year two long letters, containing the best account that had been given of that country, the climate, the soil, husbandry, etc., for in those matters he was very judicious. I printed them in the papers, and they gave great satisfaction to the publick.%

As soon as he was gone, I recurr’d to my two friends; and because I would not give an unkind preference to either, I took half of what each had offered and I wanted of one, and half of the other; paid off the company’s debts, and went on with the business in my own name, advertising that the partnership was dissolved. I think this was in or about the year 1729.

About this time there was a cry among the people for more paper money, only fifteen thousand pounds being extant in the province, and that soon to be sunk. The wealthy inhabitants oppos’d any addition, being against all paper currency, from an apprehension that it would depreciate, as it had done in New England, to the prejudice of all creditors. We had discuss’d this point in our Junto, where I was on the side of an addition, being persuaded that the first small sum struck in 1723 had done much good by increasing the trade, employment, and number of inhabitants in the province, since I now saw all the old houses inhabited, and many new ones building; whereas I remembered well, that when I first walk’d about the streets of Philadelphia, eating my roll, I saw most of the houses in Walnut-street, between Second and Front streets, with bills on their doors, “To be let”; and many likewise in Chestnut-street and other streets, which made me then think the inhabitants of the city were deserting it one after another.

Korean

addition: 부가, 부가물, 증가, 증축, 가

산, 덧셈, 직함.

climate: 기후, 풍토, 사조, 사회.시 의

풍조, 풍조, 토지.

depreciate: 얕보다, 가치가 떨어지다,

경시하다, 깎아내리다, 가치를 떨어뜨

리다, 가치를 저하시키다, 가치를 감

소시키다.

extant: 현존하는, 지금도 남아 있는.

husbandry: 절약, 농업, 규모 없는 살

림살이, 가정.

inhabited: 사람이 살고 있는.

judicious: 현명한, 사려있는, 사려분별

이 있는.

likewise: 마찬가지로, 또한, 똑같이,

그리고 또한.

preference: 우선권, 편애, 특혜, 좋아

하는 것, 선택, 유산 따위에 한 우선

권, 더 좋아함, 기호물, 배당 따위에

한 우선권.

relinquish: 양도하다, 포기하다, 을 쥔

손을 늦추다, 그만두다, 손을 놓다, 놓

아주다, 버리다, 떠나다, 기권하다.

saddle: 안장 모양의 물건, 안장, 등심

고기, 권력을 쥐고, 안상부, 안장에 올

라 타다, 에 안장을 얹다, 말에 안장을

얹다, 지우다.

sunk: 침몰된, 물밑의, 움푹한.

unkind: 불친절한, 몰인정한, 냉혹한,

사나운.

whence: 하는 그 곳으로, 어찌하여, 어

디서, 바의, 왜, 어떻게, 출처, 하는,

어디로부터.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 64

Our debates possess’d me so fully of the subject, that I wrote and printed an anonymous pamphlet on it, entitled “The Nature and Necessity of a Paper Currency.” It was well receiv’d by the common people in general; but the rich men dislik’d it, for it increas’d and strengthen’d the clamor for more money, and they happening to have no writers among them that were able to answer it, their opposition slacken’d, and the point was carried by a majority in the House. My friends there, who conceiv’d I had been of some service, thought fit to reward me by employing me in printing the money; a very profitable jobb and a great help to me. This was another advantage gain’d by my being able to write.%

The utility of this currency became by time and experience so evident as never afterwards to be much disputed; so that it grew soon to fifty-five thousand pounds, and in 1739 to eighty thousand pounds, since which it arose during war to upwards of three hundred and fifty thousand pounds, trade, building, and inhabitants all the while increasing, till I now think there are limits beyond which the quantity may be hurtful.

I soon after obtain’d, thro’ my friend Hamilton, the printing of the Newcastle paper money, another profitable jobb as I then thought it; small things appearing great to those in small circumstances; and these, to me, were really great advantages, as they were great encouragements. He procured for me, also, the printing of the laws and votes of that government, which continu’d in my hands as long as I follow’d the business.

I now open’d a little stationer’s shop. I had in it blanks of all sorts, the correctest that ever appear’d among us, being assisted in that by my friend Breintnal. I had also paper, parchment, chapmen’s books, etc. One Whitemash, a compositor I had known in London, an excellent workman, now came to me, and work’d with me constantly and diligently; and I took an apprentice, the son of Aquila Rose.

I began now gradually to pay off the debt I was under for the printing-house. In order to secure my credit and character as a tradesman, I took care not only to be in reality industrious and frugal, but to avoid all appearances to the contrary. I drest plainly; I was seen at no places of idle diversion. I never went out a

Korean

arose: 과거.

clamor: 시끄럽게 요구하다, 부르짖음,

외치다, 떠들어 ...시키다, 외침-와글

와글 떠들다, 시끄럽게 말하다, 소란,

떠들어 다, 외치는 소리, 왁자지껄,

떠들썩함.

diversion: 견제, 전환, 기분 전환, 오락

, 우회로, 양동 작전, 양동, 견제 작전,

기분.

evident: 명백한, 뚜렷한, 분명히 나타

난, 분명한.

frugal: 검소한, 알뜰한, 절약하는.

happening: 사건, 우발사, 해프닝, 사

고.

hurtful: 해로운.

parchment: 양피지, 양피지의 문서, 양

피지비슷한 종이, 비슷한 종이, 양피

지의.

plainly: 솔직하게, 명백히, 검소하게,

간소하게, 뚜렷하게.

quantity: 다량, 분량, 양, 수량, 다량으

로, 다수, 어떤 특정의 분량, 양적인,

양을 나타낸는 숫자, 양을 나타낸는

부호.

reward: 보답하다, 보수, 보수를 주다,

벌, 현상금, 사례금, 보상하다, 보상,

이익, 보복하다, 응보.

upwards: 향상 지향의, 에서 위쪽으로

, 위로 향하여, 이상.

utility: 유용, 효용, 실용, 공익사업, 유

용물, 단역, 실요 본위의, 실용적인,

쓸모 있는 것, 여러 가지 용도를 가진,

공익 사업.

Benjamin Franklin 65

fishing or shooting; a book, indeed, sometimes debauch’d me from my work, but that was seldom, snug, and gave no scandal; and, to show that I was not above my business, I sometimes brought home the paper I purchas’d at the stores thro’ the streets on a wheelbarrow. Thus being esteem’d an industrious, thriving young man, and paying duly for what I bought, the merchants who imported stationery solicited my custom; others proposed supplying me with books, and I went on swimmingly. In the mean time, Keimer’s credit and business declining daily, he was at last forc’d to sell his printing house to satisfy his creditors. He went to Barbadoes, and there lived some years in very poor circumstances.%

His apprentice, David Harry, whom I had instructed while I work’d with him, set up in his place at Philadelphia, having bought his materials. I was at first apprehensive of a powerful rival in Harry, as his friends were very able, and had a good deal of interest. I therefore propos’d a partner-ship to him which he, fortunately for me, rejected with scorn. He was very proud, dress’d like a gentleman, liv’d expensively, took much diversion and pleasure abroad, ran in debt, and neglected his business; upon which, all business left him; and, finding nothing to do, he followed Keimer to Barbadoes, taking the printing-house with him. There this apprentice employ’d his former master as a journeyman; they quarrel’d often; Harry went continually behindhand, and at length was forc’d to sell his types and return to his country work in Pensilvania. The person that bought them employ’d Keimer to use them, but in a few years he died.

There remained now no competitor with me at Philadelphia but the old one, Bradford; who was rich and easy, did a little printing now and then by straggling hands, but was not very anxious about the business. However, as he kept the post-office, it was imagined he had better opportunities of obtaining news; his paper was thought a better distributer of advertisements than mine, and therefore had many, more, which was a profitable thing to him, and a disadvantage to me; for, tho’ I did indeed receive and send papers by the post, yet the publick opinion was otherwise, for what I did send was by bribing the riders, who took them privately, Bradford being unkind enough to forbid it, which occasion’d some resentment on my part; and I thought so meanly of him

Korean

apprehensive: 근심하는, 우려하는, 우

려하여, 이해가 빠른.

behindhand: 려, 늦어, 늦게되어, 늦

어진, 뒤늦게, 뒤떨어진, 린, 늦게.

competitor: 경쟁자, 경쟁상 .

disadvantage: 불리한 입장, 불편, 불

리, 불리하게 하다.

duly: 정식으로, 당연히, 제시간에, 바

로, 적당히, 둔하게.

expensively: 비용을 들여, 비싸게.

forbid: 금하다, 허락지않다, 금지하다,

방해하다, 하는 일이 절 로 없기를.

imported: 수입품의.

privately: 은 히, 개인으로서, 남몰래

, 몰래.

scorn: 경멸하다, 경멸, 떳떳하게 여기

지 않다, 냉소하다, 경멸받는 것, 거절

하다, 조소하다, 경멸받는 사람.

shooting: 촬영, 사격, 총사냥, 발사, 격

통, 수렵, 사출, 사냥터, 쿡쿡 쑤시는

아픔, 수렵 구역.

snug: 아늑한, 넉넉한, 숨은, 조촐한,

깨끗한, 내항성있는, 잘 정비된, 서로

기분 좋게 눕다, 가지런히 정비된, 단

정히 하다, 아담한.

straggling: 뿔뿔이 흩어지다, 무질서하

게 나아가다, 뒤떨어지다, 뻗쳐 퍼지

다, 산재하다, 우거지다, 낙오한.

swimmingly: 거침없이, 일사천리로,

술술.

thriving: 번성하는.

wheelbarrow: 외바퀴 손수레, 일륜차,

일륜차로 운반하다.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 66

for it, that, when I afterward came into his situation, I took care never to imitate it.%

I had hitherto continu’d to board with Godfrey, who lived in part of my house with his wife and children, and had one side of the shop for his glazier’s business, tho’ he worked little, being always absorbed in his mathematics. Mrs. Godfrey projected a match for me with a relation’s daughter, took opportunities of bringing us often together, till a serious courtship on my part ensu’d, the girl being in herself very deserving. The old folks encourag’d me by continual invitations to supper, and by leaving us together, till at length it was time to explain. Mrs. Godfrey manag’d our little treaty. I let her know that I expected as much money with their daughter as would pay off my remaining debt for the printing-house, which I believe was not then above a hundred pounds. She brought me word they had no such sum to spare; I said they might mortgage their house in the loan-office. The answer to this, after some days, was, that they did not approve the match; that, on inquiry of Bradford, they had been inform’d the printing business was not a profitable one; the types would soon be worn out, and more wanted; that S. Keimer and D. Harry had failed one after the other, and I should probably soon follow them; and, therefore, I was forbidden the house, and the daughter shut up.

Whether this was a real change of sentiment or only artifice, on a supposition of our being too far engaged in affection to retract, and therefore that we should steal a marriage, which would leave them at liberty to give or withhold what they pleas’d, I know not; but I suspected the latter, resented it, and went no more. Mrs. Godfrey brought me afterward some more favorable accounts of their disposition, and would have drawn me on again; but I declared absolutely my resolution to have nothing more to do with that family. This was resented by the Godfreys; we differ’d, and they removed, leaving me the whole house, and I resolved to take no more inmates.

But this affair having turned my thoughts to marriage, I look’d round me and made overtures of acquaintance in other places; but soon found that, the business of a printer being generally thought a poor one, I was not to expect money with a

Korean

absorbed: 열중한, 마음을 빼앗긴, 흡

수된, 병합된, 여념 없는.

artifice: 개교, 고안, 책략, 모략, 기술,

교활, 기교, 교묘한 착상.

continual: 빈번한, 계속적인, 끊임없

는, 자주 일어나는, 연속적인.

deserving: 받을 가치가 있는, 보상받

을 만한, 원조 받을 만한.

disposition: 성질, 처리, 배치, 성향,

처분, 배열.

godfrey: 남자이름.

liberty: 자유, 멋 로함, 자유구역, 방

종, 시효로 얻은 특권, 칙허로 얻은 특

권, 특권, 할 자유.

resolved: 단호한, 결심한, 깊이 생각한

, 숙고한, 결의한.

retract: 취소하다, 철회하다, 한 말을

취소하다, 쑥 들어가다, 뒤로 물리다,

움츠러들이다, 오그라들다, 기체내로

끌어들이다, 수축시키다, 쑥 들어가게

하다, 쑥 들어가게하다.

sentiment: 의견, 감상, 정서, 감정의,

감상적인, 다감, 정취, 다감한, 감정,

감정에 흐르는 경향, 감정적인 생각.

steal: 훔치다, 도둑질하다, 도루하다,

훔침, 횡재, 도둑질, 도루, 몰래 손에

넣다, 훔친물건, 몰래가다조용히 움직

이다, 싸게 산 물건.

supposition: 상상, 가정.

withhold: 보류하다, 억누르다, 주지

않다, 그만두다, 임금에서 공제하다.

worn: 녹초가 된, 낡아 빠진, 닳아빠진

.

Benjamin Franklin 67

wife, unless with such a one as I should not otherwise think agreeable. In the mean time, that hard-to-be-governed passion of youth hurried me frequently into intrigues with low women that fell in my way, which were attended with some expense and great inconvenience, besides a continual risque to my health by a distemper which of all things I dreaded, though by great good luck I escaped it. A friendly correspondence as neighbors and old acquaintances had continued between me and Mrs. Read’s family, who all had a regard for me from the time of my first lodging in their house. I was often invited there and consulted in their affairs, wherein I sometimes was of service. %I piti’d poor Miss Read’s unfortunate situation, who was generally dejected, seldom cheerful, and avoided company. I considered my giddiness and inconstancy when in London as in a great degree the cause of her unhappiness, tho’ the mother was good enough to think the fault more her own than mine, as she had prevented our marrying before I went thither, and persuaded the other match in my absence. Our mutual affection was revived, but there were now great objections to our union. The match was indeed looked upon as invalid, a preceding wife being said to be living in England; but this could not easily be prov’d, because of the distance; and, tho’ there was a report of his death, it was not certain. Then, tho’ it should be true, he had left many debts, which his successor might be call’d upon to pay. We ventured, however, over all these difficulties, and I took her to wife, September 1st, 1730. None of the inconveniences happened that we had apprehended, she proved a good and faithful helpmate, assisted me much by attending the shop; we throve together, and have ever mutually endeavored to make each other happy. Thus I corrected that great erratum as well as I could.

About this time, our club meeting, not at a tavern, but in a little room of Mr. Grace’s, set apart for that purpose, a proposition was made by me, that, since our books were often referr’d to in our disquisitions upon the queries, it might be convenient to us to have them altogether where we met, that upon occasion they might be consulted; and by thus clubbing our books to a common library, we should, while we lik’d to keep them together, have each of us the advantage of using the books of all the other members, which would be nearly as beneficial as if each owned the whole. It was lik’d and agreed to, and we fill’d one end of the

Korean

beneficial: 유리한, 유익, 이익이 있는,

이익이 나는, 유익한.

cheerful: 즐거운, 유쾌한, 쾌활한, 싫

은, 지독한, 마음으로 부터의, 기분 좋

은, 기운찬, 마음을 밝게하는, 명랑한,

밝은.

convenient: 편리한, 에 가까운, 형편

이 좋은, 손쉬운, 형편이좋은, 간편한

손쉽고 편리한, 사용하기 좋은, 부근

에.

dejected: 기운 없는, 낙담한, 낙심한.

faithful: 성실한, 신뢰할 수 있는, 신자

들, 정확한, 충실한, 충실한 신도들,

정확.

giddiness: 현기증, 경솔, 어지러움.

helpmate: 협력자, 배우자, 동료, 내조

자.

hurried: 매우 급한, 재촉하는.

inconstancy: 변하기 쉬움, 부정, 변덕

스러운 행위, 변덕스러운, 변덕.

invalid: 병약한, 병약자, 병자, 무효의,

병약자 취급을 받다, 병약하게 되다,

병약자로서 면제하다, 병약하게 하다,

상병으로 현역에서 제 하다, 상이 군

인 명부에 기입하다, 허약한.

mutually: 공동으로, 서로, 상호로.

passion: 열정, 격정, 정욕, 정열, 수난,

감정의 폭발, 울화, 수동, 열렬한 사랑

, 감탄하는 것, 열망하는 것.

risque: 문란한, 외설의, 음란한.

successor: 후임자, 상속인, 뒤를 잇는

사람, 후임.

unhappiness: 불행, 비애, 불운, 비참.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 68

room with such books as we could best spare. The number was not so great as we expected; and tho’ they had been of great use, yet some inconveniences occurring for want of due care of them, the collection, after about a year, was separated, and each took his books home again

And now I set on foot my first project of a public nature, that for a subscription library. I drew up the proposals, got them put into form by our great scrivener, Brockden, and, by the help of my friends in the Junto, procured fifty subscribers of forty shillings each to begin with, and ten shillings a year for fifty years, the term our company was to continue. We afterwards obtain’d a charter, the company being increased to one hundred: this was the mother of all the North American subscription libraries, now so numerous. It is become a great thing itself, and continually increasing. These libraries have improved the general conversation of the Americans, made the common tradesmen and farmers as intelligent as most gentlemen from other countries, and perhaps have contributed in some degree to the stand so generally made throughout the colonies in defense of their privileges.%

TWO LETTERS

Memo. Thus far was written with the intention express’d in the beginning and

therefore contains several little family anecdotes of no importance to others. What follows was written many years after in compliance with the advice contain’d in these letters, and accordingly intended for the public. The affairs of the Revolution occasion’d the interruption.

Letter from Mr. Abel James, with Notes of my Life (received in Paris).

My dear and honored Friend,

Korean

abel: 아벨, 남자 이름.

charter: 헌장, 특허장, 특허하다, 전세,

특허장을 주다, 특허에 의한, 전세낸,

용선 계약으로 빌다, 특권을 주다, 특

허장에 의해 설립하다, 허가서.

compliance: 순종, 응낙, 컴플라이언스

, 승낙, 응락, 친절, 추종.

forty: 마흔, 사십.

gentlemen: 남자분, 신사, 아마추어 선

수, 남자용 화장실, 유산 유한 계급의

사람, 귀족이 아니면서 가문을 다는

특권을 가진 사람.

honored: 명예로운, 영광로 생각하여,

명예를 받은, 명예스러운, 명예스럽게

생각하여, 영광스럽게 생각하여.

improved: 개량하는, 개선하는.

intelligent: 지적인, 총명한, 영리한,

현명한, 정보처리 기능을 가진, 재치

있는, 이해력있는, 이해력이 좋은, 이

성적인, 이해력이 있는.

intention: 의지, 결혼할 의사, 의미, 취

지, 목적, 의향, 치유, 유합, 합창.

libraries: 도서관.

numerous: 다수의, 곡조가 아름다운,

많은, 셀수 없이 많은, 수많은.

spare: 절약하다, 할애하다, 용서하다,

나누어 주다, 예비품, 아끼지 않다, 아

끼다, 없는 로 지내다, 억누르다, 검

약하다, 삼가다.

subscription: 서명, 응모, 기부, 예약

구독료, 예약, 신청, 예약 구독, 기부

의 신청, 예약 구독의 유효 기간, 서명

승낙.

Benjamin Franklin 69

I have often been desirous of writing to thee, but could not be reconciled to the thought that the letter might fall into the hands of the British, lest some printer or busy-body should publish some part of the contents, and give our friend pain, and myself censure.%

Some time since there fell into my hands, to my great joy, about twenty-three sheets in thy own handwriting, containing an account of the parentage and life of thyself, directed to thy son, ending in the year 1730, with which there were notes, likewise in thy writing; a copy of which I inclose, in hopes it may be a means, if thou continued it up to a later period, that the first and latter part may be put together; and if it is not yet continued, I hope thee will not delay it. Life is uncertain, as the preacher tells us; and what will the world say if kind, humane, and benevolent Ben. Franklin should leave his friends and the world deprived of so pleasing and profitable a work; a work which would be useful and entertaining not only to a few, but to millions? The influence writings under that class have on the minds of youth is very great, and has nowhere appeared to me so plain, as in our public friend’s journals. It almost insensibly leads the youth into the resolution of endeavoring to become as good and eminent as the journalist. Should thine, for instance, when published (and I think it could not fail of it), lead the youth to equal the industry and temperance of thy early youth, what a blessing with that class would such a work be! I know of no character living, nor many of them put together, who has so much in his power as thyself to promote a greater spirit of industry and early attention to business, frugality, and temperance with the American youth. Not that I think the work would have no other merit and use in the world, far from it; but the first is of such vast importance that I know nothing that can equal it….

ABEL JAMES

The foregoing letter and the minutes accompanying it being shown to a friend, I received from him the following:

Korean

accompanying: 따르는, 동봉한, 동반

중인, 수행중인.

benevolent: 자비스러운, 친절한, 자애

로운, 호의적인, 박애의, 유순한, 자선

적인, 인정많은.

contents: 찬성 투표, 찬성 투표자.

deprived: 가난한, 가난한 사람들, 불

우한.

ending: 종결, 어미, 말미, 결말, 사망,

활용 어미, 어미의, 종결의, 최후의,

최후.

foregoing: 전술한, 앞의, 앞서 말한,

앞서 말한 것.

humane: 우아한, 사람을 고상하게 만

드는, 인정있는, 친절한, 인도적인, 사

람을 고상하게 하는.

inclose: 넣다, 동봉하다, 둘러막다, 에

워싸다.

insensibly: 알아차리지 못할 만큼, 천

천히, 눈에 띄지 않을 정도로.

instance: 경우, 보기로 들다, 소송, 예,

권고, 권유, 실례, 시사, 제의, 보기실

례, 부탁.

journalist: 저널리스트, 신문업자.

leads: 지붕을 잇는데 쓰는 함석.

parentage: 가문, 혈통, 태생, 부모임.

preacher: 설교자, 목사.

publish: 발표하다, 출판하다, 공포하

다, 공표하다, 서적 따위를 출판하다,

작품이 출판되다, 잡지 따위를 출판하

다, 출판 사업에 종사하다, 출판되다.

thine: 너의 것.

thyself: 너 자신, 그 자신.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 70

Letter from Mr. Benjamin Vaughan.%

Paris, January 31, 1783.

My dearest sir, When I had read over your sheets of minutes of the principal

incidents of your life, recovered for you by your Quaker acquaintance, I told you I would send you a letter expressing my reasons why I thought it would be useful to complete and publish it as he desired. Various concerns have for some time past prevented this letter being written, and I do not know whether it was worth any expectation; happening to be at leisure, however, at present, I shall by writing, at least interest and instruct myself; but as the terms I am inclined to use may tend to offend a person of your manners, I shall only tell you how I would address any other person, who was as good and as great as yourself, but less diffident. I would say to him, Sir, I solicit the history of your life from the following motives.

Your history is so remarkable, that if you do not give it, somebody else will certainly give it; and perhaps so as nearly to do as much harm, as your own management of the thing might do good.

It will moreover present a table of the internal circumstances of your country, which will very much tend to invite to it settlers of virtuous and manly minds. And considering the eagerness with which such information is sought by them, and the extent of your reputation, I do not know of a more efficacious advertisement than your biography would give.

All that has happened to you is also connected with the detail of the manners and situation of a rising people; and in this respect I do not think that the writings of Caesar and Tacitus can be more interesting to a true judge of human nature and society.

But these, sir, are small reasons, in my opinion, compared with the chance which your life will give for the forming of future great men; and in conjunction with your Art of Virtue (which you design to publish) of

Korean

advertisement: 광고, 선전, 통고.

benjamin: 막내아들, 막내, 귀동이, 막

내둥이, 베냐민, 이스라엘 12 지파의

하나, 남자 이름.

biography: 전기, 전기 문학.

conjunction: 접속사, 결합, 연결, 접속

, 합, 동시 발생, 접합, 합동, 삭, 연락.

diffident: 자신없는, 암띰, 망설임, 수

줍은, 자신없음, 자신 없는.

eagerness: 열의, 열망, 열심.

efficacious: 유효한, 효과 있는.

expectation: 기 , 가망성, 예기, 예상,

유산 상속의 가망성, 바라는 목표.

forming: 형성, 편성, 연합군 부 .

harm: 해, 손해, 된서리 맞다, 해악, 손

상, 상해, 해치다.

invite: 초 장, 초 하다, 끌다, 가져오

다, 초래하다, 간청하다, 자아내다, 부

탁하다, 끌다 쏠리게하다, 야기시키다

, 청하다.

leisure: 여가, 천천히, 안일, 한가한,

한가한 시간.

manners: 예의, 예절, 풍습.

offend: 싫은, 감정을 해치다, 죄를 범

하다, 예의 따위를 위반하다, 죄를 짓

게 하다, 정의감 따위를 손상시키다,

감정을 상하게 하다, 위반하다, 감각

따위를 손상시키다, 과오를 범하다,

남의 감정을 상하게 하다.

recovered: 회복한, 병 등에서 회복한.

solicit: 간청하다, 교사하다, 구하다,

끌다, 권유하다, 뇌물을 써서 애걸하

다, 손님을 끌다, 유혹하다.

Benjamin Franklin 71

improving the features of private character, and consequently of aiding all happiness, both public and domestic.%

The two works I allude to, sir, will in particular give a noble rule and example of self-education. School and other education constantly proceed upon false principles, and show a clumsy apparatus pointed at a false mark; but your apparatus is simple, and the mark a true one; and while parents and young persons are left destitute of other just means of estimating and becoming prepared for a reasonable course in life, your discovery that the thing is in many a man’s private power, will be invaluable!

Influence upon the private character, late in life, is not only an influence late in life, but a weak influence. It is in youth that we plant our chief habits and prejudices; it is in youth that we take our party as to profession, pursuits and matrimony. In youth, therefore, the turn is given; in youth the education even of the next generation is given; in youth the private and public character is determined; and the term of life extending but from youth to age, life ought to begin well from youth, and more especially before we take our party as to our principal objects.

But your biography will not merely teach self-education, but the education of a wise man; and the wisest man will receive lights and improve his progress, by seeing detailed the conduct of another wise man. And why are weaker men to be deprived of such helps, when we see our race has been blundering on in the dark, almost without a guide in this particular, from the farthest trace of time? Show then, sir, how much is to be done, both to sons and fathers; and invite all wise men to become like yourself, and other men to become wise.

When we see how cruel statesmen and warriors can be to the human race, and how absurd distinguished men can be to their acquaintance, it will be instructive to observe the instances multiply of pacific, acquiescing manners; and to find how compatible it is to be great and domestic, enviable and yet good-humored.

Korean

absurd: 불합리한, 어리석은, 부조리한

, 모순된, 부조리.

allude: 넌지시 비추다, 에 관해 말하다

, 논급하다, 언급하다, 암시하다.

apparatus: 기구, 장치, 조직, 기관, 설

비.

clumsy: 꼴사나운, 다루기 힘든, 쓰기

불편한, 볼품없는, 재치 없는, 어색한,

솜씨시없는, 무뚝뚝한, 모양없는, 서

투른, 모양 없는.

compatible: 양립할 수 있는, 흑백 수

상기에 흑백으로 수상할 수 있는 겸용

식의, 호환성의, 양립할수있는, 모순

이 없는.

cruel: 잔인한, 심한, 잔혹한, 아주, 몹

시, 지독하게, 무정한, 무참한, 비차만

, 비참한, 지독한.

destitute: 결핍한, 군색한, 빈곤한.

detailed: 상세한.

enviable: 바람직한, 부러운, 샘나는.

farthest: 가장먼, 가장멀리, 가장 먼,

가장 멀리.

good-humored: 기분 좋은.

habits: 버릇, 습관.

instructive: 교육적인, 유익한, 교훈적

인.

invaluable: 매우 귀중한, 귀중한, 평가

못할 만큼의, 값을 헤아릴수 없는, 값

을 헤아릴 수 없는.

matrimony: 결혼, 결혼 생활.

multiply: 곱하다, 번식하다, 늘리다,

번식시키다, 증가시키다.

self-education: 독학.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 72

The little private incidents which you will also have to relate, will have considerable use, as we want, above all things, rules of prudence in ordinary affairs; and it will be curious to see how you have acted in these. It will be so far a sort of key to life, and explain many things that all men ought to have once explained to them, to give, them a chance of becoming wise by foresight.%

The nearest thing to having experience of one’s own, is to have other people’s affairs brought before us in a shape that is interesting; this is sure to happen from your pen; our affairs and management will have an air of simplicity or importance that will not fail to strike; and I am convinced you have conducted them with as much originality as if you had been conducting discussions in politics or philosophy; and what more worthy of experiments and system (its importance and its errors considered) than human life?

Some men have been virtuous blindly, others have speculated fantastically, and others have been shrewd to bad purposes; but you, sir, I am sure, will give under your hand, nothing but what is at the same moment, wise, practical and good.

Your account of yourself (for I suppose the parallel I am drawing for Dr. Franklin, will hold not only in point of character, but of private history) will show that you are ashamed of no origin; a thing the more important, as you prove how little necessary all origin is to happiness, virtue, or greatness.

As no end likewise happens without a means, so we shall find, sir, that even you yourself framed a plan by which you became considerable; but at the same time we may see that though the event is flattering, the means are as simple as wisdom could make them; that is, depending upon nature, virtue, thought and habit.

Another thing demonstrated will be the propriety of everyman’s waiting for his time for appearing upon the stage of the world. Our sensations being very much fixed to the moment, we are apt to forget that more moments are to follow the first, and consequently that man

Korean

ashamed: 낯을 붉히어, 부끄러워하여,

부끄러이 여겨, 부끄러워.

blindly: 맹목적으로, 무턱 고.

convinced: 확신을 가진, 신념이 있는.

fantastically: 공상적으로, 괴상하게,

환상적으로.

framed: 틀에 낀.

greatness: 큼, 탁월, 위 , 다 함, 저

명, 웅 , 다 , 거 , 거 함, 중 ,

다량.

habit: 습관, 버릇, 습성, 에 살다, 복장,

기질, 체질, 여성승마복, 입히다, 여성

승마복, 의복.

happiness: 행복, 행운, 유쾌, 교묘, 적

절, 기쁨, 교묘함.

originality: 기인, 진품, 창의, 신기, 독

창성, 원물임, 독창력, 기발.

pen: 펜, 쓰다, 우리, 축사, 우리에 넣다

, 구치소, 가두다, 백조의 암컷, 문체,

울타리속에 넣다, 편지 따위를 쓰다.

prudence: 신중, 분별, 사려, 검소, 여

자 이름, 사려 분별.

relate: 말하다, 관계시키다, 관련시키

다, 이야기하다, 관련이 있다, 친척으

로 삼다, 와 친척 관계에 있다, 친척

관계에 있다.

simplicity: 간소, 순진, 단순, 소박, 평

이, 무지, 간단, 우직.

wisdom: 학문, 지혜, 현명, 지식, 분별

현인, 금언, 명언, 현인.

worthy: 훌륭한, 명사, 하기에 족한, 훌

륭한 인물, 상당한, 가치있는, 사람,

가치 있는.

Benjamin Franklin 73

should arrange his conduct so as to suit the whole of a life. Your attribution appears to have been applied to your life, and the passing moments of it have been enlivened with content and enjoyment instead of being tormented with foolish impatience or regrets. Such a conduct is easy for those who make virtue and themselves in countenance by examples of other truly great men, of whom patience is so often the characteristic.%

Your Quaker correspondent, sir (for here again I will suppose the subject of my letter resembling Dr. Franklin), praised your frugality, diligence and temperance, which he considered as a pattern for all youth; but it is singular that he should have forgotten your modesty and your disinterestedness, without which you never could have waited for your advancement, or found your situation in the mean time comfortable; which is a strong lesson to show the poverty of glory and the importance of regulating our minds.

If this correspondent had known the nature of your reputation as well as I do, he would have said, Your former writings and measures would secure attention to your Biography, and Art of Virtue; and your Biography and Art of Virtue, in return, would secure attention to them. This is an advantage attendant upon a various character, and which brings all that belongs to it into greater play; and it is the more useful, as perhaps more persons are at a loss for the means of improving their minds and characters, than they are for the time or the inclination to do it.

But there is one concluding reflection, sir, that will shew the use of your life as a mere piece of biography. This style of writing seems a little gone out of vogue, and yet it is a very useful one; and your specimen of it may be particularly serviceable, as it will make a subject of comparison with the lives of various public cutthroats and intriguers, and with absurd monastic self-tormentors or vain literary triflers. If it encourages more writings of the same kind with your own, and induces more men to spend lives fit to be written, it will be worth all Plutarch’s Lives put together.

Korean

attendant: 시중드는, 수행의, 수행원,

수반물, 부수의, 출석자, 곁에 따르는

사람, 출석의, 출석의-곁에 따르는 사

람, 따라다니는, 시중드는 사람.

attribution: 속성, 귀속, 귀인, 귀착시

킴.

correspondent: 거래처, 응하는, 통

신인, 일치하는 것, 서신왕래자, 기고

가, 특파원, 일치하는, 통신원, 거래점

, 응하는 것.

disinterestedness: 무관심, 사심.

foolish: 하찮은, 바보같은, 미련한, 어

리석은.

glory: 장관, 기뻐하다, 영광, 후광, 명

예, 번영, 죽다, 송영, 자랑하다, 찬미,

성조기.

impatience: 조바심, 성급함, 초조, 견

딜 수 없음, 참을수 없는일, 조급, 안

달, 성급.

lesson: 학과, 교훈, 일과, 과업, 연습,

수업, 훈계하다, 연속적인 수업, 과,

교과서 중의 과, 교습.

mere: 호수, 단순한, 에 불과한, 못, 명

색뿐인, 에 지나지 않는, 전적인 호수.

monastic: 수도원의, 금욕적인, 소도사

의, 수도원적인, 수사.

poverty: 가난, 결핍, 불모, 빈약.

reflection: 감상, 비난, 반사, 반영, 반

성, 영상, 숙고, 내성, 영향, 의견, 반

사열.

shew: 흥행, 기회, 보임, 삼위, 시늉, 시

도, 흔적.

vogue: 인기, 유행, 유행, 유행의.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 74

But being tired of figuring to myself a character of which every feature suits only one man in the world, without giving him the praise of it, I shall end my letter, my dear Dr. Franklin, with a personal application to your proper self.%

I am earnestly desirous, then, my dear sir, that you should let the world into the traits of your genuine character, as civil broils nay otherwise tend to disguise or traduce it. Considering your great age, the caution of your character, and your peculiar style of thinking, it is not likely that any one besides yourself can be sufficiently master of the facts of your life, or the intentions of your mind.

Besides all this, the immense revolution of the present period, will necessarily turn our attention towards the author of it, and when virtuous principles have been pretended in it, it will be highly important to shew that such have really influenced; and, as your own character will be the principal one to receive a scrutiny, it is proper (even for its effects upon your vast and rising country, as well as upon England and upon Europe) that it should stand respectable and eternal. For the furtherance of human happiness, I have always maintained that it is necessary to prove that man is not even at present a vicious and detestable animal; and still more to prove that good management may greatly amend him; and it is for much the same reason, that I am anxious to see the opinion established, that there are fair characters existing among the individuals of the race; for the moment that all men, without exception, shall be conceived abandoned, good people will cease efforts deemed to be hopeless, and perhaps think of taking their share in the scramble of life, or at least of making it comfortable principally for themselves.

Take then, my dear sir, this work most speedily into hand: shew yourself good as you are good; temperate as you are temperate; and above all things, prove yourself as one, who from your infancy have loved justice, liberty and concord, in a way that has made it natural and consistent for you to have acted, as we have seen you act in the last seventeen years of your life. Let Englishmen be made not only to respect,

Korean

amend: 고치다, 고쳐지다, 수정하다,

개정하다, 개심하다, 정정하다.

concord: 협화음, 일치, 화합, 협약, 호

응, 협정, 화현, 콩코드 포도, 콩코드,

조화, 우호협정.

eternal: 영원한, 영구한, 끝없는, 평상

시의, 예의, 불멸의, 변함없는, 영원한

것, 하느님.

furtherance: 조장, 촉진.

hopeless: 가망없는, 절감의, 희망없는,

희망을 잃은, 쓸모없는.

infancy: 초기, 유년, 미성년, 유소, 요

람기, 유아, 미성년에, 초기에, 유년시

.

nay: 아니, 거절, 반 투표, 거부, 그

뿐만아니라, 불가능하다, 그렇기는 커

녕, 그렇기는 하나, 라기보다는, 반 ,

뿐만아니라.

pretended: 거짓의.

scramble: 기어오르다, 퍼지다, 서로

다투어 빼앗다, 기다, 주파수 변환기,

우유를 넣어 휘저어 익히다, 그러모으

다, 불규칙하게 뻗다, 쟁탈전, 급히 서

둘러 하다, 긴급 출격.

speedily: 즉시의, 재빠른, 조속한, 민

속한, 빨리.

temperate: 삼가는, 온난한, 절제하는,

온건한, 절주의, 중용을 지키는.

traduce: 중상하다, 비방하다.

vicious: 지독한, 악의 있는, 부도덕한,

타락한, 악습이 있는, 부정확한, 버릇

나쁜, 결함이 있는, 사악한, 심한, 버

릇이 고약한.

Benjamin Franklin 75

but even to love you. When they think well of individuals in your native country, they will go nearer to thinking well of your country; and when your countrymen see themselves well thought of by Englishmen, they will go nearer to thinking well of England. Extend your views even further; do not stop at those who speak the English tongue, but after having settled so many points in nature and politics, think of bettering the whole race of men.%

As I have not read any part of the life in question, but know only the character that lived it, I write somewhat at hazard. I am sure, however, that the life and the treatise I allude to (on the Art of Virtue) will necessarily fulfil the chief of my expectations; and still more so if you take up the measure of suiting these performances to the several views above stated. Should they even prove unsuccessful in all that a sanguine admirer of yours hopes from them, you will at least have framed pieces to interest the human mind; and whoever gives a feeling of pleasure that is innocent to man, has added so much to the fair side of a life otherwise too much darkened by anxiety and too much injured by pain.

In the hope, therefore, that you will listen to the prayer addressed to you in this letter, I beg to subscribe myself, my dearest sir, etc., etc.,

BENJ. VAUGHAN.

Korean

admirer: 숭배자, 팬, 찬양자, 구혼자,

찬미자, 환심을 사려는 남자.

beg: 빌다, 구걸하다, 빌어먹다, 앞발을

들고서다, 발을들고서다, 시주해 줄

것을 청하다, 애걸하다, 앞발을 들고

서서 재롱부리다, 부탁하다, 간청하다

, 용서를 청하다.

fulfil: 이행하다, 적합하다, 힘을 완전

히 발휘하다, 완수하다, 자신의 소질

을 충분히 발휘하다, 종료하다, 달성

하다, 다하다.

hazard: 우연, 위험, 운, 모험, 걸다, 주

사위 놀이의 일종, 해보다, 위태롭게

하다, 위험을 무릅쓰고 하다, 주사위

도박의 일종.

prayer: 기도식, 기도의 문구, 기원, 간

원, 기도하는 사람, 탄원, 기도, 기도

의 목적물 기.

sanguine: 희망에 찬, 명랑한, 혈색이

좋은, 쾌활한, 다혈질의, 피비린내나

는, 붉은 초크 그림, 붉은 초크, 붉은

크레용 그림, 붉은 크레용.

subscribe: 서명하다, 예약하다, 기부

하다, 응모하다, 기부자 명부에 써넣

다, 서명하여 동의 하다, 찬성하다, 구

독하다, 기부명부에 기명하다, 승낙하

다, 동의하다.

suiting: 양복지, 복지.

treatise: 논문, 논설.

unsuccessful: 성공하지 못한, 실패한,

잘되지 않은.

whoever: 하는 사람은 누구든, 도 체

누가, 누구나, 도 체 누구를.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 76

PART TWO

Continuation of the Account of my Life.%

Begun at Passy, near Paris, 1784.

It is some time since I receiv’d the above letters, but I have been too busy till now to think of complying with the request they contain. It might, too, be much better done if I were at home among my papers, which would aid my memory, and help to ascertain dates; but my return being uncertain and having just now a little leisure, I will endeavor to recollect and write what I can; if I live to get home, it may there be corrected and improv’d.

Not having any copy here of what is already written, I know not whether an account is given of the means I used to establish the Philadelphia public library, which, from a small beginning, is now become so considerable, though I remember to have come down to near the time of that transaction (1730). I will therefore begin here with an account of it, which may be struck out if found to have been already given.

At the time I establish’d myself in Pennsylvania, there was not a good bookseller’s shop in any of the colonies to the southward of Boston. In New York and Philad’a the printers were indeed stationers; they sold only paper, etc., almanacs, ballads, and a few common school-books. Those who lov’d reading

Korean

ascertain: 확인하다, 알아내다, 을 확

인하다, 확실히 하다, 명백히 하다.

busy: 통화중인, 바쁜, 번화한, 참견 잘

하는, 바쁘게 만들다, 전화가 통화중

인, 참견 잘하는, 부지런히 일하는.

contain: 포함하다, 참다, 견제하다, 끼

다, 들어가다, 억누르다, 담고있다, 와

같다, 품다, 인수로 가지다, 이 들어가

다.

establish: 입증하다, 설립하다, 확증하

다, 확립하다, 제정하다, 개업시키다,

기반을 잡게하다, 안정된 지위에 놓이

게 하다, 앉히다, 정하다, 인정하다.

papers: 서류, 신문 증명서.

recollect: 다시 모으다, 회상하다, 가라

앉히다, 생각해 내다, 생각나다, 기억

나다, 북돋우다, 진정시키다, 냉정하

게 하다, 다시 불러일으키다, 상기다.

request: 수요, 요구, 간청, 요청하다,

바라다, 청구물, 요청, 소원, 의뢰, 청

원서, 청구.

southward: 남으로부터, 남으로, 남쪽

에, 남쪽으로, 남쪽으로의, 남쪽의.

till: 까지, 갈다, 돈궤, 서랍, 귀중품함,

할 때까지는, 하여 마침내, 표석 점토,

배양하다, 땅을 갈다, 까지줄곧.

transaction: 처리, 학보, 거래, 의사록,

초악티니드 계열, 화해, 희보, 업무,

트랜잭션, 회보, 계약.

uncertain: 불확실한, 일정치 않은, 흔

들거리는, 믿을 수 없는, 분명치 않은,

의심스러운, 변하기 쉬운, 확신이 없

는, 확정되지 않은.

Benjamin Franklin 77

were oblig’d to send for their books from England; the members of the Junto had each a few. We had left the alehouse, where we first met, and hired a room to hold our club in. I propos’d that we should all of us bring our books to that room, where they would not only be ready to consult in our conferences, but become a common benefit, each of us being at liberty to borrow such as he wish’d to read at home. This was accordingly done, and for some time contented us.%

Finding the advantage of this little collection, I propos’d to render the benefit from books more common, by commencing a public subscription library. I drew a sketch of the plan and rules that would be necessary, and got a skilful conveyancer, Mr. Charles Brockden, to put the whole in form of articles of agreement to be subscribed, by which each subscriber engag’d to pay a certain sum down for the first purchase of books, and an annual contribution for increasing them. So few were the readers at that time in Philadelphia, and the majority of us so poor, that I was not able, with great industry, to find more than fifty persons, mostly young tradesmen, willing to pay down for this purpose forty shillings each, and ten shillings per annum. On this little fund we began. The books were imported; the library wag opened one day in the week for lending to the subscribers, on their promissory notes to pay double the value if not duly returned. The institution soon manifested its utility, was imitated by other towns, and in other provinces. The libraries were augmented by donations; reading became fashionable; and our people, having no publick amusements to divert their attention from study, became better acquainted with books, and in a few years were observ’d by strangers to be better instructed and more intelligent than people of the same rank generally are in other countries.

When we were about to sign the above-mentioned articles, which were to be binding upon us, our heirs, etc., for fifty years, Mr. Brockden, the scrivener, said to us, “You are young men, but it is scarcely probable that any of you will live to see the expiration of the term fix’d in the instrument.” A number of us, however, are yet living; but the instrument was after a few years rendered null by a charter that incorporated and gave perpetuity to the company.

Korean

above-mentioned: 위에 말한, 이미 언

급한.

annum: 해, 한해, 년.

augmented: 증가된, 는, 증음된.

contented: 만족하고 있는, 흡족해 하

는, 달갑게 하는, 만족한.

divert: 기분을전환하다, 즐겁게하다,

전환하다, 돌리다, 전용하다, 기분 전

환을 시키다, 다른 상을 향하게 하

다.

expiration: 만료, 만기, 날숨, 종결, 죽

음, 숨을 내쉼.

lending: 여, 빌어 입은 옷.

null: 무효의, 가치없는, 존재하지 않는

, 영으로하다, 특성없는, 하나도 없는,

제로, 영, 무표정의, 무익한, 무가치한

.

perpetuity: 영속, 영 재산, 종신 연

금, 영존, 종신 위계, 영속물.

promissory: 약속의, 지불을 약속하는.

render: 번역하다, 연출하다, 나타내다,

돌려주다, 제출하다, 보답하다, 표현

하다, 하다, 이 되게하다, 내다, 교부

하다.

skilful: 숙련된, 잘 만들어진.

subscriber: 기부자, 기명자, 예약자,

구독자, 정기회원, 응모자, 신청자, 서

명자, 가입자, 예약 구독자, 전화 가입

자.

wag: 흔들다, 익살꾸러기, 흔듦, 흔들

거림, 흔들리다, 흔들기, 출발하다, 여

러 모로 변해가다, 아장아장 걷다, 신

호하다, 농뗑이 부리다.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 78

The objections and reluctances I met with in soliciting the subscriptions, made me soon feel the impropriety of presenting one’s self as the proposer of any useful project, that might be suppos’d to raise one’s reputation in the smallest degree above that of one’s neighbors, when one has need of their assistance to accomplish that project. I therefore put myself as much as I could out of sight, and stated it as a scheme of a number of friends, who had requested me to go about and propose it to such as they thought lovers of reading. In this way my affair went on more smoothly, and I ever after practis’d it on such occasions; and, from my frequent successes, can heartily recommend it. The present little sacrifice of your vanity will afterwards be amply repaid. If it remains a while uncertain to whom the merit belongs, some one more vain than yourself will be encouraged to claim it, and then even envy will be disposed to do you justice by plucking those assumed feathers, and restoring them to their right owner.%

This library afforded me the means of improvement by constant study, for which I set apart an hour or two each day, and thus repair’d in some degree the loss of the learned education my father once intended for me. Reading was the only amusement I allow’d myself. I spent no time in taverns, games, or frolicks of any kind; and my industry in my business continu’d as indefatigable as it was necessary. I was indebted for my printing-house; I had a young family coming on to be educated, and I had to contend with for business two printers, who were established in the place before me. My circumstances, however, grew daily easier. My original habits of frugality continuing, and my father having, among his instructions to me when a boy, frequently repeated a proverb of Solomon, “Seest thou a man diligent in his calling, he shall stand before kings, he shall not stand before mean men,” I from thence considered industry as a means of obtaining wealth and distinction, which encourag’d me, tho’ I did not think that I should ever literally stand before kings, which, however, has since happened; for I have stood before five, and even had the honor of sitting down with one, the King of Denmark, to dinner.

Korean

accomplish: 숙달한, 완수하다, 가르치

다, 달성하다, 성취하다, 완성한, 소양

이있는, 소양이 있는, 이루다, 에게 가

르치다.

amply: 충분히, 널히, 널리.

contend: 다투다, 논쟁하다, 주장하다,

항쟁하다, 투쟁하다, 싸우다, 경쟁하

다, 경쟁자, 주장자, 논쟁자.

disposed: 배치된, 한 감정을 품고, 할

생각이 있는.

educated: 교양 있는, 교육받은, 지식

에 의한, 숙련된, 근거가 있는, 교육

받은, 경험에 의한.

indebted: 부채가 있는, 빚이 있는, 신

세를 진, 은혜를 입은.

indefatigable: 질리지 않는, 지칠 줄

모르는, 끈기있는, 지치지 않는, 지칠

줄 모르는.

literally: 글자뜻 로.

propose: 제안하다, 추천하다, 청혼하

다, 신청하다, 기도하다, 계획하다, 기

도하다-계획하다, 구혼하다, 제언하

다.

proposer: 제안자, 신청인, 신청자.

proverb: 속담, 동사, 평판 있는것,

우화, 인기 있는 것, 어떤 점에서 저명

한 것, 어떤 점에서 인기 있는 것, 속

담극, 저명한 것.

repeated: 되풀이된, 거듭된.

sacrifice: 희생타, 희생, 투매하다, 헌

신, 싸구려로, 그로 인한 손실, 제물,

희생타로 진루시키다, 희생적 행위,

희생하다, 희생타를 치다.

Benjamin Franklin 79

We have an English proverb that says, “He that would thrive, must ask his wife.” It was lucky for me that I had one as much dispos’d to industry and frugality as myself. She assisted me cheerfully in my business, folding and stitching pamphlets, tending shop, purchasing old linen rags for the papermakers, etc., etc. We kept no idle servants, our table was plain and simple, our furniture of the cheapest. For instance, my breakfast was a long time bread and milk (no tea), and I ate it out of a twopenny earthen porringer, with a pewter spoon. But mark how luxury will enter families, and make a progress, in spite of principle: being call’d one morning to breakfast, I found it in a China bowl, with a spoon of silver! They had been bought for me without my knowledge by my wife, and had cost her the enormous sum of three-and-twenty shillings, for which she had no other excuse or apology to make, but that she thought her husband deserv’d a silver spoon and China bowl as well as any of his neighbors. This was the first appearance of plate and China in our house, which afterward, in a course of years, as our wealth increas’d, augmented gradually to several hundred pounds in value.%

I had been religiously educated as a Presbyterian; and tho’ some of the dogmas of that persuasion, such as the eternal decrees of God, election, reprobation, etc., appeared to me unintelligible, others doubtful, and I early absented myself from the public assemblies of the sect, Sunday being my studying day, I never was without some religious principles. I never doubted, for instance, the existence of the Deity; that he made the world, and govern’d it by his Providence; that the most acceptable service of God was the doing good to man; that our souls are immortal; and that all crime will be punished, and virtue rewarded, either here or hereafter. These I esteem’d the essentials of every religion; and, being to be found in all the religions we had in our country, I respected them all, tho’ with different degrees of respect, as I found them more or less mix’d with other articles, which, without any tendency to inspire, promote, or confirm morality, serv’d principally to divide us, and make us unfriendly to one another. This respect to all, with an opinion that the worst had some good effects, induc’d me to avoid all discourse that might tend to lessen the good opinion another might have of his own religion; and as our province

Korean

decrees: 교령집.

earthen: 흙의, 흙으로 만든, 오지로 만

든, 흙으로만든, 오지로만든.

folding: 접는, 접을 수 있는, 저게된.

immortal: 영원한, 신의, 죽지 않는, 불

후의, 불사의, 죽지 않느 사람, 불후의

명성이 있는 사람, 불멸의 불후의, 죽

지않는 사람, 불멸의, 명성이 사라지

지 않는 사람.

inspire: 고무하다, 시사하다, 불어넣다

, 영감을 주다, 숨을 들이 쉬다, 숨을

들이쉬다, 일어나게하다, 빨아들이다,

지시를 주다, 고취하다, 감격시키다.

luxury: 사치, 사치품, 쾌락, 호화, 비싼

물건, 유쾌함.

pewter: 땜납, 백랍, 백랍제의 기물.

principally: 주로, 개, 체로.

rags: 누더기.

religiously: 양심적으로, 신앙심깊게,

종교적으로.

reprobation: 비난, 반 , 이의, 질책,

배격, 영벌, 영원의 정죄, 유기, 저버

림, 거절.

spite: 악의, 원한, 앙심으로, 에 짓궂게

굴다, 을 돌보지 않고, 에도 불구하고,

짓궂게 굴다, 앙갚음하다.

twopenny: 싸구려의, 펜스의, 맥주의

일종, 이펜스 동화, 이펜스의, 값싼.

unfriendly: 우정이 없는, 불친절한, 형

편이 좋지 않은, 해로운, 비우호적으

로, 적.

unintelligible: 이해할 수 없는, 분명

치 않은.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 80

increas’d in people, and new places of worship were continually wanted, and generally erected by voluntary contributions, my mite for such purpose, whatever might be the sect, was never refused.%

Tho’ I seldom attended any public worship, I had still an opinion of its propriety, and of its utility when rightly conducted, and I regularly paid my annual subscription for the support of the only Presbyterian minister or meeting we had in Philadelphia. He us’d to visit me sometimes as a friend, and admonish me to attend his administrations, and I was now and then prevail’d on to do so, once for five Sundays successively. Had he been in my opinion a good preacher, perhaps I might have continued, notwithstanding the occasion I had for the Sunday’s leisure in my course of study; but his discourses were chiefly either polemic arguments, or explications of the peculiar doctrines of our sect, and were all to me very dry, uninteresting, and unedifying, since not a single moral principle was inculcated or enforc’d, their aim seeming to be rather to make us Presbyterians than good citizens.

At length he took for his text that verse of the fourth chapter of Philippians, “Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, honest, just, pure, lovely, or of good report, if there be any virtue, or any praise, think on these things.” And I imagin’d, in a sermon on such a text, we could not miss of having some morality. But he confin’d himself to five points only, as meant by the apostle, viz.: 1. Keeping holy the Sabbath day. 2. Being diligent in reading the holy Scriptures. 3. Attending duly the publick worship. 4. Partaking of the Sacrament. 5. Paying a due respect to God’s ministers. These might be all good things; but, as they were not the kind of good things that I expected from that text, I despaired of ever meeting with them from any other, was disgusted, and attended his preaching no more. I had some years before compos’d a little Liturgy, or form of prayer, for my own private use (viz., in 1728), entitled, Articles of Belief and Acts of Religion. I return’d to the use of this, and went no more to the public assemblies. My conduct might be blameable, but I leave it, without attempting further to excuse it; my present purpose being to relate facts, and not to make apologies for them.

Korean

admonish: 훈계하다, 충고하다, 타이

르다, 깨우치다, 설유하다, 경고하다.

apostle: 사도, 최초의전도자, 주창자,

최초의 기독교 전도자, 총무 위원.

brethren: 동포, 회원, 동인, 형제, 같은

신도들.

disgusted: 메스꺼워찌게 하는.

mite: 진드기, 잔돈, 조금, 작은 것, 정

성어린 기부, 소액이지만 정성어린 기

부, 매우 조그만 것.

morality: 도덕, 교훈, 덕행, 도덕률, 도

의, 윤리학, 개인의 덕행, 이야기 따위

의 교훈, 도덕극, 도덕우의극.

partaking: 함께 하는.

preaching: 설교, 설교하는 것.

rightly: 바르게, 정확히, 정당하게, 틀

림없이, 정당히, 마땅히, 당연히, 정말

로, 적당히.

sermon: 잔소리, 설교, 설교하다, 교훈.

successively: 연속적으로, 잇따라서,

잇달아서.

unedifying: 계발하지 않는, 교훈이 되

지 않는.

uninteresting: 시시한, 흥미없는, 재미

없는.

verse: 절, 시, 시형, 시의 한 행, 귀절,

시가, 시를 짓다, 운문, 시의 절, 시로

짓다, 시로 표현하다.

whatsoever: 일은 무엇이든지, 도 체

무엇이, 것은 무엇이든지.

worship: 예배, 숭배, 예배하다, 경모,

각하, 숭배하다, 참배, 명예, 예배식,

존경, 참배하다.

Benjamin Franklin 81

It was about this time I conceiv’d the bold and arduous project of arriving at moral perfection. I wish’d to live without committing any fault at any time; I would conquer all that either natural inclination, custom, or company might lead me into. As I knew, or thought I knew, what was right and wrong, I did not see why I might not always do the one and avoid the other. But I soon found I had undertaken a task of more difficulty than I bad imagined. While my care was employ’d in guarding against one fault, I was often surprised by another; habit took the advantage of inattention; inclination was sometimes too strong for reason. I concluded, at length, that the mere speculative conviction that it was our interest to be completely virtuous, was not sufficient to prevent our slipping; and that the contrary habits must be broken, and good ones acquired and established, before we can have any dependence on a steady, uniform rectitude of conduct. For this purpose I therefore contrived the following method.%

In the various enumerations of the moral virtues I had met with in my reading, I found the catalogue more or less numerous, as different writers included more or fewer ideas under the same name. Temperance, for example, was by some confined to eating and drinking, while by others it was extended to mean the moderating every other pleasure, appetite, inclination, or passion, bodily or mental, even to our avarice and ambition. I propos’d to myself, for the sake of clearness, to use rather more names, with fewer ideas annex’d to each, than a few names with more ideas; and I included under thirteen names of virtues all that at that time occurr’d to me as necessary or desirable, and annexed to each a short precept, which fully express’d the extent I gave to its meaning.

These names of virtues, with their precepts, were:

1. TEMPERANCE. Eat not to dullness. Drink not to elevation.

2. SILENCE.

Korean

ambition: 망, 야심의 상, 패기, 야

심, 포부, 열망, 원한, 큰 뜻, 야망, 원

기.

appetite: 식욕, 욕구, 욕망, 기호.

arduous: 험악한, 부지런한, 힘드는,

어려운, 험한, 분투적인.

avarice: 탐욕.

bold: 가파른, 담한, 거리낌없는, 굵

은, 뚜렷한, 굵게, 볼드체의, 뻔뻔스러

운, 힘 있는, 두드러진, 뻔뻔한.

confined: 갇힌, 외출이 금지된, 좁은,

한정된, 해산 자리에 누워.

conquer: 정복하다, 극복하다, 손아귀

에 넣다, 억누르다, 획득하다, 승리를

얻다, 타파하다, 공략하다, 이가다, 승

리를 얻다.

drinking: 음주의, 마시기의, 음용의.

dullness: 지루함, 둔감, 둔함, 침울, 아

둔함 불경기, 멍청함.

elevation: 올리는일, 고상, 기품, 승진,

입면, 향상, 공중의 순간 정지, 고상하

게 함, 앙각, 입면도, 높임.

guarding: 망보는 것.

perfection: 완전, 극치, 완성, 완전한

사람, 우수한 점.

precept: 명령서, 교훈, 격언, 기술 따

위의 지침, 기술 따위의 작업지침, 지

침.

rectitude: 정직, 곧음, 성실, 정확, 청렴

.

speculative: 사색적인, 위험을 내포한,

순이론적인, 투기의, 투기적인, 위험

한.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 82

Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself. Avoid trifling conversation.%

3. ORDER.

Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.

4. RESOLUTION. Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you

resolve.

5. FRUGALITY. Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e., waste

nothing.

6. INDUSTRY. Lose no time; be always employ’d in something useful; cut off all

unnecessary actions.

7. SINCERITY. Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak,

speak accordingly.

8. JUSTICE. Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your

duty.

Korean

actions: 행위, 행실, 거등.

avoid: 피하다, 회피하다, 무효, 무효로

하다, 기피.

deceit: 사기, 거짓, 허위, 거짓의, 책략,

부실.

expense: 비용, 지출, 손실, 희생, 지출

금, 비용이 드는 일, 비돈이 드는 일,

소요 경비.

fail: 실패하다, 부족하다, 낙제하다, 게

을리하다, 파산하다, 모자라다, 약해

지다, 파산하다-실망시키다, 없다, 흉

작이 되다, 약속 따위를 태만히 하다.

i.e.: 즉 다시말하면.

innocently: 호인, 결백한, 깨끗한, 무

식한, 무해한, 순진한, 이 없는 사람,

죄없는.

ought: 영, 하기로 되어있다, 해야만

한다, 하기로 되어 있다, 빚이 있다,

하여야 한다, 지고 있다, 의무를 지고

있다, 을 지불할 의무가 있다, 을 반제

할 의무가 있다, 일 것이다.

perform: 연주하다, 성취하다, 실행하

다, 하다, 실행자, 연주자, 행하다, 공

연하다, 극을 공연하다, 약속 따위를

이행하다, 동물이 재주를 부리다.

resolve: 결심, 분해하다, 결정하다, 결

심하다, 해결하다, 결의, 불굴, 의결하

다, 용해하다, 풀다, 결단.

trifling: 하찮은, 경박한, 시시한, 사소

한, 게으른.

waste: 쇠약해지다, 낭비하다, 낭비, 폐

물, 황폐시키다, 황폐한, 낭비되다, 폐

물의, 불모의, 쇠약, 찌꺼기.

Benjamin Franklin 83

9. MODERATION.% Avoid extreams; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they

deserve.

10. CLEANLINESS. Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, cloaths, or habitation.

11. TRANQUILLITY. Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.

12. CHASTITY. Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dulness,

weakness, or the injury of your own or another’s peace or reputation.

13. HUMILITY. Imitate Jesus and Socrates.

My intention being to acquire the habitude of all these virtues, I judg’d it would be well not to distract my attention by attempting the whole at once, but to fix it on one of them at a time; and, when I should be master of that, then to proceed to another, and so on, till I should have gone thro’ the thirteen; and, as the previous acquisition of some might facilitate the acquisition of certain others, I arrang’d them with that view, as they stand above. Temperance first, as it tends to procure that coolness and clearness of head, which is so necessary where constant vigilance was to be kept up, and guard maintained against the unremitting attraction of ancient habits, and the force of perpetual temptations. This being acquir’d and establish’d, Silence would be more easy; and my desire being to gain knowledge at the same time that I improv’d in virtue, and

Korean

coolness: 냉담, 차가움, 뻔뻔스러움,

냉정, 시원함, 무뚝뚝함, 참착, 침작.

distract: 딴 데로 돌리다, 착란시키다,

어지럽히다, 괴롭히다, 빗가게 하다.

disturbed: 교란된, 정신장애자, 사란

한, 산란한, 정서장애가 있는, 정서장

애자, 정신장애가 있는.

facilitate: 촉진하다, 용이하게 하다,

쉽게하다, 쉽게 하다.

forbear: 억누르다, 참다, 삼가다, 그만

두다, 조상, 억제하다.

habitation: 거주, 주소, 주택.

habitude: 습관, 습성, 기질, 체질.

offspring: 자식, 자손, 결과.

perpetual: 종신의, 영구한, 끊임없는,

사철 피는, 영구하다, 다년생 식물, 부

단한, 잔소리 따위 부단한, 영속하는,

다년생의, 싸움 따위 부단한.

tolerate: 참다, 견디다, 관 히 다루다,

묵인하다, 내성이 있다, 관 하게 다

루다.

unavoidable: 피할 수 없는, 무효로할

수 없는, 피하기 어려운, 모면하기 어

려운.

unremitting: 끈질긴, 끊임 없는, 끊임

없는.

venery: 호색, 성교, 사냥.

vigilance: 불침번, 경계, 불면증, 철야,

조심, 불면, 각성 상태, 각성 활동, 각

성.

weakness: 우둔, 불충분, 결점, 약함,

우유부단, 약점, 저능, 유약, 박약, 마

음이 약함, 나약.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 84

considering that in conversation it was obtain’d rather by the use of the ears than of the tongue, and therefore wishing to break a habit I was getting into of prattling, punning, and joking, which only made me acceptable to trifling company, I gave Silence the second place. This and the next, Order, I expected would allow me more time for attending to my project and my studies. Resolution, once become habitual, would keep me firm in my endeavors to obtain all the subsequent virtues; Frugality and Industry freeing me from my remaining debt, and producing affluence and independence, would make more easy the practice of Sincerity and Justice, etc., etc. Conceiving then, that, agreeably to the advice of Pythagoras in his Golden Verses, daily examination would be necessary, I contrived the following method for conducting that examination.%

I made a little book, in which I allotted a page for each of the virtues. I rul’d each page with red ink, so as to have seven columns, one for each day of the week, marking each column with a letter for the day. I cross’d these columns with thirteen red lines, marking the beginning of each line with the first letter of one of the virtues, on which line, and in its proper column, I might mark, by a little black spot, every fault I found upon examination to have been committed respecting that virtue upon that day.

I determined to give a week’s strict attention to each of the virtues successively. Thus, in the first week, my great guard was to avoid every the least offence against Temperance, leaving the other virtues to their ordinary chance, only marking every evening the faults of the day. Thus, if in the first week I could keep my first line, marked T, clear of spots, I suppos’d the habit of that virtue so much strengthen’d and its opposite weaken’d, that I might venture extending my attention to include the next, and for the following week keep both lines clear of spots. Proceeding thus to the last, I could go thro’ a course compleat in thirteen weeks, and four courses in a year. And like him who, having a garden to weed, does not attempt to eradicate all the bad herbs at once, which would exceed his reach and his strength, but works on one of the beds at a time, and, having accomplish’d the first, proceeds to a second, so I should have, I hoped,

Korean

columns: 열.

conceiving: 상상하는 것.

eradicate: 근절하다, 뿌리째 뽑다.

exceed: 넘다, 초과하다, 탁월하다, 도

를 넘다, 보다 크다, 우월하다, 의 한

도를 넘다.

habitual: 습관적인, 습관상의, 평소의,

스관적인.

joking: 농담하는, 장난치는.

marking: 표, 점, 반문, 채점하기, 답안

따위를 채점하기.

proceeds: 수입, 수익, 매상고, 과실, 결

과.

producing: 산출하는.

respecting: 에 관하여.

strict: 엄한, 절 적인, 정확한, 엄격한,

긴장된, 엄 한, 완전한.

subsequent: 뒤의, 뒤이어일어나는.

thirteen: 십삼세, 십삼세의, 십삼의, 열

세개, 열셋.

tongue: 말, 혀, 국어, 탕, 혀를 사용하

여 불다, 혀를 사용하다, 널름거리다,

혀 모양의 것, 말하다, 혀 모양의 가장

자리를 만들다, 혀처럼 생긴 것.

venture: 투기, 모험, 되는 로, 결행

하다, 위험을 무릅쓰고하다, 걸다, 위

험을 무릅쓰고 해보다, 용기를 내어

발표하다, 위험에 직면케 하다, 용기

를 내어 가다, 건 물건.

weed: 잡초, 상장, 담배, 잡초를 뽑다,

마리화나, 상봉, 깡마르고 못생긴 사

람, 상복, 쓸모 없는 것, 쓸모 없는 사

람, 의 잡초를 없애다.

Benjamin Franklin 85

the encouraging pleasure of seeing on my pages the progress I made in virtue, by clearing successively my lines of their spots, till in the end, by a number of courses, I should he happy in viewing a clean book, after a thirteen weeks’ daily examination.%

This my little book had for its motto these lines from Addison’s Cato:

Here will I hold. If there’s a power above us (And that there is all nature cries aloud Thro’ all her works), He must delight in virtue; And that which he delights in must be happy.

Another from Cicero,

O vitae Philosophia dux! O virtutum indagatrix

expultrixque vitiorum! Unus dies, bene et ex praeceptis tuis actus, peccanti immortalitati est anteponendus.

Another from the Proverbs of Solomon, speaking of wisdom or virtue:

Length of days is in her right hand, and in her left hand riches and

honour. Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace. III, 16, 17.

And conceiving God to be the fountain of wisdom, I thought it right and

necessary to solicit his assistance for obtaining it; to this end I formed the following little prayer, which was prefix’d to my tables of examination, for daily use.

O powerful Goodness! bountiful Father! merciful Guide! increase in me that wisdom which discovers my truest interest. strengthen my resolutions to perform what that wisdom dictates. Accept my kind

Korean

aloud: 큰 소리로, 똑똑히, 소리 내어.

assistance: 원조, 참석자, 조력, 거듦.

bountiful: 풍부한, 아낌없이 주는.

clearing: 청소, 청산, 개척지, 소해, 어

음 교환, 어음 교환액, 어음교환, 장애

물 제거, 개간지.

courses: 포인트, 행동, 월경.

delight: 기쁨, 기뻐하다, 즐기다, 즐겁

게하다, 유쾌, 기쁘게 하는 것, 매우

기쁘게 하다.

dies: 날, 일.

encouraging: 유망한, 격려의, 힘을 북

돋아 주는, 격려되는, 장려하는, 장려

의.

est: 심신 통일 훈련.

ex: 으로부터, 때문에, 본선 인도, 전의.

formed: 생물적 특징을 갖춘, 형성된.

fountain: 분수, 샘, 기름통, 원천, 잉크

통, 분출하다, 쏘다 분수, 액체 저장

용기.

honour: 명예, 도의심, 면목, 명성, 우

등, 존경, 끗수가 가장 높은 패, 명예

가 되는 것, 명예상, 에 영광을 주다,

인수하다.

merciful: 자비로운.

pleasantness: 유쾌함.

riches: 부, 많음, 재물, 재보, 재산, 풍

부.

strengthen: 강해지다, 기운이 나다, 기

운을 돋우다, 강하게하다, 강하게 하

다.

viewing: 텔레비전 프로, 텔레비전 보

기, 바라보기, 조망, 보기.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 86

offices to thy other children as the only return in my power for thy continual favors to me.%

I used also sometimes a little prayer which I took from Thomson’s Poems,

viz.: Father of light and life, thou Good Supreme!

O teach me what is good; teach me Thyself! Save me from folly, vanity, and vice, From every low pursuit; and fill my soul With knowledge, conscious peace, and virtue pure; Sacred, substantial, never-fading bliss!

The precept of Order requiring that every part of my business should have its

allotted time, one page in my little book contain’d the following scheme of employment for the twenty-four hours of a natural day:

Morning Question, What good shall I do this day?

567

}

Rise, wash, and address Powerful Goodness!; Contrive day's business, and take the resolution of the day; prose- cute the present study, and breakfast.

89

1011

} Work.

Korean

bliss: 지복, 더없는행복, 다시 없는 기

쁨.

breakfast: 조반, 조반을먹다, 아침 식

사.

conscious: 의식하고 있는, 을 강하게

의식하는, 지각이 있는, 알아채고 있

는, 알아채어, 의식, 의식있는, 의식적

인, 자각하고 있는, 자의식이 강한, 정

신이 있는.

cute: 귀여운, 영리한, 예쁜, 뽐내는, 눈

치빠른, 기민한, 약삭빠른, 눈꼴신.

fill: 채우다, 차지하다, 가득참, 보충하

다, 가득차다, 충분, 차다, 흡족하게

하다, 흙으로 돋우다, 조제하다, 충족

시키다.

pure: 순수한, 순혈의, 단순한, 순전한,

더러움 없는, 오점 없는, 깨끗한, 순이

론적인-순수한 것, 순이론적인, 완전

한, 고결한.

pursuit: 추적, 종사, 직업, 수행, 추구,

추격, 연구, 속행, 하는 일.

resolution: 분해, 해결, 결의, 분석, 결

심, 해답, 해상도, 과단, 불굴, 결의안,

종기 따위가 삭아 없어짐.

soul: 영혼, 정수, 정신, 확실히, 기백,

단연코, 열정, 화신, 사람, 흑인이 전

하는 강렬한 느낌, 흑인 본래의.

teach: 가르치다, 교수하다, 선생질하

다, 깨닫게 하다, 교사를 하다, 혼내주

다, 훈련하다.

wash: 도금하다, 씻다, 세광하다, 세제,

세탁, 습지, 화장수, 믿을 만하다, 그

소리, 씻어 정하게 하다, 쓸어 넣다.

Benjamin Franklin 87

121

} Read, %or overlook my Accounts, and dine.

2345

} Work.

Evening Question, What Good have I done to day?

6789

} Put Thinks in their Places, Supper, Musick, or Diversion, or Conversation, Examination of the Day.

1011121234

Sleep.

I enter’d upon the execution of this plan for self-examination, and continu’d

it with occasional intermissions for some time. I was surpris’d to find myself so much fuller of faults than I had imagined; but I had the satisfaction of seeing them diminish. To avoid the trouble of renewing now and then my little book, which, by scraping out the marks on the paper of old faults to make room for new ones in a new course, became full of holes, I transferr’d my tables and precepts to the ivory leaves of a memorandum book, on which the lines were

Korean

diminish: 줄이다, 감소시키다, 줄다.

execution: 실행, 이행, 사형 집행, 제

작, 효과, 연주, 작성, 솜씨, 처형, 서

명 날인, 수행.

ivory: 상아, 상아색, 상아로 만든것이,

상아로된상아 같은, 상아로 만든, 기

다란 앞니, 치아, 주사위, 상아제품,

피아노의 건, 상아유사품.

lines: 벌과, 단시, 윤곽.

marks: 득점, 자취.

memorandum: 각서, 메모, 비망록, 매

매각서, 비공식 서한, 정관, 적요, 외

교상의 각서.

occasional: 이따금의, 때때로의, 임시

로 쓰는, 때때로, 임시의, 때로의, 시

따위 특별한 경우를 위한, 특별한 경

우를 위한, 관직 따위 임시의.

overlook: 바라보다, 빠뜨리고 보다,

내려다 보다, 전망이 좋은 곳, 감시하

다, 너그러이 봐 주다, 노려보다, 감독

하다, 저주의 눈초리로 노려보다, 보

다 높은 데 있다.

satisfaction: 사죄, 이행, 결투 신청에

응하다, 만족, 만족시키는 물건, 속죄,

사죄하다, 결투, 결투를 신청하다, 만

족함, 만족을 주는 것.

scraping: 부스러기, 문지르기, 긁어 모

은것, 긁어 모은 것, 깍기, 깍은 부스

러기, 깍음, 거리의 무뢰한, 긁기, 먼

지, 할큄.

seeing: 이므로, 인 사실을 생각하면,

봄.

self-examination: 자기반성.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 88

drawn with red ink, that made a durable stain, and on those lines I mark’d my faults with a black-lead pencil, which marks I could easily wipe out with a wet sponge. After a while I went thro’ one course only in a year, and afterward only one in several years, till at length I omitted them entirely, being employ’d in voyages and business abroad, with a multiplicity of affairs that interfered; but I always carried my little book with me.%

My scheme of ORDER gave me the most trouble; and I found that, tho’ it might be practicable where a man’s business was such as to leave him the disposition of his time, that of a journeyman printer, for instance, it was not possible to be exactly observed by a master, who must mix with the world, and often receive people of business at their own hours. Order, too, with regard to places for things, papers, etc., I found extreamly difficult to acquire. I had not been early accustomed to it, and, having an exceeding good memory, I was not so sensible of the inconvenience attending want of method. This article, therefore, cost me so much painful attention, and my faults in it vexed me so much, and I made so little progress in amendment, and had such frequent relapses, that I was almost ready to give up the attempt, and content myself with a faulty character in that respect, like the man who, in buying an ax of a smith, my neighbour, desired to have the whole of its surface as bright as the edge. The smith consented to grind it bright for him if he would turn the wheel; he turn’d, while the smith press’d the broad face of the ax hard and heavily on the stone, which made the turning of it very fatiguing. The man came every now and then from the wheel to see how the work went on, and at length would take his ax as it was, without farther grinding. “No,” said the smith, “turn on, turn on; we shall have it bright by-and-by; as yet, it is only speckled.” “Yes,” said the man, “but I think I like a speckled ax best.” And I believe this may have been the case with many, who, having, for want of some such means as I employ’d, found the difficulty of obtaining good and breaking bad habits in other points of vice and virtue, have given up the struggle, and concluded that “a speckled ax was best”; for something, that pretended to be reason, was every now and then suggesting to me that such extream nicety as I exacted of myself might be a kind of foppery in morals, which, if it were known, would make me ridiculous; that a perfect character

Korean

accustomed: 익숙한, 평소의, 여느 때

와 다름없는, 길든, 습관의, 에 익숙한

.

ax: 도끼, 삭감, 도끼로 자르다, 생각하

는 바가 있다, 재즈 악기, 참수, 폭

삭감하다.

exceeding: 단한, 굉장한, 엄청난, 과

도한.

fatiguing: 피곤하게 하는.

foppery: 겉치레, 멋부리기, 맵시를 냄,

어리석은 짓, 겉치레꾼, 멋을 부림.

grind: 가루가 되다, 돌리다, 문지르다,

부지런히 일하다, 삐걱거리다, 바드득

거리다, 가루를 타다, 갈리다, 갈아서

닳게 하다, 끈기 있게 공부하다, 닦다.

grinding: 가는, 갈기, 삐걱거리는, 제

분, 지루한, 매우 아픈, 압제의, 주입

식 교수, 타기, 타는, 힘드는.

multiplicity: 다양성, 중복, 다수.

myself: 나 자신, 내자신, 자기.

nicety: 미묘, 정 , 섬세, 우아한 것,

정확, 상세, 기미, 꼭 알맞게, 결벽, 맛

있는것, 고상한 것.

speckled: 얼룩덜룩한, 반점이 있는.

sponge: 해면, 해면으로 닦다, 식객, 술

고래, 해면 모양의 물건, 해면에 흡수

시키다, 해면을 따다, 흡수하다, 스펀

지, 패배를 자인하다, 등치다.

stain: 얼룩, 오점, 더러워지다, 착색,

착색하다, 흠, 더럽히다, 손상시키다,

얼룩지다, 얼룩을 묻히다, 더럼.

vexed: 안절부절 못하는, 곤란한, 마음

아픈, 성난, 머리를 이프게 하는.

Benjamin Franklin 89

might be attended with the inconvenience of being envied and hated; and that a benevolent man should allow a few faults in himself, to keep his friends in countenance.%

In truth, I found myself incorrigible with respect to Order; and now I am grown old, and my memory bad, I feel very sensibly the want of it. But, on the whole, tho’ I never arrived at the perfection I had been so ambitious of obtaining, but fell far short of it, yet I was, by the endeavour, a better and a happier man than I otherwise should have been if I had not attempted it; as those who aim at perfect writing by imitating the engraved copies, tho’ they never reach the wish’d-for excellence of those copies, their hand is mended by the endeavor, and is tolerable while it continues fair and legible.

It may be well my posterity should be informed that to this little artifice, with the blessing of God, their ancestor ow’d the constant felicity of his life, down to his 79th year, in which this is written. What reverses may attend the remainder is in the hand of Providence; but, if they arrive, the reflection on past happiness enjoy’d ought to help his bearing them with more resignation. To Temperance he ascribes his long-continued health, and what is still left to him of a good constitution; to Industry and Frugality, the early easiness of his circumstances and acquisition of his fortune, with all that knowledge that enabled him to be a useful citizen, and obtained for him some degree of reputation among the learned; to Sincerity and Justice, the confidence of his country, and the honorable employs it conferred upon him; and to the joint influence of the whole mass of the virtues, even in the imperfect state he was able to acquire them, all that evenness of temper, and that cheerfulness in conversation, which makes his company still sought for, and agreeable even to his younger acquaintance. I hope, therefore, that some of my descendants may follow the example and reap the benefit.

It will be remark’d that, tho’ my scheme was not wholly without religion, there was in it no mark of any of the distinguishing tenets of any particular sect. I had purposely avoided them; for, being fully persuaded of the utility and excellency of my method, and that it might be serviceable to people in all

Korean

ambitious: 야심적인, 망이 있는, 야

심을 품은, 거창한, 망을 품은.

ancestor: 조상, 선주, 원형, 선조, 피상

속인.

cheerfulness: 쾌활하는 것.

easiness: 평정, 평이, 용이함, 쉬움, 분

명히, 아마.

endeavour: -하려고 노력하다, 애쓰다

, 애쓰다 노력하다, 노력, 노력하다,

시도하다, 하려고 노력하다.

evenness: 침착, 평등, 반반함, 균등성,

공평, 고름, 평평함.

excellence: 장점, 우수, 미점, 탁월.

excellency: 장점, 사등에 한존칭,

우수, 장관, 각하.

imperfect: 미완료의, 불완전한, 불충

분한, 결점이 있는, 미완료 시제, 미완

료시제, 반과거의, 미완성의.

incorrigible: 교정할 수 없는, 완고한,

제멋 로 구는, 건지기 어려운, 고쳐

지지 않는, 선도없는 사람, 순댈수 없

는.

legible: 읽기쉬운, 읽을 수 있는, 명백

한, 읽기 쉬운, 인쇄가 읽기 쉬운, 필

적 읽기 쉬운.

purposely: 고의로, 일부러, 고외로.

reap: 베다, 획득하다, 베어들이다, 수

확하다, 받다, 얻다, 거두다, 보답 따

위를 받다.

sensibly: 현명하게, 스마트하기보다는

실용 본위로, 눈에 띌 정도로, 느끼기

쉽게, 분별있게, 지각 있게, 현저히현

명하게, 분별 있게, 느낄 수 있게.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 90

religions, and intending some time or other to publish it, I would not have any thing in it that should prejudice any one, of any sect, against it. I purposed writing a little comment on each virtue, in which I would have shown the advantages of possessing it, and the mischiefs attending its opposite vice; and I should have called my book The Art of Virtue, because it would have shown the means and manner of obtaining virtue, which would have distinguished it from the mere exhortation to be good, that does not instruct and indicate the means, but is like the apostle’s man of verbal charity, who only without showing to the naked and hungry how or where they might get clothes or victuals, exhorted them to be fed and clothed.—James ii. 15, 16.%

But it so happened that my intention of writing and publishing this comment was never fulfilled. I did, indeed, from time to time, put down short hints of the sentiments, reasonings, etc., to be made use of in it, some of which I have still by me; but the necessary close attention to private business in the earlier part of thy life, and public business since, have occasioned my postponing it; for, it being connected in my mind with a great and extensive project, that required the whole man to execute, and which an unforeseen succession of employs prevented my attending to, it has hitherto remain’d unfinish’d.

In this piece it was my design to explain and enforce this doctrine, that vicious actions are not hurtful because they are forbidden, but forbidden because they are hurtful, the nature of man alone considered; that it was, therefore, every one’s interest to be virtuous who wish’d to be happy even in this world; and I should, from this circumstance (there being always in the world a number of rich merchants, nobility, states, and princes, who have need of honest instruments for the management of their affairs, and such being so rare), have endeavored to convince young persons that no qualities were so likely to make a poor man’s fortune as those of probity and integrity.

My list of virtues contain’d at first but twelve; but a Quaker friend having kindly informed me that I was generally thought proud; that my pride show’d itself frequently in conversation; that I was not content with being in the right when discussing any point, but was overbearing, and rather insolent, of which

Korean

circumstance: 환경, 사정, 사건, 부수

적인 일, 상황, 처지, 사실, 의식에 구

애됨, 사태, 부 사항, 어마어마함.

enforce: 실시하다, 강요하다, 억지로

시키다, 강력히 주장하다, 시행하다.

execute: 사형을 집행하다, 실시하다,

연주하다, 제작하다, 서명 날인하다,

집행하다, 시행하다, 수행하다, 실행

하다, 완성하다.

exhortation: 권고, 권고의 말, 훈계, 간

곡한 권고.

fed: 연방 정부, 연방 수사관, 연방 준

비 은행.

insolent: 무례한, 건방진, 오만한, 안

하무인의.

integrity: 완전, 고결, 성실, 정직, 흠없

음, 보전, 원상.

nobility: 고귀한 태생, 귀족, 고결함,

남작, 백작, 숭고, 숭고함, 자작, 후작,

고상함, 귀족상원의원과 그집안.

overbearing: 거만한, 고압적인, 뽐내

는, 위압적인, 횡포한, 건방진.

probity: 성실, 청렴.

publishing: 출판업, 출판업의, 출판,

출판의.

succession: 연속, 계승, 상속, 상속자

들, 계승권, 상속권, 연속물.

unforeseen: 뜻밖의, 예기치 못한, 뜻

하지 않은, 생각지 않은, 예측하기 어

려운 일.

verbal: 구두의, 동사의, 말의, 준동사,

축어적인, 동사적인, 말로 나타낸, 말

뿐인, 말에관한, 말만의, 언쟁.

Benjamin Franklin 91

he convinc’d me by mentioning several instances; I determined endeavouring to cure myself, if I could, of this vice or folly among the rest, and I added Humility to my list, giving an extensive meaning to the word.%

I cannot boast of much success in acquiring the reality of this virtue, but I had a good deal with regard to the appearance of it. I made it a rule to forbear all direct contradiction to the sentiments of others, and all positive assertion of my own. I even forbid myself, agreeably to the old laws of our Junto, the use of every word or expression in the language that imported a fix’d opinion, such as certainly, undoubtedly, etc., and I adopted, instead of them, I conceive, I apprehend, or I imagine a thing to be so or so; or it so appears to me at present. When another asserted something that I thought an error, I deny’d myself the pleasure of contradicting him abruptly, and of showing immediately some absurdity in his proposition; and in answering I began by observing that in certain cases or circumstances his opinion would be right, but in the present case there appear’d or seem’d to me some difference, etc. I soon found the advantage of this change in my manner; the conversations I engag’d in went on more pleasantly. The modest way in which I propos’d my opinions procur’d them a readier reception and less contradiction; I had less mortification when I was found to be in the wrong, and I more easily prevail’d with others to give up their mistakes and join with me when I happened to be in the right.

And this mode, which I at first put on with some violence to natural inclination, became at length so easy, and so habitual to me, that perhaps for these fifty years past no one has ever heard a dogmatical expression escape me. And to this habit (after my character of integrity) I think it principally owing that I had early so much weight with my fellow-citizens when I proposed new institutions, or alterations in the old, and so much influence in public councils when I became a member; for I was but a bad speaker, never eloquent, subject to much hesitation in my choice of words, hardly correct in language, and yet I generally carried my points.

In reality, there is, perhaps, no one of our natural passions so hard to subdue as pride. Disguise it, struggle with it, beat it down, stifle it, mortify it as much as

Korean

abruptly: 갑자기, 충격적으로, 무뚝뚝

하게, 뜻밖에, 돌연적, 퉁명스럽게.

absurdity: 부조리한, 엉터리없는 일,

불합리, 어리석은 일.

answering: 상응하는, 응답의.

assertion: 단언, 독단, 주장, 나타나다.

boast: 자랑하다, 가지고 있다, 자랑,

뽐내다, 큰소리치다, 호언장담하다,

강 다듬다, 과시하다, 가지다, 자랑

거리.

cure: 치유, 치료하다, 고치다, 치료, 양

생하다, 치료법, 영혼의 구제, 목사직,

낫다, 가황, 가황하다.

hesitation: 주저, 망설임.

mortify: 억제하다, 탈저에 걸리다, 굴

욕을 느끼게 하다, 상하게 하다, 감정

따위를 억제하다, 에게 굴욕을 느끼게

하다, 정욕 따위를 억제하다.

observing: 관찰력이 예리한, 관측적인

, 주의깆은.

owing: 빚지고 있는, 지불해야 할, 에

기인하는.

reception: 환영, 응접, 수령, 수리, 수

용, 평판, 반응, 용인, 청취, 접수처,

접 .

stifle: 억누르다, 질식시키다, 숨겨두

다, 진압하다, 끄다, 숨막히게하다. 끄

다, 숨막히게하다, 숨을 막다, 숨이 가

쁘다.

subdue: 정복하다, 억제하다, 이기다,

복종시키다, 누르다, 부드럽게 하다.

undoubtedly: 확실히, 의심할 여지없

이, 틀림없이, 명백히.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 92

one pleases, it is still alive, and will every now and then peep out and show itself; you will see it, perhaps, often in this history; for, even if I could conceive that I had compleatly overcome it, I should probably be proud of my humility.%

Thus far written at Passy, 1784.

Korean

alive: 활기를 띠어, 살아서, 혈기왕성

하여, 살아 있는, 떼지어, 민감한, 전

류가 통하고 있는, 생생하여.

conceive: 상상하다, 임신하다, 배다,

이해하다, 마음에 품다, 착상하다, 마

음에품다, 말로표현하다, 라고 생각하

다, 생각하다, 생각해 내다.

history: 역사, 사극, 경력, 연혁, 사학,

사서, 이야기, 조직적 기술, 과거지사.

overcome: 이겨내다, 극복하다, 압도

하다, 지치다, 곤란 따위를 이겨내다,

약화시키다, 극복해 내다, 나쁜 버릇

따위를 이겨내다, 나쁜 버릇 따위를

극복해 내다, 곤란 따위를 극복해 내

다, 적 따위를 극복해 내다.

peep: 출현, 나타나다, 삐악삐악, 엿보

기, 엿보다, 작은 소리로 이야기 하다,

훔쳐봄, 훔쳐보다, 들여다보는 구멍,

짹짹울다, 작은 새 따위가 짹짹우는

소리.

proud: 자존심이 있는, 거만한, 자랑하

고 있는, 영광으로 여기는, 자랑으로

생각하는, 자랑할 만한, 자랑하다, 당

당한, 교만한, 일이 자랑할 만한, 물건

이 자랑할 만한.

written: 성문의, 문자로 쓴, 쓴, 문어의

.

Benjamin Franklin 93

P A R T T H R E E

I%am now about to write at home, August, 1788, but can not have the help

expected from my papers, many of them being lost in the war. I have, however, found the following.]

Having mentioned a great and extensive project which I had conceiv’d, it seems proper that some account should be here given of that project and its object. Its first rise in my mind appears in the following little paper, accidentally preserv’d, viz.:

Observations on my reading history, in Library, May 19th, 1731. “That the great affairs of the world, the wars, revolutions, etc., are

carried on and affected by parties. “That the view of these parties is their present general interest, or

what they take to be such. “That the different views of these different parties occasion all

confusion. “That while a party is carrying on a general design, each man has his

particular private interest in view.

Korean

accidentally: 우연히, 뜻밖에, 뜻하지

않게, 우윤히.

affected: 영향을 받은, 체하는, 침범된,

짐짓 꾸민, 한 기분으로 있는, 감동한,

걸린, 부자연스런, 일부러인 것 같은,

젠체하는, 감동된.

carrying: 운송, 운송의, 적재의, 적재,

목소리가 잘 들리는, 잘 들리는, 운수,

적재 운송의.

confusion: 당황, 혼동, 혼란, 혼미, 지

리멸렬, 뒤죽박죽, 착란, 난잡.

expected: 기 하는.

extensive: 조방의, 규모의, 광범위에

걸친, 넓은, 넓은 범위에 걸치는, 광

한, 외연적인.

lost: 진, 허비한, 잃은, 놓친, 길잃은,

정신팔린, 죽인, 파멸된, 잃어버린, 헛

되이, 죽은.

mentioned: 상기한, 언급한, 말하는.

object: 상, 목적, 물건, 목적어, 물체,

객관, 반 하다, 싫어하다, 불쌍한, 반

이유로 들다, 감정 따위의 상.

occasion: 기회, 일으키다, 원인, 특수

한 경우, 이유, 근거, 용무, 때, 유인,

특별한 사건, 특정한 때.

proper: 독특한, 적당한, 진정한, 엄

한 의미에서의, 고유의, 옳은, 예의바

른, 순전한, 특정한 날짜의 예배, 고유

한, 아주.

reading: 독서, 해석, 낭독, 독서하는,

판단, 선집, 학식, 의회의 독회, 읽는

법, 읽을거리, 읽기.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 94

“That as soon as a party has gain’d its general point, each member becomes intent upon his particular interest; which, thwarting others, breaks that party into divisions, and occasions more confusion.%

“That few in public affairs act from a meer view of the good of their country, whatever they may pretend; and, tho’ their actings bring real good to their country, yet men primarily considered that their own and their country’s interest was united, and did not act from a principle of benevolence.

“That fewer still, in public affairs, act with a view to the good of mankind.

“There seems to me at present to be great occasion for raising a United Party for Virtue, by forming the virtuous and good men of all nations into a regular body, to be govern’d by suitable good and wise rules, which good and wise men may probably be more unanimous in their obedience to, than common people are to common laws.

“I at present think that whoever attempts this aright, and is well qualified, can not fail of pleasing God, and of meeting with success.

B. F.” Revolving this project in my mind, as to be undertaken hereafter, when my

circumstances should afford me the necessary leisure, I put down from time to time, on pieces of paper, such thoughts as occurr’d to me respecting it. Most of these are lost; but I find one purporting to be the substance of an intended creed, containing, as I thought, the essentials of every known religion, and being free of every thing that might shock the professors of any religion. It is express’d in these words, viz.:

“That there is one God, who made all things. “That he governs the world by his providence. “That he ought to be worshiped by adoration, prayer, and thanksgiving.

Korean

adoration: 동경, 숭배, 애모, 경모, 숭

비.

aright: 바르게, 정확히.

benevolence: 자선, 자비심, 인정, 덕

행, 덕세.

creed: 신조, 신경, 교의, 사도 신경, 강

령, 신념, 주의.

fewer: 보다 소수의.

intent: 의미, 의지, 열심인, 취지, 목적,

의향, 사실상, 열중하여, 집중된, 여념

이 없는, 여념없는.

mankind: 남성, 인간, 인류.

nations: 근 민족 국가, 민족 국가.

obedience: 복종, 귀의, 교회의 권위,

지배.

occasions: 용무.

pretend: 속이다, 자부하다, 인 체하다,

거짓의, 감히..하려고 하다, 가장하다,

체하다, 공상상의, 요구하다, 구실로

삼다.

primarily: 첫째로, 주로.

substance: 실체, 물질, 실질, 요지, 재

산, 물건, 본질, 사실상, 실질적으로,

자산, 거의 부분.

thanksgiving: 사은, 감사, 추수감사절

, 추수 감사절, 하느님에 한 감사.

unanimous: 만장일치의, 이구동성의,

동의의, 만장 일치의, 전원 일치의, 합

의의.

wise: 방법, 알리다, 현명한, 정도, 영

리해 보이는, 분별있는, 슬기로운, 슬

기롭다, 양식, 학문이 있는, 알고 있는

.

Benjamin Franklin 95

“But that the most acceptable service of God is doing good to man.%

“That the soul is immortal. “And that God will certainly reward virtue and punish vice either here or

hereafter.” My ideas at that time were, that the sect should be begun and spread at first

among young and single men only; that each person to be initiated should not only declare his assent to such creed, but should have exercised himself with the thirteen weeks’ examination and practice of the virtues, as in the before-mention’d model; that the existence of such a society should he kept a secret, till it was become considerable, to prevent solicitations for the admission of improper persons, but that the members should each of them search among his acquaintance for ingenuous, well-disposed youths, to whom, with prudent caution, the scheme should be gradually communicated; that the members should engage to afford their advice, assistance, and support to each other in promoting one another’s interests, business, and advancement in life; that, for distinction, we should be call’d The Society of the Free and Easy: free, as being, by the general practice and habit of the virtues, free from the dominion of vice; and particularly by the practice of industry and frugality, free from debt, which exposes a man to confinement, and a species of slavery to his creditors.

This is as much as I can now recollect of the project, except that I communicated it in part to two young men, who adopted it with some enthusiasm; but my then narrow circumstances, and the necessity I was under of sticking close to my business, occasion’d my postponing the further prosecution of it at that time; and my multifarious occupations, public and private, induc’d me to continue postponing, so that it has been omitted till I have no longer strength or activity left sufficient for such an enterprise; tho’ I am still of opinion that it was a practicable scheme, and might have been very useful, by forming a great number of good citizens; and I was not discourag’d by the seeming magnitude of the undertaking, as I have always thought that one man of tolerable abilities may work great changes, and accomplish great affairs among mankind, if he first forms a good plan, and, cutting off all amusements or other

Korean

assent: 동의하다, 승낙하다, 동의, 인

정하다, 찬성하다.

caution: 경고, 조심, 경계, 에게 경고

하다, 경계를 요하는 사물, 담보, 예령

, 주의, 희한한 사람, 주의시키다, 신

중.

declare: 언명하다, 선언하다, 성명하다

, 신고하다, 공언하다, 언명해 놓고 그

만두다, 신고하다-공언하다, 단언하

다, 나타내다, 알리다, 포고하다.

dominion: 지배, 통치, 통치권, 주권,

소유권, 영토, 통치 권, 통치 력, 천사

의 제사계급, 자치령, 지배 권.

magnitude: 크기, 광도, 진도, 중요도,

항성의 광도, 중 .

multifarious: 가지 가지의, 각양 각색

의, 여러 가지의.

necessity: 필수품, 궁핍, 필요, 필요성,

필연, 필요물, 불가피, 긴급한 필요,

궁상, 궁경, 불가결한 것.

prosecution: 종사, 수행, 기소, 원고측,

기소자측.

punish: 혼내주다, 벌하다, 호되게 해

치우다, 응징하다, 사람을 벌하다, 죄

를 벌하다, 상 방을 혼내주다.

slavery: 노예 제도, 고역, 중노동, 노예

의 신분, 예속, 노예의 신세, 포로, 천

한 일, 군침 투성이의, 군침 흘리는.

sticking: 끈적거림, 끈적끈적한, 늘어

붙는, 개탕 패로 깎기.

well-disposed: 친절한, 호의 있는, 선

의의, 마음씨 좋은, 마음씨 고운, 호의

를 가진, 잘 배치한.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 96

employments that would divert his attention, makes the execution of that same plan his sole study and business.%

In 1732 I first publish’d my Almanack, under the name of Richard Saunders; it was continu’d by me about twenty-five years, commonly call’d Poor Richard’s Almanac. I endeavor’d to make it both entertaining and useful, and it accordingly came to be in such demand, that I reap’d considerable profit from it, vending annually near ten thousand. And observing that it was generally read, scarce any neighborhood in the province being without it, I consider’d it as a proper vehicle for conveying instruction among the common people, who bought scarcely any other books; I therefore filled all the little spaces that occurr’d between the remarkable days in the calendar with proverbial sentences, chiefly such as inculcated industry and frugality, as the means of procuring wealth, and thereby securing virtue; it being more difficult for a man in want, to act always honestly, as, to use here one of those proverbs, it is hard for an empty sack to stand up-right.

These proverbs, which contained the wisdom of many ages and nations, I assembled and form’d into a connected discourse prefix’d to the Almanack of 1757, as the harangue of a wise old man to the people attending an auction. The bringing all these scatter’d counsels thus into a focus enabled them to make greater impression. The piece, being universally approved, was copied in all the newspapers of the Continent; reprinted in Britain on a broad side, to be stuck up in houses; two translations were made of it in French, and great numbers bought by the clergy and gentry, to distribute gratis among their poor parishioners and tenants. In Pennsylvania, as it discouraged useless expense in foreign superfluities, some thought it had its share of influence in producing that growing plenty of money which was observable for several years after its publication.

I considered my newspaper, also, as another means of communicating instruction, and in that view frequently reprinted in it extracts from the Spectator, and other moral writers; and sometimes publish’d little pieces of my own, which had been first compos’d for reading in our Junto. Of these are a Socratic dialogue,

Korean

annually: 해마다, 매년, 연년.

assembled: 합성 보석의, 집합된, 결집

한.

auction: 경매하다, 경매, 경매에 부치

다.

calendar: 달력, 일람표, 역법, 달력에

기입하다, 책력, 연중 행사표, 일람표

로 만들다, 일정표, 공판 예정표, 연중

행사 일람-달력에적다, 연차 목록.

clergy: 성직자들, 목사, 성직자.

contained: 억제하는, 조심스러운.

distribute: 분배하다, 분류하다, 분포

하다, 확충하다, 주연하다, 배급하다,

확충시키다, 살포하다, 주연시키다,

해판하다.

gentry: 상류 계급, 패거리, 상류 사회.

harangue: 열변, 장광설, 연설.

honestly: 정직하게, 성실하게.

observable: 관찰할 수 있는, 지켜야

할, 주목 할 만한, 눈에 띄게, 주목할

만한.

proverbial: 속담의, 속담으로 표현된,

평판 있는, 속단으로 된, 속담으로 된,

유명한.

proverbs: 속담을 생각해 내어 알아맞

추는 놀이.

sack: 약탈, 마 , 약탈하다, 해고, 잠자

리, 주머니 부 , 부 , 침낭, 누, 큰

자루, 퇴짜.

universally: 도처에, 보편적으로, 널리

, 일반적으로, 예외 없이, 전칭적으로.

useless: 쓸모없는, 무익한, 속절없는,

편치 않은.

Benjamin Franklin 97

tending to prove that, whatever might be his parts and abilities, a vicious man could not properly be called a man of sense; and a discourse on self-denial, showing that virtue was not secure till its practice became a habitude, and was free from the opposition of contrary inclinations. These may be found in the papers about the beginning Of 1735.%

In the conduct of my newspaper, I carefully excluded all libelling and personal abuse, which is of late years become so disgraceful to our country. Whenever I was solicited to insert anything of that kind, and the writers pleaded, as they generally did, the liberty of the press, and that a newspaper was like a stagecoach, in which any one who would pay had a right to a place, my answer was, that I would print the piece separately if desired, and the author might have as many copies as he pleased to distribute himself, but that I would not take upon me to spread his detraction; and that, having contracted with my subscribers to furnish them with what might be either useful or entertaining, I could not fill their papers with private altercation, in which they had no concern, without doing them manifest injustice. Now, many of our printers make no scruple of gratifying the malice of individuals by false accusations of the fairest characters among ourselves, augmenting animosity even to the producing of duels; and are, moreover, so indiscreet as to print scurrilous reflections on the government of neighboring states, and even on the conduct of our best national allies, which may be attended with the most pernicious consequences. These things I mention as a caution to young printers, and that they may be encouraged not to pollute their presses and disgrace their profession by such infamous practices, but refuse steadily, as they may see by my example that such a course of conduct will not, on the whole, be injurious to their interests.

In 1733 I sent one of my journeymen to Charleston, South Carolina, where a printer was wanting. I furnish’d him with a press and letters, on an agreement of partnership, by which I was to receive one-third of the profits of the business, paying one-third of the expense. He was a man of learning, and honest but ignorant in matters of account; and, tho’ he sometimes made me remittances, I could get no account from him, nor any satisfactory state of our partnership

Korean

allies: 연합국의.

altercation: 언쟁, 격론, 논쟁.

animosity: 격심한 증오, 악의, 유한,

적의, 원한.

detraction: 비방, 훼손, 감손, 험담.

disgrace: 창피, 치욕, 욕보이다, 눈 밖

에 나 있음, 불명예, 수치가 되다, 총

애를 잃게 하다, 망신시키는 것.

disgraceful: 수치스러운, 욕된.

gratifying: 흡족한, 즐거운, 만족스러

운.

indiscreet: 경솔한, 지각없는, 무분별

한, 분별없는.

infamous: 파렴치한, 수치스런, 악명

높은, 지독한, 불명예스러운, 악명높

은, 공민권을 박탈당한, 아주나쁜, 악

독한이름난, 악랄한, 지긋지긋한.

injurious: 해로운, 모욕적인, 부당한,

유해한, 부정한사람을 헤치는, 불법의

, 중상적인, 불법인.

malice: 악의, 해칠 마음, 범의, 적극적

인 악의.

pernicious: 유해한, 치명적인, 파괴적

인, 유독한.

pollute: 불결하게 하다, 더럽히다, 신

성을 더럽히다.

scruple: 망설임, 예사로, 태연히, 주저

하다, 미량, 스쿠루플, 주저, 꺼리다,

스크루플, 양심의 가책, 의심.

scurrilous: 입이 건, 쌍스러운, 야비한.

self-denial: 극기, 자기 부정, 자제.

stagecoach: 역마차, 승합마차, 합승 마

차.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 98

while he lived. On his decease, the business was continued by his widow, who, being born and bred in Holland, where, as I have been inform’d, the knowledge of accounts makes a part of female education, she not only sent me as clear a state as she could find of the transactions past, but continued to account with the greatest regularity and exactness every quarter afterwards, and managed the business with such success, that she not only brought up reputably a family of children, but, at the expiration of the term, was able to purchase of me the printing-house, and establish her son in it.%

I mention this affair chiefly for the sake of recommending that branch of education for our young females, as likely to be of more use to them and their children, in case of widowhood, than either music or dancing, by preserving them from losses by imposition of crafty men, and enabling them to continue, perhaps, a profitable mercantile house, with establish’d correspondence, till a son is grown up fit to undertake and go on with it, to the lasting advantage and enriching of the family.

About the year 1734 there arrived among us from Ireland a young Presbyterian preacher, named Hemphill, who delivered with a good voice, and apparently extempore, most excellent discourses, which drew together considerable numbers of different persuasion, who join’d in admiring them. Among the rest, I became one of his constant hearers, his sermons pleasing me, as they had little of the dogmatical kind, but inculcated strongly the practice of virtue, or what in the religious stile are called good works. Those, however, of our congregation, who considered themselves as orthodox Presbyterians, disapprov’d his doctrine, and were join’d by most of the old clergy, who arraign’d him of heterodoxy before the synod, in order to have him silenc’d. I became his zealous partisan, and contributed all I could to raise a party in his favour, and we combated for him a while with some hopes of success. There was much scribbling pro and con upon the occasion; and finding that, tho’ an elegant preacher, he was but a poor writer, I lent him my pen and wrote for him two or three pamphlets, and one piece in the Gazette of April, 1735. Those pamphlets, as is generally the case with controversial writings, tho’ eagerly read at the time,

Korean

admiring: 감복한, 감탄하는, 찬미하는

, 찬양하는.

con: 죄수, 반 론, 신용 사기의, 신용

사기, 폐병, 숙독하다, 정독하다, 을

가지고, 반 하여, 속이다, 반 투표.

congregation: 회중, 집회, 모임, 교직

원회, 집합, 회합, 이스라엘 사람들,

유 민족, 성성.

dancing: 무도, 춤, 댄스 홀, 무도장, 댄

스 연습, 댄스.

decease: 사망, 사망하다, 죽은.

eagerly: 열심히, 간절히, 열망하여.

elegant: 우아한, 훌륭한, 근사한, 품위

있는, 기품 있는, 품위 있는.

exactness: 정확, 정 , 정확성.

extempore: 즉석의, 즉흥적, 즉석에서,

준비 없는, 준비 없이.

heterodoxy: 이단, 이설, 이교, 이설의.

lasting: 영속하는, 영원한 영속, 오래

가는, 일종의 튼튼한 나사.

partisan: 도당, 유격병, 가담, 당파심,

한 도아리, 당파심이 강한.

preserving: 보호하기.

regularity: 규칙적임, 정규, 질서, 균형

, 정상, 일정불변, 조화.

reputably: 평판좋게, 훌륭히.

stile: 층계, 회전식 문, 울타리에 낸 디

딤 .

synod: 회의, 종교 회의, 회, 교회 회

의, 장로회와 장로파 회와의 중간적

종교 재판소, 합.

widowhood: 과부생활, 과부 신세.

zealous: 열광적인, 열심인.

Benjamin Franklin 99

were soon out of vogue, and I question whether a single copy of them now exists.%

During the contest an unlucky occurrence hurt his cause exceedingly. One of our adversaries having heard him preach a sermon that was much admired, thought he had somewhere read the sermon before, or at least a part of it. On search he found that part quoted at length, in one of the British Reviews, from a discourse of Dr. Foster’s. This detection gave many of our party disgust, who accordingly abandoned his cause, and occasion’d our more speedy discomfiture in the synod. I stuck by him, however, as I rather approv’d his giving us good sermons compos’d by others, than bad ones of his own manufacture, tho’ the latter was the practice of our common teachers. He afterward acknowledg’d to me that none of those he preach’d were his own; adding, that his memory was such as enabled him to retain and repeat any sermon after one reading only. On our defeat, he left us in search elsewhere of better fortune, and I quitted the congregation, never joining it after, tho’ I continu’d many years my subscription for the support of its ministers.

I had begun in 1733 to study languages; I soon made myself so much a master of the French as to be able to read the books with ease. I then undertook the Italian. An acquaintance, who was also learning it, us’d often to tempt me to play chess with him. Finding this took up too much of the time I had to spare for study, I at length refus’d to play any more, unless on this condition, that the victor in every game should have a right to impose a task, either in parts of the grammar to be got by heart, or in translations, etc., which tasks the vanquish’d was to perform upon honour, before our next meeting. As we play’d pretty equally, we thus beat one another into that language. I afterwards with a little painstaking, acquir’d as much of the Spanish as to read their books also.

I have already mention’d that I had only one year’s instruction in a Latin school, and that when very young, after which I neglected that language entirely. But, when I had attained an acquaintance with the French, Italian, and Spanish, I was surpriz’d to find, on looking over a Latin Testament, that I understood so much more of that language than I had imagined, which encouraged me to apply

Korean

chess: 체스, 참새귀리속의 식물, 배다

리에 건너지르는 널, 서양 장기, 서양

장기, 배다리.

contest: 경쟁, 다투다, 경쟁하다, 논쟁,

다툼, 경연, 이의를 제기하다, 논쟁하

다, 겨루다, 콘테스트, 경기.

detection: 발견, 당지, 간파.

discomfiture: 실패, 당황, 패주, 좌절,

패배, 패주, 당혹, 괴멸, 쩔쩔맴.

grammar: 문법책, 문법, 초보, 문전,

원리, 입문서.

impose: 강요하다, 속이다, 과하다, 정

판하다, 떠맡기다, 부과하다, 지우다,

속여서 사게하다, 안기다, 안수하다,

에 편승하다 편승하다.

joining: 결합하는, 결합하는 것, 접합

하는, 접합하는 것.

manufacture: 제조하다, 제품, 날조하

다, 남작하다, 제조업, 제작, 제조, 제

작하다, 문예작품 따위를 남작하다,

문예 작품 따위의 남작, 말을 날조하

다.

occurrence: 사건, 발생, 큰 사건, 사

건, 사건의 발생, 일어난 일.

painstaking: 근면한, 고심, 애씀, 정성

을 다한, 힘드는 수고, 성실한, 공들인

.

tempt: 유혹하다, 무릅쓰다, 시도하다,

성나게 하다, 꾀다, 당기게 하다, 할

생각이 나게 하다, 시험하다.

unlucky: 불길한, 공교로운, 불행을 가

져오는, 불행한, 잘되지 않는, 계제가

나쁜, 불운한.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 100

myself again to the study of it, and I met with more success, as those preceding languages had greatly smooth’d my way.%

From these circumstances, I have thought that there is some inconsistency in our common mode of teaching languages. We are told that it is proper to begin first with the Latin, and, having acquir’d that, it will be more easy to attain those modern languages which are deriv’d from it; and yet we do not begin with the Greek, in order more easily to acquire the Latin. It is true that, if you can clamber and get to the top of a staircase without using the steps, you will more easily gain them in descending; but certainly, if you begin with the lowest you will with more ease ascend to the top; and I would therefore offer it to the consideration of those who superintend the education of our youth, whether, since many of those who begin with the Latin quit the same after spending some years without having made any great proficiency, and what they have learnt becomes almost useless, so that their time has been lost, it would not have been better to have begun with the French, proceeding to the Italian, etc.; for, tho’, after spending the same time, they should quit the study of languages and never arrive at the Latin, they would, however, have acquired another tongue or two, that, being in modern use, might be serviceable to them in common life.

After ten years’ absence from Boston, and having become easy in my circumstances, I made a journey thither to visit my relations, which I could not sooner well afford. In returning, I call’d at Newport to see my brother, then settled there with his printing-house. Our former differences were forgotten, and our meeting was very cordial and affectionate. He was fast declining in his health, and requested of me that, in case of his death, which he apprehended not far distant, I would take home his son, then but ten years of age, and bring him up to the printing business. This I accordingly perform’d, sending him a few years to school before I took him into the office. His mother carried on the business till he was grown up, when I assisted him with an assortment of new types, those of his father being in a manner worn out. Thus it was that I made my brother ample amends for the service I had depriv’d him of by leaving him so early.

Korean

acquire: 얻다, 획득, 학식, 재예, 습득,

습득하다, 붙이다, 잡다, 받게 하다,

취득하다.

amends: 보상, 배상, 배상하다, 벌충,

보상하다.

ascend: 오르다, 오르막이되다, 시 가

거슬러 올라가다, 올라가다, 에 오르

다, 높아지다, 을 오르다, 오르막이 되

다, 등귀하다, 상향, 거슬러 올라가다.

assortment: 종별, 유별, 분류, 잡다한

것의 모임, 잡다한 사람의 모임, 구색

을 갖춘 것, 구색, 구분, 갖추어 한데

넣은 것.

attain: 달성하다, 도달하다, 이루다, 이

르다, 결혼하다, 붙어있다, 첨부하다.

clamber: 기어 올라가다, 기어 올라감,

힘들여 기어 올라가다, 기어오르다.

cordial: 강심제, 강장제, 코디얼, 원기

를 돋구는, 충심으로부터의, 달콤한술

, 과일주스에 물을 탄 음료, 강심성의,

성실한, 성심성의의, 주스.

descending: 내려가는, 강하하는, 하향

의.

inconsistency: 불일치, 모순, 무정견,

모순된사물, 주견없은.

lowest: 최하의, 최소의.

quit: 그만두다, 사퇴하다, 포기하다,

놓아버리다, 면하여, 자유로와, 떠나

다, 떠나가다, 일을 중지하다, 일 따위

를 그만두다, 용서받은.

spending: 소비, 지출.

staircase: 계단, 사닥다리 계단.

superintend: 감독하다.

Benjamin Franklin 101

In 1736 I lost one of my sons, a fine boy of four years old, by the small-pox, taken in the common way. I long regretted bitterly, and still regret that I had not given it to him by inoculation. This I mention for the sake of parents who omit that operation, on the supposition that they should never forgive themselves if a child died under it; my example showing that the regret may be the same either way, and that, therefore, the safer should be chosen.%

Our club, the Junto, was found so useful, and afforded such satisfaction to the members, that several were desirous of introducing their friends, which could not well be done without exceeding what we had settled as a convenient number, viz., twelve. We had from the beginning made it a rule to keep our institution a secret, which was pretty well observ’d; the intention was to avoid applications of improper persons for admittance, some of whom, perhaps, we might find it difficult to refuse. I was one of those who were against any addition to our number, but, instead of it, made in writing a proposal, that every member separately should endeavor to form a subordinate club, with the same rules respecting queries, etc., and without informing them of the connection with the Junto. The advantages proposed were, the improvement of so many more young citizens by the use of our institutions; our better acquaintance with the general sentiments of the inhabitants on any occasion, as the Junto member might propose what queries we should desire, and was to report to the Junto what pass’d in his separate club; the promotion of our particular interests in business by more extensive recommendation, and the increase of our influence in public affairs, and our power of doing good by spreading thro’ the several clubs the sentiments of the Junto.

The project was approv’d, and every member undertook to form his club, but they did not all succeed. Five or six only were compleated, which were called by different names, as the Vine, the Union, the Band, etc. They were useful to themselves, and afforded us a good deal of amusement, information, and instruction, besides answering, in some considerable degree, our views of influencing the public opinion on particular occasions, of which I shall give some instances in course of time as they happened.

Korean

admittance: 입장, 입장권.

bitterly: 쓰게, 격심하게, 비참하게, 몹

시, 살을 에듯이, 통렬히.

informing: 유익한, 교육적인.

inoculation: 토양의 개량, 접종, 종두,

주입, 접종하다, 접붙임, 접목, 부식,

감화, 주입하다.

instruction: 교수, 명령, 교육, 지시, 훈

령, 교훈, 소송위임장, 지령, 지식, 가

르침.

omit: 게을리 하다, 생략하다, 하기를

잊다, 할 것을 빠뜨리다, 할 것을 빼먹

다, 게을리하다, 할 것을 잊다.

recommendation: 추천, 장점, 권고,

천거, 권장, 충고, 좋은점, 추천장.

refuse: 폐물, 거절하다, 쓰레기, 사퇴

하다, 폐물의, 인간 폐물, 퇴짜놓다,

지질한, 찌끼, 멈춰서다, 안 뛰어넘으

려 하다.

regret: 유감, 후회, 애석, 정중한 거절,

아쉬움, 후회하다, 슬픔, 비탄, 뉘우치

다.

sake: 목적, 위함, 이유, 제발, 을 위함.

separately: 따로따로, 하나하나, 갈라

져, 단독으로.

subordinate: 종속의, 종속하는 사람,

경시하다, 부수하는, 종속시키다, 하

위의, 하위에 두다, 아래의, 종속자,

밑에 두다, 종속적인.

succeed: 에 계속하다, 성공하다, 잇따

라 일어나다, 계속되다, 입신하다, 의

뒤를 잇다, 계승하다, 의 자리를 계승

하다, 후임이 되다.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 102

My first promotion was my being chosen, in 1736, clerk of the General Assembly. The choice was made that year without opposition; but the year following, when I was again propos’d (the choice, like that of the members, being annual), a new member made a long speech against me, in order to favour some other candidate. I was, however, chosen, which was the more agreeable to me, as, besides the pay for the immediate service as clerk, the place gave me a better opportunity of keeping up an interest among the members, which secur’d to me the business of printing the votes, laws, paper money, and other occasional jobbs for the public, that, on the whole, were very profitable.%

I therefore did not like the opposition of this new member, who was a gentleman of fortune and education, with talents that were likely to give him, in time, great influence in the House, which, indeed, afterwards happened. I did not, however, aim at gaining his favour by paying any servile respect to him, but, after some time, took this other method. Having heard that he had in his library a certain very scarce and curious book, I wrote a note to him, expressing my desire of perusing that book, and requesting he would do me the favour of lending it to me for a few days. He sent it immediately, and I return’d it in about a week with another note, expressing strongly my sense of the favour. When we next met in the House, he spoke to me (which he had never done before), and with great civility; and he ever after manifested a readiness to serve me on all occasions, so that we became great friends, and our friendship continued to his death. This is another instance of the truth of an old maxim I had learned, which says, “He that has once done you a kindness will be more ready to do you another, than he whom you yourself have obliged.” And it shows how much more profitable it is prudently to remove, than to resent, return, and continue inimical proceedings.

In 1737, Colonel Spotswood, late governor of Virginia, and then postmaster-general, being dissatisfied with the conduct of his deputy at Philadelphia, respecting some negligence in rendering, and inexactitude of his accounts, took from him the commission and offered it to me. I accepted it readily, and found it of great advantage; for, tho’ the salary was small, it facilitated the correspondence that improv’d my newspaper, increas’d the number demanded,

Korean

besides: 제외하고, 그위에, 게다가, 게

다가-더하여, 이외에, 을 제외하고,

외에는, 더하여, 그 위에, 그 밖에, 이

외에도.

candidate: 후보자, 지원자.

curious: 이상한, 호기심이 강한, 진서

인, 면 한, 묘한, 호기심을 끄는, 진

기한, 정성들인, 캐기 좋아하는, 외설

한, 알고 싶어하는.

favour: 호의, 정실, 이익, 친절, 은혜,

은고, 부탁, 호의를 보이다, 편애하다,

편애, 즐겨 착용하다.

inexactitude: 부정확한, 부정확.

inimical: 해로운, 적의 있는, 불리한,

적 하는, 반목하고불화한, 반하는,

적의가 있는.

maxim: 격언, 금언, 처세술, 속사기관

총, 맥심총.

opportunity: 기회.

promotion: 주창, 승진, 촉진, 발기, 진

급, 조장.

readily: 쾌히, 손쉽게, 쉽사리, 기꺼이,

서슴없이, 선뜻, 쉽게.

rendering: 번역, 표현, 연주, 연출, 반

환, 정제, 초벌칠, 교부, 인도, 번역문,

묘사.

resent: 원망하다, 분개하다, 에 골내다

, 을 분개하다, 괘씸하게 생각하다, 화

내다.

salary: 봉급, 월급, 에게 봉급을 주다,

급료.

servile: 노예의, 야비한, 맹종적인, 노

예 근성의.

Benjamin Franklin 103

as well as the advertisements to be inserted, so that it came to afford me a considerable income. My old competitor’s newspaper declin’d proportionably, and I was satisfy’d without retaliating his refusal, while postmaster, to permit my papers being carried by the riders. Thus he suffer’d greatly from his neglect in due accounting; and I mention it as a lesson to those young men who may be employ’d in managing affairs for others, that they should always render accounts, and make remittances, with great clearness and punctuality. The character of observing such a conduct is the most powerful of all recommendations to new employments and increase of business.%

I began now to turn my thoughts a little to public affairs, beginning, however, with small matters. The city watch was one of the first things that I conceiv’d to want regulation. It was managed by the constables of the respective wards in turn; the constable warned a number of housekeepers to attend him for the night. Those who chose never to attend paid him six shillings a year to be excus’d, which was suppos’d to be for hiring substitutes, but was, in reality, much more than was necessary for that purpose, and made the constableship a place of profit; and the constable, for a little drink, often got such ragamuffins about him as a watch, that respectable housekeepers did not choose to mix with. Walking the rounds, too, was often neglected, and most of the nights spent in tippling. I thereupon wrote a paper, to be read in Junto, representing these irregularities, but insisting more particularly on the inequality of this six-shilling tax of the constables, respecting the circumstances of those who paid it, since a poor widow housekeeper, all whose property to be guarded by the watch did not perhaps exceed the value of fifty pounds, paid as much as the wealthiest merchant, who had thousands of pounds worth of goods in his stores.

On the whole, I proposed as a more effectual watch, the hiring of proper men to serve constantly in that business; and as a more equitable way of supporting the charge the levying a tax that should be proportion’d to the property. This idea, being approv’d by the Junto, was communicated to the other clubs, but as arising in each of them; and though the plan was not immediately carried into execution, yet, by preparing the minds of people for the change, it paved the way

Korean

accounting: 회계, 회계학.

constable: 경관, 순경, 치안관, 성관리

장관, 경찰국장, 성 관리 장관.

effectual: 효과적인, 유력한, 유효한.

equitable: 형평법상의, 공평한, 공정

한.

guarded: 조심성 있는, 신중한, 감시되

어 있는, 방어되어 있는.

hiring: 임 차, 고용.

housekeeper: 가정부, 주부, 하녀 우두

머리, 관리인.

inequality: 부적당, 부등식, 불평등,

부동, 균차, 같지 않음, 불공평, 요철,

사회적, 평평하지 않음, 기복.

inserted: 부착된, 끼워넣은, 착생한.

neglect: 태만, 게을리하다, 소홀, 무시

하다, 무시, 하지 않다, 태만하여, 소

홀히하다, 부주의한, 경시하다, 간과

하다.

nights: 밤마다, 밤에.

paved: 포장된.

permit: 허락하다, 가능하게 하다, 가

능하게하다, 면허, 하게 내버려 두다,

허가, 여유가 있다, 용납하다, 허가증.

refusal: 거절, 사퇴, 선매권, 거부, 우

선권, 거절된 사물, 우선선택권, 취사

선택, 취사선택, 취사선택권.

respective: 각각의, 각자의, 저마다의.

thereupon: 그위에, 그러므로, 그리하

여, 거기서, 그 위에, 그 후 즉시.

widow: 미망인, 과부, 과부로 만들다,

아내를여윈, 돌리고 남은 패, 빼앗다,

샴페인 술, 과부가 되게 하다.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 104

for the law obtained a few years after, when the members of our clubs were grown into more influence.%

About this time I wrote a paper (first to be read in Junto, but it was afterward publish’d) on the different accidents and carelessnesses by which houses were set on fire, with cautions against them, and means proposed of avoiding them. This was much spoken of as a useful piece, and gave rise to a project, which soon followed it, of forming a company for the more ready extinguishing of fires, and mutual assistance in removing and securing the goods when in danger. Associates in this scheme were presently found, amounting to thirty. Our articles of agreement oblig’d every member to keep always in good order, and fit for use, a certain number of leather buckets, with strong bags and baskets (for packing and transporting of goods), which were to be brought to every fire; and we agreed to meet once a month and spend a social evening together, in discoursing and communicating such ideas as occurred to us upon the subject of fires, as might be useful in our conduct on such occasions.

The utility of this institution soon appeared, and many more desiring to be admitted than we thought convenient for one company, they were advised to form another, which was accordingly done; and this went on, one new company being formed after another, till they became so numerous as to include most of the inhabitants who were men of property; and now, at the time of my writing this, tho’ upward of fifty years since its establishment, that which I first formed, called the Union Fire Company, still subsists and flourishes, tho’ the first members are all deceas’d but myself and one, who is older by a year than I am. The small fines that have been paid by members for absence at the monthly meetings have been apply’d to the purchase of fire-engines, ladders, fire-hooks, and other useful implements for each company, so that I question whether there is a city in the world better provided with the means of putting a stop to beginning conflagrations; and, in fact, since these institutions, the city has never lost by fire more than one or two houses at a time, and the flames have often been extinguished before the house in which they began has been half consumed.

Korean

admitted: 시인된, 공인된, 명백한.

advised: 숙고한, 신중한, 곰곰이 생각

한 끝의, 무분별한, 숙고한 후의.

articles: 도제 살이 계약, 계약, 도제 계

약.

bags: 잔뜩임, 바지.

clubs: 클럽의 짝.

danger: 위험, 장애, 의 위험이 있다,

위험 상태, 위험물.

establishment: 설립, 시설, 권력기구,

확립, 편성, 상비 병력, 상비 편제, 당

국자, 설립물, 국립, 제도.

fifty: 쉰개, 오십인.

fines: 미세한 입자들, 고운 가루.

institution: 설립, 학회, 제도, 협회, 원

, 관례, 단, 명물, 공공 기관, 창립, 잘

알려진 사람.

leather: 가죽, 가죽 끈으로 때리다, 가

죽제품, 가죽을 씌우다, 가죽 제품, 가

죽으로 만든, 가죽의, 사람의 피부, 피

부, 가죽을 무두질하다.

monthly: 월경, 매달의, 월간 잡지, 월

1 회의, 월 일 회탑, 한 달에 한 번의,

월간 간행물.

packing: 포장, 짐꾸리기, 채워 넣는것,

통조림 제조, 포장용품, 통조림 제조

업, 짐 꾸리기, 습포, 패킹.

purchase: 사다, 기중 장치, 노력하여

얻다, 구입품, 수익, 구입물, 산 물건,

구매, 지레, 구지레를 울리다-구입,

구지레를 울리다.

spoken: 구두, 입으로 말하는, 구두의,

담화에 사용되는, 말에 사용되는.

Benjamin Franklin 105

In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refus’d him their pulpits, and he was oblig’d to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all sects and denominations that attended his sermons were enormous, and it was matter of speculation to me, who was one of the number, to observe the extraordinary influence of his oratory on his hearers, and how much they admir’d and respected him, notwithstanding his common abuse of them, by assuring them that they were naturally half beasts and half devils. It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seem’d as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk thro’ the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street.%

And it being found inconvenient to assemble in the open air, subject to its inclemencies, the building of a house to meet in was no sooner propos’d, and persons appointed to receive contributions, but sufficient sums were soon receiv’d to procure the ground and erect the building, which was one hundred feet long and seventy broad, about the size of Westminster Hall; and the work was carried on with such spirit as to be finished in a much shorter time than could have been expected. Both house and ground were vested in trustees, expressly for the use of any preacher of any religious persuasion who might desire to say something to the people at Philadelphia; the design in building not being to accommodate any particular sect, but the inhabitants in general; so that even if the Mufti of Constantinople were to send a missionary to preach Mohammedanism to us, he would find a pulpit at his service.

Mr. Whitefield, in leaving us, went preaching all the way thro’ the colonies to Georgia. The settlement of that province had lately been begun, but, instead of being made with hardy, industrious husbandmen, accustomed to labor, the only people fit for such an enterprise, it was with families of broken shop-keepers and other insolvent debtors, many of indolent and idle habits, taken out of the jails, who, being set down in the woods, unqualified for clearing land, and unable to

Korean

assemble: 집합하다, 조립하다, 모으다

, 짜맞추다, 모이다, 컴퓨터 언어로 변

역하다.

erect: 건립하다, 꼿꼿이 세우다, 꼿꼿

이선, 똑바로 선, 세우다, 승격시키다,

서다, 조립하다, 직립시키다, 창설하

다, 곤두서서.

expressly: 특별히, 명백히, 일부러, 분

명히, 표정이 풍부하게.

indifferent: 무관심한, 공평한, 중성의,

치우치지 않는, 개의치 않는, 평범한,

좋지도 나쁘지도 않은, 변변치 않은중

성의, 중립의, 중요치 않은, 시원치 않

은.

indolent: 게으른, 나태한, 무통의, 빈

둥빈둥하는무활동의무통의.

insolvent: 파산자, 지급 불능의, 파산

한사람, 지불불능자, 지불불능한, 지

불 불능의, 지불 불능의 사람.

missionary: 전도의, 선교사, 전도사.

oratory: 웅변, 기도실, 작은예배당, 기

도원.

pulpit: 설교단, 조종석, 목사, 설교, 포

경선의 이물의 난간으로 둘러싸인 작

살을 던지기 위한 , 설교자, 난간으

로 둘러싸인 작살을 던지기 위한 .

speculation: 투기, 추측, 사색, 공리.

unqualified: 제한 없는, 순전한, 무조

건의, 적임이 아닌, 자격이 업는, 제한

되지 않은, 자격이 없는.

vested: 기득의, 제의를 입은, 귀속이

정해진, 소유가 확정된, 제복을 입은.

woods: 형이 보통임.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 106

endure the hardships of a new settlement, perished in numbers, leaving many helpless children unprovided for. The sight of their miserable situation inspir’d the benevolent heart of Mr. Whitefield with the idea of building an Orphan House there, in which they might be supported and educated. Returning northward, he preach’d up this charity, and made large collections, for his eloquence had a wonderful power over the hearts and purses of his hearers, of which I myself was an instance.%

I did not disapprove of the design, but, as Georgia was then destitute of materials and workmen, and it was proposed to send them from Philadelphia at a great expense, I thought it would have been better to have built the house here, and brought the children to it. This I advis’d; but he was resolute in his first project, rejected my counsel, and I therefore refus’d to contribute. I happened soon after to attend one of his sermons, in the course of which I perceived he intended to finish with a collection, and I silently resolved he should get nothing from me, I had in my pocket a handful of copper money, three or four silver dollars, and five pistoles in gold. As he proceeded I began to soften, and concluded to give the coppers. Another stroke of his oratory made me asham’d of that, and determin’d me to give the silver; and he finish’d so admirably, that I empty’d my pocket wholly into the collector’s dish, gold and all. At this sermon there was also one of our club, who, being of my sentiments respecting the building in Georgia, and suspecting a collection might be intended, had, by precaution, emptied his pockets before he came from home. Towards the conclusion of the discourse, however, he felt a strong desire to give, and apply’d to a neighbour, who stood near him, to borrow some money for the purpose. The application was unfortunately [made] to perhaps the only man in the company who had the firmness not to be affected by the preacher. His answer was, “At any other time, Friend Hopkinson, I would lend to thee freely; but not now, for thee seems to be out of thy right senses.”

Some of Mr. Whitefield’s enemies affected to suppose that he would apply these collections to his own private emolument; but I who was intimately acquainted with him (being employed in printing his Sermons and Journals, etc.),

Korean

disapprove: 인가하지 않다, 비난하다,

불찬성하다, 안된다고 하다, 옳지 않

다고 하다.

eloquence: 웅변, 웅변술, 웅변법, 유창

한 이야기, 유창한 화술.

emolument: 보수, 급료, 소득.

endure: 지탱하다, 견디다, 참다, 겪다,

인내하다, 받다, 받다-인내하다, 허용

하다.

firmness: 견고, 견실, 단단함, 결의가

굳은, 확고 부동, 확고부동.

helpless: 의지할 데 없는, 무력한, 어

찌할 도리 없는, 의지할 사람이 없는,

어찌할 수 없는, 의지할 곳이 없는.

miserable: 비참한, 불쌍한, 초라한, 딱

한, 빈약한, 천박한.

northward: 북방, 북을 향하여, 북쪽으

로, 북쪽으로의, 북, 북을향한, 북으로

향한, 북쪽으로 향해서, 북쪽으로 향

한, 북으로 향해서.

perished: 매우 곤란한, 지친, 초췌해

진.

precaution: 경계, 예방책, 조심.

resolute: 단호한, 굳게 결심한, 의연한,

불굴의, 할 결의인, 굳은결의의.

soften: 부드럽게 하다, 저항력을 약화

시키다, 연성으로 하다, 상냥하게 하

다, 저항력을 약화 시키다, 연하게 하

다, 연약하게 하다, 덜다, 누그러지다,

누그러지게 하다, 낮게 하다.

unprovided: 지급되지 않은, 결핍한,

부족한, 불시의, 준비가 되어 있지 않

은, 공급되지 않은.

Benjamin Franklin 107

never had the least suspicion of his integrity, but am to this day decidedly of opinion that he was in all his conduct a perfectly honest man, and methinks my testimony in his favour ought to have the more weight, as we had no religious connection. He us’d, indeed, sometimes to pray for my conversion, but never had the satisfaction of believing that his prayers were heard. Ours was a mere civil friendship, sincere on both sides, and lasted to his death.%

The following instance will show something of the terms on which we stood. Upon one of his arrivals from England at Boston, he wrote to me that he should come soon to Philadelphia, but knew not where he could lodge when there, as he understood his old friend and host, Mr. Benezet, was removed to Germantown. My answer was, “You know my house; if you can make shift with its scanty accommodations, you will be most heartily welcome.” He reply’d, that if I made that kind offer for Christ’s sake, I should not miss of a reward. And I returned, “Don’t let me be mistaken; it was not for Christ’s sake, but for your sake.” One of our common acquaintance jocosely remark’d, that, knowing it to be the custom of the saints, when they received any favour, to shift the burden of the obligation from off their own shoulders, and place it in heaven, I had contriv’d to fix it on earth.

The last time I saw Mr. Whitefield was in London, when he consulted me about his Orphan House concern, and his purpose of appropriating it to the establishment of a college.

He had a loud and clear voice, and articulated his words and sentences so perfectly, that he might be heard and understood at a great distance, especially as his auditories, however numerous, observ’d the most exact silence. He preach’d one evening from the top of the Court-house steps, which are in the middle of Market-street, and on the west side of Second-street, which crosses it at right angles. Both streets were fill’d with his hearers to a considerable distance. Being among the hindmost in Market-street, I had the curiosity to learn how far he could be heard, by retiring backwards down the street towards the river; and I found his voice distinct till I came near Front-street, when some noise in that street obscur’d it. Imagining then a semi-circle, of which my distance should be

Korean

angles: 앵글족.

believing: 믿음이 있는, 백문이 불여

일견, 보는것보다 확실한 것은 없다,

빈음, 신앙심 있는.

decidedly: 단호히, 확실히, 결정적으

로, 활실히.

fix: 고정시키다, 결정하다, 수리하다,

준비하다, 집중시키다, 정착시키다,

조리하다, 지우다, 곤경, 마련하다, 위

치.

hindmost: 맨 뒤의.

jocosely: 익살맞은, 우스운.

loud: 큰소리로, 화려한, 떠들썩한, 극

성스러운, 소리가 큰, 주제넘는, 불쾌

히, 좀 지나치게 화려한, 높은, 야비한

, 야하게.

methinks: 라고 생각되다.

mistaken: 잘못된, 판단이 잘못된.

ours: 우리의 것, 우리의 가족, 우리의

연 따위, 우리의 임무, 우리의 회사.

pray: 빌다, 제발, 기원하다, 간원하다,

기원하여 이루어지게 하다, 기도하다,

기도하다-바라다, 바라다, 에게 기원

하다, 에게 간청하다.

retiring: 은퇴하는, 수줍은, 퇴직의, 삼

가는, 내성적인, 수줍게, 물러나는, 내

향적인, 겸손한, 암띤, 퇴직자의.

scanty: 부족한, 모자라는.

suspicion: 미량, 의심, 협의, 소량, 낌

새챔, 느낌, 용의, 에 혐의를 두다.

testimony: 증명, 항의, 십계, 증언, 증

거, 신의 가르침, 신앙 성명, 성서, 십

계명, 고백, 증엄.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 108

the radius, and that it were fill’d with auditors, to each of whom I allow’d two square feet, I computed that he might well be heard by more than thirty thousand. This reconcil’d me to the newspaper accounts of his having preach’d to twenty-five thousand people in the fields, and to the antient histories of generals haranguing whole armies, of which I had sometimes doubted.%

By hearing him often, I came to distinguish easily between sermons newly compos’d, and those which he had often preach’d in the course of his travels. His delivery of the latter was so improv’d by frequent repetitions that every accent, every emphasis, every modulation of voice, was so perfectly well turn’d and well plac’d, that, without being interested in the subject, one could not help being pleas’d with the discourse; a pleasure of much the same kind with that receiv’d from an excellent piece of musick. This is an advantage itinerant preachers have over those who are stationary, as the latter can not well improve their delivery of a sermon by so many rehearsals.

His writing and printing from time to time gave great advantage to his enemies; unguarded expressions, and even erroneous opinions, delivered in preaching, might have been afterwards explain’d or qualifi’d by supposing others that might have accompani’d them, or they might have been deny’d; but litera scripta monet. Critics attack’d his writings violently, and with so much appearance of reason as to diminish the number of his votaries and prevent their encrease; so that I am of opinion if he had never written any thing, he would have left behind him a much more numerous and important sect, and his reputation might in that case have been still growing, even after his death, as there being nothing of his writing on which to found a censure and give him a lower character, his proselytes would be left at liberty to feign for him as great a variety of excellence as their enthusiastic admiration might wish him to have possessed.

My business was now continually augmenting, and my circumstances growing daily easier, my newspaper having become very profitable, as being for a time almost the only one in this and the neighbouring provinces. I experienced,

Korean

accent: 악센트, 강조, 어조, 말, 말투,

사투리, 음성, 강음, 강하게 하다, 시

구, 사트리.

circumstances: 사정, 상황, 환경.

delivered: 인도의.

distinguish: 구별하다, 분류하다, 분간

하다, 두르러지가하다, 수훈을 세우다

, 이름을 떨치다, 구별이 되다, 구별하

는, 판별하다, 두드러지게 하다, 식별

하다.

erroneous: 잘못된, 틀린.

feign: 겉으로꾸미다, 만들어내다, 가

장하다, 꾸며 다, 을 가장하다, 상상

하다, 짐짓~인 체하다.

modulation: 억양, 조절, 변조, 조정.

monet: 프랑스의 화가, 인상파의 창시

자.

neighbouring: 이웃의, 인접해있는, 가

까운, 근처의.

possessed: 침착한, 홀린, 미친, 흘려버

린.

provinces: 지방.

radius: 반지름, 요골, 반경, 범위, 복사

선, 바늘, 반경 범위, 살, 지역, 구역,

사출화.

stationary: 고정된, 정지한, 움직이지

않는, 고정시킨, 변화 없는, 얼른 보아

경도에 변화가 없는, 움직이지 않는

것, 움직이지 않는 사람, 정주한.

unguarded: 방심하고 있는, 부주의한,

무방비의, 방어가 없는, 지키지 않는.

violently: 맹렬하게, 격렬히, 세차게,

심하게, 난폭하게, 폭력적으로.

Benjamin Franklin 109

too, the truth of the observation, “that after getting the first hundred pound, it is more easy to get the second,” money itself being of a prolific nature.%

The partnership at Carolina having succeeded, I was encourag’d to engage in others, and to promote several of my workmen, who had behaved well, by establishing them with printing-houses in different colonies, on the same terms with that in Carolina. Most of them did well, being enabled at the end of our term, six years, to purchase the types of me and go on working for themselves, by which means several families were raised. Partnerships often finish in quarrels; but I was happy in this, that mine were all carried on and ended amicably, owing, I think, a good deal to the precaution of having very explicitly settled, in our articles, every thing to be done by or expected from each partner, so that there was nothing to dispute, which precaution I would therefore recommend to all who enter into partnerships; for, whatever esteem partners may have for, and confidence in each other at the time of the contract, little jealousies and disgusts may arise, with ideas of inequality in the care and burden of the business, etc., which are attended often with breach of friendship and of the connection, perhaps with lawsuits and other disagreeable consequences.

I had, on the whole, abundant reason to be satisfied with my being established in Pennsylvania. There were, however, two things that I regretted, there being no provision for defense, nor for a compleat education of youth; no militia, nor any college. I therefore, in 1743, drew up a proposal for establishing an academy; and at that time, thinking the Reverend Mr. Peters, who was out of employ, a fit person to superintend such an institution, I communicated the project to him; but he, having more profitable views in the service of the proprietaries, which succeeded, declin’d the undertaking; and, not knowing another at that time suitable for such a trust, I let the scheme lie a while dormant. I succeeded better the next year, 1744, in proposing and establishing a Philosophical Society. The paper I wrote for that purpose will be found among my writings, when collected.

With respect to defense, Spain having been several years at war against Great Britain, and being at length join’d by France, which brought us into great danger;

Korean

abundant: 풍족한, 남아돌 종도의, 풍

요로운, 풍부한.

academy: 학원, 전문 학교, 사립의 고

등 학교, 학회, 아카데미아, 왕립 미술

원, 협회, 아카데메이아 학원.

amicably: 우호적으로.

behaved: 한 태도의, 행동거지가 ...한.

burden: 부담, 귀찮은, 요지, 귀찮은일,

무거운짐, 무거운짐을 지우다, 무거운

짐, 괴롭히다, 노래의 반복구, 배의 적

재력, 반복구.

collected: 모은, 침착한, 수집한, 태연

자약.

dormant: 잠자는, 활동휴지중인, 움직

이지 않는, 휴지 상태에 있는.

explicitly: 명쾌히, 명백히.

militia: 국민군, 의용군, 시민군.

observation: 관찰, 감시, 주목, 관찰결

과, 관측, 소견, 관찰력, 관측 보고, 발

언.

prolific: 다산의, 비옥한, 아이를 낳는,

아이를 많이 낳는, 풍부한, 다작의, 아

들을 낳는, 원인이 되는, 의 원인이 되

는.

proposal: 신청, 청혼, 계획, 제안.

recommend: 추천하다, 권하다, 의뢰

하다, 훌륭한, 호감을 받게하다, 충고

하다, 추전할 수 있는, 좋은 느낌을 갖

게 하다, 위탁하다, 맡기다, 마음에 들

게 하다.

satisfied: 만족한, 흡족한.

settled: 고정된, 기틀이 잡힌, 안정된,

정주한, 청산된.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 110

and the laboured and long-continued endeavour of our governor, Thomas, to prevail with our Quaker Assembly to pass a militia law, and make other provisions for the security of the province, having proved abortive, I determined to try what might be done by a voluntary association of the people. To promote this, I first wrote and published a pamphlet, entitled Plain Truth, in which I stated our defenceless situation in strong lights, with the necessity of union and discipline for our defense, and promis’d to propose in a few days an association, to be generally signed for that purpose. The pamphlet had a sudden and surprising effect. I was call’d upon for the instrument of association, and having settled the draft of it with a few friends, I appointed a meeting of the citizens in the large building before mentioned. The house was pretty full; I had prepared a number of printed copies, and provided pens and ink dispers’d all over the room. I harangued them a little on the subject, read the paper, and explained it, and then distributed the copies, which were eagerly signed, not the least objection being made.%

When the company separated, and the papers were collected, we found above twelve hundred hands; and, other copies being dispersed in the country, the subscribers amounted at length to upward of ten thousand. These all furnished themselves as soon as they could with arms, formed themselves into companies and regiments, chose their own officers, and met every week to be instructed in the manual exercise, and other parts of military discipline. The women, by subscriptions among themselves, provided silk colors, which they presented to the companies, painted with different devices and mottos, which I supplied.

The officers of the companies composing the Philadelphia regiment, being met, chose me for their colonel; but, conceiving myself unfit, I declin’d that station, and recommended Mr. Lawrence, a fine person, and man of influence, who was accordingly appointed. I then propos’d a lottery to defray the expense of building a battery below the town, and furnishing it with cannon. It filled expeditiously, and the battery was soon erected, the merlons being fram’d of logs and fill’d with earth. We bought some old cannon from Boston, but, these

Korean

abortive: 실패의, 유산의, 조산의, 발

육부전의.

battery: 한 벌의 기구, 전지, 포열, 구

타, 때림, 배터리, 종합테스트, 타악기

군, 포병 중 , 한 벌의 장치, 일련.

cannon: 포를 쏘다, 권총, 캐논을 치

다, 소매치기, 포격하다, 캐논, 이중축

, 포, 세게 충돌하다, 비행기 탑재용

기관포, 맹렬히 충돌하다.

defenceless: 방비 없는.

dispersed: 흩어진, 분산된, 분산한.

expeditiously: 급히, 날쌔게, 신속하게

.

furnished: 가구 달린, 구색을 갖춘, 재

고량이 ...한.

furnishing: 복식품, 비치된 가구, 가구

의 설비, 가구.

laboured: 억지의, 어려운, 애쓴, 공들

인, 곤란한, 문장 따위 고심한 흔적이

있는, 고심한 흔적이 있는.

lottery: 복권, 추첨, 운.

manual: 손의, 안내서, 손으로 만든,

편람, 조작, 조작법, 풍금의 건반, 소

총 따위 조작, 소책자, 건반, 소총 따

위 조작법.

prevail: 이기다, 우세하다, 설복하다,

유행되다, 잘 되다, 설득하다.

regiment: 연 , 연 로 편성하다, 다

수, 조직화 하다, 조직화하다, 통제하

다, 군, 엄격히 통제하다, 많은 무리

, 지배, 연 에 편성하다.

unfit: 부정당한, 적임이 아닌, 부적당

한, 부적당하게 하다.

Benjamin Franklin 111

not being sufficient, we wrote to England for more, soliciting, at the same time, our proprietaries for some assistance, tho’ without much expectation of obtaining it.%

Meanwhile, Colonel Lawrence, William Allen, Abram Taylor, Esqr., and myself were sent to New York by the associators, commission’d to borrow some cannon of Governor Clinton. He at first refus’d us peremptorily; but at dinner with his council, where there was great drinking of Madeira wine, as the custom of that place then was, he softened by degrees, and said he would lend us six. After a few more bumpers he advanc’d to ten; and at length he very good-naturedly conceded eighteen. They were fine cannon, eighteen-pounders, with their carriages, which we soon transported and mounted on our battery, where the associators kept a nightly guard while the war lasted, and among the rest I regularly took my turn of duty there as a common soldier.

My activity in these operations was agreeable to the governor and council; they took me into confidence, and I was consulted by them in every measure wherein their concurrence was thought useful to the association. Calling in the aid of religion, I propos’d to them the proclaiming a fast, to promote reformation, and implore the blessing of Heaven on our undertaking. They embrac’d the motion; but, as it was the first fast ever thought of in the province, the secretary had no precedent from which to draw the proclamation. My education in New England, where a fast is proclaimed every year, was here of some advantage: I drew it in the accustomed stile, it was translated into German, printed in both languages, and divulg’d thro’ the province. This gave the clergy of the different sects an opportunity of influencing their congregations to join in the association, and it would probably have been general among all but Quakers if the peace had not soon interven’d.

It was thought by some of my friends that, by my activity in these affairs, I should offend that sect, and thereby lose my interest in the Assembly of the province, where they formed a great majority. A young gentleman who had likewise some friends in the House, and wished to succeed me as their clerk, acquainted me that it was decided to displace me at the next election; and he,

Korean

calling: 천직, 부름, 직업, 소집, 점호,

강한 충동, 하느님의 부르심, 방문, 울

음소리, 외침, 소명.

displace: 바꾸어 놓다, 면직하다, 이동

시키다, 치하다, 신 들어서다, 배

수량을 가지다, 해임하다, 치환하다.

guard: 망보다, 차장, 방어 자세, 지키

다, 보호자, 감시하다, 파수병, 경계,

근위 , 흙받기, 난로의 불어리.

implore: 간청하다, 애원하다, 탄원하

다.

lend: 빌려주다, 증 시키다, 더하다,

꾸어주다, 도와주다, 돈을 꾸어주다.

mounted: 기동력이 있는, 기마의, 말

탄, 박힌, 붙박이한, 를 붙인, 말에

탄, 자전거에 탄, 탈것에 탄, 계획되어

있는.

nightly: 밤마다, 밤의, 밤마다의, 밤에,

밤에 나오는.

peremptorily: 절 적으로, 거만하게,

결정적으로, 단호하게.

precedent: 선례, 판례, 앞의, 에서는,

의, 에 앞서는.

proclamation: 선언, 성명서, 선언서.

reformation: 개혁, 혁신, 개선, 종교개

혁, 교정, 개심, 감화, 재구성, 개정,

다시 만듦, 종교 개혁.

soldier: 용사, 군 에 복무하다, 군인,

꾀부리다, 전사, 빤들거리다, 사병, 용

병, 군인이 되다, 훈제 청어, 병사.

thereby: 그 때문에, 그것에 의해서, 그

것에 의하여, 그것에 관하여, 그 근처

에.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 112

therefore, in good will, advis’d me to resign, as more consistent with my honour than being turn’d out. My answer to him was, that I had read or heard of some public man who made it a rule never to ask for an office, and never to refuse one when offer’d to him. “I approve,” says I, “of his rule, and will practice it with a small addition; I shall never ask, never refuse, nor ever resign an office. If they will have my office of clerk to dispose of to another, they shall take it from me. I will not, by giving it up, lose my right of some time or other making reprisals on my adversaries.” I heard, however, no more of this; I was chosen again unanimously as usual at the next election. Possibly, as they dislik’d my late intimacy with the members of council, who had join’d the governors in all the disputes about military preparations, with which the House had long been harass’d, they might have been pleas’d if I would voluntarily have left them; but they did not care to displace me on account merely of my zeal for the association, and they could not well give another reason.%

Indeed I had some cause to believe that the defense of the country was not disagreeable to any of them, provided they were not requir’d to assist in it. And I found that a much greater number of them than I could have imagined, tho’ against offensive war, were clearly for the defensive. Many pamphlets pro and con were publish’d on the subject, and some by good Quakers, in favour of defense, which I believe convinc’d most of their younger people.

A transaction in our fire company gave me some insight into their prevailing sentiments. It had been propos’d that we should encourage the scheme for building a battery by laying out the present stock, then about sixty pounds, in tickets of the lottery. By our rules, no money could be dispos’d of till the next meeting after the proposal. The company consisted of thirty members, of which twenty-two were Quakers, and eight only of other persuasions. We eight punctually attended the meeting; but, tho’ we thought that some of the Quakers would join us, we were by no means sure of a majority. Only one Quaker, Mr. James Morris, appear’d to oppose the measure. He expressed much sorrow that it had ever been propos’d, as he said Friends were all against it, and it would create such discord as might break up the company. We told him that we saw no

Korean

assist: 거들다, 돕다, 포살, 참석하다조

력, 조수 의 일을 맡아보다, 원조, 참

석하다, 원조하다, 조력.

defensive: 방위, 수세, 화를 잘 내는,

수세인, 방어적인.

discord: 불일치, 불협화음, 일치하지

않다, 불화하다, 부조화, 불화, 협화하

지 않다.

dispose: 배치하다, 일의 성패를 결정

하다, 처리하다, 충당하다, 할 마음이

나게 하다, 의 경향을 갖게 하다, 일의

추세를 결정하다.

insight: 통찰력, 통찰, 식견, 견식, 간

파, 간파력, 안식.

intimacy: 친 , 친교, 정교, 통, 간통

, 친 함을 나타내는 행위, 불의.

laying: 부설, 조준, 쌓음, 꼬는 법, 애

벌칠, 쌓기, 놓기, 한 배에 깐 알, 끌어

댐, 설치, 한 번에 까는 알.

merely: 단지, 다만.

offensive: 공격, 공격적인, 무례한, 불

쾌한, 공세, 비위에 거슬리는, 싫은.

oppose: 반 하다, 저항하다, 항시키

다, 방해하다, 에 반 하다, 에 항하

다, 방해물로 두다, 반 다.

punctually: 시간을 엄수하여, 아주 꼼

꼼하게.

sorrow: 불행, 슬픔, 고난, 슬픈, 슬퍼

보이는, 아쉬움, 슬퍼하다, 후회, 고생

.

unanimously: 합으로.

voluntarily: 자유의사로, 자발적으로,

임의로, 자원해서.

Benjamin Franklin 113

reason for that; we were the minority, and if Friends were against the measure, and outvoted us, we must and should, agreeably to the usage of all societies, submit. When the hour for business arriv’d it was mov’d to put the vote; he allow’d we might then do it by the rules, but, as he could assure us that a number of members intended to be present for the purpose of opposing it, it would be but candid to allow a little time for their appearing.%

While we were disputing this, a waiter came to tell me two gentlemen below desir’d to speak with me. I went down, and found they were two of our Quaker members. They told me there were eight of them assembled at a tavern just by; that they were determin’d to come and vote with us if there should be occasion, which they hop’d would not be the case, and desir’d we would not call for their assistance if we could do without it, as their voting for such a measure might embroil them with their elders and friends. Being thus secure of a majority, I went up, and after a little seeming hesitation, agreed to a delay of another hour. This Mr. Morris allow’d to be extreamly fair. Not one of his opposing friends appear’d, at which he express’d great surprize; and, at the expiration of the hour, we carry’d the resolution eight to one; and as, of the twenty-two Quakers, eight were ready to vote with us, and thirteen, by their absence, manifested that they were not inclin’d to oppose the measure, I afterward estimated the proportion of Quakers sincerely against defense as one to twenty-one only; for these were all regular members of that society, and in good reputation among them, and had due notice of what was propos’d at that meeting.

The honorable and learned Mr. Logan, who had always been of that sect, was one who wrote an address to them, declaring his approbation of defensive war, and supporting his opinion by many strong arguments. He put into my hands sixty pounds to be laid out in lottery tickets for the battery, with directions to apply what prizes might be drawn wholly to that service. He told me the following anecdote of his old master, William Penn, respecting defense. He came over from England, when a young man, with that proprietary, and as his secretary. It was war-time, and their ship was chas’d by an armed vessel, suppos’d to be an enemy. Their captain prepar’d for defense; but told William

Korean

assure: 보증하다, 납득시키다, 보험에

넣다, 안심시키다, 확신시키다, 확실

히하다, 납득하다, 확실하게 하다, 보

험을 걸다.

delay: 유예, 지연, 늦게하다, 지연시키

다, 지체하다, 연기하다-늦어지다, 연

기하다, 늦어지다, 지체하다-지연, 지

연 기간, 우물쭈물하다.

elders: 선배.

embroil: 분규시키다, 휩쓸어넣다, 반

목시키다, 혼란시키다, 휩쓸어 넣다.

laid: 집에 틀어박힌, 몸져 누워 있는.

logan: 강 호수 등에서 갈라져 괴어있

는 물.

morris: 모리스 춤, 남자이름, 모리스

춤.

proprietary: 유산계급 계급, 소유의,

독점의, 재산이 있는, 소유, 소유자,

소유권, 소유자들, 소유주의.

sincerely: 성실한, 진실의, 미음으로부

터, 진정으로.

supporting: 원조하는, 조연하는, 받치

는, 지지하는, 떠받치는.

usage: 취급법, 관용법, 관습, 어법, 사

용법, 관용, 취급, 습관, 용법.

vessel: 배, 도관, 용기, 비행선, 그릇,

맥관, 관, 사람.

voting: 투표, 투표권 행사.

waiter: 기다리는 사람, 시중드는 사람,

요리 나르는 쟁반, 급사, 음식쟁반, 웨

이터.

wholly: 완전히, 아주, 오로지, 전적으

로, 어구와함께.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 114

Penn%and his company of Quakers, that he did not expect their assistance, and they might retire into the cabin, which they did, except James Logan, who chose to stay upon deck, and was quarter’d to a gun. The suppos’d enemy prov’d a friend, so there was no fighting; but when the secretary went down to communicate the intelligence, William Penn rebuk’d him severely for staying upon deck, and undertaking to assist in defending the vessel, contrary to the principles of Friends, especially as it had not been required by the captain. This reproof, being before all the company, piqu’d the secretary, who answer’d, “I being thy servant, why did thee not order me to come down? But thee was willing enough that I should stay and help to fight the ship when thee thought there was danger.”

My being many years in the Assembly, the majority of which were constantly Quakers, gave me frequent opportunities of seeing the embarrassment given them by their principle against war, whenever application was made to them, by order of the crown, to grant aids for military purposes. They were unwilling to offend government, on the one hand, by a direct refusal; and their friends, the body of the Quakers, on the other, by a compliance contrary to their principles; hence a variety of evasions to avoid complying, and modes of disguising the compliance when it became unavoidable. The common mode at last was, to grant money under the phrase of its being “for the king’s use,” and never to inquire how it was applied.

But, if the demand was not directly from the crown, that phrase was found not so proper, and some other was to be invented. As, when powder was wanting (I think it was for the garrison at Louisburg), and the government of New England solicited a grant of some from Pennsilvania, which was much urg’d on the House by Governor Thomas, they could not grant money to buy powder, because that was an ingredient of war; but they voted an aid to New England of three thousand pounds, to he put into the hands of the governor, and appropriated it for the purchasing of bread, flour, wheat, or other grain. Some of the council, desirous of giving the House still further embarrassment, advis’d the governor not to accept provision, as not being the thing he had demanded; but

Korean

chose: 재산, 물, 물건.

communicate: 통신하다, 전하다, 나누

다, 통해 있다, 전염시키다, 전달하다,

의사를 소통하다, 성찬을 주다, 성찬

을 받다, 감염시키다, 교통하다.

deck: 갑판, 단장하다, 꾸미다, 평평한

지붕, 갑판을 깔다, 지면, 갑판에 나와

서, 지면-갑판을 깔다, 다음 타자가

되어, 준비되어, 전투 준비를 하다.

embarrassment: 곤란, 방해, 장애, 당

혹, 난처함, 당황, 재정, 당황케 하는

사람, 당황케 하는 것, 무안케 하는 사

람, 난처.

garrison: 수비 , 요새지, 주둔군, 요

새, 주둔병, 수비 를 두다.

ingredient: 성분, 재료, 인자, 합성분,

구성요소, 원료.

powder: 가루, 가루분, 가루약, 가루를

뿌리다, 가루분을 바르다, 가루가 되

다, 화약-가루로하다, 화약, 에 조미

료를 치다, 분, 분설.

reproof: 비난, 질책, 잔소리, 견책, 꾸

지람, 다시 방수가공하다, 비난의 말,

의 교정쇄를 다시 내다, 책망.

retire: 회수하다, 퇴직하다, 물러나다,

물러나게 하다, 자다, 아웃시키다, 은

퇴시키다, 아웃 시키다, 퇴각하다, 입

후보를 단념하다, 지폐 따위를 회수하

다.

severely: 수수한, 간소한, 격렬한, 엄

한, 군더더기 없는, 엄숙한, 호된,

중한, 심하게, 간소하게, 엄하게.

wheat: .

Benjamin Franklin 115

be reply’d, “I shall take the money, for I understand very well their meaning; other grain is gunpowder,” which he accordingly bought, and they never objected to it.%

It was in allusion to this fact that, when in our fire company we feared the success of our proposal in favour of the lottery, and I had said to my friend Mr. Syng, one of our members, “If we fail, let us move the purchase of a fire-engine with the money; the Quakers can have no objection to that; and then, if you nominate me and I you as a committee for that purpose, we will buy a great gun, which is certainly a fire-engine.” “I see,” says he, “you have improv’d by being so long in the Assembly; your equivocal project would be just a match for their wheat or other grain.”

These embarrassments that the Quakers suffer’d from having establish’d and published it as one of their principles that no kind of war was lawful, and which, being once published, they could not afterwards, however they might change their minds, easily get rid of, reminds me of what I think a more prudent conduct in another sect among us, that of the Dunkers. I was acquainted with one of its founders, Michael Welfare, soon after it appear’d. He complain’d to me that they were grievously calumniated by the zealots of other persuasions, and charg’d with abominable principles and practices, to which they were utter strangers. I told him this had always been the case with new sects, and that, to put a stop to such abuse, I imagin’d it might be well to publish the articles of their belief, and the rules of their discipline. He said that it had been propos’d among them, but not agreed to, for this reason: “When we were first drawn together as a society,” says he, “it had pleased God to enlighten our minds so far as to see that some doctrines, which we once esteemed truths, were errors; and that others, which we had esteemed errors, were real truths. From time to time He has been pleased to afford us farther light, and our principles have been improving, and our errors diminishing. Now we are not sure that we are arrived at the end of this progression, and at the perfection of spiritual or theological knowledge; and we fear that, if we should once print our confession of faith, we should feel ourselves as if bound and confin’d by it, and perhaps be unwilling to receive

Korean

allusion: 암시, 변죽 울림, 약간의 언

급, 인유.

confession: 자백, 고해, 고백, 고백서,

자인, 신앙고백, 구술서.

diminishing: 점감하는, 차츰 줄어드

는, 체감하는.

discipline: 훈련, 징계하다, 규율, 훈육

, 제어, 훈련하다, 징계, 징계-훈련하

다, 억제, 학과, 단련하다.

equivocal: 의심스러운, 두가지 뜻으로

해석될 수 있는, 명백하지 않은, 모호

한, 확실치 않은, 미심스러운, 두 가지

뜻으로 해석되는.

fire-engine: 소방차.

lawful: 법정의, 정당한, 합법의, 법률

이 인정하는, 적법의.

nominate: 임명하다, 지명하다, 지정

하다, 말의 출장등록을 하다, 이름을

들다, 지명천거하다, 추천하다, 후보

자로 천거하다, 관직에 임명하다, 관

직에 지명하다, 후보자로 추천하다.

progression: 진행, 수열, 전진.

spiritual: 영적인, 정신의, 신성한, 흑

인 영가, 종교의, 종교상의, 종교적인

일, 종교적인 것, 정신적인 일, 영가,

성령의.

theological: 신학의, 신학적인, 성격에

입각한, 성서에 기초한, 신학상의, 성

경에 입각한.

utter: 말하다, 전적인, 절 적인, 완전

한, 행사하다, 나타내다, 발음하다, 순

전한, 무조건의, 발언하다, 입 밖에 내

다.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 116

farther improvement, and our successors still more so, as conceiving what we their elders and founders had done, to be something sacred, never to be departed from.”

This modesty in a sect is perhaps a singular instance in the history of mankind, every other sect supposing itself in possession of all truth, and that those who differ are so far in the wrong; like a man traveling in foggy weather, those at some distance before him on the road he sees wrapped up in the fog, as well as those behind him, and also the people in the fields on each side, but near him all appears clear, tho’ in truth he is as much in the fog as any of them. To avoid this kind of embarrassment, the Quakers have of late years been gradually declining the public service in the Assembly and in the magistracy, choosing rather to quit their power than their principle.%

In order of time, I should have mentioned before, that having, in 1742, invented an open stove for the better warming of rooms, and at the same time saving fuel, as the fresh air admitted was warmed in entering, I made a present of the model to Mr. Robert Grace, one of my early friends, who, having an iron-furnace, found the casting of the plates for these stoves a profitable thing, as they were growing in demand. To promote that demand, I wrote and published a pamphlet, entitled “An Account of the new-invented Pennsylvania Fireplaces; wherein their Construction and Manner of Operation is particularly explained; their Advantages above every other Method of warming Rooms demonstrated; and all Objections that have been raised against the Use of them answered and obviated,” etc. This pamphlet had a good effect. Gov’r. Thomas was so pleas’d with the construction of this stove, as described in it, that he offered to give me a patent for the sole vending of them for a term of years; but I declin’d it from a principle which has ever weighed with me on such occasions, viz., That, as we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of others, we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours; and this we should do freely and generously.

An ironmonger in London however, assuming a good deal of my pamphlet, and working it up into his own, and making some small changes in the machine,

Korean

casting: 주조, 배역, 낚싯줄의 드리움,

주물, 던짐, 똥, 뱀 허물, 버림, 낚싯줄

의 드리움 방법의, 낚싯줄의 드리움의

, 던지기.

departed: 죽은, 과거의, 고인, 지나간,

죽은사람.

fog: 안개, 안개로 덮다, 혼미, 당혹, 당

황케 하다, 흐려지다, 두번째 풀, 안개

가 끼다, 풀을 서서 마른 채로 내버려

두다, 선채로 마른 풀, 흐림의.

foggy: 흐린, 안개짙은, 빛이새어 흐려

진, 당황한, 흐릿한, 몽롱한, 안개가

지욱한.

generously: 관 하게, 푸짐하게, 풍부

하게, 활수하게.

ironmonger: 철물상, 철제 기구 상인.

magistracy: 치안관의 직, 행정 장관,

판사, 치안판사의 직, 치안판사의 임

기, 장관의 직, 장관의 임기, 장관의

관구, 치안판사의 관구.

patent: 명백한, 특허, 열려 있는, 개방

성의, 공유지 양도 증서, 개방되어 있

는, 특허권, 전매 특허의, 의 전매 특

허를 얻다, 색다른, 독특한 것.

stove: 난로, 스토브, 온실, 온실에서

재배하다, 요리용 난로, 온실에서 속

상 재배하다.

traveling: 이동, 여행, 여행용의, 움직

이는, 순회하는, 이동하는, 움직일 수

있는, 활주하는, 여행의, 순회 흥행,

순력.

warming: 따뜻하게 함, 채찍질, 구타,

가온, 따뜻해짐.

Benjamin Franklin 117

which rather hurt its operation, got a patent for it there, and made, as I was told, a little fortune by it. And this is not the only instance of patents taken out for my inventions by others, tho’ not always with the same success, which I never contested, as having no desire of profiting by patents myself, and hating disputes. The use of these fireplaces in very many houses, both of this and the neighbouring colonies, has been, and is, a great saving of wood to the inhabitants.%

Peace being concluded, and the association business therefore at an end, I turn’d my thoughts again to the affair of establishing an academy. The first step I took was to associate in the design a number of active friends, of whom the Junto furnished a good part; the next was to write and publish a pamphlet, entitled Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania. This I distributed among the principal inhabitants gratis; and as soon as I could suppose their minds a little prepared by the perusal of it, I set on foot a subscription for opening and supporting an academy; it was to be paid in quotas yearly for five years; by so dividing it, I judg’d the subscription might be larger, and I believe it was so, amounting to no less, if I remember right, than five thousand pounds.

In the introduction to these proposals, I stated their publication, not as an act of mine, but of some publick-spirited gentlemen, avoiding as much as I could, according to my usual rule, the presenting myself to the publick as the author of any scheme for their benefit.

The subscribers, to carry the project into immediate execution, chose out of their number twenty-four trustees, and appointed Mr. Francis, then attorney-general, and myself to draw up constitutions for the government of the academy; which being done and signed, a house was hired, masters engag’d, and the schools opened, I think, in the same year, 1749.

The scholars increasing fast, the house was soon found too small, and we were looking out for a piece of ground, properly situated, with intention to build, when Providence threw into our way a large house ready built, which, with a few alterations, might well serve our purpose. This was the building before

Korean

affair: 일, 사건, 물건, 물품, 사무, 하

기, 문제, 추문, 전투, 일거리, 연애 사

건.

associate: 준회원, 연합시키다, 한동아

리, 공동시키다, 동료, 교제하다, 연상

하다, 준, 연합한, 연상하다-교제하

다-동료, 연상되는 것-동아리의.

author: 저자, 본인, 하수인, 저작, 창시

자, 창조자, 저작물, 만들어 내다, 쓰

다.

contested: 경쟁의, 이론이 있는.

dividing: 나누는, 구분적인.

francis: 남자이름.

hired: 고용한, 빌린, 삯주는.

hurt: 상처, 고통, 다치다, 부상, 부상을

입히다, 상처를 입히다, 아프다, 상처

를 입다, 해를 입다, 에 상처를 내다,

상하게 하다.

masters: 석사.

perusal: 숙독, 통독.

principal: 원금, 교장, 우두머리, 주범,

회장, 사장, 원금의, 기본 재산, 가장

중요한, 주된, 주요한.

publication: 출판물, 발표, 출판, 발행.

saving: 저금, 구조, 절약, 절약하는, 구

제, 제외하는, 저축, 을 더는, 보상, 구

하는, 외에는.

situated: 입장에 놓인, 있는, 한 처지

에 있는, 위치해 있는, 한 경우에 있는

, 한 상태에 있는.

yearly: 매년의, 그 해만의, 연 1 회의,

일년간의, 일년에 한번, 매년, 그 해의

.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 118

mentioned, erected by the hearers of Mr. Whitefield, and was obtained for us in the following manner.

It is to be noted that the contributions to this building being made by people of different sects, care was taken in the nomination of trustees, in whom the building and ground was to be vested, that a predominancy should not be given to any sect, lest in time that predominancy might be a means of appropriating the whole to the use of such sect, contrary to the original intention. It was therefore that one of each sect was appointed, viz., one Church-of-England man, one Presbyterian, one Baptist, one Moravian, etc., those, in case of vacancy by death, were to fill it by election from among the contributors. The Moravian happen’d not to please his colleagues, and on his death they resolved to have no other of that sect. The difficulty then was, how to avoid having two of some other sect, by means of the new choice.%

Several persons were named, and for that reason not agreed to. At length one mention’d me, with the observation that I was merely an honest man, and of no sect at all, which prevail’d with them to chuse me. The enthusiasm which existed when the house was built had long since abated, and its trustees had not been able to procure fresh contributions for paying the ground-rent, and discharging some other debts the building had occasion’d, which embarrass’d them greatly. Being now a member of both sets of trustees, that for the building and that for the Academy, I had a good opportunity of negotiating with both, and brought them finally to an agreement, by which the trustees for the building were to cede it to those of the academy, the latter undertaking to discharge the debt, to keep for ever open in the building a large hall for occasional preachers, according to the original intention, and maintain a free school for the instruction of poor children. Writings were accordingly drawn, and on paying the debts the trustees of the academy were put in possession of the premises; and by dividing the great and lofty hall into stories, and different rooms above and below for the several schools, and purchasing some additional ground, the whole was soon made fit for our purpose, and the scholars remov’d into the building. The care and trouble of agreeing with the workmen, purchasing materials, and

Korean

appointed: 지정된, 설비된, 약속의, 정

해진, 설비를 갖춘.

cede: 양도하다, 할양하다, 양보하다,

이양하다, 인도하다.

debt: 빚, 죄, 부채, 은혜, 의리, 빚진 것

.

enthusiasm: 열광, 열의, 열중, 열심,

열중시키는 것, 종교적 열광.

greatly: 위 하게, 매우, 크게, 단히,

훨씬, 숭고하게, 심히, 관 하게.

honest: 정직한, 섞지않은, 성실한, 진

짜의, 평판이 좋은, 거짓이 없는, 기특

한.

lofty: 거만한, 고상한, 당당한, 치속은,

단히 높은, 숭고한, 거드럭거리는,

매우 높은.

maintain: 유지하다, 계속하다, 지지하

다, 지속하다, 주장하다, 부양하다, 간

수하다, 지탱하다, 건사하다, 후원하

다, 옹호하다.

nomination: 지명, 말의 출장등록, 추

천임명.

noted: 유명한, 저명한, 악보가 붙은.

paying: 지불하는 지불, 지불하는 돈이

벌리는, 수지가 맞은, 지불하는, 돈이

벌리는.

possession: 소유, 영지, 점유, 편애, 선

입관, 속령, 소유물, 자제, 소유물.재

산, 재산, 흘림.

predominancy: 출중, 지배, 발군, 탁월

.

premises: 가옥, 앞서 한 말, 토지 및

부속물이 딸린 가옥.

Benjamin Franklin 119

superintending the work, fell upon me; and I went thro’ it the more cheerfully, as it did not then interfere with my private business, having the year before taken a very able, industrious, and honest partner, Mr. David Hall, with whose character I was well acquainted, as he had work’d for me four years. He took off my hands all care of the printing-office, paying me punctually my share of the profits. This partnership continued eighteen years, successfully for us both.%

The trustees of the academy, after a while, were incorporated by a charter from the governor; their funds were increas’d by contributions in Britain and grants of land from the proprietaries, to which the Assembly has since made considerable addition; and thus was established the present University of Philadelphia. I have been continued one of its trustees from the beginning, now near forty years, and have had the very great pleasure of seeing a number of the youth who have receiv’d their education in it, distinguish’d by their improv’d abilities, serviceable in public stations and ornaments to their country.

When I disengaged myself, as above mentioned, from private business, I flatter’d myself that, by the sufficient tho’ moderate fortune I had acquir’d, I had secured leisure during the rest of my life for philosophical studies and amusements. I purchased all Dr. Spence’s apparatus, who had come from England to lecture here, and I proceeded in my electrical experiments with great alacrity; but the publick, now considering me as a man of leisure, laid hold of me for their purposes, every part of our civil government, and almost at the same time, imposing some duty upon me. The governor put me into the commission of the peace; the corporation of the city chose me of the common council, and soon after an alderman; and the citizens at large chose me a burgess to represent them in Assembly. This latter station was the more agreeable to me, as I was at length tired with sitting there to hear debates, in which, as clerk, I could take no part, and which were often so unentertaining that I was induc’d to amuse myself with making magic squares or circles, or any thing to avoid weariness; and I conceiv’d my becoming a member would enlarge my power of doing good. I would not, however, insinuate that my ambition was not flatter’d by all these promotions; it certainly was; for, considering my low beginning, they were great

Korean

alacrity: 민활, 활발.

alderman: 시참사의원, 부시장, 구청

장, 시의회 의원.

amuse: 위안하다, 즐겁게, 즐겁게하다,

재미있게하다, 쁘게 하다, 분 전환을

하다, 즐겁게 하다.

burgess: 시민.

disengaged: 약속이 없는, 한가한, 자

유로운, 풀린, 예약이 없는.

enlarge: 넓어지다, 퍼지다, 확 하다,

부연하다, 상세하게 설명하다, 석방하

다, 크게 하다, 확장하다.

incorporated: 합동한, 법인조직의, 유

한 책임의, 편입한, 합병한, 회사가 유

한 책임의.

insinuate: 넌지시 비추다, 빗 어 말하

다, 스며들게하다, 슬쩍 보이다, 둘러

서 말하다, 교묘하게 환심사다, 교묘

하게 불어넣다, 은근히 심어주다, 서

서히 파고 들다, 스며들게 하다, 천천

히 들어가다.

interfere: 간섭하다, 방해하다, 충돌하

다, 조정하다, 해치다, 참견하다, 중재

하다, 립하다, 손상하다, 훼방하다,

발벗고 나서다.

moderate: 알맞은, 보통의, 온건한, 온

화한, 중재인 노릇을 하다, 사회하다,

온건한 사람, 절제하는, 웬만한, 중간

정도의, 누그러지다.

philosophical: 철학의, 이성적인, 현명

한, 철학자의.

successfully: 훌륭하게, 성공적으로.

weariness: 권태, 싫증, 피로.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 120

things to me; and they were still more pleasing, as being so many spontaneous testimonies of the public good opinion, and by me entirely unsolicited.

The office of justice of the peace I try’d a little, by attending a few courts, and sitting on the bench to hear causes; but finding that more knowledge of the common law than I possess’d was necessary to act in that station with credit, I gradually withdrew from it, excusing myself by my being oblig’d to attend the higher duties of a legislator in the Assembly. My election to this trust was repeated every year for ten years, without my ever asking any elector for his vote, or signifying, either directly or indirectly, any desire of being chosen. On taking my seat in the House, my son was appointed their clerk.%

The year following, a treaty being to be held with the Indians at Carlisle, the governor sent a message to the House, proposing that they should nominate some of their members, to be join’d with some members of council, as commissioners for that purpose. The House named the speaker (Mr. Norris) and myself; and, being commission’d, we went to Carlisle, and met the Indians accordingly.

As those people are extreamly apt to get drunk, and, when so, are very quarrelsome and disorderly, we strictly forbad the selling any liquor to them; and when they complain’d of this restriction, we told them that if they would continue sober during the treaty, we would give them plenty of rum when business was over. They promis’d this, and they kept their promise, because they could get no liquor, and the treaty was conducted very orderly, and concluded to mutual satisfaction. They then claim’d and receiv’d the rum; this was in the afternoon; they were near one hundred men, women, and children, and were lodg’d in temporary cabins, built in the form of a square, just without the town. In the evening, hearing a great noise among them, the commissioners walk’d out to see what was the matter. We found they had made a great bonfire in the middle of the square; they were all drunk, men and women, quarreling and fighting. Their dark-colour’d bodies, half naked, seen only by the gloomy light of the bonfire, running after and beating one another with firebrands, accompanied by their horrid yellings, form’d a scene the most resembling our ideas of hell that

Korean

beating: 고동, 때림, 날개치기, 타파,

매질, 박정한 우, 구타, 맥박, 패배,

채찍질의 처벌, 지게 하기.

bench: 판사석, 벤치, 지위에 앉히다,

퇴장시키다, 진열 , 착석시키다, 온

실 안의 묘상에 심다, 계단, 밑으로부

터 파다, 작업 , 묘상.

bonfire: 화롯불, 모닥불, 화톳불, 큰

횃불.

disorderly: 무질서한, 난잡한, 난폭한,

어수서한, 어수선한, 공안방해의.

elector: 선거인, 유권자, 선제후, 정부

통령 선거 위원, 선거후, 정부통령 선

거위원.

gloomy: 어두운, 우울한, 음울한.

horrid: 무서운, 지독한.

indirectly: 간접적 행동, 간접적으로.

legislator: 입법자, 법률제정자.

orderly: 전령, 순종하는, 순서바른, 명

령의, 연락병, 유순한, 순서 바른, 규

율이 바른, 당번병.

quarrelsome: 싸움 좋아하는, 싸움을

좋아하는.

restriction: 제한, 구속, 한정, 제한하는

것, 사양, 속박.

rum: 이상한, 술, 럼 술, 기묘한, 서투

른, 럼주, 만만찮은, 위험한, 어려운,

별스런, 럼술.

signifying: 설전, 서로 악담하기 시합.

spontaneous: 자발적인, 천연의, 자연

발생적인, 시원스러운, 자발행위, 자

발성, 자연스러운, 자연히 일어나는,

인공적 재배에 의하지 않은.

Benjamin Franklin 121

could well be imagin’d; there was no appeasing the tumult, and we retired to our lodging. At midnight a number of them came thundering at our door, demanding more rum, of which we took no notice.%

The next day, sensible they had misbehav’d in giving us that disturbance, they sent three of their old counselors to make their apology. The orator acknowledg’d the fault, but laid it upon the rum; and then endeavored to excuse the rum by saying, “The Great Spirit, who made all things, made every thing for some use, and whatever use he design’d any thing for, that use it should always be put to. Now, when he made rum, he said ‘Let this be for the Indians to get drunk with,’ and it must be so.” And, indeed, if it be the design of Providence to extirpate these savages in order to make room for cultivators of the earth, it seems not improbable that rum may be the appointed means. It has already annihilated all the tribes who formerly inhabited the sea-coast.

In 1751, Dr. Thomas Bond, a particular friend of mine, conceived the idea of establishing a hospital in Philadelphia (a very beneficent design, which has been ascrib’d to me, but was originally his), for the reception and cure of poor sick persons, whether inhabitants of the province or strangers. He was zealous and active in endeavouring to procure subscriptions for it, but the proposal being a novelty in America, and at first not well understood, he met with but small success.

At length he came to me with the compliment that he found there was no such thing as carrying a public-spirited project through without my being concern’d in it. “For,” says he, “I am often ask’d by those to whom I propose subscribing, Have you consulted Franklin upon this business? And what does he think of it? And when I tell them that I have not (supposing it rather out of your line), they do not subscribe, but say they will consider of it.” I enquired into the nature and probable utility of his scheme, and receiving from him a very satisfactory explanation, I not only subscrib’d to it myself, but engag’d heartily in the design of procuring subscriptions from others. Previously, however, to the solicitation, I endeavoured to prepare the minds of the people by writing on the

Korean

beneficent: 자선을 베푸는, 인정많은,

선행을 하는, 인정이 있는, 자선심이

풍부한.

compliment: 찬사, 경의, 칭찬하다, 의

례적인 인사말, 경의를 표하다, 경의

의 표시, 아첨, 갚음하다-인사하다,

듣기 좋은 말을 하다, 따리, 영광된 일

.

extirpate: 근절하다, 박멸하다, 절개하

다, 절멸하다.

formerly: 이전에, 전에, 먼저, 옛날에,

원래는, 지난날.

improbable: 참말 같지 않은, 정말 같

지 않은, 일어날 듯하지 않은, 일어날

법하지 않은, 일어날 성싶지 않은, 있

을 성싶지 않은.

novelty: 진기함, 신기로움, 신고안품,

신형.

orator: 연설자, 웅변가.

probable: 있음직한, 사실 같은, 확실

한 듯한, 할 듯 싶은, 유망한 후보자,

무슨일을 할 것 같은 사람, 보결선수,

일어날 듯한 사건, 무슨 일을 할 것 같

은 사람.

solicitation: 간원, 유혹, 간청, 교사,

권유, 귀찮게 졸라댐, 손님끌기, 애걸

복걸, 유도, 증회 유치.

thundering: 엄청나게, 터무니없는, 우

뢰같이 울리는, 우뢰같은, 터무니없이

, 매우, 뇌성같이 울리는, 뇌성 같은,

거 한, 우뢰 같은.

tumult: 흥분, 혼란, 소동, 떠들썩함,

소란, 소요, 격동.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 122

subject in the newspapers, which was my usual custom in such cases, but which he had omitted.

The subscriptions afterwards were more free and generous; but, beginning to flag, I saw they would be insufficient without some assistance from the Assembly, and therefore propos’d to petition for it, which was done. The country members did not at first relish the project; they objected that it could only be serviceable to the city, and therefore the citizens alone should be at the expense of it; and they doubted whether the citizens themselves generally approv’d of it. My allegation on the contrary, that it met with such approbation as to leave no doubt of our being able to raise two thousand pounds by voluntary donations, they considered as a most extravagant supposition, and utterly impossible.%

On this I form’d my plan; and asking leave to bring in a bill for incorporating the contributors according to the prayer of their petition, and granting them a blank sum of money, which leave was obtained chiefly on the consideration that the House could throw the bill out if they did not like it, I drew it so as to make the important clause a conditional one, viz., “And be it enacted, by the authority aforesaid, that when the said contributors shall have met and chosen their managers and treasurer, and shall have raised by their contributions a capital stock of—-—value (the yearly interest of which is to be applied to the accommodating of the sick poor in the said hospital, free of charge for diet, attendance, advice, and medicines), and shall make the same appear to the satisfaction of the speaker of the Assembly for the time being, that then it shall and may be lawful for the said speaker, and he is hereby required, to sign an order on the provincial treasurer for the payment of two thousand pounds, in two yearly payments, to the treasurer of the said hospital, to be applied to the founding, building, and finishing of the same.”

This condition carried the bill through; for the members, who had oppos’d the grant, and now conceiv’d they might have the credit of being charitable without the expence, agreed to its passage; and then, in soliciting subscriptions among the people, we urg’d the conditional promise of the law as an additional

Korean

accommodating: 친절한, 고분고분한,

융통성 있는, 융통성있는, 싹싹한, 사

람좋은, 붙임성 있는, 잘 돌봐주는.

aforesaid: 전술한, 진술한.

allegation: 진술, 변명, 확언, 주장, 설.

conditional: 조건부의, 가정의, 을조

건 으로 한, 잠정적인, 조건문, 조건을

나타내는, 조건법, 가정 어구, 가정,

어구, 여하에 달린.

donation: 기부금, 기증품, 손님이 선

물을 주는 파티, 기부.

extravagant: 낭비하는, 엄청난, 터무니

없는, 기발한.

finishing: 최후의, 끝손질의, 마무리의

, 끝손질의 최후의 손질, 마무리 손질.

flag: 기, 포석을 깔다, 기를 올리다, 기

로 꾸미다, 둘쨋줄 칼깃, 시들다, 판석

포장도로, 판석, 플래그, 붓꽃의 무리,

신호로 정지시키다.

hereby: 이로 말미암아, 이에 의하여,

이것에 의하여.

insufficient: 불충분한, 부족한, 능력

이 없는, 부적당한.

petition: 기원, 탄원, 애원, 탄원서, 진

정, 청원, 청원하다, 원하다, 에게 청

원하다, 에게 진정하다.

relish: 조미료, 식욕, 좋아하다, 향기,

흥미, 기호, 양념, 풍미, 즐기다, 맛보

다, 기미.

treasurer: 회계원, 출납관, 귀중품 보

관자, 귀중품 보관물.

utterly: 아주, 완전히, 완전한, 전혀, 순

전히.

Benjamin Franklin 123

motive to give, since every man’s donation would be doubled; thus the clause work’d both ways. The subscriptions accordingly soon exceeded the requisite sum, and we claim’d and receiv’d the public gift, which enabled us to carry the design into execution. A convenient and handsome building was soon erected; the institution has by constant experience been found useful, and flourishes to this day; and I do not remember any of my political manoeuvres, the success of which gave me at the time more pleasure, or wherein, after thinking of it, I more easily excus’d myself for having made some use of cunning.%

It was about this time that another projector, the Rev. Gilbert Tennent, came to me with a request that I would assist him in procuring a subscription for erecting a new meeting-house. It was to be for the use of a congregation he had gathered among the Presbyterians, who were originally disciples of Mr. Whitefield. Unwilling to make myself disagreeable to my fellow-citizens by too frequently soliciting their contributions, I absolutely refus’d. He then desired I would furnish him with a list of the names of persons I knew by experience to be generous and public-spirited. I thought it would be unbecoming in me, after their kind compliance with my solicitations, to mark them out to be worried by other beggars, and therefore refus’d also to give such a list. He then desir’d I would at least give him my advice. “That I will readily do,” said I; “and, in the first place, I advise you to apply to all those whom you know will give something; next, to those whom you are uncertain whether they will give any thing or not, and show them the list of those who have given; and, lastly, do not neglect those who you are sure will give nothing, for in some of them you may be mistaken.” He laugh’d and thank’d me, and said he would take my advice. He did so, for he ask’d of everybody, and he obtained a much larger sum than he expected, with which he erected the capacious and very elegant meeting-house that stands in Arch-street.

Our city, tho’ laid out with a beautiful regularity, the streets large, strait, and crossing each other at right angles, had the disgrace of suffering those streets to remain long unpav’d, and in wet weather the wheels of heavy carriages plough’d them into a quagmire, so that it was difficult to cross them; and in dry weather

Korean

advise: 충고하다, 조언하다, 알리다,

통지하다, 통고하다, 의논하다, 권하

다, 상담하다.

capacious: 널찍한, 용량이 큰, 큼지막

한, 포용력이 있는, 넓은.

crossing: 교차, 교차점, 횡단, 이종교

배, 건널목, 교잡, 횡선, 십자로, 방해,

횡단보도, 도항.

generous: 관 한, 풍부한, 비옥한, 마

음이 넓은, 감칠맛이 있는, 기름지, 활

수한.

gift: 선물, 재능, 천분, 부여하다, 선사

하다, 선사하다부여하다, 증여, 천부

의 재능, 천부.

gilbert: 길버트, 남자이름, 남자 이름.

handsome: 상당한, 활수한, 단정하게

잘 생긴, 훌륭한, 멋진.

motive: 운동을 일으키는, 동기, 동기

가 되는, 동기가 되는-동기, 동인, 예

술 작품의 주제, 동기의, 문학의 주제,

기동의, 일반적으로 주지, 주제.

projector: 투사기, 계획자, 엉터리 회

사의 창립자, 영사기, 투영기, 투광기.

requisite: 필요한, 요건, 필수품, 필요

조건, 필요물, 요소, 없어서는 안될,

필수의.

strait: 궁핍, 해협, 좁은, 곤란, 좁은문,

엄중한.

unbecoming: 어울리지 않는, 맞지 않

는, 보기 흉한, 버릇없는, 온당치 못한

.

worried: 당혹한, 걱정스런, 곤란한, 걱

정스러운.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 124

the dust was offensive. I had liv’d near what was call’d the Jersey Market, and saw with pain the inhabitants wading in mud while purchasing their provisions. A strip of ground down the middle of that market was at length pav’d with brick, so that, being once in the market, they had firm footing, but were often over shoes in dirt to get there. By talking and writing on the subject, I was at length instrumental in getting the street pav’d with stone between the market and the brick’d foot-pavement, that was on each side next the houses. This, for some time, gave an easy access to the market dry-shod; but, the rest of the street not being pav’d, whenever a carriage came out of the mud upon this pavement, it shook off and left its dirt upon it, and it was soon cover’d with mire, which was not remov’d, the city as yet having no scavengers.%

After some inquiry I found a poor industrious man, who was willing to undertake keeping the pavement clean, by sweeping it twice a week, carrying off the dirt from before all the neighbours’ doors, for the sum of sixpence per month, to be paid by each house. I then wrote and printed a paper setting forth the advantages to the neighbourhood that might be obtain’d by this small expense; the greater ease in keeping our houses clean, so much dirt not being brought in by people’s feet; the benefit to the shops by more custom, etc., etc., as buyers could more easily get at them; and by not having, in windy weather, the dust blown in upon their goods, etc., etc. I sent one of these papers to each house, and in a day or two went round to see who would subscribe an agreement to pay these sixpences; it was unanimously sign’d, and for a time well executed. All the inhabitants of the city were delighted with the cleanliness of the pavement that surrounded the market, it being a convenience to all, and this rais’d a general desire to have all the streets paved, and made the people more willing to submit to a tax for that purpose.

After some time I drew a bill for paving the city, and brought it into the Assembly. It was just before I went to England, in 1757, and did not pass till I was gone. and then with an alteration in the mode of assessment, which I thought not for the better, but with an additional provision for lighting as well as paving the streets, which was a great improvement. It was by a private person,

Korean

alteration: 변경, 개조, 변경된 곳, 변

화.

blown: 핀, 숨을 헐떡이는, 파리가 알

을 슨, 부푼, 불어서 만든.

cleanliness: 청결, 깨끗함을 좋아함,

명백함, 깨끗한, 결백, 깨끗함.

convenience: 편의, 편리, 변소, 편리한

것, 형편좋음, 이기, 편익, 사정, 공중

변소.

delighted: 기쁜, 매우 즐거운.

dirt: 진흙, 쓰레기, 오물, 비열한 언사,

흙, 토지, 먼지, 욕, 굴욕을 참다, 폐석

, 욕설.

instrumental: 기계의, 악기의, 수단이

되는, 조격, 조격의, 악기를 위한, 악

기에 의한, 쓸모 있는, 도움이 되는,

기계를 사용하는.

lighting: 조명, 그림 등에서 빛의 배치

, 빛의 배치, 사진 등에서 빛의 배치,

조명법, 점화.

mire: 진흙, 수렁, 진창, 궁지, 진흙으

로 더럽히다, 궁지에 몰아넣다, 진창

에 빠지다.

pavement: 포장, 인도, 차도, 포도, 포

장 도로.

paving: 포장, 포상, 포장재료, 포도,

포석, 포장 재료.

sweeping: 청소, 일소하는, 일소, 파죽

지세, 전반에 걸친, 불어제침, 어내

림, 먼지, 적인, 쓰레기, 소탕.

windy: 바람이 센, 공허한, 수다스러운

, 깜짝 놀란, 가스가 차는, 바람 불어

오는 쪽의, 입만의, 말만의.

Benjamin Franklin 125

the late Mr. John Clifton, his giving a sample of the utility of lamps, by placing one at his door, that the people were first impress’d with the idea of enlighting all the city. The honour of this public benefit has also been ascrib’d to me but it belongs truly to that gentleman. I did but follow his example, and have only some merit to claim respecting the form of our lamps, as differing from the globe lamps we were at first supply’d with from London. Those we found inconvenient in these respects: they admitted no air below; the smoke, therefore, did not readily go out above, but circulated in the globe, lodg’d on its inside, and soon obstructed the light they were intended to afford; giving, besides, the daily trouble of wiping them clean; and an accidental stroke on one of them would demolish it, and render it totally useless. I therefore suggested the composing them of four flat panes, with a long funnel above to draw up the smoke, and crevices admitting air below, to facilitate the ascent of the smoke; by this means they were kept clean, and did not grow dark in a few hours, as the London lamps do, but continu’d bright till morning, and an accidental stroke would generally break but a single pane, easily repair’d.%

I have sometimes wonder’d that the Londoners did not, from the effect holes in the bottom of the globe lamps us’d at Vauxhall have in keeping them clean, learn to have such holes in their street lamps. But, these holes being made for another purpose, viz., to communicate flame more suddenly to the wick by a little flax hanging down thro’ them, the other use, of letting in air, seems not to have been thought of; and therefore, after the lamps have been lit a few hours, the streets of London are very poorly illuminated.

The mention of these improvements puts me in mind of one I propos’d, when in London, to Dr. Fothergill, who was among the best men I have known, and a great promoter of useful projects. I had observ’d that the streets, when dry, were never swept, and the light dust carried away; but it was suffer’d to accumulate till wet weather reduc’d it to mud, and then, after lying some days so deep on the pavement that there was no crossing but in paths kept clean by poor people with brooms, it was with great labour rak’d together and thrown up into carts open above, the sides of which suffer’d some of the slush at every jolt on the

Korean

accumulate: 모으다, 쌓이다, 모이다,

쌓다.

ascent: 오르막, 오름, 상승, 등산, 사승

, 오르막길, 올라감.

demolish: 파괴하다, 먹어치우다, 모조

리 먹어 치우다, 헐다.

flax: 아마, 아마실, 린네르, 엷은 황갈

색의, 엷은 황갈색, 아마의 섬유의, 아

마의, 아마의 섬유.

funnel: 깔때기, 채광구멍, 통풍통, 깔

때기를 통과하다, 깔때기 모양이 되다

, 깔 기 모양이 되게 하다, 집중하다,

굴뚝.

globe: 지구, 공, 지구의, 공 모양의 물

건, 구체, 공 모양으로 하다, 공 모양

의 것.

illuminated: 채식된, 술취한, 일루미

네이션 을한.

jolt: 동요, 덜컹거리다, 덜컹거리며 나

아가다, 덜컹거림, 충격, 흔들리다, 심

한 상하의 움직임, 덜커덕커덕 흔들리

다, 급격히 흔들리게 하다, 마차 따위

가 급격히 흔들리게 하다.

pane: 창유리, 구역, 에 창유리를 끼우

다, 창, 창유리의 한 장.

placing: 자본 매출.

promoter: 발기인, 흥행주, 촉진자, 주

창자, 새 회사의 발기인, 증진하는 사

람, 증진하는 것.

slush: 뇌물, 윤활유, 위조지폐, 진창,

푸념, 질벅한 길, 음식, 윤활제, 시멘

트로 메우다, 깊이 없는 감상적인 이

야기, 녹기 시작한 눈.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 126

pavement to shake out and fall, sometimes to the annoyance of foot-passengers. The reason given for not sweeping the dusty streets was, that the dust would fly into the windows of shops and houses.

An accidental occurrence had instructed me how much sweeping might be done in a little time. I found at my door in Craven-street, one morning, a poor woman sweeping my pavement with a birch broom; she appeared very pale and feeble, as just come out of a fit of sickness. I ask’d who employ’d her to sweep there; she said, “Nobody, but I am very poor and in distress, and I sweeps before gentlefolkses doors, and hopes they will give me something.” I bid her sweep the whole street clean, and I would give her a shilling; this was at nine o’clock; at 12 she came for the shilling. From the slowness I saw at first in her working, I could scarce believe that the work was done so soon, and sent my servant to examine it, who reported that the whole street was swept perfectly clean, and all the dust plac’d in the gutter, which was in the middle; and the next rain wash’d it quite away, so that the pavement and even the kennel were perfectly clean.%

I then judg’d that, if that feeble woman could sweep such a street in three hours, a strong, active man might have done it in half the time. And here let me remark the convenience of having but one gutter in such a narrow street, running down its middle, instead of two, one on each side, near the footway; for where all the rain that falls on a street runs from the sides and meets in the middle, it forms there a current strong enough to wash away all the mud it meets with; but when divided into two channels, it is often too weak to cleanse either, and only makes the mud it finds more fluid, so that the wheels of carriages and feet of horses throw and dash it upon the foot-pavement, which is thereby rendered foul and slippery, and sometimes splash it upon those who are walking. My proposal, communicated to the good doctor, was as follows:

“For the more effectual cleaning and keeping clean the streets of London and Westminster, it is proposed that the several watchmen be contracted with to have the dust swept up in dry seasons, and the mud rak’d up at other times, each in the several streets and lanes of his round; that they be furnish’d with brooms and

Korean

annoyance: 성가심, 두통거리, 약오름,

성가신 일, 성가신 사람, 성가시게 굴

기, 괴로움.

birch: 자작나무 회초리, 자작나무, 때

리다, 자작나무 재목.

broom: 비, 청소하다, 금작화, 비로 쓸

다, 긴자루 부러시, 긴자루 브러시, 빗

자루, 을 비로 쓸다.

cleanse: 청결하게 하다, 고치다, 씻어

깨끗이 하다, 세척하다, 숙청하다, 씻

다, 제거하다, 청결히 하다, 깨끗이 하

다, 정화하다.

feeble: 약한, 연약한, 희미한, 의지가

박약한.

footway: 보도, 작은길, 작은 길.

gutter: 홈통, 빈민가, 촛농이 흘러내리

다, 도랑을 만들다, 수로, 흐르다, 얕

은 도랑, 흐른 자국, 좌, 우양페이지의

여백, 촛농이 흐르다.

kennel: 개집, 도랑, 개의사육장, 사냥

개의떼, 사냥개의 떼, 개의 사육장, 떼

, 오두막집, 사냥개 따위의 떼, 개집에

넣다, 개집에 들어가다.

sickness: 병, 역겨움, 구역질, 메스꺼

움, 앓음.

slippery: 불안정한, 미끄러운, 믿을 수

없는, 속임수의, 뻔뻔스러운, 의미가

선명하지 않은, 잡을 데가 없는.

slowness: 우둔, 느림, 완만.

splash: 튀다, 튀기다, 튀김, 철벅철벅,

첨벙, 반점, 흩뿌린 것 같은 무늬로 하

다, 큰호평을 얻다, 소량의 소다수, 풍

덩 떨어지다, 튄물.

Benjamin Franklin 127

other proper instruments for these purposes, to be kept at their respective stands, ready to furnish the poor people they may employ in the service.

“That in the dry summer months the dust be all swept up into heaps at proper distances, before the shops and windows of houses are usually opened, when the scavengers, with close-covered carts, shall also carry it all away.%

“That the mud, when rak’d up, be not left in heaps to be spread abroad again by the wheels of carriages and trampling of horses, but that the scavengers be provided with bodies of carts, not plac’d high upon wheels, but low upon sliders, with lattice bottoms, which, being cover’d with straw, will retain the mud thrown into them, and permit the water to drain from it, whereby it will become much lighter, water making the greatest part of its weight; these bodies of carts to be plac’d at convenient distances, and the mud brought to them in wheel-barrows; they remaining where plac’d till the mud is drain’d, and then horses brought to draw them away.”

I have since had doubts of the practicability of the latter part of this proposal, on account of the narrowness of some streets, and the difficulty of placing the draining-sleds so as not to encumber too much the passage; but I am still of opinion that the former, requiring the dust to be swept up and carry’d away before the shops are open, is very practicable in the summer, when the days are long; for, in walking thro’ the Strand and Fleet-street one morning at seven o’clock, I observ’d there was not one shop open, tho’ it had been daylight and the sun up above three hours; the inhabitants of London chusing voluntarily to live much by candle-light, and sleep by sunshine, and yet often complain, a little absurdly, of the duty on candles and the high price of tallow.

Some may think these trifling matters not worth minding or relating; but when they consider that tho’ dust blown into the eyes of a single person, or into a single shop on a windy day, is but of small importance, yet the great number of the instances in a populous city, and its frequent repetitions give it weight and consequence, perhaps they will not censure very severely those who bestow some attention to affairs of this seemingly low nature. Human felicity is produc’d not so much by great pieces of good fortune that seldom happen, as by

Korean

absurdly: 불합리하게, 엉터리로.

complain: 호소하다, 고소하다, 불평하

다, 슬픈 소리를 내다, 하소연하다, 투

덜거리다, 불평을하다, 불만을 털어놓

다, 신음하다, 앓다, 푸념하다.

drain: 배수하다, 다 써버리다, 빼내다,

마시다, 유실, 배수, 들이켜다, 하수,

출비, 말리다, 비우다.

encumber: 번거롭게 하다, 빚을지게

하다, 방해하다, 으로 막다, 막다, 지

우다.

lattice: 격자, 격자형 배열, 에 격자를

붙이다, 격자 만들기, 창살, 격자 세공

.

lighter: 거룻배, 불켜는 사람, 점화기,

라이터, 불을 켜는 것, 불을 켜는 사람

, 거룻배로 나르다.

narrowness: 세 , 편협, 좁은, 궁핍,

협량, 협소, 면 , 좁음, 궁굅.

populous: 인구 조 한, 인구가 조

한.

practicability: 실제 가능, 실행할 수

있음.

seemingly: 겉으로는, 생각이 들다, 로

보이다, 같다, 표면상, 있을 것처럼 보

이다, 겉으로 보기에.

straw: 짚, 짚, 가짜의, 하찮은, 하찮

은 물건, 짚한 오라기, 짚으로 만든,

스트로, 짚모자, 하찮은 것, 짚으로

만든 것.

sunshine: 햇빛, 맑은 날씨, 명랑, 양지

, 쾌활.

windows: 윈도우.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 128

little advantages that occur every day. Thus, if you teach a poor young man to shave himself, and keep his razor in order, you may contribute more to the happiness of his life than in giving him a thousand guineas. The money may be soon spent, the regret only remaining of having foolishly consumed it; but in the other case, he escapes the frequent vexation of waiting for barbers, and of their sometimes dirty fingers, offensive breaths, and dull razors; he shaves when most convenient to him, and enjoys daily the pleasure of its being done with a good instrument. With these sentiments I have hazarded the few preceding pages, hoping they may afford hints which some time or other may be useful to a city I love, having lived many years in it very happily, and perhaps to some of our towns in America.%

Having been for some time employed by the postmaster-general of America as his comptroller in regulating several offices, and bringing the officers to account, I was, upon his death in 1753, appointed, jointly with Mr. William Hunter, to succeed him, by a commission from the postmaster-general in England. The American office never had hitherto paid any thing to that of Britain. We were to have six hundred pounds a year between us, if we could make that sum out of the profits of the office. To do this, a variety of improvements were necessary; some of these were inevitably at first expensive, so that in the first four years the office became above nine hundred pounds in debt to us. But it soon after began to repay us; and before I was displac’d by a freak of the ministers, of which I shall speak hereafter, we had brought it to yield three times as much clear revenue to the crown as the postoffice of Ireland. Since that imprudent transaction, they have receiv’d from it—not one farthing!

The business of the postoffice occasion’d my taking a journey this year to New England, where the College of Cambridge, of their own motion, presented me with the degree of Master of Arts. Yale College, in Connecticut, had before made me a similar compliment. Thus, without studying in any college, I came to partake of their honours. They were conferr’d in consideration of my improvements and discoveries in the electric branch of natural philosophy.

Korean

comptroller: 감사관, 회계 감사관.

dull: 둔한, 무딘, 둔감한, 흐리게하다,

누그러뜨리다, 지루한, 둔해지다, 또

렷하지 않은, 또렷하지않은, 지루한-

무디게하다, 무디게하다.

farthing: 영국의 동전, 영국의동전, 파

싱.

freak: 변덕, 기형, 괴물, 얼룩, 진기한,

얼룩지게 하다, 별난, 변덕을 부리다,

괴상한 짓을 하다, 열광자, 성적 도착

자.

frequent: 자주가다, 늘모이다, 상습적

인, 수많은, 자주 일어나는, 자주일어

나는, 빈번한.

happily: 행복하게, 우연히, 운좋게, 다

행하게도.

improvements: 개량, 이용.

inevitably: 필연적인, 피할 수 없는.

jointly: 공동으로, 합동으로.

partake: 한 몫 끼다, 기미가 있다, 같

이 하다, 얼마큼 먹다, 참여하다, 에

참여하다, 다소 성질이 있다, 함께 하

다.

razor: 면도칼, 면도기, 에 면도칼을

다.

shave: 깎다, 면도, 면도하다, 다, 스

쳐지나가다, 깎음, 깎은 부스러기, 깎

는 연장, 수염을 깎다, 엷게 자르다,

스치다.

yale: 예일 학.

yield: 주다, 양도하다, 가져오다, 허락

하다, 산출하다, 생산하다, 생기게 하

다, 휘다, 따르다, 수확, 수율.

Benjamin Franklin 129

In 1754, war with France being again apprehended, a congress of commissioners from the different colonies was, by an order of the Lords of Trade, to be assembled at Albany, there to confer with the chiefs of the Six Nations concerning the means of defending both their country and ours. Governor Hamilton, having receiv’d this order, acquainted the House with it, requesting they would furnish proper presents for the Indians, to be given on this occasion; and naming the speaker (Mr. Norris) and myself to join Mr. Thomas Penn and Mr. Secretary Peters as commissioners to act for Pennsylvania. The House approv’d the nomination, and provided the goods for the present, and tho’ they did not much like treating out of the provinces; and we met the other commissioners at Albany about the middle of June.%

In our way thither, I projected and drew a plan for the union of all the colonies under one government, so far as might be necessary for defense, and other important general purposes. As we pass’d thro’ New York, I had there shown my project to Mr. James Alexander and Mr. Kennedy, two gentlemen of great knowledge in public affairs, and, being fortified by their approbation, I ventur’d to lay it before the Congress. It then appeared that several of the commissioners had form’d plans of the same kind. A previous question was first taken, whether a union should be established, which pass’d in the affirmative unanimously. A committee was then appointed, one member from each colony, to consider the several plans and report. Mine happen’d to be preferr’d, and, with a few amendments, was accordingly reported.

By this plan the general government was to be administered by a president-general, appointed and supported by the crown, and a grand council was to be chosen by the representatives of the people of the several colonies, met in their respective assemblies. The debates upon it in Congress went on daily, hand in hand with the Indian business. Many objections and difficulties were started, but at length they were all overcome, and the plan was unanimously agreed to, and copies ordered to be transmitted to the Board of Trade and to the assemblies of the several provinces. Its fate was singular: the assemblies did not adopt it, as

Korean

adopt: 채택하다, 채용하다, 양자로 삼

다, 양녀로 삼다.

chosen: 선발된, 좋아하는, 뽑힌, 선택

한, 선택된, 신에게 선택된, 신에게 뽑

힌.

colony: 식민지, 거류지, 거류민, 식민,

군거지, 이민단, 군체, 화석군, 콜로니

, 집단거주지, 조계.

concerning: 에 관하여, -에 관하여.

confer: 수여하다, 주다, 협의하다, 회

담하다, 의논하다, 비교하라.

congress: 국회, 회, 학술 회, 국회

회기, 의원회, 위원회, 의회, 평의원

회, 회의.

crown: 왕관, 화관, 영관, 관을 씌우다,

금관을 씌우다, 꼭 기, 왕관표, 절정,

의 최후를 장식하다, 의 머리를 때리

다, 의 꼭 기에 올려 놓다.

difficulties: 항의, 어려움, 곤경, 곤란.

fate: 운명, 운, 죽음, 숙명, 파멸, 운명

의 삼여신.

fortified: 강화하는, 알코올을 타서 독

하게 하는, 영양가를 높이는, 요새를

쌓는, 요새화하는, 확고히 하는.

grand: 멋진, 웅 한, 중 한, 위 한,

굉장한, 거만한, 장엄한, 전부의, 주되

는, 거룩한, 큰.

mine: 광산, 풍부한 자원, 지뢰, 나의

것, 기뢰, 나의 가족들 광산, 철광, 보

고, 광갱, 비 수단으로 파괴하다, 비

수단으로 뒤엎다.

ordered: 정연한, 질서 바른, 정돈된.

thomas: 도마, 영국병사, 남자 이름.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 130

they all thought there was too much prerogative in it, and in England it was judg’d to have too much of the democratic.

The Board of Trade therefore did not approve of it, nor recommend it for the approbation of his majesty; but another scheme was form’d, supposed to answer the same purpose better, whereby the governors of the provinces, with some members of their respective councils, were to meet and order the raising of troops, building of forts, etc., and to draw on the treasury of Great Britain for the expense, which was afterwards to be refunded by an act of Parliament laying a tax on America. My plan, with my reasons in support of it, is to be found among my political papers that are printed.%

Being the winter following in Boston, I had much conversation with Governor Shirley upon both the plans. Part of what passed between us on the occasion may also be seen among those papers. The different and contrary reasons of dislike to my plan makes me suspect that it was really the true medium; and I am still of opinion it would have been happy for both sides the water if it had been adopted. The colonies, so united, would have been sufficiently strong to have defended themselves; there would then have been no need of troops from England; of course, the subsequent pretence for taxing America, and the bloody contest it occasioned, would have been avoided. But such mistakes are not new; history is full of the errors of states and princes.

“Look round the habitable world, how few

Know their own good, or, knowing it, pursue!” Those who govern, having much business on their hands, do not generally

like to take the trouble of considering and carrying into execution new projects. The best public measures are therefore seldom adopted from previous wisdom, but forc’d by the occasion.

The Governor of Pennsylvania, in sending it down to the Assembly, express’d his approbation of the plan, “as appearing to him to be drawn up with great clearness and strength of judgment, and therefore recommended it as well

Korean

adopted: 양자가 된, 차용된, 채용된,

채택된.

considering: 치고는, 을 생각하면, 비

교적, 그런 로, 에 비해서, 이므로,

을 고려하면, 고려한다면.

govern: 제어하다, 관리하다, 통치하다

, 다스리다, 억제하다, 통치다, 에 적

용되다, 좌우하다, 지배하다.

habitable: 살 수 있는, 살기에 알맞은,

거주할 수 있는.

judgment: 판단, 천벌, 재판, 판결, 분

별, 심판, 비관, 감정, 견식, 의견, 비

판.

majesty: 주권, 폐하, 위엄, 장엄.

medium: 매개, 환경, 중용, 매체, 수단

, 방법, 배양기, 매질, 중간, 무당, 평

균.

prerogative: 특권, 권, 영국의 국왕

권, 우선 투표권, 특권을 소유하는,

국왕 권.

pretence: 구실, 주장, 거짓 꾸밈, 허세,

요구, 겉치례, 허위, 겉치레.

sufficiently: 충분히.

suspect: 의심하다, 용의자, 의심스러

운, 알아채다, 느끼다, 이 아닌가 생각

하다, 의심을 품다.

taxing: 부담스러운, 고생스러운, 귀찬

은.

treasury: 자금, 국고, 보고, 재무성, 보

물, 기금, 보전, 산 사전, 보물광, 국고

금고, 사화집.

whereby: 어떻게, 그에 의하여, 하는,

무엇에 의하여.

Benjamin Franklin 131

worthy%of their closest and most serious attention.” The House, however, by the management of a certain member, took it up when I happen’d to be absent, which I thought not very fair, and reprobated it without paying any attention to it at all, to my no small mortification.

In my journey to Boston this year, I met at New York with our new governor, Mr. Morris, just arriv’d there from England, with whom I had been before intimately acquainted. He brought a commission to supersede Mr. Hamilton, who, tir’d with the disputes his proprietary instructions subjected him to, had resign’d. Mr. Morris ask’d me if I thought he must expect as uncomfortable an administration. I said, “No; you may, on the contrary, have a very comfortable one, if you will only take care not to enter into any dispute with the Assembly.” “My dear friend,” says he, pleasantly, “how can you advise my avoiding disputes? You know I love disputing; it is one of my greatest pleasures; however, to show the regard I have for your counsel, I promise you I will, if possible, avoid them.” He had some reason for loving to dispute, being eloquent, an acute sophister, and, therefore, generally successful in argumentative conversation. He had been brought up to it from a boy, his father, as I have heard, accustoming his children to dispute with one another for his diversion, while sitting at table after dinner; but I think the practice was not wise; for, in the course of my observation, these disputing, contradicting, and confuting people are generally unfortunate in their affairs. They get victory sometimes, but they never get good will, which would be of more use to them. We parted, he going to Philadelphia, and I to Boston.

In returning, I met at New York with the votes of the Assembly, by which it appear’d that, notwithstanding his promise to me, he and the House were already in high contention; and it was a continual battle between them as long as he retain’d the government. I had my share of it; for, as soon as I got back to my seat in the Assembly, I was put on every committee for answering his speeches and messages, and by the committees always desired to make the drafts. Our answers, as well as his messages, were often tart, and sometimes indecently abusive; and, as he knew I wrote for the Assembly, one might have imagined

Korean

absent: 결석의, 없는, 부재의, 멍청한,

멍하게, 결근의, 결근하다, 결석하다,

결여된, 멍한, 출타중인.

abusive: 남용하는, 입사나운, 독설의,

입 사나운, 학 하는, 남용.

acute: 격렬한, 급성의, 날카로운, 뾰족

한, 예민한, 빈틈없는, 예각, 예, 격렬

하다, 고통스러운, 예리한.

answers: 응답.

argumentative: 논쟁을 좋아하는, 의론

의, 논쟁적인.

contention: 논쟁, 투쟁, 논쟁점, 말다

툼, 논전, 주장, 경쟁.

counsel: 상담, 협의, 계획, 충고, 조언

하다, 변호사, 결심, 법률고문, 사려,

조언, 평의.

dispute: 논쟁, 논쟁하다, 분쟁, 싸우다

, 다투다, 의론하다, 의논하다, 반론하

다, 겨루다, 논하다, 의심을 품다.

indecently: 꼴사납게, 부당하게, 상스

럽게, 음란하게.

journey: 여행하다, 여정, 여행, 보통

육로의 여행.

loving: 사랑하는, 애정을 품고있는, 친

애하는, 남을 사랑하는, 충실한.

supersede: 바꾸다, 갈마들다, 면직시

키다, 폐지하다, 신하다, 을 신하

다.

uncomfortable: 불안한, 불쾌한, 기분

이 언짢은, 살기 거북한, 살기 불편한,

신기 거북한, 신기 불편한, 앉기 거북

한, 앉기 불편한, 입기 거북한, 입기

불편한.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 132

that, %when we met, we could hardly avoid cutting throats; but he was so good-natur’d a man that no personal difference between him and me was occasion’d by the contest, and we often din’d together.

One afternoon, in the height of this public quarrel, we met in the street. “Franklin,” says he, “you must go home with me and spend the evening; I am to have some company that you will like;” and, taking me by the arm, he led me to his house. In gay conversation over our wine, after supper, he told us, jokingly, that he much admir’d the idea of Sancho Panza, who, when it was proposed to give him a government, requested it might be a government of blacks, as then, if he could not agree with his people, he might sell them. One of his friends, who sat next to me, says, “Franklin, why do you continue to side with these damn’d Quakers? Had not you better sell them? The proprietor would give you a good price.” “The governor,” says I, “has not yet blacked them enough.” He, indeed, had labored hard to blacken the Assembly in all his messages, but they wip’d off his coloring as fast as he laid it on, and plac’d it, in return, thick upon his own face; so that, finding he was likely to be negrofied himself, he, as well as Mr. Hamilton, grew tir’d of the contest, and quitted the government.

These public quarrels were all at bottom owing to the proprietaries, our hereditary governors, who, when any expense was to be incurred for the defense of their province, with incredible meanness instructed their deputies to pass no act for levying the necessary taxes, unless their vast estates were in the same act expressly excused; and they had even taken bonds of these deputies to observe such instructions. The Assemblies for three years held out against this injustice, tho’ constrained to bend at last. At length Captain Denny, who was Governor Morris’s successor, ventured to disobey those instructions; how that was brought about I shall show hereafter.

War being in a manner commenced with France, the government of Massachusetts Bay projected an attack upon Crown Point, and sent Mr. Quincy to Pennsylvania, and Mr. Pownall, afterward Governor Pownall, to New York, to solicit assistance. As I was in the Assembly, knew its temper, and was Mr. Quincy’s countryman, he appli’d to me for my influence and assistance. I

Korean

bend: 구부리다, 굴복시키다, 굽히다,

굴곡, 주시하다-굽다, 결삭, 경향, 힘

을 쏟다-굽이, 당기다, 기울이다, 굴

복하다.

blacken: 검게하다, 비방하다, 어둡게

되다, 검게 하다.

coloring: 채색, 그림물감, 색, 착색제,

혈색, 착색, 색조, 외견, 색칠 그림, 스

타일, 안료.

constrained: 무리한, 강제적인, 갑갑

한, 강제된, 거북살스러운, 압박당한.

disobey: 듣지 않다, 반항하다, 불복종

하다, 좇지 않다.

hereditary: 세습의, 유전의, 의,

유전성의.

incredible: 믿어지지 않는, 엄청난, 거

짓말 같은, 굉장한, 놀라운, 믿기 어려

운, 신용할수 없는, 놀랄만한.

jokingly: 장난치는, 농담하는.

labored: 힘드는, 고심한 흔적이 있는,

부자연스러운, 고심한, 공들인, 괴로

운, 부자연스런, 하기 어려운, 억지로

갖다 붙인, 무리한, 느릿느릿한.

meanness: 천함, 인색, 조악, 야비, 빈

약, 비열, 보잘것 없음, 하찮은, 하찮

음.

proprietor: 경영자, 소유자, 소유주, 독

점권 소유자, 집주인, 사업주.

temper: 기분, 기질, 침착, 평정, 굳기,

되불림, 알맞은 조합정도, 적당한 정

도, 반죽하다, 부드러워지다, 되불리

다.

Benjamin Franklin 133

dictated his address to them, which was well receiv’d. They voted an aid of ten thousand pounds, to be laid out in provisions. But the governor refusing his assent to their bill (which included this with other sums granted for the use of the crown), unless a clause were inserted exempting the proprietary estate from bearing any part of the tax that would be necessary, the Assembly, tho’ very desirous of making their grant to New England effectual, were at a loss how to accomplish it. Mr. Quincy labored hard with the governor to obtain his assent, but he was obstinate.%

I then suggested a method of doing the business without the governor, by orders on the trustees of the Loan Office, which, by law, the Assembly had the right of drawing. There was, indeed, little or no money at that time in the office, and therefore I propos’d that the orders should be payable in a year, and to bear an interest of five per cent. With these orders I suppos’d the provisions might easily be purchas’d. The Assembly, with very little hesitation, adopted the proposal. The orders were immediately printed, and I was one of the committee directed to sign and dispose of them. The fund for paying them was the interest of all the paper currency then extant in the province upon loan, together with the revenue arising from the excise, which being known to be more than sufficient, they obtain’d instant credit, and were not only receiv’d in payment for the provisions, but many money’d people, who had cash lying by them, vested it in those orders, which they found advantageous, as they bore interest while upon hand, and might on any occasion be used as money; so that they were eagerly all bought up, and in a few weeks none of them were to be seen. Thus this important affair was by my means compleated. My Quincy return’d thanks to the Assembly in a handsome memorial, went home highly pleas’d with the success of his embassy, and ever after bore for me the most cordial and affectionate friendship.

The British government, not chusing to permit the union of the colonies as propos’d at Albany, and to trust that union with their defense, lest they should thereby grow too military, and feel their own strength, suspicions and jealousies at this time being entertain’d of them, sent over General Braddock with two

Korean

bearing: 관계, 태도, 거동, 관련, 낳음,

문장, 방위각, 인내, 축받이.

bore: 구멍, 구멍을 뚫다, 싫증나게하

다, 송곳구멍, 물, 총구멍, 해일, 뚫

다, 구멍을 내다, 구멍이 나다, 따분한

것.

cent: 센트, 백, 동전 한닢, 푼돈, 동전

한 닢의 값어치, 동전 한 닢.

clause: 조항, 절, 조목, 악구, 절의.

currency: 통화, 유통, 유포, 성가, 통용

, 일반의 평가, 유행, 통용기간, 통화

유통액.

drawing: 그림, 발행, 제도, 달여내기,

데상, 선화, 칼을 빼기, 잡아늘이기,

그림의, 달이기.

embassy: 사관, 사의 임무, 사절단

, 사관 전원, 사절, 사의 사명,

사관 직원, 사절 일행.

excise: 물품세, 잘라내다, 청구하다,

엄청나게 받다, 물품세를 부과하다,

삭제하다, 에 소비세를 과하다, 국내

소비세, 간접 세무국.

loan: 부, 공채, 외래어, 부금, 차

, 빌려주다, 차관, 차입하고, 차물,

물건을 부하다, 부하다.

memorial: 기념하는, 추도의 기억의,

기념의, 각서, 기억의, 기념물, 청원서

.

payable: 지불할 수 있는, 지불해야 할,

수지가 맞는, 유리한, 이익이 되는, 지

불해야할, 돌벌이가 될 만한, 벌이가

될 것 같은, 지불 만기의.

provisions: 식량.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 134

regiments of regular English troops for that purpose. He landed at Alexandria, in Virginia, and thence march’d to Frederictown, in Maryland, where he halted for carriages. Our Assembly apprehending, from some information, that he had conceived violent prejudices against them, as averse to the service, wish’d me to wait upon him, not as from them, but as postmaster-general, under the guise of proposing to settle with him the mode of conducting with most celerity and certainty the despatches between him and the governors of the several provinces, with whom he must necessarily have continual correspondence, and of which they propos’d to pay the expense. My son accompanied me on this journey.%

We found the general at Frederictown, waiting impatiently for the return of those he had sent thro’ the back parts of Maryland and Virginia to collect waggons. I stayed with him several days, din’d with him daily, and had full opportunity of removing all his prejudices, by the information of what the Assembly had before his arrival actually done, and were still willing to do, to facilitate his operations. When I was about to depart, the returns of waggons to be obtained were brought in, by which it appear’d that they amounted only to twenty-five, and not all of those were in serviceable condition. The general and all the officers were surpris’d, declar’d the expedition was then at an end, being impossible, and exclaim’d against the ministers for ignorantly landing them in a country destitute of the means of conveying their stores, baggage, etc., not less than one hundred and fifty waggons being necessary.

I happened to say I thought it was a pity they had not been landed rather in Pennsylvania, as in that country almost every farmer had his waggon. The general eagerly laid hold of my words, and said, “Then you, sir, who are a man of interest there, can probably procure them for us; and I beg you will undertake it.” I ask’d what terms were to be offer’d the owners of the waggons; and I was desir’d to put on paper the terms that appeared to me necessary. This I did, and they were agreed to, and a commission and instructions accordingly prepar’d immediately. What those terms were will appear in the advertisement I publish’d as soon as I arriv’d at Lancaster, which being, from the great and

Korean

averse: 반 하여, 싫어하다, 싫어하여,

원줄기에서 바깥쪽을 향한.

baggage: 말괄량이, 군용 행낭, 수화물

, 닮고 닮은 여자, 바람난 여자, 휴

품, 닳고 닳은 여자, 수하물, 짐.

celerity: 민첩함, 기민함, 신속, 빠르기,

속도.

certainty: 확실성, 확신, 확실한 것, 필

연적인사물, 객관적 확실성, 확실한

일.

depart: 벗어나다, 출발하다, 떠나다,

빗나가다, 세상을 떠나다.

expedition: 원정, 급속, 탐험 , 신속,

여행.

guise: 외관, 모습, 옷차림, 가면, 복장,

을 가장하여, 을 구실삼아, 태도, 구실

.

impatiently: 성급하게, 안절부절 못하

는, 조바심하며, 참을수 없는, 못 견디

는, 성마른.

landing: 상륙, 착륙, 상륙장, 층계 참,

층계참.

mode: 유행, 양식, 선법, 하는 식, 식,

방법, 복장 따위의 유행, 유행하는 스

타일.

pity: 동정, 연민, 애석한 일, 가엾게 여

기다, 유감의 원인-가엾게 여기다, 가

엾게 생각하다, 불쌍히 생각하다, 불

쌍함.

waggon: 짐마차로 운반하다, 물건 파

는 수레, 배달용 트럭, 북두칠성, 짐마

차로 여행하다, 짐마차로 수송하다,

짐마차, 왜건, 무개 화차, 광차.

Benjamin Franklin 135

sudden effect it produc’d, a piece of some curiosity, I shall insert it at length, as follows:

Advertisement

Lancaster, April 26, 1755.%

Whereas, one hundred and fifty waggons, with four horses to each waggon, and fifteen hundred saddle or pack horses, are wanted for the service of his majesty’s forces now about to rendezvous at Will’s Creek, and his excellency General Braddock having been pleased to empower me to contract for the hire of the same, I hereby give notice that I shall attend for that purpose at Lancaster from this day to next Wednesday evening, and at York from next Thursday morning till Friday evening, where I shall be ready to agree for waggons and teams, or single horses, on the following terms, viz.:

1. That there shall be paid for each waggon, with four good horses and a driver, fifteen shillings per diem; and for each able horse with a pack-saddle, or other saddle and furniture, two shillings per diem; and for each able horse without a saddle, eighteen pence per diem.

2. That the pay commence from the time of their joining the forces at Will’s Creek, which must be on or before the 20th of May ensuing, and that a reasonable allowance be paid over and above for the time necessary for their travelling to Will’s Creek and home again after their discharge.

3. Each waggon and team, and every saddle or pack horse, is to be valued by indifferent persons chosen between me and the owner; and in case of the loss of any waggon, team, or other horse in the service, the price according to such valuation is to be allowed and paid.

4. Seven days’ pay is to be advanced and paid in hand by me to the owner of each waggon and team, or horse, at the time of contracting, if required, and the remainder to be paid by General Braddock, or by the paymaster of the army, at the time of their discharge, or from time to time, as it shall be demanded.

Korean

allowance: 수당, 공제, 급여액, 승인,

용돈, 용인, 유리한 조건, 지급하는 돈

, 참작, 할인, 허용 오차.

commence: 개시하다, 시작되다, 학위

를 받다, 시작하다, 착수하다, 개시.

contracting: 약혼의, 수축성이 있는,

계약의.

eighteen: 열여덟의 열여덟, 열여덟살,

열 여덟, 십팔.

empower: 에게권한을주다, 에게 권능

을 부여하다, 에게 권한을 부여하다,

할 수 있도록 하다.

hire: 임차료, 고용되다, 세내다, 고용

하다, 세놓다, 임 료, 사용료, 임차하

다, 임차, 임 하다.

insert: 삽입물, 끼워넣다, 삽입하다, 삽

입자막, 삽입광고, 삽입 페이지, 삽입

자막, 끼우다, 게재하다, 써넣다, 삽입

.

pack: 싸다, 짐을 지우다, 다발, 포장하

다, 꾸러미, 꾸리다, 일당, 짐짝, 묶음,

짐을 꾸리다, 운송용의.

paymaster: 재정관, 회계원, 경리 부장

, 경리 과장.

pence: 페니의 복수형.

rendezvous: 랑데부, 회합, 집합하다,

집합, 집결, 약속한 장소에서 만나다,

랑데부하다, 만나다, 만날 약속, 지정

집결지, 회합장소.

valuation: 평가, 사정가격, 견적 가격,

사정 가격.

valued: 존중되는, 평가된, 가치를 가

진, 의 가치를 가진.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 136

5. No drivers of waggons, or persons taking care of the hired horses, are on any account to be called upon to do the duty of soldiers, or be otherwise employed than in conducting or taking care of their carriages or horses.

6. All oats, Indian corn, or other forage that waggons or horses bring to the camp, more than is necessary for the subsistence of the horses, is to be taken for the use of the army, and a reasonable price paid for the same.%

Note.—My son, William Franklin, is empowered to enter into like contracts with any person in Cumberland county.

B. FRANKLIN.

To the inhabitants of the Counties of Lancaster, York and Cumberland.

Friends and Countrymen, Being occasionally at the camp at Frederic a few days since, I found the

general and officers extremely exasperated on account of their not being supplied with horses and carriages, which had been expected from this province, as most able to furnish them; but, through the dissensions between our governor and Assembly, money had not been provided, nor any steps taken for that purpose.

It was proposed to send an armed force immediately into these counties, to seize as many of the best carriages and horses as should be wanted, and compel as many persons into the service as would be necessary to drive and take care of them.

I apprehended that the progress of British soldiers through these counties on such an occasion, especially considering the temper they are in, and their resentment against us, would be attended with many and great inconveniences to the inhabitants, and therefore more willingly took the trouble of trying first what might be done by fair and equitable means.

Korean

armed: 무장한.

camp: 야영지, 수용소, 진영, 군 생활

, 천막을 치다, 캠프, 캠프장, 산장, 동

성애의, 꾸미는 태도, 지부.

corn: 옥수수, , 티눈, 곡물, 낟알, 못,

귀리, 감상적인 음악, 곡초, 뿔이 있는

의 뜻, 소금을 뿌리다.

enter: 참가하다, 시작하다, 들다, 에들

어가다, 에들다, 에 들어가다, 신고하

다, 박히다, 떠오르다, 등장하다, 들어

박히다.

extremely: 극단적으로, 극도록, 단

히, 몹시, 아주, 매우.

fair: 깨끗한, 아름다운, 순조로운, 갠,

정중한, 금발의, 여성, 장애물이 없는,

유망한, 품평회, 철저한.

forage: 마초, 꼴, 징발, 에게서 마초를

징발하다, 마초를 주다, 약탈하다, 마

초를 찾아 다니다, 식량을주다, 식량

을 주다, 식량을 찾아헤맴, 식량을찾

아헤맴.

occasionally: 가끔, 이따금, 때때로.

reasonable: 온당한, 도리에 맞는, 사리

를 아는, 정당한, 조리가 서는, 과하지

않은, 알맞은, 합리적인, 합당한, 적당

한, 이성이 있는.

seize: 잡다, 압류하다, 침범하다, 이용

하다, 움켜쥐다, 이해하다, 잡아매다,

잘 알고 있다, 붙들어 매다, 덮치다,

엄습하다.

subsistence: 생활, 존재, 생계, 생존,

생활수단.

willingly: 자진해서, 기꺼이, 쾌히.

Benjamin Franklin 137

The people of these back counties have lately complained to the Assembly that a sufficient currency was wanting; you have an opportunity of receiving and dividing among you a very considerable sum; for, if the service of this expedition should continue, as it is more than probable it will, for one hundred and twenty days, the hire of these waggons and horses will amount to upward of thirty thousand pounds, which will be paid you in silver and gold of the king’s money.%

The service will be light and easy, for the army will scarce march above twelve miles per day, and the waggons and baggage-horses, as they carry those things that are absolutely necessary to the welfare of the army, must march with the army, and no faster; and are, for the army’s sake, always placed where they can be most secure, whether in a march or in a camp.

If you are really, as I believe you are, good and loyal subjects to his majesty, you may now do a most acceptable service, and make it easy to yourselves; for three or four of such as can not separately spare from the business of their plantations a waggon and four horses and a driver, may do it together, one furnishing the waggon, another one or two horses, and another the driver, and divide the pay proportionately between you; but if you do not this service to your king and country voluntarily, when such good pay and reasonable terms are offered to you, your loyalty will be strongly suspected. The king’s business must be done; so many brave troops, come so far for your defense, must not stand idle through your backwardness to do what may be reasonably expected from you; waggons and horses must be had; violent measures will probably be used, and you will be left to seek for a recompense where you can find it, and your case, perhaps, be little pitied or regarded.

I have no particular interest in this affair, as, except the satisfaction of endeavoring to do good, I shall have only my labour for my pains. If this method of obtaining the waggons and horses is not likely to succeed, I am obliged to send word to the general in fourteen days; and I suppose Sir John St. Clair, the hussar, with a body of soldiers, will immediately enter the province for the

Korean

backwardness: 후진성.

brave: 용감한, 용사, 화려한, 도전하다

, 훌륭한, 용감하게 해내다, 전사.

divide: 분배하다, 분리하다, 나누다,

갈라지다, 가르다, 립시키다, 표결

하다, 표결하다-분수계, 분수계, 분류

하다, 분계.

fourteen: 네째의, 네째로, 십사, 열넷,

제 4.

hussar: 경기병.

loyal: 충성스러운, 충성의, 충의의, 충

실한, 충신, 충성스럽다.

loyalty: 충성, 충절, 충의.

pains: 고생.

reasonably: 합리적으로, 꽤, 알맞게,

상당히, 온당하게, 분별있게, 무리없

이, 마땅하여, 당연히, 이성을 갖고,

사리에 맞게.

receiving: 수신의, 받는, 고매, 받음,

환영의.

recompense: 보답, 갚다, 보상, 보수,

보상하다, 보답하다, 배상, 에게 보답

하다.

silver: 은, 은의, 은화, 은을 입히다, 은

으로 만든, 은그릇, 은도금 하다, 질산

은, 질산은을 칠하다, 은실, 은 같은.

troops: 군 .

violent: 난폭한, 맹렬한, 격심한, 지독

한, 폭력에 의한, 횡사, 과격한, 심한,

격정에 의한, 격렬한.

wanting: 모자라는, 부족한, 지혜가 모

자라는, 이 없이.

yourselves: 당신 자신들.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 138

purpose, which I shall be sorry to hear, because I am very sincerely and truly your friend and well-wisher,

B. FRANKLIN. I received of the general about eight hundred pounds, to be disbursed in

advance-money to the waggon owners, etc.; but, that sum being insufficient, I advanc’d upward of two hundred pounds more, and in two weeks the one hundred and fifty waggons, with two hundred and fifty-nine carrying horses, were on their march for the camp. The advertisement promised payment according to the valuation, in case any waggon or horse should be lost. The owners, however, alleging they did not know General Braddock, or what dependence might be had on his promise, insisted on my bond for the performance, which I accordingly gave them.%

While I was at the camp, supping one evening with the officers of Colonel Dunbar’s regiment, he represented to me his concern for the subalterns, who, he said, were generally not in affluence, and could ill afford, in this dear country, to lay in the stores that might be necessary in so long a march, thro’ a wilderness, where nothing was to be purchas’d. I commiserated their case, and resolved to endeavor procuring them some relief. I said nothing, however, to him of my intention, but wrote the next morning to the committee of the Assembly, who had the disposition of some public money, warmly recommending the case of these officers to their consideration, and proposing that a present should be sent them of necessaries and refreshments. My son, who had some experience of a camp life, and of its wants, drew up a list for me, which I enclos’d in my letter. The committee approv’d, and used such diligence that, conducted by my son, the stores arrived at the camp as soon as the waggons. They consisted of twenty parcels, each containing

6 lbs. loaf sugar. 1 Gloucester cheese.

Korean

according: 그러므로, 따라서, 나름으

로, 에 따라, 에 의하여.

affluence: 풍부, 부유, 풍부한 공급, 유

입, 유복.

diligence: 부지런함, 근면, 승합마차,

근민, 합승 마차.

endeavor: 노력하다, 하려고 노력하다,

노력, 시도하다.

franklin: 자유 보유 지주, 과학자, 미

국의 정치가, 프랭클린, 남자이름.

loaf: 덩어리, 요리의 일종, 어정거리다

, 빵 한덩어리, 놀고지내다, 빈둥거리

다, 원뿔꼴의 한덩이, 머리, 원뿔꼴의

횐 설탕, 시간을 놀며 보내다, 빵의 덩

어리.

thro: 직행의, 처음부터 끝까지, 죽, 장

소를 두루, 을 통하여, 을 거쳐서, 으

로 인하여, 완전히, 통과하여, 동안 줄

곧, 연결되어.

waggon: 짐마차로 운반하다, 물건 파

는 수레, 배달용 트럭, 북두칠성, 짐마

차로 여행하다, 짐마차로 수송하다,

짐마차, 왜건, 무개 화차, 광차.

warmly: 충심으로, 열심히, 따뜻하게,

흥분하여, 열렬히, 따뜻이.

well-wisher: 호의를 보이는 사람, 남

이 잘 되기를 바라는 사람, 남의 일이

잘 되기를 바라는 사람.

wilderness: 황야, 끝없이 넓음, 사람

이 살지 않는 땅, 일부러 손질 않고 내

버려둔 곳, 막 한 수량, 광막한 곳,

막 한 수, 미국 비르드지니아 주 북

동부의 산림 지 .

Benjamin Franklin 139

6 %lbs. good Muscovado do.

1 kegg containing 20 lbs. good butter.

1 lb. good green tea. 1 quart best white wine vinegar. 1 lb. good bohea do. 2 doz. old Madeira wine. 6 lbs. good ground coffee. 2 gallons Jamaica spirits.

6 lbs. chocolate. 1 bottle flour of mustard. 1-2 cwt. best white biscuit. 2 well-cur'd hams. 1-2 lb. pepper. 1-2 dozen dry'd tongues. 6 lbs. raisins. 6 lbs. rice.

These twenty parcels, well pack’d, were placed on as many horses, each

parcel, with the horse, being intended as a present for one officer. They were very thankfully receiv’d, and the kindness acknowledg’d by letters to me from the colonels of both regiments, in the most grateful terms. The general, too, was highly satisfied with my conduct in procuring him the waggons, etc., and readily paid my account of disbursements, thanking me repeatedly, and requesting my farther assistance in sending provisions after him. I undertook this also, and was busily employ’d in it till we heard of his defeat, advancing for the service of my own money, upwards of one thousand pounds sterling, of which I sent him an account. It came to his hands, luckily for me, a few days before the battle, and he return’d me immediately an order on the paymaster for the round sum of one thousand pounds, leaving the remainder to the next account. I consider this payment as good luck, having never been able to obtain that remainder, of which more hereafter.

This general was, I think, a brave man, and might probably have made a figure as a good officer in some European war. But he had too much self-confidence, too high an opinion of the validity of regular troops, and too mean a one of both Americans and Indians. George Croghan, our Indian interpreter,

Korean

biscuit: 비스킷, 작은 빵, 비스킷 색,

질그릇.

bohea: 질이낫은홍차, 질이 낮은 홍차.

busily: 바쁘게.

butter: 버터, 버터를 바르다, 아첨하다

, 미는 사람, 머리로 받는 짐승, 부딪

치는 것, 버터 비슷한 것, 부딪치는 사

람, 아부.

chocolate: 초콜릿의, 초콜릿, 초콜릿

과자, 초콜릿 색, 초콜릿 색의, 초콜릿

음료, 초콜릿으로 맛들인, 초콜릿으로

만든.

dozen: 다스.

hams: 햄 샌드위치.

luck: 행운, 불행히도, 운, 불운.

luckily: 운좋게, 다행히도, 상서롭게,

운 좋게.

mustard: 겨자, 갓, 겨자의.

parcel: 꾸러미, 한 떼, 소포, 한 뭉치,

분배하다, 소포로 하다, 소화물, 한 구

획, 나누다, 일부분, 한 획의 토지.

pepper: 후추, 고추, 후추과의 식물, 퍼

붓다, 에 후추를 치다, 자극성 있는 것

, 자극성, 온통 홑뿌리다, 신랄 한 것,

신랄.

repeatedly: 되풀이하여, 재삼재사, 여

러 차례, 되풀이해서.

rice: 쌀, 밥, 벼, 쌀알 모양으로 만들다,

감자 따위를 라이서로 으깨다, 라이서

로 으깨다.

thankfully: 감사하는 마음으로.

vinegar: 초, 식초, 활력, 에 초를 치다,

찡그린 표정, 에 초를 섞다.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 140

join’d%him on his march with one hundred of those people, who might have been of great use to his army as guides, scouts, etc., if he had treated them kindly; but he slighted and neglected them, and they gradually left him.

In conversation with him one day, he was giving me some account of his intended progress. “After taking Fort Duquesne,” says he, “I am to proceed to Niagara; and, having taken that, to Frontenac, if the season will allow time; and I suppose it will, for Duquesne can hardly detain me above three or four days; and then I see nothing that can obstruct my march to Niagara.” Having before revolv’d in my mind the long line his army must make in their march by a very narrow road, to be cut for them thro’ the woods and bushes, and also what I had read of a former defeat of fifteen hundred French, who invaded the Iroquois country, I had conceiv’d some doubts and some fears for the event of the campaign. But I ventur’d only to say, “To be sure, sir, if you arrive well before Duquesne, with these fine troops, so well provided with artillery, that place not yet compleatly fortified, and as we hear with no very strong garrison, can probably make but a short resistance. The only danger I apprehend of obstruction to your march is from ambuscades of Indians, who, by constant practice, are dexterous in laying and executing them; and the slender line, near four miles long, which your army must make, may expose it to be attack’d by surprise in its flanks, and to be cut like a thread into several pieces, which, from their distance, can not come up in time to support each other.”

He smil’d at my ignorance, and reply’d, “These savages may, indeed, be a formidable enemy to your raw American militia, but upon the king’s regular and disciplin’d troops, sir, it is impossible they should make any impression.” I was conscious of an impropriety in my disputing with a military man in matters of his profession, and said no more. The enemy, however, did not take the advantage of his army which I apprehended its long line of march expos’d it to, but let it advance without interruption till within nine miles of the place; and then, when more in a body (for it had just passed a river, where the front had halted till all were come over), and in a more open part of the woods than any it had pass’d, attack’d its advanced guard by a heavy fire from behind trees and

Korean

artillery: 포술, 포병, 포학, 포, 포,

포병과의, 포의, 포술의, 포병과.

detain: 말리다, 억류하다, 붙들다, 감

금하다, 구류하다, 유치하다, 을 못가

게 붙들다.

dexterous: 기민한, 능란한, 영리한, 손

재주가 있는, 민첩한, 오른손잡이의.

expose: 쐬다, 폭로하다, 노출하다, 집

밖에 내버리다, 적발하다, 진열하다,

폭로, 적발, 접하게 하다, 버리다, 보

이다.

fifteen: 십오, 열 다섯.

formidable: 무서운, 만만찮은, 방 한

, 만만치 않은.

ignorance: 무식, 무지, 모르고 있음.

obstruct: 통로를 막다, 방해, 가로막다

, 막다, 길 따위를 막다, 방해하다.

obstruction: 방해, 장애, 장애물, 방해

물, 의사 방해, 지장.

proceed: 나아가다, 계속하다, 발생하

다, 생기다, 착수하다, 시작하다, 매상

고, 처분하다, 속행하다, 수입, 소송

절차를 밟다.

raw: 껍질이 벗겨진, 가공하지 않은,

미숙한, 날것의, 노골적인, 물타지 않

은, 가공하지 않은 것, 생것, 원료 그

로의, 버릇없는 사람, 심한.

slender: 가느다란, 마른, 얼마 안 되는

, 빈약한, 미덥지 못한, 미덥지 않은,

협음의, 모자라는, 호리호리한.

thread: 실, 실에 꿰다, 실을 꿰다, 재봉

실, 나삿니를 내다, 섬유, 끈 실, 섬조,

누비듯이지나가다, 연속, 가는 것.

Benjamin Franklin 141

bushes, %which was the first intelligence the general had of an enemy’s being near him. This guard being disordered, the general hurried the troops up to their assistance, which was done in great confusion, thro’ waggons, baggage, and cattle; and presently the fire came upon their flank: the officers, being on horseback, were more easily distinguish’d, pick’d out as marks, and fell very fast; and the soldiers were crowded together in a huddle, having or hearing no orders, and standing to be shot at till two-thirds of them were killed; and then, being seiz’d with a panick, the whole fled with precipitation.

The waggoners took each a horse out of his team and scamper’d; their example was immediately followed by others; so that all the waggons, provisions, artillery, and stores were left to the enemy. The general, being wounded, was brought off with difficulty; his secretary, Mr. Shirley, was killed by his side; and out of eighty-six officers, sixty-three were killed or wounded, and seven hundred and fourteen men killed out of eleven hundred. These eleven hundred had been picked men from the whole army; the rest had been left behind with Colonel Dunbar, who was to follow with the heavier part of the stores, provisions, and baggage. The flyers, not being pursu’d, arriv’d at Dunbar’s camp, and the panick they brought with them instantly seiz’d him and all his people; and, tho’ he had now above one thousand men, and the enemy who had beaten Braddock did not at most exceed four hundred Indians and French together, instead of proceeding, and endeavoring to recover some of the lost honour, he ordered all the stores, ammunition, etc., to be destroy’d, that he might have more horses to assist his flight towards the settlements, and less lumber to remove. He was there met with requests from the governors of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, that he would post his troops on the frontiers, so as to afford some protection to the inhabitants; but he continu’d his hasty march thro’ all the country, not thinking himself safe till he arriv’d at Philadelphia, where the inhabitants could protect him. This whole transaction gave us Americans the first suspicion that our exalted ideas of the prowess of British regulars had not been well founded.

In their first march, too, from their landing till they got beyond the settlements, they had plundered and stripped the inhabitants, totally ruining

Korean

ammunition: 탄약, 군수품, 군용의, 공

격수단, 방어수단, 포탄, 폭약, 화약.

crowded: 붐비는, 혼잡한, 만원의, 파

란 만장의, 다사다난한, 붐비다, 장소

가 가득 차서, 가득 차서.

disordered: 혼란된, 병에 걸린, 고장난

.

exalted: 고귀한, 지위가 높은, 고상한,

숭고한, 기뻐 날뛰는, 고양된, 의기양

양한.

flank: 측면, 측면을지키다, 옆구리, 구

리, 부 의측면, 부 의 측면, 측면의,

의 측면에 서다, 측면에 위치하다, 측

면을 공격하다.

huddle: 난잡, 되는 로 해치우다, 급

히 입다, 뒤죽박죽 섞어 모으다, 붐비

다, 쳐넣다, 담, 쌓아 올리다, 어중

이떠중이의 집단, 아무렇게나 포개어

쌓다, 선수들이 상의하기 위해서 스크

럼선 뒤에 모이다.

lumber: 재목, 쿵쿵걷다, 잡동사니, 무

겁게 움직이다, 목재를 베어내다, 목

재로 장소를 막아버리다, 올리다, 난

잡하게 쌓다, 방 따위를 막다, 베어내

다, 잡동사니로 장소를 가로막다.

precipitation: 낙하, 촉진, 황급, 투하,

화급, 경솔, 강수, 침전, 거꾸로 투하

하기, 강수량, 침적.

prowess: 용기, 훌륭한 솜씨, 용감한

행위.

shirley: 여자 이름남자 이름.

wounded: 부상한, 상처입은, 부상자

들.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 142

some poor families, besides insulting, abusing, and confining the people if they remonstrated. This was enough to put us out of conceit of such defenders, if we had really wanted any. How different was the conduct of our French friends in 1781, who, during a march thro’ the most inhabited part of our country from Rhode Island to Virginia, near seven hundred miles, occasioned not the smallest complaint for the loss of a pig, a chicken, or even an apple.

Captain Orme, who was one of the general’s aids-de-camp, and, being grievously wounded, was brought off with him, and continu’d with him to his death, which happen’d in a few days, told me that he was totally silent all the first day, and at night only said, “Who would have thought it?” That he was silent again the following day, saying only at last, “We shall better know how to deal with them another time;” and dy’d in a few minutes after.%

The secretary’s papers, with all the general’s orders, instructions, and correspondence, falling into the enemy’s hands, they selected and translated into French a number of the articles, which they printed, to prove the hostile intentions of the British court before the declaration of war. Among these I saw some letters of the general to the ministry, speaking highly of the great service I had rendered the army, and recommending me to their notice. David Hume, too, who was some years after secretary to Lord Hertford, when minister in France, and afterward to General Conway, when secretary of state, told me he had seen among the papers in that office, letters from Braddock highly recommending me. But, the expedition having been unfortunate, my service, it seems, was not thought of much value, for those recommendations were never of any use to me.

As to rewards from himself, I ask’d only one, which was, that he would give orders to his officers not to enlist any more of our bought servants, and that he would discharge such as had been already enlisted. This he readily granted, and several were accordingly return’d to their masters, on my application. Dunbar, when the command devolv’d on him, was not so generous. He being at Philadelphia, on his retreat, or rather flight, I apply’d to him for the discharge of the servants of three poor farmers of Lancaster county that he had enlisted, reminding him of the late general’s orders on that bead. He promised me that, if

Korean

apple: 사과, 야구공, 도시, 실망거리

, 지구소돔의 사과, 애플.

bead: 구슬, 방울, 염주알, 거품의, 염

주, 로자리오, 유리알, 가늠쇠, 구슬이

되다, 구슬선, 구슬로 장식하다.

chicken: 병아리, 닭, 어린애, 닭고기,

닭고기의, 겁 많은, 겁쟁이, 새새끼,

어린애의, 거짓말, 계집애.

complaint: 불평, 불평거리, 고소, 병,

투덜거림, 비난, 원고의 첫 진술, 불만

, 푸념.

conceit: 기발한 착상, 자부심, 자만, 호

의, 생각하다, 착상, 호감, 이 마음에

들다, 독단, 자부, 우쭐 다.

declaration: 선언, 신고, 포고, 미국 독

립 선언, 진술, 신고서, 득점 발표.

enlist: 협력하다, 병적에넣다, 입 하

다, 병적에 편입하다, 의 찬조를 얻다,

의 협력을 얻다, 징병에 응하다, 참가

하다, 의 지지를 얻다.

enlisted: 사병에 관한, 사병의.

hostile: 적의, 적 하는, 적의 있는.

insulting: 모욕적인, 무례한, 모욕의.

pig: 돼지, 돼지고기, 추접스러운, 새끼

돼지, 무쇠덩이, 게걸스러운, 도는 욕

심 맣은 돼지 같은 사람, 도는 욕심 많

은 돼지 같은 사람, 돼지 같이 지저분

한 사람, 돼지 고기, 금속의 주괴.

retreat: 퇴각, 묵상, 퇴각하다, 은퇴, 은

퇴처, 쑥 들어가다, 정수, 물러나다,

뒤로 물리다, 귀영 나팔소리, 특히 말

을 뒤로 물리다.

selected: 선택된, 정선된, 선발된.

Benjamin Franklin 143

the masters would come to him at Trenton, where he should be in a few days on his march to New York, he would there deliver their men to them. They accordingly were at the expense and trouble of going to Trenton, and there he refus’d to perform his promise, to their great loss and disappointment.

As soon as the loss of the waggons and horses was generally known, all the owners came upon me for the valuation which I had given bond to pay. Their demands gave me a great deal of trouble, my acquainting them that the money was ready in the paymaster’s hands, but that orders for paying it must first be obtained from General Shirley, and my assuring them that I had apply’d to that general by letter; but, he being at a distance, an answer could not soon be receiv’d, and they must have patience, all this was not sufficient to satisfy, and some began to sue me. General Shirley at length relieved me from this terrible situation by appointing commissioners to examine the claims, and ordering payment. They amounted to near twenty thousand pound, which to pay would have ruined me.%

Before we had the news of this defeat, the two Doctors Bond came to me with a subscription paper for raising money to defray the expense of a grand firework, which it was intended to exhibit at a rejoicing on receipt of the news of our taking Fort Duquesne. I looked grave, and said it would, I thought, be time enough to prepare for the rejoicing when we knew we should have occasion to rejoice. They seem’d surpris’d that I did not immediately comply with their proposal. “Why the d—l!” says one of them, “you surely don’t suppose that the fort will not be taken?” “I don’t know that it will not be taken, but I know that the events of war are subject to great uncertainty.” I gave them the reasons of my doubting; the subscription was dropt, and the projectors thereby missed the mortification they would have undergone if the firework had been prepared. Dr. Bond, on some other occasion afterward, said that he did not like Franklin’s forebodings.

Governor Morris, who had continually worried the Assembly with message after message before the defeat of Braddock, to beat them into the making of acts to raise money for the defense of the province, without taxing, among others, the

Korean

bond: 증서, 사로잡힌, 끈, 결합하다,

기반, 노예의, 묶는것, 새끼, 사로 잡

히다, 보세 창고에 넣다, 보증인-채권

으로 체하다.

deliver: 배달하다, 구해내다, 연설을

하다, 넘겨주다, 석방을 하다, 분만하

다, 후보자을 위하여 표를 모으다, 분

만시키다, 넘겨 주다, 가하다, 해방시

키다.

disappointment: 실망.

exhibit: 출품하다, 제시하다, 나타내다

, 투약하다, 출품물, 공개하다, 진열하

다, 증거물, 전시, 보이다, 투약하다-

전시.

firework: 봉화, 불꽃, 재기의 번득임,

활발한움직임.

fort: 성채, 보루, 요새, 보채, 교역 시장

.

orders: 명령, 성직.

rejoice: 기뻐하다, 기쁘게 하다, 축하

하다, 향유하다, 가지고 있다, 좋아하

다, 을 누리고 있다, 즐기다, 괴상한

이름을 가지고 있다.

rejoicing: 기쁨, 환호, 환희, 축하, 축하

하여, 환호하여, 환락, 축연.

satisfy: 만족시키다, 풀게하다, 채우다,

가라앉히다, 갚다, 안심시키다, 이루

다, 지불하다, 풀다, 충족시키다, 만족

을 주다.

sue: 고소하다, 간청하다, 구혼하다, 소

송을 제기하다, 소송을 일으키다, 여

자 이름, 청원하여 손에 넣다, 에게 간

청하다.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 144

proprietary%estates, and had rejected all their bills for not having such an exempting clause, now redoubled his attacks with more hope of success, the danger and necessity being greater. The Assembly, however, continu’d firm, believing they had justice on their side, and that it would be giving up an essential right if they suffered the governor to amend their money-bills. In one of the last, indeed, which was for granting fifty thousand pounds, his propos’d amendment was only of a single word. The bill expressed “that all estates, real and personal, were to be taxed, those of the proprietaries not excepted.” His amendment was, for not read only: a small, but very material alteration. However, when the news of this disaster reached England, our friends there, whom we had taken care to furnish with all the Assembly’s answers to the governor’s messages, rais’d a clamor against the proprietaries for their meanness and injustice in giving their governor such instructions; some going so far as to say that, by obstructing the defense of their province, they forfeited their right to it. They were intimidated by this, and sent orders to their receiver-general to add five thousand pounds of their money to whatever sum might be given by the Assembly for such purpose.

This, being notified to the House, was accepted in lieu of their share of a general tax, and a new bill was form’d, with an exempting clause, which passed accordingly. By this act I was appointed one of the commissioners for disposing of the money, sixty thousand pounds. I had been active in modelling the bill and procuring its passage, and had, at the same time, drawn a bill for establishing and disciplining of a voluntary militia, which I carried thro’ the House without much difficulty, as care was taken in it to leave the Quakers at their liberty. To promote the association necessary to form the militia, I wrote a dialogue, stating and answering all the objections I could think of to such a militia, which was printed, and had, as I thought, great effect.

While the several companies in the city and country were forming and learning their exercise, the governor prevail’d with me to take charge of our North-western frontier, which was infested by the enemy, and provide for the defense of the inhabitants by raising troops and building a line of forts. I

Korean

amendment: 개정, 수정, 개심, 수정

조항.

dialogue: 화, 문답, 화 부분, 의견

교환, 화체, 화하다, 화체의 작

품.

disaster: 천재, 참사, 재해, 재난, 큰 실

패, 재앙.

enemy: 적, 적군적함, 원수, 악마, 적병

, 적의, 해를 주는 것, 적국의.

frontier: 국경지방, 개척의 영역, 국경

에 있어서의, 국경의, 미개 척의 영역,

국경 지방.

learning: 학문, 박식, 배우기.

modelling: 입체적 표현, 모형제작, 살

붙이기, 조형.

passage: 통로, 여행, 통행권, 통행, 뱃

삯, 격투, 담, 진행, 논쟁, 출입구,

통과.

promote: 촉진하다, 발기하다, 승진시

키다, 선전하여판매를 촉진하다, 통과

를 위해 애쓰다, 법안의 통과를 위해

애쓰다, 선전에서 상품의 판매를 촉진

하다, 졸을 퀸이 되게 하다, 주식회사

를 발기하다, 진급시키다, 퀸이 되게

하다.

sum: 금액, 합계, 요점, 총계, 절정, 개

략, 요약하다, 이 도, 개요, 합집합, 의

개요를 설명하다.

voluntary: 임의의, 자발적인, 수의적

인, 지원의, 자유 의사의, 의지에 의한

, 오르간 독주, 자발적 행위, 자유 의

지를 가진, 자발적인 언동, 독지가의

손으로 유지되는.

Benjamin Franklin 145

undertook%this military business, tho’ I did not conceive myself well qualified for it. He gave me a commission with full powers, and a parcel of blank commissions for officers, to be given to whom I thought fit. I had but little difficulty in raising men, having soon five hundred and sixty under my command. My son, who had in the preceding war been an officer in the army rais’d against Canada, was my aid-de-camp, and of great use to me. The Indians had burned Gnadenhut, a village settled by the Moravians, and massacred the inhabitants; but the place was thought a good situation for one of the forts.

In order to march thither, I assembled the companies at Bethlehem, the chief establishment of those people. I was surprised to find it in so good a posture of defense; the destruction of Gnadenhut had made them apprehend danger. The principal buildings were defended by a stockade; they had purchased a quantity of arms and ammunition from New York, and had even plac’d quantities of small paving stones between the windows of their high stone houses, for their women to throw down upon the heads of any Indians that should attempt to force into them. The armed brethren, too, kept watch, and reliev’d as methodically as in any garrison town. In conversation with the bishop, Spangenberg, I mention’d this my surprise; for, knowing they had obtained an act of Parliament exempting them from military duties in the colonies, I had suppos’d they were conscientiously scrupulous of bearing arms. He answer’d me that it was not one of their established principles, but that, at the time of their obtaining that act, it was thought to be a principle with many of their people. On this occasion, however, they, to their surprise, found it adopted by but a few. It seems they were either deceiv’d in themselves, or deceiv’d the Parliament; but common sense, aided by present danger, will sometimes be too strong for whimsical opinions.

It was the beginning of January when we set out upon this business of building forts. I sent one detachment toward the Minisink, with instructions to erect one for the security of that upper part of the country, and another to the lower part, with similar instructions; and I concluded to go myself with the rest

Korean

bishop: 비숍, 주교, 감독, 승정.

blank: 무표정한, 공허한, 백지의, 문이

나 창이 없는, 멍한-백지, 기입 용지-

비우다, 단조로운, 공백으로하다, 흥

미 없는, 공백, 공허.

command: 지휘하다, 명령, 지배하다,

지휘, 명하다, 의 값어치가 있다, 지배

력, 장악지, 차지하고 있다, 명령하다,

조망.

conscientiously: 양심적으로.

destruction: 파괴, 멸망, 절멸, 파멸의

원인.

detachment: 분리, 초월, 분견 , 초연

함, 파견.

heads: 머릿 수.

posture: 상태, 자세, 인 체하다, 자세

를 취하다, 형세, 태도, 젠체하다, 신

체의 자세, 어떤 자세를 취하다, 어떤

태도를 취하다, 어떤 특정한 자세.

scrupulous: 양심적인, 고지식한, 신중

한, 주의 깊은, 정확한, 꼼꼼한.

stockade: 방책, 영창, 울타리를 둘러

친곳, 울타리로 둘러치다, 말뚝의 방

파제, 방책의 울, 울타리를 둘러치다,

말뚝을 둘러치다.

surprised: 놀란, 놀라다.

throw: 던지다, 움직이다, 흔들어 떨어

뜨리다, 스카프, 던지기, 갑자기 움직

이다, 빠뜨리다, 얹히게 하다, 분리,

가벼운 두르개, 행정.

whimsical: 변덕스러운, 별난, 이상한,

묘한, 기분적인.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 146

of my force to Gnadenhut, where a fort was tho’t more immediately necessary. The Moravians procur’d me five waggons for our tools, stores, baggage, etc.

Just before we left Bethlehem, eleven farmers, who had been driven from their plantations by the Indians, came to me requesting a supply of firearms, that they might go back and fetch off their cattle. I gave them each a gun with suitable ammunition. We had not march’d many miles before it began to rain, and it continued raining all day; there were no habitations on the road to shelter us, till we arriv’d near night at the house of a German, where, and in his barn, we were all huddled together, as wet as water could make us. It was well we were not attack’d in our march, for our arms were of the most ordinary sort, and our men could not keep their gun locks dry. The Indians are dextrous in contrivances for that purpose, which we had not. They met that day the eleven poor farmers above mentioned, and killed ten of them. The one who escap’d inform’d that his and his companions’ guns would not go off, the priming being wet with the rain.%

The next day being fair, we continu’d our march, and arriv’d at the desolated Gnadenhut. There was a saw-mill near, round which were left several piles of boards, with which we soon hutted ourselves; an operation the more necessary at that inclement season, as we had no tents. Our first work was to bury more effectually the dead we found there, who had been half interr’d by the country people.

The next morning our fort was plann’d and mark’d out, the circumference measuring four hundred and fifty-five feet, which would require as many palisades to be made of trees, one with another, of a foot diameter each. Our axes, of which we had seventy, were immediately set to work to cut down trees, and, our men being dextrous in the use of them, great despatch was made. Seeing the trees fall so fast, I had the curiosity to look at my watch when two men began to cut at a pine; in six minutes they had it upon the ground, and I found it of fourteen inches diameter. Each pine made three palisades of eighteen feet long, pointed at one end. While these were preparing, our other men dug a trench all round, of three feet deep, in which the palisades were to be planted; and, our

Korean

barn: 헛간, 가축 우리 겸용의 헛간, 전

차 차고, 광, 전차, 전버스, 반, 헛간에

저장하다, 휑뎅그렁한 건물, 헛간에

넣다.

bury: 묻다, 몰두하게하다, 장사지내다

, 몰두하다, 숨기다, 잊다, 파묻다, 덮

어서 숨기다.

circumference: 원주, 주위, 주변, 주변

의 길이, 경계선, 범위, 영역, 주변의

거리.

desolated: 쓸쓸한, 외로운.

despatch: 없애버리다, 특파 하다, 운

송 리점, 신속, 재빨리 해치우다, 급

파, 급송 공문서, 급파 하다.

dextrous: 손재주가 있는, 오른손잡이

의, 민첩한.

dug: 젖꼭지, 젖퉁이.

fetch: 가져오다, 도달하다, 내다, 오게

하다, 불러오다, 팔리다, 가하다, 가하

다-물건을가져오다, 갖다 주다, 물건

을가져오다, 의 마음을 사로잡다.

inclement: 험악한, 혹독한, 무정한, 궂

은, 거칠고, 가혹한, 추운.

palisades: 강가의 벼랑, 벼랑.

piles: 치질, 말뚝.

pine: 소나무, 수척해지다, 갈망하다,

그재목, 몹시 그리다, 애타게 그리다.

priming: 기폭제, 초벌칠, 뇌관을 달기

.

trench: 참호, 도랑, 에 도랑을 파다, 잠

식하다, 참호를 만들다, 파헤치다, 새

기다, 도랑을 파다, 침해하다, 참호를

파다, 에 가깝다.

Benjamin Franklin 147

waggons, the bodys being taken off, and the fore and hind wheels separated by taking out the pin which united the two parts of the perch, we had ten carriages, with two horses each, to bring the palisades from the woods to the spot. When they were set up, our carpenters built a stage of boards all round within, about six feet high, for the men to stand on when to fire thro’ the loopholes. We had one swivel gun, which we mounted on one of the angles, and fir’d it as soon as fix’d, to let the Indians know, if any were within hearing, that we had such pieces; and thus our fort, if such a magnificent name may be given to so miserable a stockade, was finish’d in a week, though it rain’d so hard every other day that the men could not work.%

This gave me occasion to observe, that, when men are employ’d, they are best content’d; for on the days they worked they were good-natur’d and cheerful, and, with the consciousness of having done a good day’s work, they spent the evening jollily; but on our idle days they were mutinous and quarrelsome, finding fault with their pork, the bread, etc., and in continual ill-humor, which put me in mind of a sea-captain, whose rule it was to keep his men constantly at work; and, when his mate once told him that they had done every thing, and there was nothing further to employ them about, “Oh,” says he, “Make them scour the anchor.”

This kind of fort, however contemptible, is a sufficient defense against Indians, who have no cannon. Finding ourselves now posted securely, and having a place to retreat to on occasion, we ventur’d out in parties to scour the adjacent country. We met with no Indians, but we found the places on the neighboring hills where they had lain to watch our proceedings. There was an art in their contrivance of those places, that seems worth mention. It being winter, a fire was necessary for them; but a common fire on the surface of the ground would by its light have discovered their position at a distance. They had therefore dug holes in the ground about three feet diameter, and somewhat deeper; we saw where they had with their hatchets cut off the charcoal from the sides of burnt logs lying in the woods. With these coals they had made small fires in the bottom of the holes, and we observ’d among the weeds and grass the

Korean

adjacent: 부근의, 인접하는, 이웃의.

burnt: 불에 덴, 탄.

charcoal: 숯, 목탄화, 목탄으로 그리다

, 목탄.

contemptible: 비열한, 경멸할 만한,

멸시할, 한심한, 타기할, 치사한, 천시

할 만한, 경멸할만한, 경멸한 만한.

fore: 전면, 전방에-전방, 전방에, 기수

에, 이 위험하다, 의 에, 앞쪽, 전방,

이물에, 앞 전방의, 앞 앞면의.

hind: 머슴, 고라니의 암컷, 농장 일꾼,

뒤의, 시골뜨기, 맨뒤의, 암사슴, 후부

의.

mutinous: 반항적인, 폭동의.

perch: 앉다, 횃 , 얹다, 두다, 농어류

의 물고기, 높은 지위, 마부석, 마차

따위의 마부석, 새 따위를 앉게 하다,

좌석, 새가 앉는 횃 .

posted: 밝은, 정통한, 지위가 있는.

scour: 질주하다, 문질러 닦다, 물로 씻

어내다, 급히 찾아 다니다, 갈다, 청소

하다, 찾아 헤매다, 갈아서 닦다, 씻어

내기, 을 급히 지나치다, 을 충 생각

하다.

securely: 안전히 하다, 안전한, 보증하

다, 단단히 잠그다, 보험에 들다, 붙들

어 매다, 확신하는, 구하다, 가두다,

획득하다, 튼튼한.

swivel: 회전 고리, , 선회포, 회전 포

가, 회전 , 전환, 회전시키다, 선회하

다, 선회시키다, 회전 이음쇠를 달다,

회전 조인트.

weeds: 상복.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 148

prints%of their bodies, made by their laying all round, with their legs hanging down in the holes to keep their feet warm, which, with them, is an essential point. This kind of fire, so manag’d, could not discover them, either by its light, flame, sparks, or even smoke: it appear’d that their number was not great, and it seems they saw we were too many to be attacked by them with prospect of advantage.

We had for our chaplain a zealous Presbyterian minister, Mr. Beatty, who complained to me that the men did not generally attend his prayers and exhortations. When they enlisted, they were promised, besides pay and provisions, a gill of rum a day, which was punctually serv’d out to them, half in the morning, and the other half in the evening; and I observ’d they were as punctual in attending to receive it; upon which I said to Mr. Beatty, “It is, perhaps, below the dignity of your profession to act as steward of the rum, but if you were to deal it out and only just after prayers, you would have them all about you.” He liked the tho’t, undertook the office, and, with the help of a few hands to measure out the liquor, executed it to satisfaction, and never were prayers more generally and more punctually attended; so that I thought this method preferable to the punishment inflicted by some military laws for non-attendance on divine service.

I had hardly finish’d this business, and got my fort well stor’d with provisions, when I receiv’d a letter from the governor, acquainting me that he had call’d the Assembly, and wished my attendance there, if the posture of affairs on the frontiers was such that my remaining there was no longer necessary. My friends, too, of the Assembly, pressing me by their letters to be, if possible, at the meeting, and my three intended forts being now compleated, and the inhabitants contented to remain on their farms under that protection, I resolved to return; the more willingly, as a New England officer, Colonel Clapham, experienced in Indian war, being on a visit to our establishment, consented to accept the command. I gave him a commission, and, parading the garrison, had it read before them, and introduc’d him to them as an officer who, from his skill in military affairs, was much more fit to command them than myself; and, giving them a little exhortation, took my leave. I was escorted as far

Korean

attendance: 출석, 시중, 돌봄, 참석, 출

근, 간호, 출석자수, 관객수, 서비스,

서비스료.

chaplain: 군목, 교회사, 예배당목사,

목사, 기도하는사람, 군종 신부, 기도

하는 사람, 예배당 목사.

dignity: 존엄, 위엄, 관록, 품위, 체면

에 관계되다, 위풍, 위계, 고위 인사.

divine: 비범한, 신성한, 신의, 종교적

인, 성직자, 예언하다, 신성의, 신수의

, 알아채다, 점치다, 신학자.

flame: 정열, 애인, 발끈하다, 광휘, 정

열을 드러내다, 빛나다, 불길, 훨훨타

다, 화염, 불꽃, 태우다.

gill: 질, 아가미, 계곡, 협곡, 계류, 주

름, 턱볏, 처녀.

hanging: 교수형, 임박한, 매달린, 커

튼, 걸린 것, 교살, 내리막, 교수형에

처할, 급경사, 급경사의, 매달기.

non-attendance: 불참.

preferable: 바람직한, 오히려 나은, 택

할 만한, 선택할 만한.

pressing: 긴급한, 무리하게 조르는, 프

레스한 레코드, 화급한, 압착물, 억누

름, 졸라 는, 압착하기, 긴급의.

punctual: 시간을 엄수하는, 기한을 잘

지키는, 시간을 잘 지키는.

punishment: 학 , 처벌, 형벌, 벌, 강

타, 가혹한 처사, 경기 등에서 지치게

함, 징벌, 지치게 함.

steward: 간사, 집사, 기선, 여객계원,

식사 담당원, 식사 담당자, 사환, 회계

.

Benjamin Franklin 149

as%Bethlehem, where I rested a few days to recover from the fatigue I had undergone. The first night, being in a good bed, I could hardly sleep, it was so different from my hard lodging on the floor of our hut at Gnaden wrapt only in a blanket or two.

While at Bethlehem, I inquir’d a little into the practice of the Moravians: some of them had accompanied me, and all were very kind to me. I found they work’d for a common stock, eat at common tables, and slept in common dormitories, great numbers together. In the dormitories I observed loopholes, at certain distances all along just under the ceiling, which I thought judiciously placed for change of air. I was at their church, where I was entertain’d with good musick, the organ being accompanied with violins, hautboys, flutes, clarinets, etc. I understood that their sermons were not usually preached to mixed congregations of men, women, and children, as is our common practice, but that they assembled sometimes the married men, at other times their wives, then the young men, the young women, and the little children, each division by itself. The sermon I heard was to the latter, who came in and were plac’d in rows on benches; the boys under the conduct of a young man, their tutor, and the girls conducted by a young woman. The discourse seem’d well adapted to their capacities, and was deliver’d in a pleasing, familiar manner, coaxing them, as it were, to be good. They behav’d very orderly, but looked pale and unhealthy, which made me suspect they were kept too much within doors, or not allow’d sufficient exercise.

I inquir’d concerning the Moravian marriages, whether the report was true that they were by lot. I was told that lots were us’d only in particular cases; that generally, when a young man found himself dispos’d to marry, he inform’d the elders of his class, who consulted the elder ladies that govern’d the young women. As these elders of the different sexes were well acquainted with the tempers and dispositions of their respective pupils, they could best judge what matches were suitable, and their judgments were generally acquiesc’d in; but if, for example, it should happen that two or three young women were found to be equally proper for the young man, the lot was then recurred to. I objected, if the

Korean

adapted: 알맞은, 개조된, 개작된, 적당

한.

blanket: 담요, 덮어 버리다, 숨기다,

차별하지 않는, 방해하다, 일률적인-

담요에 싸다, 총괄적인, 모포-총괄적

인, 전면을 덮는 것, 일률적인, 쉬쉬

덮어 버리다.

ceiling: 천장, 한계, 최고한도, 천장판

자, 운저고도, 운고, 상승한도, 상승한

계, 내장판자, 상승 한계, 최고 한도.

coaxing: 알랑 는, 감언이설, 구슬리

고 달램, 감언 이설.

fatigue: 피로, 약화시키다, 사역, 노역,

금속의약화, 지치게 하다, 작업복, 노

동, 약화, 작업.

hut: 오두막, 오두막집, 임시병사에 머

무르다, 임시병사, 가병사, 오두막에

묵다, 오두막에 묵게하다.

marry: 굳게 결합시키다, 와 결혼하다,

결혼시키다, 결혼하다, 꼬아 합치다,

밧줄 따위를 꼬아 합치다, 시집가다,

의 결혼식을 거행하다.

organ: 기관, 파이프 오르간, 오르간,

음성, 인간의 음성, 생물의 기관.

recover: 회복시키다, 회복하다, 벌충

하다, 되찾다, 보상하다, 승소, 완쾌,

-의 덮개를 갈아 붙이다, 회복, 되찾

음, 승소하다.

understood: 이해된, 양해된, 이해한.

unhealthy: 건강치 못한, 불건전한, 위

험한, 건강하지 못한, 건강에 해로운.

wives: 부인들.

wrapt: 과거분사.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 150

matches%are not made by the mutual choice of the parties, some of them may chance to be very unhappy. “And so they may,” answer’d my informer, “if you let the parties chuse for themselves;” which, indeed, I could not deny.

Being returned to Philadelphia, I found the association went on swimmingly, the inhabitants that were not Quakers having pretty generally come into it, formed themselves into companies, and chose their captains, lieutenants, and ensigns, according to the new law. Dr. B. visited me, and gave me an account of the pains he had taken to spread a general good liking to the law, and ascribed much to those endeavors. I had had the vanity to ascribe all to my Dialogue; however, not knowing but that he might be in the right, I let him enjoy his opinion, which I take to be generally the best way in such cases. The officers, meeting, chose me to be colonel of the regiment, which I this time accepted. I forget how many companies we had, but we paraded about twelve hundred well-looking men, with a company of artillery, who had been furnished with six brass field-pieces, which they had become so expert in the use of as to fire twelve times in a minute. The first time I reviewed my regiment they accompanied me to my house, and would salute me with some rounds fired before my door, which shook down and broke several glasses of my electrical apparatus. And my new honour proved not much less brittle; for all our commissions were soon after broken by a repeal of the law in England.

During this short time of my colonelship, being about to set out on a journey to Virginia, the officers of my regiment took it into their heads that it would be proper for them to escort me out of town, as far as the Lower Ferry. Just as I was getting on horseback they came to my door, between thirty and forty, mounted, and all in their uniforms. I had not been previously acquainted with the project, or I should have prevented it, being naturally averse to the assuming of state on any occasion; and I was a good deal chagrin’d at their appearance, as I could not avoid their accompanying me. What made it worse was, that, as soon as we began to move, they drew their swords and rode with them naked all the way. Somebody wrote an account of this to the proprietor, and it gave him great offense. No such honor had been paid him when in the province, nor to any of

Korean

ascribe: 탓으로 하다, 돌리다, 에 돌리

다, 에 속하는 것으로 생각하다.

assuming: 건방진, 주제넘는, 주제넘

은.

brass: 놋쇠, 금관악기, 철면피, 고급장

교, 금전, 놋그릇, 창녀, 놋쇠빛, 축받

이, 뻔뻔스러움, 돈.

brittle: 부서지기쉬운, 부서지기 쉬운,

다루기 힘든, 믿을 수없는, 깨지기 쉬

운.

colonel: 령, 연 장, 육군 령, 단당,

각하.

colonelship: 육군 령의 직위.

deny: 부정하다, 면회를 거절하다, 거

절하다, 부인하다.

electrical: 전기의, 강렬한, 전기에 관

한, 전기 같은, 전기성의, 전격적인.

escort: 호위자, 호위하다, 호위, 호송,

호송하다, 남성 동반자, 호위 , 경호

하다, 동행하다.

glasses: 안경, 컵.

informer: 통지자, 고자, 고발자, 정

보제공자, 스파이, 통지하다.

naked: 적나라한, 벌거벗은, 잎이 없는

, 무방비의, 있는 그 로의, 꾸밈없는,

안경등에 의존하지 않은, 벌거숭이의,

드러난, 나체의, 가리개 없는.

salute: 경례, 인사, 예포, 비치다, 받들

어 총, 경례하다, 들리다, 들어오다,

에게 인사하다, 에게 경례하다, 시합

전의 예의를 표하다.

unhappy: 불행한, 부적당한, 적절하지

못한, 계제 나쁜.

Benjamin Franklin 151

his governors; and he said it was only proper to princes of the blood royal, which may be true for aught I know, who was, and still am, ignorant of the etiquette in such cases.

This silly affair, however, greatly increased his rancour against me, which was before not a little, on account of my conduct in the Assembly respecting the exemption of his estate from taxation, which I had always oppos’d very warmly, and not without severe reflections on his meanness and injustice of contending for it. He accused me to the ministry as being the great obstacle to the king’s service, preventing, by my influence in the House, the proper form of the bills for raising money, and he instanced this parade with my officers as a proof of my having an intention to take the government of the province out of his hands by force. He also applied to Sir Everard Fawkener, the postmaster-general, to deprive me of my office; but it had no other effect than to procure from Sir Everard a gentle admonition.%

Notwithstanding the continual wrangle between the governor and the House, in which I, as a member, had so large a share, there still subsisted a civil intercourse between that gentleman and myself, and we never had any personal difference. I have sometimes since thought that his little or no resentment against me, for the answers it was known I drew up to his messages, might be the effect of professional habit, and that, being bred a lawyer, he might consider us both as merely advocates for contending clients in a suit, he for the proprietaries and I for the Assembly. He would, therefore, sometimes call in a friendly way to advise with me on difficult points, and sometimes, tho’ not often, take my advice.

We acted in concert to supply Braddock’s army with provisions; and, when the shocking news arrived of his defeat, the governor sent in haste for me, to consult with him on measures for preventing the desertion of the back counties. I forget now the advice I gave; but I think it was, that Dunbar should be written to, and prevail’d with, if possible, to post his troops on the frontiers for their protection, till, by re-enforcements from the colonies, he might be able to proceed on the expedition. And, after my return from the frontier, he would have had me undertake the conduct of such an expedition with provincial troops, for the

Korean

aught: 아마, 아무래도 상관 없다, 어떤

일, 어떤 것, 무엇이든.

consult: 고려하다, 상의하다, 참고하

다, 찾다, 의견을 묻다, 조사하다, 의

견을 듣다, 상담하다, 진찰을 받다, 의

논하다, 컨설턴트 직을 맡다.

deprive: 빼앗다, 저해하다, 면직시키

다, 파면하다, 면직하다.

desertion: 유기, 탈당, 탈함, 내버림,

황폐, 황폐 상태.

etiquette: 예의, 에티켓, 관례, 예법, 예

의 범절, 불문율.

exemption: 면제, 소득공제, 해제, 면

제되는 사람, 면세, 의무의 면제.

haste: 서두름, 급속, 재촉하다, 서두르

다, 서두르게 하다, 성급, 급함.

intercourse: 성교, 교통, 교제, 영교,

영적인 교통, 의사의 교환, 영적 교통,

영적 교류.

lawyer: 법률가, 변호사.

obstacle: 장애, 장애물.

parade: 열병, 행렬, 산책장, 정렬시키

다, 열병식, 과시, 산보하는 사람들,

시위행진, 자랑해 보이다, 열병하기

위해 정렬하다, 열병장.

rancour: 심한 증오, 적의, 깊은 원한,

사무친 한.

shocking: 지독한, 지독하게, 충격적인

, 망측한, 무서운, 오싹하게 하는, 고

약한, 소름끼치는, 형편 없는.

wrangle: 말다툼하다, 논쟁하다, 말다

툼, 목장에서 보살피다, 설복하다, 목

장에서 보살피다, 논쟁, 돌보다.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 152

reduction of Fort Duquesne, Dunbar and his men being otherwise employed; and he proposed to commission me as general. I had not so good an opinion of my military abilities as he profess’d to have, and I believe his professions must have exceeded his real sentiments; but probably he might think that my popularity would facilitate the raising of the men, and my influence in Assembly, the grant of money to pay them, and that, perhaps, without taxing the proprietary estate. Finding me not so forward to engage as he expected, the project was dropt, and he soon after left the government, being superseded by Captain Denny.%

Before I proceed in relating the part I had in public affairs under this new governor’s administration, it may not be amiss here to give some account of the rise and progress of my philosophical reputation.

In 1746, being at Boston, I met there with a Dr. Spence, who was lately arrived from Scotland, and show’d me some electric experiments. They were imperfectly perform’d, as he was not very expert; but, being on a subject quite new to me, they equally surpris’d and pleased me. Soon after my return to Philadelphia, our library company receiv’d from Mr. P. Collinson, Fellow of the Royal Society of London, a present of a glass tube, with some account of the use of it in making such experiments. I eagerly seized the opportunity of repeating what I had seen at Boston; and, by much practice, acquir’d great readiness in performing those, also, which we had an account of from England, adding a number of new ones. I say much practice, for my house was continually full, for some time, with people who came to see these new wonders.

To divide a little this incumbrance among my friends, I caused a number of similar tubes to be blown at our glass-house, with which they furnish’d themselves, so that we had at length several performers. Among these, the principal was Mr. Kinnersley, an ingenious neighbor, who, being out of business, I encouraged to undertake showing the experiments for money, and drew up for him two lectures, in which the experiments were rang’d in such order, and accompanied with such explanations in such method, as that the foregoing should assist in comprehending the following. He procur’d an elegant apparatus

Korean

electric: 전기의, 두근거리는, 전기 장

치의, 전기, 전기장치의, 전기성의, 전

기에 관한, 전기 같은, 전격적인.

estate: 재산, 소유지, 사회적 지위, 유

산, 재산권, 소유권, 사회적 신분, 토

지, 처지, 계급, 살림살이.

expert: 전문가, 숙련자, 숙달된, 노련

한, 노련가, 기사, 감정인, 교묘한, 숙

련가, 숙련된.

finding: 발견, 사실 인정, 조사결과,

평결, 여러 도구 및 재료, 발견물, 인

정, 조사 결과, 여러 가지 도구 및 재

료.

imperfectly: 미완료의, 불완전한, 불완

전하게, 미완성의, 불충분하게.

incumbrance: 채무.

opinion: 의견, 평가, 소신, 판단, 감정,

여론, 선악의 판단, 전문가의 의견.

pleased: 기뻐하는, 만족한.

popularity: 인기, 인망, 유행, 통속성,

중성, 통속.

reduction: 축소, 변형, 감소, 환원법,

약분, 할인, 축도, 정복, 환원, 환산,

감수분열.

repeating: 연발하는, 반복하는, 순환

하는, 되풀이하는.

reputation: 평판, 명성, 세평, 호평, 덕

망.

spence: 식품 저장실, 그릇장, 찬장.

tube: 진공관, 관, 튜브, 통, 지하철, 관

모양의 물건, 관상 터널, 통 모양의 부

분, 지하철을 타다, 지하철로 가다, 수

상관.

Benjamin Franklin 153

for%the purpose, in which all the little machines that I had roughly made for myself were nicely form’d by instrument-makers. His lectures were well attended, and gave great satisfaction; and after some time he went thro’ the colonies, exhibiting them in every capital town, and pick’d up some money. In the West India islands, indeed, it was with difficulty the experiments could be made, from the general moisture of the air.

Oblig’d as we were to Mr. Collinson for his present of the tube, etc., I thought it right he should be inform’d of our success in using it, and wrote him several letters containing accounts of our experiments. He got them read in the Royal Society, where they were not at first thought worth so much notice as to be printed in their Transactions. One paper, which I wrote for Mr. Kinnersley, on the sameness of lightning with electricity, I sent to Dr. Mitchel, an acquaintance of mine, and one of the members also of that society, who wrote me word that it had been read, but was laughed at by the connoisseurs. The papers, however, being shown to Dr. Fothergill, he thought them of too much value to be stifled, and advis’d the printing of them. Mr. Collinson then gave them to Cave for publication in his Gentleman’s Magazine; but he chose to print them separately in a pamphlet, and Dr. Fothergill wrote the preface. Cave, it seems, judged rightly for his profit, for by the additions that arrived afterward they swell’d to a quarto volume, which has had five editions, and cost him nothing for copy-money.

It was, however, some time before those papers were much taken notice of in England. A copy of them happening to fall into the hands of the Count de Buffon, a philosopher deservedly of great reputation in France, and, indeed, all over Europe, he prevailed with M. Dalibard to translate them into French, and they were printed at Paris. The publication offended the Abbe Nollet, preceptor in Natural Philosophy to the royal family, and an able experimenter, who had form’d and publish’d a theory of electricity, which then had the general vogue. He could not at first believe that such a work came from America, and said it must have been fabricated by his enemies at Paris, to decry his system. Afterwards, having been assur’d that there really existed such a person as

Korean

cave: 동굴, 굴, 꺼지다, 녹초가 되다,

동굴로 만들다, 움푹 들어가게 하다,

탈당, 함몰, 굴복하다, 탈당-함몰하다

, 항복시키다.

decry: 비난하다, 헐뜯다, 가치를 떨어

뜨리다.

deservedly: 당연히.

experimenter: 실험자.

fabricated: 꾸며내는, 만드는.

lightning: 번개, 전광, 번개와 같은, 번

개의.

moisture: 습기, 수분.

nicely: 훌륭하게, 정 하게, 기분좋게,

까다롭게, 제 로, 꼼꼼하게, 세심하

게, 잘, 꼭.

philosopher: 철인, 철학자.

preceptor: 교사, 교훈자.

preface: 서문, 허두, 시작하다, 머리말,

서문을 쓰다, 에 서문을 붙이다, 에 머

리말을 붙이다.

print: 판화, 인화하다, 인쇄하다, 인쇄,

활자체로 쓰다, 출판하다, 모형, 간행

하다, 자국, 흔적, 해서.

roughly: 거칠게, 충, 귀에 거슬리게,

난폭하게, 강, 버릇없이, 개략적으

로.

sameness: 동일, 일륜, 동일성.

theory: 이론, 학설, 설, 공론, 론, 의견.

translate: 번역하다, 옮기다, 해석하다,

고쳐 만들다, 이동시키다, 이동하다,

헌 재료로 만들다, 헌 옷 등을 만들다,

헌 구두 만들다, 중계하다, 병진시키

다.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 154

Franklin%at Philadelphia, which he had doubted, he wrote and published a volume of Letters, chiefly address’d to me, defending his theory, and denying the verity of my experiments, and of the positions deduc’d from them.

I once purpos’d answering the abbe, and actually began the answer; but, on consideration that my writings contain’d a description of experiments which any one might repeat and verify, and if not to be verifi’d, could not be defended; or of observations offer’d as conjectures, and not delivered dogmatically, therefore not laying me under any obligation to defend them; and reflecting that a dispute between two persons, writing in different languages, might be lengthened greatly by mistranslations, and thence misconceptions of one another’s meaning, much of one of the abbe’s letters being founded on an error in the translation, I concluded to let my papers shift for themselves, believing it was better to spend what time I could spare from public business in making new experiments, than in disputing about those already made. I therefore never answered M. Nollet, and the event gave me no cause to repent my silence; for my friend M. le Roy, of the Royal Academy of Sciences, took up my cause and refuted him; my book was translated into the Italian, German, and Latin languages; and the doctrine it contain’d was by degrees universally adopted by the philosophers of Europe, in preference to that of the abbe; so that he lived to see himself the last of his sect, except Monsieur B------, of Paris, his eleve and immediate disciple.

What gave my book the more sudden and general celebrity, was the success of one of its proposed experiments, made by Messrs. Dalibard and De Lor at Marly, for drawing lightning from the clouds. This engag’d the public attention every where. M. de Lor, who had an apparatus for experimental philosophy, and lectur’d in that branch of science, undertook to repeat what he called the Philadelphia Experiments; and, after they were performed before the king and court, all the curious of Paris flocked to see them. I will not swell this narrative with an account of that capital experiment, nor of the infinite pleasure I receiv’d in the success of a similar one I made soon after with a kite at Philadelphia, as both are to be found in the histories of electricity.

Korean

abbe: 신부, 수도원장.

celebrity: 명성, 명사.

defend: 변호하다, 지키다, 방위하다,

방어하다, 답변하다, 항변하다, 옹호

하다.

disciple: 사도, 제자, 그리스도의 열두

사도의 한 사람, 문하생.

dogmatically: 독단적으로.

electricity: 전류, 전기, 극도의, 극도의

긴장, 전기학, 심한 흥분.

kite: 솔개, 연, 융통 어음, 사기꾼, 제

일 높은 돛, 융통어음으로 바꾸다, 여

론을 살피다, 솔개처럼 날다, 빠르게

움직이다, 소리개, 솔개와 같은 욕심

꾸러기.

narrative: 이야기, 이야기체의, 설화,

설화의, 화술, 설화 문학.

obligation: 의무, 책임, 은혜, 채무.

repent: 후회하다, 포복성의, 기어다니

는, 뉘우치다, 유감으로 생각하다, 회

개하다, 유감스럽게 생각하다.

swell: 멋쟁이, 부풀다, 멋진, 달인, 붇

다, 증 , 명사, 훌륭한, 맵시 있는, 늘

다, 높이다.

translation: 번역, 해석, 옮김, 바꾸어

말함, 물체의 이행, 재산 양도, 자동

중계, 이전, 번역물, 바꾸어 놓기, 바

꾸어 놓음.

verify: 실증하다, 입증하다, 의 천공

검사를하다, 확인하다, 증명하다, 검

증하다.

verity: 진리, 진실, 진실한 진술, 진실

성, 진실의 진술.

Benjamin Franklin 155

Dr. %Wright, an English physician, when at Paris, wrote to a friend, who was of the Royal Society, an account of the high esteem my experiments were in among the learned abroad, and of their wonder that my writings had been so little noticed in England. The society, on this, resum’d the consideration of the letters that had been read to them; and the celebrated Dr. Watson drew up a summary account of them, and of all I had afterwards sent to England on the subject, which be accompanied with some praise of the writer. This summary was then printed in their Transactions; and some members of the society in London, particularly the very ingenious Mr. Canton, having verified the experiment of procuring lightning from the clouds by a pointed rod, and acquainting them with the success, they soon made me more than amends for the slight with which they had before treated me. Without my having made any application for that honor, they chose me a member, and voted that I should be excus’d the customary payments, which would have amounted to twenty-five guineas; and ever since have given me their Transactions gratis. They also presented me with the gold medal of Sir Godfrey Copley for the year 1753, the delivery of which was accompanied by a very handsome speech of the president, Lord Macclesfield, wherein I was highly honoured.

Our new governor, Captain Denny, brought over for me the before-mentioned medal from the Royal Society, which he presented to me at an entertainment given him by the city. He accompanied it with very polite expressions of his esteem for me, having, as he said, been long acquainted with my character. After dinner, when the company, as was customary at that time, were engag’d in drinking, he took me aside into another room, and acquainted me that he had been advis’d by his friends in England to cultivate a friendship with me, as one who was capable of giving him the best advice, and of contributing most effectually to the making his administration easy; that he therefore desired of all things to have a good understanding with me, and he begg’d me to be assur’d of his readiness on all occasions to render me every service that might be in his power. He said much to me, also, of the proprietor’s good disposition towards the province, and of the advantage it might be to us all, and to me in particular, if the opposition that had been so long continu’d to his

Korean

aside: 떨어져서-방백, 옆에, 떼어서,

독백, 곁으로, 곁에, 방백, 별도로 하

고, 생각하지 않고, 따로 두고.

canton: 주, 광둥, 위쪽 구석의 작은 구

획, 막사를 할당하다, 분할하다, 분할

하다.숙영지, 주으로 나누다, 주로 나

누다, 숙영시키다, 부분, 구획.

celebrated: 유명한, 저명한.

cultivate: 경작하다, 재배하다, 교화하

다, 구하다, 기르다, 양성하다, 갈다,

연마하다, 우아한, 교화된, 교양있는.

customary: 관례에 의한, 습관적인, 관

습상의, 통례의, 관계집, 관례집.

delivery: 배달, 인도, 교부, 석방, 분만,

말투, 구조, 방출, 발송.

honoured: 명예스러운, 명예스럽게 생

각하여, 영광스럽게 생각하여, 명예를

받은.

medal: 메달, 상패, 훈장, 기장, 공로장

.

physician: 의사, 내과 의사.

polite: 공손한, 세련된, 품위 있는, 예

절 바른, 문장 따위 세련된, 고상한.

rod: 회초리, 권력, 장 , 권표, 낚싯 ,

로드, 막 , 작은 가지, 지팡이, 권총,

직표.

slight: 경멸, 근소한, 약한, 얕보다, 적

은, 훌쭉한, 가냘픈, 모자라는, 하찮은

, 경시하다, 조금도.

summary: 약식의, 요약, 개략의, 간결

한, 적요, 즉결의, 요약한, 일람, 총괄

적.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 156

measures%was dropt, and harmony restor’d between him and the people; in effecting which, it was thought no one could be more serviceable than myself; and I might depend on adequate acknowledgments and recompenses, etc., etc. The drinkers, finding we did not return immediately to the table, sent us a decanter of Madeira, which the governor made liberal use of, and in proportion became more profuse of his solicitations and promises.

My answers were to this purpose: that my circumstances, thanks to God, were such as to make proprietary favours unnecessary to me; and that, being a member of the Assembly, I could not possibly accept of any; that, however, I had no personal enmity to the proprietary, and that, whenever the public measures he propos’d should appear to be for the good of the people, no one should espouse and forward them more zealously than myself; my past opposition having been founded on this, that the measures which had been urged were evidently intended to serve the proprietary interest, with great prejudice to that of the people; that I was much obliged to him (the governor) for his professions of regard to me, and that he might rely on every thing in my power to make his administration as easy as possible, hoping at the same time that he had not brought with him the same unfortunate instruction his predecessor had been hamper’d with.

On this he did not then explain himself; but when he afterwards came to do business with the Assembly, they appear’d again, the disputes were renewed, and I was as active as ever in the opposition, being the penman, first, of the request to have a communication of the instructions, and then of the remarks upon them, which may be found in the votes of the time, and in the Historical Review I afterward publish’d. But between us personally no enmity arose; we were often together; he was a man of letters, had seen much of the world, and was very entertaining and pleasing in conversation. He gave me the first information that my old friend Jas. Ralph was still alive; that he was esteem’d one of the best political writers in England; had been employ’d in the dispute between Prince Frederic and the king, and had obtain’d a pension of three hundred a year; that his reputation was indeed small as a poet, Pope having

Korean

adequate: 적당한, 충분한, 족한, 그만

그만한, 알맞은, 겨우 합격할 만한.

decanter: 경사기, 식탁용의 마개 달린

유리 술병, 마개 있는 유리병.

depend: 의지하다, 믿다, 의존하다, 종

속하다, 매달리다, 나름이다, 미결이

다.

enmity: 적의, 증오.

espouse: 시집보내다, 지지하다, 채용

하다, 신봉하다, 처로 삼다.

etc: 따위, 기타, 등, 등등.

evidently: 명백히, 분명히, 보매, 분명

하게, 아무래도.

harmony: 조화, 화성, 화합, 일치, 일

치점 요람.

penman: 필적, 저작가, 서법, 서가, 글

씨 잘 쓰는 사람, 작가.

personally: 몸소, 개인적으로, 자기만

으로서는, 인품으로서, 개인을 빗 어

서, 자기 개인으로서는, 빗 어서.

poet: 시인, 시인 기질의 사람, 가인.

predecessor: 전임자, 선조, 앞선 것,

앞서의것.

profuse: 아낌없는, 풍부한, 통이 큰.

regard: 관계하다, 점, 관계, 주의, 존경

, 주시, 배려, 유의하다, 관심, 호의,

주목하다.

rely: 의지하다, 믿다, 기 를 걸다, 신

뢰하다.

whenever: 할 때에는 언제든지, 할때

는 언제나, 도 체 언제.

zealously: 열렬하게, 열중하여.

Benjamin Franklin 157

damned his poetry in the Dunciad; but his prose was thought as good as any man’s.

The Assembly finally finding the proprietary obstinately persisted in manacling their deputies with instructions inconsistent not only with the privileges of the people, but with the service of the crown, resolv’d to petition the king against them, and appointed me their agent to go over to England, to present and support the petition. The House had sent up a bill to the governor, granting a sum of sixty thousand pounds for the king’s use (ten thousand pounds of which was subjected to the orders of the then general, Lord Loudoun), which the governor absolutely refus’d to pass, in compliance with his instructions.%

I had agreed with Captain Morris, of the paquet at New York, for my passage, and my stores were put on board, when Lord Loudoun arriv’d at Philadelphia, expressly, as he told me, to endeavor an accommodation between the governor and Assembly, that his majesty’s service might not be obstructed by their dissensions. Accordingly, he desir’d the governor and myself to meet him, that he might hear what was to be said on both sides. We met and discuss’d the business. In behalf of the Assembly, I urg’d all the various arguments that may be found in the public papers of that time, which were of my writing, and are printed with the minutes of the Assembly; and the governor pleaded his instructions; the bond he had given to observe them, and his ruin if he disobey’d, yet seemed not unwilling to hazard himself if Lord Loudoun would advise it. This his lordship did not chuse to do, though I once thought I had nearly prevail’d with him to do it; but finally he rather chose to urge the compliance of the Assembly; and he entreated me to use my endeavours with them for that purpose, declaring that he would spare none of the king’s troops for the defense of our frontiers, and that, if we did not continue to provide for that defense ourselves, they must remain expos’d to the enemy.

I acquainted the House with what had pass’d, and, presenting them with a set of resolutions I had drawn up, declaring our rights, and that we did not relinquish our claim to those rights, but only suspended the exercise of them on

Korean

accommodation: 숙박 설비, 융통, 적

응, 편의, 화해, 부금, 순응, 조정,

수용 설비, 집, 숙박 시설.

agent: 리인, 작인, 행위자, 주선인,

앞잡이, 동작의 주체, 행위자의, 특약

점, 탐정, 첩보원, 지배인.

damned: 저주받은, 지겨운, 지독히,

넌더리나는.

inconsistent: 일치하지 않는, 조화되지

않는, 주견이 없는, 절조없는, 정견이

없는, 조화되지않는, 모순된, 양립하

지 않는, 변덕스러운, 모순되는, 모순

이 많은.

lordship: 귀족임, 군주임, 각하, 군주

의 신분, 귀족의 신분.

observe: 관찰하다, 소견을 말하다, 지

키다, 주시하다, 거행하다, 진술하다,

규칙 따위를 준수하다, 인지하다, 준

수하다, 관찰에 의하여 인지하다.

ourselves: 우리자신, 우리 스스로, 우

리들 자신에게, 우리들 자신을, 평상

시의 우리들, 평소의 우리들.

poetry: 시, 운문, 작시, 시정, 시가, 노

래하는 마음.

sixty: 예순 개, 육십세의, 육십의, 육십

일불 어음, 육십 , 육십년 , 육십,

육십세, 예순 개의.

suspended: 정직이 된, 집행 유예의,

출장 정지가 된, 뜬, 떠다녀, 정지한,

매달린.

urge: 몰아 다, 충동, 주장하다, 자극,

좨치다, 강요하다, 격려하다, 권고하

다, 재촉하다, 자극하다, 충동을 받다.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 158

this%occasion thro’ force, against which we protested, they at length agreed to drop that bill, and frame another conformable to the proprietary instructions. This of course the governor pass’d, and I was then at liberty to proceed on my voyage. But, in the meantime, the paquet had sailed with my sea-stores, which was some loss to me, and my only recompense was his lordship’s thanks for my service, all the credit of obtaining the accommodation falling to his share.

He set out for New York before me; and, as the time for dispatching the paquet-boats was at his disposition, and there were two then remaining there, one of which, he said, was to sail very soon, I requested to know the precise time, that I might not miss her by any delay of mine. His answer was, “I have given out that she is to sail on Saturday next; but I may let you know, entre nous, that if you are there by Monday morning, you will be in time, but do not delay longer.” By some accidental hinderance at a ferry, it was Monday noon before I arrived, and I was much afraid she might have sailed, as the wind was fair; but I was soon made easy by the information that she was still in the harbor, and would not move till the next day. One would imagine that I was now on the very point of departing for Europe. I thought so; but I was not then so well acquainted with his lordship’s character, of which indecision was one of the strongest features. I shall give some instances. It was about the beginning of April that I came to New York, and I think it was near the end of June before we sail’d. There were then two of the paquet-boats, which had been long in port, but were detained for the general’s letters, which were always to be ready to-morrow. Another paquet arriv’d; she too was detain’d; and, before we sail’d, a fourth was expected. Ours was the first to be dispatch’d, as having been there longest. Passengers were engag’d in all, and some extremely impatient to be gone, and the merchants uneasy about their letters, and the orders they had given for insurance (it being war time) for fall goods! but their anxiety avail’d nothing; his lordship’s letters were not ready; and yet whoever waited on him found him always at his desk, pen in hand, and concluded he must needs write abundantly.

Going myself one morning to pay my respects, I found in his antechamber one Innis, a messenger of Philadelphia, who had come from thence express with

Korean

agreed: 동의하여, 일치한, 협정한.

antechamber: 기실, 앞방, 곁방.

anxiety: 걱정, 불안, 열망, 근심, 걱정

거리, 염원.

conformable: 적합한, 준거하는, 정합

의, 순종하여, 비슷한, 조화된, 일치된

, 양순하게, 상응하는.

desk: 편집부, 책상, 서랍, 사무.

detained: 유치하는, 감금하는, 구류하

는.

ferry: 나룻배, 나루터, 도선업, 항공수

송, 자력현지수송, 공수하다, 도선하

다, 나룻배로 건너다, 나룻배로 건네

다, 나룻배 등으로 건네다, 페리 등으

로 건네다.

harbor: 피난처, 항구, 정박하다, 숨다,

피난처를 제공하다, 품다, 숨기다, 은

신처, 숨겨 주다, 잠시 묵다.

indecision: 우유부단, 우유 부단.

messenger: 심부름꾼, 선구, 연줄에 달

아 바람에 울게 하는 종이, 전조, 사자

.

noon: 정오, 정오의, 전성기, 점심을 먹

다, 한밤중, 한낮, 야반, 결정, 낮 휴식

을 취하다절정에 달하다, 정오에 하는

, 최고점.

nous: 마음, 지성, 지혜, 상식.

precise: 정확한, 세심한, 꼼꼼한, 조금

도 틀림없는, 규칙 로의, 바로 그.

respects: 인사.

sail: 돛, 범주, 척의 배, 돛배, 범주력,

항정, 날개, 달리게 하다, 범주하다,

돛단배, 건너다.

Benjamin Franklin 159

a paquet from Governor Denny for the General. He delivered to me some letters from my friends there, which occasion’d my inquiring when he was to return, and where be lodg’d, that I might send some letters by him. He told me he was order’d to call to-morrow at nine for the general’s answer to the governor, and should set off immediately. I put my letters into his hands the same day. A fortnight after I met him again in the same place. “So, you are soon return’d, Innis?” “Returned! no, I am not gone yet.” “How so?” “I have called here by order every morning these two weeks past for his lordship’s letter, and it is not yet ready.” “Is it possible, when he is so great a writer? for I see him constantly at his escritoire.” “Yes,” says Innis, “but he is like St. George on the signs, always on horseback, and never rides on!” This observation of the messenger was, it seems, well founded; for, when in England, I understood that Mr. Pitt gave it as one reason for removing this general, and sending Generals Amherst and Wolfe, that the minister never heard from him, and could not know what he was doing.%

This daily expectation of sailing, and all the three paquets going down to Sandy Hook, to join the fleet there, the passengers thought it best to be on board, lest by a sudden order the ships should sail, and they be left behind. There, if I remember right, we were about six weeks, consuming our sea-stores, and oblig’d to procure more. At length the fleet sail’d, the General and all his army on board, bound to Louisburg, with intent to besiege and take that fortress; all the paquet-boats in company ordered to attend the General’s ship, ready to receive his dispatches when they should be ready. We were out five days before we got a letter with leave to part, and then our ship quitted the fleet and steered for England. The other two paquets he still detained, carried them with him to Halifax, where he stayed some time to exercise the men in sham attacks upon sham forts, then alter’d his mind as to besieging Louisburg, and return’d to New York, with all his troops, together with the two paquets above mentioned, and all their passengers! During his absence the French and savages had taken Fort George, on the frontier of that province, and the savages had massacred many of the garrison after capitulation.

Korean

attend: 간호하다, 출석하다, 모시다,

섬기다, 수행하다, 주의하여듣다, 다

니다, 유의하다, 참석하다, 주의하다,

전렴하다.

besiege: 포위하다, 몰아세우다, 에

어닥치다, 쇄도하다, 괴롭히다, 공격

하다.

bound: 범위, 경계, 행의, 열중하여, 되

튀다, 뜀, 접한 관계에, 한계, 에 가

려고, 결심을 한, 확실한.

capitulation: 조건부 항복, 항복 문서,

치외 법권설정조건, 합의 사항 각서,

항복, 항복 문.

consuming: 소비하는, 여위게 하는,

태워버리는, 다 태워버리는, 애태우는

, 여위게하는, 태워 버리는.

fleet: 빠른, 함 , 선 , 기단, 후미, 빨

리, 차량, 지나가 버리다, 강어귀, 비

행 , 선단.

fortnight: 이주일.

fortress: 요새, 안전지 , 요새로 방어

하다, 요새지, 요새 도시.

hands: 소유, 일군.

sham: 가짜, 속임, 을 가장하다, 협작

꾼, 군사 연습, 하는 체하다, 모조의,

짐짓, 가짜의, 허풍선이, 허위의.

ship: 수송하다, 배, 을 배에 싣다, 배에

타다, 배로 가다, 설비하다, 전 승무원

, 쫓아버리다, 파도를 뒤집어 쓰다, 함

, 선원으로 고용하다.

sudden: 돌연한, 갑작스런, 돌연.

writer: 쓰는 사람, 필자, 작가, 저자,

작문 자습서, 필기자, 사자기.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 160

I saw afterwards in London Captain Bonnell, who commanded one of those paquets. He told me that, when he had been detain’d a month, he acquainted his lordship that his ship was grown foul, to a degree that must necessarily hinder her fast sailing, a point of consequence for a paquet-boat, and requested an allowance of time to heave her down and clean her bottom. He was asked how long time that would require. He answer’d, three days. The general replied, “If you can do it in one day, I give leave; otherwise not; for you must certainly sail the day after to-morrow.” So he never obtain’d leave, though detained afterwards from day to day during full three months.%

I saw also in London one of Bonnell’s passengers, who was so enrag’d against his lordship for deceiving and detaining him so long at New York, and then carrying him to Halifax and back again, that he swore he would sue for damages. Whether he did or not, I never heard; but, as he represented the injury to his affairs, it was very considerable.

On the whole, I wonder’d much how such a man came to be intrusted with so important a business as the conduct of a great army; but, having since seen more of the great world, and the means of obtaining, and motives for giving places, my wonder is diminished. General Shirley, on whom the command of the army devolved upon the death of Braddock, would, in my opinion, if continued in place, have made a much better campaign than that of Loudoun in 1757, which was frivolous, expensive, and disgraceful to our nation beyond conception; for, tho’ Shirley was not a bred soldier, he was sensible and sagacious in himself, and attentive to good advice from others, capable of forming judicious plans, and quick and active in carrying them into execution. Loudoun, instead of defending the colonies with his great army, left them totally expos’d while he paraded idly at Halifax, by which means Fort George was lost, besides, he derang’d all our mercantile operations, and distress’d our trade, by a long embargo on the exportation of provisions, on pretence of keeping supplies from being obtain’d by the enemy, but in reality for beating down their price in favor of the contractors, in whose profits, it was said, perhaps from suspicion only, he had a share. And, when at length the embargo was taken off, by neglecting to send

Korean

conception: 임신, 구상, 착상, 개념, 태

아, 창안, 생각, 고안, 계획, 개념작용,

개념 작용.

consequence: 결과, 결론, 영향, 중

성, 귀결, 사회적 중요성, 자존, 중요

성, 잘난체함, 결말, 중 함.

damages: 손해액.

diminished: 감소된, 권위가 떨어진,

반음 줄인, 감손된.

embargo: 금지하다, 몰수하다, 통상금

지, 항내출입금지, 금지, 입항 금지를

명하다, 출항금지, 출항 금지를 명하

다, 통상 정지, 입항금지, 정지하다.

exportation: 수출, 수출품.

foul: 반칙, 엉클어진, 더럽히다, 더러

운, 더러워지다, 반칙하다, 꽉막힌, 악

취있는, 충돌하다, 반칙의, 엉클어지

다.

frivolous: 경박한, 하찮은, 시시한, 천

박한.

heave: 오르다, 토하다, 천식, 들어 올

리다, 들어서 던져 넣다, 융기, 움직이

다, 부풀리다, 들리다, 높아지다, 수평

전위.

hinder: 방해하다, 뒤의, 뒤쪽의, 방해

가 되다, 방해가되다, 후방의.

idly: 무익하게, 멍하니, 게으르게, 헛

되이, 빈둥거려, 빈둥거리며, 하는일

없이, 게을리, 한는 일 없이.

sensible: 분별 있는, 현명한, 지각할

수 있는, 알아채고, 알아챈, 느낄 수

있는, 느끼기 쉬운, 감각의, 신용본위

의, 눈에 띌 정도의.

Benjamin Franklin 161

notice of it to Charlestown, the Carolina fleet was detain’d near three months longer, whereby their bottoms were so much damaged by the worm that a great part of them foundered in their passage home.

Shirley was, I believe, sincerely glad of being relieved from so burdensome a charge as the conduct of an army must be to a man unacquainted with military business. I was at the entertainment given by the city of New York to Lord Loudoun, on his taking upon him the command. Shirley, tho’ thereby superseded, was present also. There was a great company of officers, citizens, and strangers, and, some chairs having been borrowed in the neighborhood, there was one among them very low, which fell to the lot of Mr. Shirley. Perceiving it as I sat by him, I said, “They have given you, sir, too low a seat.” “No matter,” says he, “Mr. Franklin, I find a low seat the easiest.”%

While I was, as afore mention’d, detain’d at New York, I receiv’d all the accounts of the provisions, etc., that I had furnish’d to Braddock, some of which accounts could not sooner be obtain’d from the different persons I had employ’d to assist in the business. I presented them to Lord Loudoun, desiring to be paid the ballance. He caus’d them to be regularly examined by the proper officer, who, after comparing every article with its voucher, certified them to be right; and the balance due for which his lordship promis’d to give me an order on the paymaster. This was, however, put off from time to time; and, tho’ I call’d often for it by appointment, I did not get it. At length, just before my departure, he told me he had, on better consideration, concluded not to mix his accounts with those of his predecessors. “And you,” says he, “when in England, have only to exhibit your accounts at the treasury, and you will be paid immediately.”

I mention’d, but without effect, the great and unexpected expense I had been put to by being detain’d so long at New York, as a reason for my desiring to be presently paid; and on my observing that it was not right I should be put to any further trouble or delay in obtaining the money I had advanc’d, as I charged no commission for my service, “O, sir,” says he, “you must not think of persuading us that you are no gainer; we understand better those affairs, and know that every one concerned in supplying the army finds means, in the doing it, to fill his

Korean

afore: 앞, 앞에, 이전에, 전에.

burdensome: 번거로운, 고된, 귀찮은,

난사의, 무거운 짐이 되는, 부담이 되

는, 성가신, 어려운, 견딜 수 없이부담

이 되는, 부담스러운.

certified: 보증된, 공인의, 증명된, 정

신이상자로 증명된.

charged: 긴장된, 논쟁이 일어날 것 같

은, 전한, 마약에 취한, 실효전하를

가진, 일촉즉발의.

examined: 검토하는, 심리하는, 검사

하는, 진찰하는, 조사하는, 심사하는,

심문하는, 시험하는.

gainer: 승리자, 이득자, 획득자, 뒤로

재주넘는 다이빙.

mix: 섞다, 사귀게하다, 혼합하다, 혼

란, 난투, 혼동하다, 혼합, 혼합물, 혼

합해서 만들다, 인스턴트 식품, 섞이

다.

regularly: 정식으로, 규칙적으로, 격식

로, 철저히, 질서 있게, 정기적으로,

적당하게, 온통, 여느 때와 같이, 아주

, 반듯하게.

unexpected: 뜻하지 않은, 뜻밖의, 예

기치 않은.

voucher: 보증인, 증거 서류, 용의

인환권, 증명서, 증명인, 증명하다, 인

환권.

worm: 벌레, 교묘히 환심을 사다, 기

듯 나아가다, 벌레처럼 기다, 캐내다,

서서히 나아가게 하다, 벌레 같은 모

양, 기생충병, 벌레 같은 인간, 금이

가다, 교묘히 빌붙다.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 162

own pockets.” I assur’d him that was not my case, and that I had not pocketed a farthing; but he appear’d clearly not to believe me; and, indeed, I have since learnt that immense fortunes are often made in such employments. As to my ballance, I am not paid it to this day, of which more hereafter.

Our captain of the paquet had boasted much, before we sailed, of the swiftness of his ship; unfortunately, when we came to sea, she proved the dullest of ninety-six sail, to his no small mortification. After many conjectures respecting the cause, when we were near another ship almost as dull as ours, which, however, gain’d upon us, the captain ordered all hands to come aft, and stand as near the ensign staff as possible. We were, passengers included, about forty persons. While we stood there, the ship mended her pace, and soon left her neighbour far behind, which prov’d clearly what our captain suspected, that she was loaded too much by the head. The casks of water, it seems, had been all plac’d forward; these he therefore order’d to be mov’d further aft, on which the ship recover’d her character, and proved the sailer in the fleet.%

The captain said she had once gone at the rate of thirteen knots, which is accounted thirteen miles per hour. We had on board, as a passenger, Captain Kennedy, of the Navy, who contended that it was impossible, and that no ship ever sailed so fast, and that there must have been some error in the division of the log-line, or some mistake in heaving the log. A wager ensu’d between the two captains, to be decided when there should be sufficient wind. Kennedy thereupon examin’d rigorously the log-line, and, being satisfi’d with that, he determin’d to throw the log himself. Accordingly some days after, when the wind blew very fair and fresh, and the captain of the paquet, Lutwidge, said he believ’d she then went at the rate of thirteen knots, Kennedy made the experiment, and own’d his wager lost.

The above fact I give for the sake of the following observation. It has been remark’d, as an imperfection in the art of ship-building, that it can never be known, till she is tried, whether a new ship will or will not be a good sailer; for that the model of a good-sailing ship has been exactly follow’d in a new one, which has prov’d, on the contrary, remarkably dull. I apprehend that this may

Korean

aft: 고무쪽에, 후미에, 고물에, 고물에

있는, 고물쪽에, 흔히, 종종, 고물쪽에

있는.

ensign: 기수, 국기, 군기, 기장, 기.

heaving: 올림, 끌어올림, 들어올림.

immense: 광 한, 거 한, 훌륭한, 한

없는, 막 한, 광 하다, 멋진, 이루

헤아릴수 없는, 굉장히, 굉장한, 아주.

imperfection: 불완전, 결점, 결함.

loaded: 탄알을 잰, 감정적이 된, 납을

박은, 짐실은, 취한, 화약을잰, 의미

심장한, 다른 것을 섞은, 만취한, 박은

, 술 따위 다른 것을 섞은.

log: 통나무, 베어내다, 향해 일지에 적

다, 측정의, 기록하다, 엔진 따위의 공

정 일지, 의 항정을 기입하다, 측정기,

공정 일지, 공정 따위를 기록하다, 항

해일지.

neighbour: 동포, 이웃의, 이웃하다,

같은 종류끼리서로 이웃하는 것, 서로

이웃하는 것, 이웃 사람.

pace: 속도, 걷는 속도, 보폭, 보조,

속으로가다, 진도, 한 걸음, 걸음, 포

족, 발걸음, 포족걷다.

remarkably: 두드러지게, 몹시, 현저하

게, 뚜렷하게, 매우.

rigorously: 엄격하게, 혹독하게, 엄하

게.

sailer: 배.

swiftness: 빠름, 신속, 순식간임, 즉시,

하기 쉬움.

wager: 내기, 걸다, 내기에 건 돈, 노름

, 내기를 걸다.

Benjamin Franklin 163

partly be occasion’d by the different opinions of seamen respecting the modes of lading, rigging, and sailing of a ship; each has his system; and the same vessel, laden by the judgment and orders of one captain, shall sail better or worse than when by the orders of another. Besides, it scarce ever happens that a ship is form’d, fitted for the sea, and sail’d by the same person. One man builds the hull, another rigs her, a third lades and sails her. No one of these has the advantage of knowing all the ideas and experience of the others, and, therefore, can not draw just conclusions from a combination of the whole.%

Even in the simple operation of sailing when at sea, I have often observ’d different judgments in the officers who commanded the successive watches, the wind being the same. One would have the sails trimm’d sharper or flatter than another, so that they seem’d to have no certain rule to govern by. Yet I think a set of experiments might be instituted, first, to determine the most proper form of the hull for swift sailing; next, the best dimensions and properest place for the masts: then the form and quantity of sails, and their position, as the wind may be; and, lastly, the disposition of the lading. This is an age of experiments, and I think a set accurately made and combin’d would be of great use. I am persuaded, therefore, that ere long some ingenious philosopher will undertake it, to whom I wish success.

We were several times chas’d in our passage, but outsail’d every thing, and in thirty days had soundings. We had a good observation, and the captain judg’d himself so near our port, Falmouth, that, if we made a good run in the night, we might be off the mouth of that harbor in the morning, and by running in the night might escape the notice of the enemy’s privateers, who often crus’d near the entrance of the channel. Accordingly, all the sail was set that we could possibly make, and the wind being very fresh and fair, we went right before it, and made great way. The captain, after his observation, shap’d his course, as he thought, so as to pass wide of the Scilly Isles; but it seems there is sometimes a strong indraught setting up St. George’s Channel, which deceives seamen and caused the loss of Sir Cloudesley Shovel’s squadron. This indraught was probably the cause of what happened to us.

Korean

accurately: 정확히, 정 하게, 정 히,

정확하게.

dimensions: 넓이.

entrance: 입학, 들어감, 입구, 입장, 등

장, 입학금, 문, 입장권, 넋을 잃게

하다.

ere: 하기 전에, 오히려.

fitted: 장비하여, 을 갖추어, 꼭 맞게

만들어진.

flatter: 아첨하다, 알랑거리다, 기쁘게

하다, 실물보다 좋게 그리다, 우쭐케

하다, 우쭐해지다, 즐겁게 하다, 실물

이상으로 좋게 나타내다, 우쭐하게 하

다.

hull: 선체, 정체, 덮개, 껍데기, 덮개를

벗기다, 선체를 궤뚫다, 껍데기를 제

거하다, 외피.

indraught: 유입, 끌어들임, 빨아들임.

laden: 실린, 고민하는, 괴로워하는, 짐

을 실은.

lading: 짐싣기, 적재, 뱃짐, 선적.

rigging: 삭구, 장비, 옷, 의장, 의복, 의

류.

sharper: 사기꾼.

soundings: 측연이 미치는 측정 범위.

squadron: 소함 , 비행 중 , 집단, 기

병 , 기병 , 단체, 기갑 ,

비행 , 비행 .

successive: 연속적인, 잇따른, 연속하

는.

swift: 즉석의, 빠른, 칼새, 하기 쉬운,

빨리, 순식간의, 스위프트, 잽싸게, 동

작이 빠른 사람, 동작이 빠른 것.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 164

We had a watchman plac’d in the bow, to whom they often called, “Look well out before there,” and he as often answered, “Ay ay; “ but perhaps had his eyes shut, and was half asleep at the time, they sometimes answering, as is said, mechanically; for he did not see a light just before us, which had been hid by the studdingsails from the man at the helm, and from the rest of the watch, but by an accidental yaw of the ship was discover’d, and occasion’d a great alarm, we being very near it, the light appearing to me as big as a cart-wheel. It was midnight, and our captain fast asleep; but Captain Kennedy, jumping upon deck, and seeing the danger, ordered the ship to wear round, all sails standing; an operation dangerous to the masts, but it carried us clear, and we escaped shipwreck, for we were running right upon the rocks on which the light-house was erected. This deliverance impressed me strongly with the utility of light-houses, and made me resolve to encourage the building more of them in America, if I should live to return there.%

In the morning it was found by the soundings, etc., that we were near our port, but a thick fog hid the land from our sight. About nine o’clock the fog began to rise, and seem’d to be lifted up from the water like the curtain at a play-house, discovering underneath, the town of Falmouth, the vessels in its harbor, and the fields that surrounded it. This was a most pleasing spectacle to those who had been so long without any other prospects than the uniform view of a vacant ocean, and it gave us the more pleasure as we were now free from the anxieties which the state of war occasion’d.

I set out immediately, with my son, for London, and we only stopt a little by the way to view Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain, and Lord Pembroke’s house and gardens, with his very curious antiquities at Wilton. We arrived in London the 27th of July, 1757.

Korean

antiquities: 낡음, 고기물.

ay: 항상, 찬성! 찬성 언제나, 그렇소,

아아, 찬성자, 영구히, 찬성.

bow: 활, 이물, 구부리다, 절하다, 꾸부

러지다, 나비넥타이, 만곡부, 인사하

다, 켜다, 함수, 절.

cart-wheel: 수레바퀴.

deliverance: 구출, 해방, 진술, 진술의

공표, 평결, 액막이, 석방, 발표, 구조,

공식 의견, 의견.

helm: 키, 자루, 지도, 지도하다, 키를

잡다, 의 키를 다루다, 지배권, 지배.

impressed: 감명을 받아, 감명하여.

jumping: 뛰는, 도약, 뜀, 도약하는.

mechanically: 기계로, 기계적으로, 기

계 장치로.

shipwreck: 난파, 파멸하다, 과멸, 과

선하다, 파선, 난파하다, 난파선, 파멸

시키다, 파멸, 난파선의 잔해, 난선하

다.

spectacle: 구경거리, 안경, 광경, 장관,

보기에 도 지겨운 것, 타자의 재차의

무득점, 보기에 도 딱한 것.

vacant: 빈, 멍한, 한가한, 비어 있는,

공허한, 결원의, 사람이 안 사는, 허탈

한, 빈자리 지위의, 빈자리의.

watchman: 야경, 야경꾼, 야경꾼의,

야경의.

yaw: 침로에서 벗어나다, 항공기가 한

쪽으로 흔들리다, 편주, 편요각, 편요,

배가 이물을 좌우로 흔들다, 침로에서

빗나가다.

Benjamin Franklin 165

PART % FOUR

As soon as I was settled in a lodging Mr. Charles had provided for me, I went

to visit Dr. Fothergill, to whom I was strongly recommended, and whose counsel respecting my proceedings I was advis’d to obtain. He was against an immediate complaint to government, and thought the proprietaries should first be personally appli’d to, who might possibly be induc’d by the interposition and persuasion of some private friends, to accommodate matters amicably. I then waited on my old friend and correspondent, Mr. Peter Collinson, who told me that John Hanbury, the great Virginia merchant, had requested to be informed when I should arrive, that he might carry me to Lord Granville’s, who was then President of the Council and wished to see me as soon as possible. I agreed to go with him the next morning. Accordingly Mr. Hanbury called for me and took me in his carriage to that nobleman’s, who receiv’d me with great civility; and after some questions respecting the present state of affairs in America and discourse thereupon, he said to me: “You Americans have wrong ideas of the nature of your constitution; you contend that the king’s instructions to his governors are not laws, and think yourselves at liberty to regard or disregard them at your own discretion. But those instructions are not like the pocket instructions given to a minister going abroad, for regulating his conduct in some trifling point of ceremony. They are first drawn up by judges learned in the laws; they are then considered, debated, and perhaps amended in Council, after which they are

Korean

accommodate: 적응시키다, 숙박시키

다, 빌려주다, 공급하다, 화해시키다,

수용하다, 조절하다, 조정하다, 편의

를 도모하다.

arrive: 도착하다, 명성을얻다, 달하다,

도달하다, 태어나다, 성공하다, 일어

나다.

carriage: 탈것, 몸가짐, 운반, 수송, 태

도, 운임, 통과, 운반 , 유모차, 포가,

처리.

ceremony: 예의, 의식, 식전, 형식, 딱

딱함, 식, 의례.

charles: 남자 이름, 남자이름.

constitution: 구성, 제정, 설립, 조직,

체격, 소질, 정체, 헌법, 체질, 율령,

성격.

discretion: 신중, 행동의 자유, 분별,

사려, 자유 재량, 마음 로, 분별 연령

, 판단의 자유, 선택의 자유.

disregard: 무시하다, 무시, 경시하다,

경시.

informed: 지식이 있는, 지식의 필요한

, 소식통의, 견문이 넓은, 사정에 밝은

, 학식이 있는.

interposition: 간섭, 중재, 조정, 제기

하다, 말참견하다, 개재, 각주의 연방

정부에 한 간섭 허용주의, 사이에

넣음, 중재에 나서다, 사이에 들어가

다, 사이에 끼우다.

pocket: 착복하다, 주머니, 돈, 자력, 우

묵한 땅, 에어포켓, 억누르다, 고립 지

역-포켓에 넣다, 둘러싸고 방해하다,

당구 네 모서리의 포켓, 굴.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 166

signed by the king. They are then, so far as they relate to you, the law of the land, for THE KING IS THE LEGISLATOR OF THE COLONIES.” I told his lordship this was new doctrine to me. I had always understood from our charters that our laws were to be made by our Assemblies, to be presented indeed to the king for his royal assent, but that being once given the king could not repeal or alter them. And as the Assemblies could not make permanent laws without his assent, so neither could he make a law for them without theirs. He assur’d me I was totally mistaken. I did not think so, however, and his lordship’s conversation having a little alarm’d me as to what might be the sentiments of the court concerning us, I wrote it down as soon as I return’d to my lodgings. I recollected that about 20 years before, a clause in a bill brought into Parliament by the ministry had propos’d to make the king’s instructions laws in the colonies, but the clause was thrown out by the Commons, for which we adored them as our friends and friends of liberty, till by their conduct towards us in 1765 it seem’d that they had refus’d that point of sovereignty to the king only that they might reserve it for themselves.%

After some days, Dr. Fothergill having spoken to the proprietaries, they agreed to a meeting with me at Mr. T. Penn’s house in Spring Garden. The conversation at first consisted of mutual declarations of disposition to reasonable accommodations, but I suppose each party had its own ideas of what should be meant by reasonable. We then went into consideration of our several points of complaint, which I enumerated. The proprietaries justify’d their conduct as well as they could, and I the Assembly’s. We now appeared very wide, and so far from each other in our opinions as to discourage all hope of agreement. However, it was concluded that I should give them the heads of our complaints in writing, and they promis’d then to consider them. I did so soon after, but they put the paper into the hands of their solicitor, Ferdinand John Paris, who managed for them all their law business in their great suit with the neighbouring proprietary of Maryland, Lord Baltimore, which had subsisted 70 years, and wrote for them all their papers and messages in their dispute with the Assembly. He was a proud, angry man, and as I had occasionally in the answers of the Assembly treated his papers with some severity, they being really weak in point of

Korean

alter: 바꾸다, 거세하다, 박뀌다, 변경,

변경할 수 있는, 거세하다-변경할 수

있는-변경, 바뀌다, 고쳐 만들다, 달

라지다.

angry: 성난, 성나있는, 몹시쑤시는, 타

는 듯한, 험한, 염증을 일으킨.

complaints: 불만.

ministry: 봉사, 직무, 성직, 복사들, 각

교, 성내각, 내각, 부, 목사들, 목사의

직, 성.

permanent: 영속하는, 불변의, 영구한,

퍼머넌트.

reserve: 보류, 제한, 예비의, 보류하다,

준비금, 자제, 운명짓다, 보유하다, 침

묵, 제외, 적립금.

severity: 괴로움, 엄격, 간소, 격렬, 모

진 경험, 통렬함.

signed: 사인이 들어있는, 서명된.

solicitor: 법무관, 외판원, 변호사, 간

청하는 사람, 사무 변호사, 권유원, 간

청자.

sovereignty: 주권, 독립국, 주권자의

지위.

suit: 형편이 좋다, 청원, 소송, 한 벌,

적합하다, 탄원, 구애, 적합하게 하다,

에 어울리다, 남하는 로 하다, 의 마

음에 들다.

theirs: 그들의 것.

totally: 전혀, 모조리, 전적으로.

weak: 약변화의, 묽은, 약한, 힘없는,

어리석은, 약세인, 악센트 없는, 내림

세인, 약점 있는, 악센트가 없는, 불충

분한.

Benjamin Franklin 167

argument and haughty in expression, he had conceived a mortal enmity to me, which discovering itself whenever we met, I declin’d the proprietary’s proposal that he and I should discuss the heads of complaint between our two selves, and refus’d treating with any one but them. They then by his advice put the paper into the hands of the Attorney and Solicitor-General for their opinion and counsel upon it, where it lay unanswered a year wanting eight days, during which time I made frequent demands of an answer from the proprietaries, but without obtaining any other than that they had not yet received the opinion of the Attorney and Solicitor-General. What it was when they did receive it I never learnt, for they did not communicate it to me, but sent a long message to the Assembly drawn and signed by Paris, reciting my paper, complaining of its want of formality, as a rudeness on my part, and giving a flimsy justification of their conduct, adding that they should be willing to accommodate matters if the Assembly would send out some person of candour to treat with them for that purpose, intimating thereby that I was not such.%

The want of formality or rudeness was, probably, my not having address’d the paper to them with their assum’d titles of True and Absolute Proprietaries of the Province of Pennsylvania, which I omitted as not thinking it necessary in a paper, the intention of which was only to reduce to a certainty by writing, what in conversation I had delivered viva voce.

But during this delay, the Assembly having prevailed with Gov’r Denny to pass an act taxing the proprietary estate in common with the estates of the people, which was the grand point in dispute, they omitted answering the message.

When this act however came over, the proprietaries, counselled by Paris, determined to oppose its receiving the royal assent. Accordingly they petition’d the king in Council, and a hearing was appointed in which two lawyers were employ’d by them against the act, and two by me in support of it. They alledg’d that the act was intended to load the proprietary estate in order to spare those of the people, and that if it were suffer’d to continue in force, and the proprietaries who were in odium with the people, left to their mercy in proportioning the taxes, they would inevitably be ruined. We reply’d that the act had no such

Korean

candour: 공평 무사.

flimsy: 얇은 종이, 박약한, 취약한, 천

박한, 얇은 원고지, 무른, 지폐, 얇은

여성복, 얇은, 보잘것 없는.

formality: 의식, 딱딱함 형식적 행위,

형식존중, 정식의 절차, 형식에 구애

됨, 정규의 절차, 상례, 의례, 정식.

haughty: 거만한, 오만한, 오만하는.

justification: 정당화, 변호, 의롭다고

인정됨, 변명, 옹호, 의인, 행위의 정

당화.

load: 짐, 하중, 적재량, 근심, 섞음질을

하여 독하게 만들다, 무거운 짐, 부담,

싣다, 무겁게 하다, 부하, 총에 장전하

다.

mercy: 자비, 행운, 고마움, 연민.

mortal: 치명적인, 인간의, 인간, 불치

의, 길고 긴, 생각할 수 있는, 지루한,

죽어야 할, 죽어야 할 것, 사람, 가능

한-죽어야 할 것.

odium: 평판이 나쁨, 비난, 증오, 비난

의.

rudeness: 버릇없음, 난폭, 무례, 자연

그 로, 조잡, 시끄럽기.

treat: 접하다, 논하다, 우하다, 간

주하다, 취급하다, 한턱, 향응하다, 향

음, 한턱내다, 즐거운 일, 처리하다.

unanswered: 답 없는, 보답되지 않

은, 논박되지 않은, 반박되지 않는, 보

답 없는.

viva: 만세, 구두 시험, 만세 소리.

willing: 기꺼이 ...하는, 자진해서 하는

, 마침 잘된, 자발적인.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 168

intention, %and would have no such effect. That the assessors were honest and discreet men under an oath to assess fairly and equitably, and that any advantage each of them might expect in lessening his own tax by augmenting that of the proprietaries was too trifling to induce them to perjure themselves. This is the purport of what I remember as urged by both sides, except that we insisted strongly on the mischievous consequences that must attend a repeal, for that the money, L100,000, being printed and given to the king’s use, expended in his service, and now spread among the people, the repeal would strike it dead in their hands to the ruin of many, and the total discouragement of future grants, and the selfishness of the proprietors in soliciting such a general catastrophe, merely from a groundless fear of their estate being taxed too highly, was insisted on in the strongest terms. On this, Lord Mansfield, one of the counsel rose, and beckoning me took me into the clerk’s chamber, while the lawyers were pleading, and asked me if I was really of opinion that no injury would be done the proprietary estate in the execution of the act. I said certainly. “Then,” says he, “you can have little objection to enter into an engagement to assure that point.” I answer’d, “None at all.” He then call’d in Paris, and after some discourse, his lordship’s proposition was accepted on both sides; a paper to the purpose was drawn up by the Clerk of the Council, which I sign’d with Mr. Charles, who was also an Agent of the Province for their ordinary affairs, when Lord Mansfield returned to the Council Chamber, where finally the law was allowed to pass. Some changes were however recommended and we also engaged they should be made by a subsequent law, but the Assembly did not think them necessary; for one year’s tax having been levied by the act before the order of Council arrived, they appointed a committee to examine the proceedings of the assessors, and on this committee they put several particular friends of the proprietaries. After a full enquiry, they unanimously sign’d a report that they found the tax had been assess’d with perfect equity.

The Assembly looked into my entering into the first part of the engagement, as an essential service to the Province, since it secured the credit of the paper money then spread over all the country. They gave me their thanks in form when I return’d. But the proprietaries were enraged at Governor Denny for having

Korean

catastrophe: 단원, 파국, 이변,

실패, 파멸, 지각의 격변, 튼 재앙, 큰

재변, 참사.

discouragement: 낙담, 방해, 낙심, 기

를 죽이는 것, 단념시킴, 반 , 실망,

지장, 기를 죽이는 사정, 기를 죽이는

행위.

engagement: 약혼, 고용, 약속, 초빙,

용무, 교전, 맞물림, 연 성, 일, 계약.

enquiry: 연구, 질문, 문의, 조사.

enraged: 성나게 하는, 화나게 하는.

equitably: 공정하게, 정당하게, 형법

상으로 유효하게.

equity: 형평법, 공평, 공정, 배우 조합,

보통주주권, 재산 물건의 순가.

finally: 최후로, 마침내, 최종적으로.

groundless: 근거 없는, 근거없는, 기

초없는.

induce: 야기하다, 유도하다, 권유하다

, 귀납하다, 일으키다, 인공적으로 출

산시키다, 인공적으로 일으키다, 유발

하다, 설득하여..시키다, 인공분만하

다, 인공분만을 하다.

mischievous: 유해한, 장난치는, 재해

가 되는, 장난을 좋아하는.

oath: 맹세, 선서, 저주, 신의 이름을 남

용하기, 욕설.

perjure: 위증하다, 거짓 맹세한, 위증

자, 거짓 맹세하다, 위서하다.

pleading: 변명, 변론, 변호, 탄원, 탄원

하는.

selfishness: 이기주의, 자기본위, 자애

적.

Benjamin Franklin 169

pass’d the act, and turn’d him out with threats of suing him for breach of instructions which he had given bond to observe. He, however, having done it at the instance of the General, and for His Majesty’s service, and having some powerful interest at court, despis’d the threats and they were never put in execution. . . .%

Korean

bond: 증서, 사로잡힌, 끈, 결합하다,

기반, 노예의, 묶는것, 새끼, 사로 잡

히다, 보세 창고에 넣다, 보증인-채권

으로 체하다.

breach: 위반, 절교, 파기, 깨뜨리다, 깨

뜨림, 갈라진 틈, 부서지는 파도, 물

위로 뛰어 오름, 어기다.

execution: 실행, 이행, 사형 집행, 제

작, 효과, 연주, 작성, 솜씨, 처형, 서

명 날인, 수행.

instance: 경우, 보기로 들다, 소송, 예,

권고, 권유, 실례, 시사, 제의, 보기실

례, 부탁.

instructions: 훈령.

observe: 관찰하다, 소견을 말하다, 지

키다, 주시하다, 거행하다, 진술하다,

규칙 따위를 준수하다, 인지하다, 준

수하다, 관찰에 의하여 인지하다.

powerful: 강력한, 유력한, 많은, 권력

이 있는, 논지 따위 설득력 있는, 매우

, 설득력 있는, 세력이 있는, 강한.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 170

CHIEF EVEN TS IN FR ANKL IN ’S L IFE

Ending, as it does, with the year 1757, the autobiography leaves important facts un-recorded. It has seemed advisable, therefore, to detail the chief events in Franklin’s life, from the beginning, in the following list:

1706 He is born, in Boston, and baptized in the Old South

Church. 1714 At the age of eight, enters the Grammar School. 1716 Becomes his father’s assistant in the tallow-chandlery

business. 1718 Apprenticed to his brother James, printer. 1721 Writes ballads and peddles them, in printed form, in the

streets; contributes, anonymously, to the “New England Courant,” and temporarily edits that paper; becomes a free-thinker, and a vegetarian.

1723 Breaks his indenture and removes to Philadelphia; obtaining employment in Keimer’s printing-office; abandons vegetarianism.

1724 Is persuaded by Governor Keith to establish himself independently, and goes to London to buy type; works at his trade there, and publishes “Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain.”

1726 Returns to Philadelphia; after serving as clerk in a dry goods store, becomes manager of Keimer’s printing-house.

1727 Founds the Junto, or “Leathern Apron” Club. 1728 With Hugh Meredith, opens a printing-office. 1729 Becomes proprietor and editor of the “Pennsylvania

Gazette”; prints, anonymously, “Nature and Necessity of

Benjamin Franklin 171

a Paper Currency”; opens a stationer’s shop. 1730 Marries Rebecca Read. 1731 Founds the Philadelphia Library. 1732 Publishes the first number of “Poor Richard’s Almanac”

under the pseudonym of “Richard Saunders.” The Almanac, which continued for twenty-five years to contain his witty, worldly-wise sayings, played a very large part in bringing together and molding the American character which was at that time made up of so many diverse and scattered types.

1738 Begins to study French, Italian, Spanish, and Latin. 1736 Chosen clerk of the General Assembly; forms the Union

Fire Company of Philadelphia. 1737 Elected to the Assembly; appointed Deputy Postmaster-

General; plans a city police. 1742 Invents the open, or “Franklin,” stove. 1743 Proposes a plan for an Academy, which is adopted 1749

and develops into the University of Pennsylvania. 1744 Establishes the American Philosophical Society. 1746 Publishesa pamphlet, “Plain Truth,” on the necessity for

disciplined defense, and forms a military company; begins electrical experiments.

1748 Sells out his printing business; is appointed on the Commission of the Peace, chosen to the Common Council, and to the Assembly.

1749 Appointed a Commissioner to trade with the Indians. 1751 Aids in founding a hospital. 1752 Experiments with a kite and discovers that lightning is an

electrical discharge. 1753 Awarded the Copley medal for this discovery, and elected

a member of the Royal Society; receives the degree of M.A. from Yale and Harvard. Appointed joint Postmaster-General.

1754 Appointed one of the Commissioners from Pennsylvania to the Colonial Congress at Albany; proposes a plan for the union of the colonies.

1755 Pledges his personal property in order that supplies may be raised for Braddock’s army; obtains a grant from the Assembly in aid of the Crown Point expedition; carries

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 172

through a bill establishing a voluntary militia; is appointed Colonel, and takes the field.

1757 Introduces a bill in the Assembly for paving the streets of Philadelphia; publishes his famous “Way to Wealth”; goes to England to plead the cause of the Assembly against the Proprietaries; remains as agent for Pennsylvania; enjoys the friendship of the scientific and literary men of the kingdom.

1760 Secures from the Privy Council, by a compromise, a decision obliging the Proprietary estates to contribute to the public revenue.

1762 Receives the degree of LL.D. from Oxford and Edinburgh; returns to America.

1763 Makes a five months’ tour of the northern colonies for the Purpose of inspecting the post-offices.

1764 Defeated by the Penn faction for reelection to the Assembly; sent to England as agent for Pennsylvania.

1765 Endeavors to prevent the passage of the Stamp Act. 1766 Examined before the House of Commons relative to the

passage of the Stamp Act; appointed agent of Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Georgia; visits Gottingen University.

1767 Travels in France and is presented at court. 1769 Procures a telescope for Harvard College. 1772 Elected Associe Etranger of the French Academy. 1774 Dismissed from the office of Postmaster-General;

influences Thomas Paine to emigrate to America. 1775 Returns to America; chosen a delegate to the Second

Continental Congress; placed on the committee of secret correspondence; appointed one of the commissioners to secure the cooperation of Canada.

1776 Placed on the committee to draft a Declaration of Independence; chosen president of the Constitutional Committee of Pennsylvania; sent to France as agent of the colonies.

1778 Concludes treaties of defensive alliance, and of amity and commerce; is received at court.

1779 Appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to France. 1780 Appoints Paul Jones commander of the “Alliance.”

Benjamin Franklin 173

1782 Signs the preliminary articles of peace. 1783 Signs the definite treaty of peace. 1785 Returns to America; is chosen President of Pennsylvania;

reelected 1786. 1787 Reelected President; sent as delegate to the convention for

framing a Federal Constitution. 1788 Retires from public life. 1790 April 17, dies. His grave is in the churchyard at Fifth and

Arch streets, Philadelphia. Editor.

Benjamin Franklin 1

GLOSSARY

abandoned: 버림받은, 방탕한,

파렴치한, 자포자기한, 쟈유 분방한

abate: 덜다, 내리다, 할인하다,

누구러지다, 누그러뜨리다,

누그러지다, 줄다 약해지다,

중지하다, 감소시키다, 배제하다

abatement: 인하, 감소, 배제, 폐지

abbe: 신부, 수도원장

abel: 아벨, 남자 이름

ability: 능력, 재능, 수완, 유자격

abominable: 지독한, 싫은, 지겹게,

지겨운, 지긋지긋한, 참으로 싫은

abortive: 실패의, 유산의, 조산의,

발육부전의

above-mentioned: 위에 말한, 이미

언급한

abroad: 널리, 해외에, 틀려서, 퍼져서,

집 밖에, 밖에, 집 밖으로, 잘못하여,

외국으로, 본거지 외에서, 국외로

abrupt: 험준한, 느닷없는,

퉁명스러운, 뜻밖의, 단열의, 툭

잘라낸 꼴의

abruptly: 갑자기, 충격적으로,

무뚝뚝하게, 뜻밖에, 돌연적,

퉁명스럽게

absence: 부재, 결핍, 방심, 결석, 없음

absent: 결석의, 없는, 부재의, 멍청한,

멍하게, 결근의, 결근하다, 결석하다,

결여된, 멍한, 출타중인

absolute: 무조건의, 절 의, 전제의,

순수한, 기계어로 쓰인, 절 온도의,

독립의

absolutely: 그래, 아주 맞았어,

절 적으로, 정말 그래, 전혀,

전적으로, 독립하여

absorbed: 열중한, 마음을 빼앗긴,

흡수된, 병합된, 여념 없는

abstain: 끊다, 자제하다, 금주가,

금주하다, 금주하다절제가, 기권하다,

절제하다

absurd: 불합리한, 어리석은,

부조리한, 모순된, 부조리

absurdity: 부조리한, 엉터리없는 일,

불합리, 어리석은 일

absurdly: 불합리하게, 엉터리로

abundant: 풍족한, 남아돌 종도의,

풍요로운, 풍부한

abundantly: 남아돌 정도의

abuse: 남용, 학 , 남용하다,

학 하다, 악습, 악용하다, 욕하다,

욕, 악용, 욕하다.악용, 페해

abusive: 남용하는, 입사나운, 독설의,

입 사나운, 학 하는, 남용

academy: 학원, 전문 학교, 사립의

고등 학교, 학회, 아카데미아, 왕립

미술원, 협회, 아카데메이아 학원

accent: 악센트, 강조, 어조, 말, 말투,

사투리, 음성, 강음, 강하게 하다,

시구, 사트리

accept: 받아들이다, 용인하다, 떠맡다,

수락하다, 인수하다, 인정하다,

해석하다, 순응하다

acceptable: 받을 수 있는, 좋은,

용인할 수 있는, 수락할 수 있는,

받아들일 수 있는

accepted: 용인된, 일반적으로 인정된,

일반에게 받아 들여진, 인수가

끄ㄷ난

accepting: 어음 인수 상사

access: 접근, 부가, 발작, 증가하기

쉽다, 에 접하다, 액세스, 가까이하기

쉬운 사람, 출입, 진입로, 증가,

접근할 방법

accident: 사고, 재난, 우연히 일어난

일, 지형의 기복, 우연, 우유성,

부수적인 성질, 부수적인 사태

accidental: 우연한, 우연의 우발적인

사물, 비본질적인, 임시 변화의,

우발적인, 사고의, 우유적인

accidentally: 우연히, 뜻밖에, 뜻하지

않게, 우윤히

accommodate: 적응시키다,

숙박시키다, 빌려주다, 공급하다,

화해시키다, 수용하다, 조절하다,

조정하다, 편의를 도모하다

accommodating: 친절한, 고분고분한,

융통성 있는, 융통성있는, 싹싹한,

사람좋은, 붙임성 있는, 잘 돌봐주는

accommodation: 숙박 설비, 융통,

적응, 편의, 화해, 부금, 순응, 조정,

수용 설비, 집, 숙박 시설

accompany: 반주하다, 따르다,

따르게 하다, 동반하다

accompanying: 따르는, 동봉한,

동반중인, 수행중인

accomplish: 숙달한, 완수하다,

가르치다, 달성하다, 성취하다,

완성한, 소양이있는, 소양이 있는,

이루다, 에게 가르치다

according: 그러므로, 따라서,

나름으로, 에 따라, 에 의하여

accordingly: 따라서, 그러므로, 그에

따라서, 적절히, 그에 알맞게

accounting: 회계, 회계학

accumulate: 모으다, 쌓이다, 모이다,

쌓다

accurately: 정확히, 정 하게, 정 히,

정확하게

accused: 피고인, 피의자, 고발 당한,

고소 당한

accustomed: 익숙한, 평소의, 여느

때와 다름없는, 길든, 습관의, 에

익숙한

acknowledge: 받았음을 알리다,

승인하다, 인정하다, 감사하다,

사례하다, 알아 차렸음을 알리다,

확인하다

acknowledged: 일반적으로 인정된,

정평 있는, 정평있는

acknowledgment: 감사, 사례,

수취증명, 승인, 용인, 인사, 감사의

표시

acquaint: 알리다, 정통한,

숙지시키다, 의히 알게 하다,

정통하게 하다

acquaintance: 지식, 알고 있음, 면식,

아는 사람, 잘아는 사람, 익히 알고

있음, 안면, 숙지, 아는 사인

acquainted: 사귀게 된, 안면이 있는,

정통한, 친한

acquire: 얻다, 획득, 학식, 재예, 습득,

습득하다, 붙이다, 잡다, 받게 하다,

취득하다

acquired: 획득한, 습득한, 후천적인

acquisition: 획득, 취득, 취득물,

획득물

actions: 행위, 행실, 거등

active: 능동의, 활동적인, 힘센,

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 2

적극적인, 활성, 능동태의, 활동중인,

활기 있는, 현역의, 프로그램된,

유효한

actively: 활발히, 활동하여,

활동적으로, 능동으로, 적극적으로

actor: 행위자, 배위, 배우, 관여자

acute: 격렬한, 급성의, 날카로운,

뾰족한, 예민한, 빈틈없는, 예각, 예,

격렬하다, 고통스러운, 예리한

adapted: 알맞은, 개조된, 개작된,

적당한

add: 더하다, 가산하다, 늘다,

더해지다, 덧셈을 하다, 부언하다,

산입하다, 첨가하다, 합치다

addition: 부가, 부가물, 증가, 증축,

가산, 덧셈, 직함

additional: 부가적인, 추가의,

추가적인, 부수적인, 보충의

address: 연설, 청원, 구혼, 제언, 주소,

인사, 수신인 이름.주소, 수신인 이름,

인사말, 사무 능력, 본격적으로

착수하다

adequate: 적당한, 충분한, 족한,

그만그만한, 알맞은, 겨우 합격할

만한

adjacent: 부근의, 인접하는, 이웃의

administration: 관리, 경영, 시행,

행정, 줌, 관료의 임기, 과변, 정치,

선서시키기, 투약, 관리자측

administrator: 행정관, 관리인,

관리자, 행정 능력이 있는 사람, 관리

능력이 있는 사람

admirably: 훌륭히

admiration: 감탄, 칭찬, 찬미, 경탄,

경이, 칭찬의 상, 찬양의 상

admirer: 숭배자, 팬, 찬양자, 구혼자,

찬미자, 환심을 사려는 남자

admiring: 감복한, 감탄하는,

찬미하는, 찬양하는

admission: 승인, 고백, 자인, 입장,

입장료, 입학이나 입회 허가,

들어감을 받음, 입회의, 입장의,

들어감을 입장, 들어감을 허락함

admit: 허락하다, 들이다, 인정하다,

승인하다, 입장을 허용하다, 수용할

수 있다, 고백하다, 여지가 있다, 에

들어갈 수단이 되다, 수용하다, 넣다

admittance: 입장, 입장권

admitted: 시인된, 공인된, 명백한

admonish: 훈계하다, 충고하다,

타이르다, 깨우치다, 설유하다,

경고하다

admonition: 훈계, 타이름, 충고,

경고, 훈방, 설유

adopt: 채택하다, 채용하다, 양자로

삼다, 양녀로 삼다

adopted: 양자가 된, 차용된, 채용된,

채택된

adoration: 동경, 숭배, 애모, 경모,

숭비

advance: 나아가게 하다, 승진시키다,

나아가다, 값을 올리다, 전진, 진보,

의견을 내다 선불하다, 전진하다,

승급, 선불, 제출하다

advanced: 고등의, 진보적인, 전진한,

진보의, 진보한, 많이 경과한, 진본한,

많은

advancement: 승진, 전진, 선불, 진보,

발달, 발전, 진출, 출세, 촉진, 증진

advantage: 유리, 이익, 편의, 강점,

이점, 유리한 점, 우월, 듀스 후

일점의 득점, 편리

advantageous: 유리한, 형편이 좋은

advertisement: 광고, 선전, 통고

advertising: 광고업, 광고

advise: 충고하다, 조언하다, 알리다,

통지하다, 통고하다, 의논하다,

권하다, 상담하다

advised: 숙고한, 신중한, 곰곰이

생각한 끝의, 무분별한, 숙고한 후의

affable: 상냥한, 붙임성 있는,

부드러운, 정중한

affair: 일, 사건, 물건, 물품, 사무,

하기, 문제, 추문, 전투, 일거리, 연애

사건

affairs: 상황, 정사

affected: 영향을 받은, 체하는,

침범된, 짐짓 꾸민, 한 기분으로 있는,

감동한, 걸린, 부자연스런, 일부러인

것 같은, 젠체하는, 감동된

affection: 애정, 영향, 병, 감정, 특성,

성질, 호의, 기질, 감동

affectionate: 깊이 사랑하고 있는,

애정 있는, 애정이 깊은, 애정어린,

친애하는

affectionately: 애정을 다하여,

친애하는, 자애로운, 애정어린,

상냥한, 애정이 넘치게, 다정하게

affirmative: 긍정의, 긍정문, 찬성자,

확정의, 확언, 확언적인, 확인의,

단언

affluence: 풍부, 부유, 풍부한 공급,

유입, 유복

afford: 산출하다, 여유가 있다, 할 수

있다, 할 힘이 있다, 할 여유가 있다,

의 돈이 있다, 할 여가가 있다, 할

돈이 있다, 제공하다, 의 힘이 있다,

의 여가가 있다

afore: 앞, 앞에, 이전에, 전에

aforesaid: 전술한, 진술한

afraid: 두려워하여, 근심하여,

걱정하여, 유감으로 생각하다,

염려하여, 싫어하여

aft: 고무쪽에, 후미에, 고물에, 고물에

있는, 고물쪽에, 흔히, 종종,

고물쪽에 있는

afternoon: 오후, 오후의, 석간,

오후에, 낮

afterward: 나중에, 그 후, 뒤에

afterwards: 나중에, 후에

agent: 리인, 작인, 행위자, 주선인,

앞잡이, 동작의 주체, 행위자의,

특약점, 탐정, 첩보원, 지배인

agree: 일치하다, 동의하다, 찬성하다,

합의에 달하다, 맞다, 합치하다,

합의에 도달하다, 합의 하다, 의견이

일치하다, 부합하다, 마음이 맞다

agreeable: 기분 좋은, 유쾌한, 적당한,

어울리는, 쾌이 흥하는, 사근사근한,

마음에 드는, 맞는, 상냥한, 기꺼이

동의하는

agreeably: 기꺼이, 쾌히, 일치하여,

유쾌하게, 에 따라서, 에 따라

agreed: 동의하여, 일치한, 협정한

aid: 돕다, 조성하다, 거들다,

도와주다, 임시 상납금, 조력자,

촉진하다, 도움

aim: 겨누다, 노리다, 뜻하다, 목표로

하다, 할 작정이다, 겨냥, 겨냥하다,

목적, 목표 삼다, 빗 어 말하다

aiming: 겨냥, 조준

alacrity: 민활, 활발

alarm: 경보, 놀람, 경보기, 자명종,

공포, 놀란, 공보, 일보 내딛고 하는

도전, 놀라운, 경보를 전하다

alderman: 시참사의원, 부시장,

구청장, 시의회 의원

ale: 맥주, 에일 맥주

alehouse: 비어홀, 맥주홀

alexander: 마케도니아의왕

alexandria: 나일강어귀의 항구,

알렉산드리아

alive: 활기를 띠어, 살아서,

혈기왕성하여, 살아 있는, 떼지어,

민감한, 전류가 통하고 있는,

생생하여

allegation: 진술, 변명, 확언, 주장, 설

allen: 남자 이름

allies: 연합국의

allowance: 수당, 공제, 급여액, 승인,

용돈, 용인, 유리한 조건, 지급하는

돈, 참작, 할인, 허용 오차

allowed: 허용된, 양자수의 변화를

포함한

allude: 넌지시 비추다, 에 관해

말하다, 논급하다, 언급하다,

암시하다

allusion: 암시, 변죽 울림, 약간의

언급, 인유

almanac: 달력, 연감, 책력

alone: 혼자, 단지, 홀로, 자기 혼자서,

고독한, 단독으로

aloud: 큰 소리로, 똑똑히, 소리 내어

alter: 바꾸다, 거세하다, 박뀌다, 변경,

변경할 수 있는, 거세하다-변경할 수

있는-변경, 바뀌다, 고쳐 만들다,

달라지다

Benjamin Franklin 3

alteration: 변경, 개조, 변경된 곳,

변화

altercation: 언쟁, 격론, 논쟁

altogether: 전부해서, 아주전혀,

체로-전체적 효과, 벌거숭이,

요컨 , 전체, 전혀, 다 합하여

ambition: 망, 야심의 상, 패기,

야심, 포부, 열망, 원한, 큰 뜻, 야망,

원기

ambitious: 야심적인, 망이 있는,

야심을 품은, 거창한, 망을 품은

amend: 고치다, 고쳐지다, 수정하다,

개정하다, 개심하다, 정정하다

amendment: 개정, 수정, 개심, 수정

조항

amends: 보상, 배상, 배상하다, 벌충,

보상하다

americana: 아메리카지, 아메리카의

풍물, 미국 문헌, 미국지, 아메리카에

관한 문헌

amiable: 붙임성 있는, 귀염성 있는,

호감을 주는, 온화한, 상냥한, 마음씨

고운, 귀여운, 마음씨가 상냥한

amicably: 우호적으로

amiss: 어긋나서, 잘못한, 형편이

나쁜, 고장난, 빗나가서, 수사납게,

이 적절하지 않은, 잘못되어, 탈이

나서, 이 적질하지 않은

ammunition: 탄약, 군수품, 군용의,

공격수단, 방어수단, 포탄, 폭약,

화약

ample: 넓은, 충분한, 광 한, 풍부한

amply: 충분히, 널히, 널리

amuse: 위안하다, 즐겁게,

즐겁게하다, 재미있게하다, 쁘게

하다, 분 전환을 하다, 즐겁게 하다

amusement: 즐거움, 위안, 오락,

재미로 하는 것, 재미

amusing: 우스운, 재미나는,

재미있는, 즐거운, 우스움, 즐거움

ancestor: 조상, 선주, 원형, 선조,

피상속인

anchor: 닻, 정착시키다, 힘이 되는 것

닻을 내려 멈추다, 힘이되는 것최종

주자, 닻의, 의지할 힘이 되는 것,

야구 팀에서 제일가는 강타자, 맨 끝

사람, 닻을 내리다, 닻으로

고정시키다, 주저앉다

anchovy: 안초비, 멸치

ancient: 옛날의, 고래의, 늙은,

고 의, 기수, 헌, 구식의, 노령의

andrew: 안드레, 남자 이름

anecdote: 일화, 기담, 비사

angel: 천사, 영국의옛금화,

재정적후원자, 천사같은 사람,

옛날의 영국 금화, 재정적 후원자

angles: 앵글족

angry: 성난, 성나있는, 몹시쑤시는,

타는 듯한, 험한, 염증을 일으킨

animal: 동물, 짐승, 금수, 동물성의,

짐승 같은 인간, 동물적인, 동물적

요소, 동물성질의, 동물의

animosity: 격심한 증오, 악의, 유한,

적의, 원한

annoyance: 성가심, 두통거리,

약오름, 성가신 일, 성가신 사람,

성가시게 굴기, 괴로움

annual: 예년의, 매해의, 일년의, 연보,

해마다의, 연간의, 연감, 졸업 앨범,

일년생의, 일년생식물, 일년생 식물

annually: 해마다, 매년, 연년

annum: 해, 한해, 년

anonymous: 작자불명의, 익명의,

개성없는, 작자 불명의, 개성이 없는,

의명의

answering: 상응하는, 응답의

answers: 응답

antagonist: 적 자, 립자, 반 의,

길항근, 적 하는

antechamber: 기실, 앞방, 곁방

antiquities: 낡음, 고기물

anxiety: 걱정, 불안, 열망, 근심,

걱정거리, 염원

anxious: 하고 싶어하는, 불안한,

걱정스러운, 열망하는, 열망하여,

걱정하는

anywhere: 어디에든, 어디에나,

어디엔가, 체로, 아무데도,

어딘가에, 어딘가로, 어디든지,

다소라도, 어디로든지

apart: 떨어져, 들다, 산산이,

떨어져서, 별개로

apology: 사과, 명색뿐인 것, 변명,

사죄, 해명

apostle: 사도, 최초의전도자, 주창자,

최초의 기독교 전도자, 총무 위원

apparatus: 기구, 장치, 조직, 기관,

설비

apparent: 명백한, 거죽만의, 보이는,

외견의, 겉꾸밈의, 겉모양만의

apparently: 명백히, 일견하여,

겉보기에는, 분명히, 보기에,

명확하게

apparitor: 하급 관리, 포고자, 총장의

권표를 받드는 사람, 집행리, 전령관

appearance: 외관, 출현, 모양, 출두,

유령, 발간, 상황, 등장, 현상, 곡두,

형세 체면상

appearing: 인 듯한

appetite: 식욕, 욕구, 욕망, 기호

apple: 사과, 야구공, 도시,

실망거리, 지구소돔의 사과, 애플

applied: 응용된, 응요된, 적용된

apply: 적용하다, 열이나 힘을 가하다,

용도에 쓰다, 물건을 다, 붙이다,

페인트를칠하다, 신청하다, 꼭 들어

맞다, 적용, 부탁하다, 돌리다

appointed: 지정된, 설비된, 약속의,

정해진, 설비를 갖춘

appointment: 지정, 임명, 관직, 지위,

선정, 회합의약속, 약속, 회합의 약속,

천명

apprehend: 우려하다, 체포하다,

이해다다, 붙잡다, 염려하다,

이해하다, 깨닫다, 감지하다-

이해하다, 감지하다

apprehension: 이해력, 우려, 체포,

두려움, 파악, 이해, 걱정

apprehensive: 근심하는, 우려하는,

우려하여, 이해가 빠른

apprentice: 도제, 견습, 계시로삼다,

견습으로보내다, 초심자

apprenticeship: 도제살이, 도제의

신분

approbation: 허가, 시인, 칭찬

approve: 찬성하다, 시인하다,

실증하다, 인가하다, 마음에들다,

승인하다, 보여주다-시인하다,

보여주다, 좋다고 인정하다,

수락하다, 임을 보이다

approved: 인가된, 입증된, 승인된,

공인의, 공인된, 정평있는

apt: 적당한, 하기쉬운, 이해가 빠른,

적절한, 총기있는, 하기 쉬운, 할 것

같은, 재기있는

arbitrary: 전횡의, 횡포한, 멋 로의,

메 마음 로의, 기분내키는 로의,

임의의, 멋 로인, 마음 로의,

기분내키는 로의, 독단적인

arbitrator: 중재인, 심판자,

전권중재인

arduous: 험악한, 부지런한, 힘드는,

어려운, 험한, 분투적인

argument: 논의, 논증, 개요,

독립변수, 불화, 언쟁, 요지, 증명

argumentation: 토의, 논의, 논쟁,

입톤, 입론

argumentative: 논쟁을 좋아하는,

의론의, 논쟁적인

aright: 바르게, 정확히

arise: 일어나다, 부활하다, 발생하다,

소생하다, 나타나다, 되살아나다,

아침에 일어나다, 피어오르다,

생기다

arithmetic: 산수, 계산, 셈본,

초등수학, 산수의 능력, 산수의

arm: 팔, 무기, 문장, 군사, 명과,

까치발, 병기, 후미, 팔걸이, 팔

보양의 것, 큰 가지

armed: 무장한

arose: 과거

arrange: 배열하다, 조정하다,

정리하다, 가지런히 하다, 준비하다,

마련하다, 미리 가지런히 하다,

해결하다, 처리하다-타합하다,

계획하다, 가지런히하다

arrangement: 준비, 각색, 정돈, 화해,

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 4

정리, 배치, 배열, 편곡, 협정

arrival: 도착, 도착자, 출현, 도달,

신생아, 입항, 출생, 도착의,

도착자물

arrive: 도착하다, 명성을얻다, 달하다,

도달하다, 태어나다, 성공하다,

일어나다

artful: 교활한, 기교가 부르는,

기교가 뛰어난

article: 기사, 물품, 조항, 조목, 논설,

한 품목, 계약, 조목별로 쓰다,

고발하다, 규약-조목별로 쓰다,

계약하여 도제로 삼다

articled: 도제계약의

articles: 도제 살이 계약, 계약, 도제

계약

artifice: 개교, 고안, 책략, 모략, 기술,

교활, 기교, 교묘한 착상

artillery: 포술, 포병, 포학, 포, 포,

포병과의, 포의, 포술의, 포병과

arts: 예술

asbestos: 석면, 돌솜

ascend: 오르다, 오르막이되다,

시 가 거슬러 올라가다, 올라가다,

에 오르다, 높아지다, 을 오르다,

오르막이 되다, 등귀하다, 상향,

거슬러 올라가다

ascent: 오르막, 오름, 상승, 등산,

사승, 오르막길, 올라감

ascertain: 확인하다, 알아내다, 을

확인하다, 확실히 하다, 명백히 하다

ascribe: 탓으로 하다, 돌리다, 에

돌리다, 에 속하는 것으로 생각하다

ashamed: 낯을 붉히어, 부끄러워하여,

부끄러이 여겨, 부끄러워

aside: 떨어져서-방백, 옆에, 떼어서,

독백, 곁으로, 곁에, 방백, 별도로

하고, 생각하지 않고, 따로 두고

asking: 청구, 의뢰, 질문, 부탁

asleep: 잠들어, 활발치않아서,

마비되어, 팽이가서서, 영면하여,

죽어, 자서, 저려

assemble: 집합하다, 조립하다,

모으다, 짜맞추다, 모이다, 컴퓨터

언어로 변역하다

assembled: 합성 보석의, 집합된,

결집한

assembly: 조립, 하원, 집합 신호,

집회, 입법의회, 조립 부품, 회의,

집합, 무도회, 집합신호, 입법회의

assent: 동의하다, 승낙하다, 동의,

인정하다, 찬성하다

assert: 주장하다, 단언하다, 옹호하다,

자기 설을 주장하다, 역설하다, 자기

권리를 주장하다, 을 단언하다

assertion: 단언, 독단, 주장, 나타나다

assess: 할당하다, 평가하다, 시정하다,

과세하다, 성질을 평가하다,

사정하다, 가치를 평가하다

assessment: 수입사정, 부과, 할당액,

재산평가, 사정, 불입 추징, 평가

assist: 거들다, 돕다, 포살,

참석하다조력, 조수 의 일을

맡아보다, 원조, 참석하다, 원조하다,

조력

assistance: 원조, 참석자, 조력, 거듦

associate: 준회원, 연합시키다,

한동아리, 공동시키다, 동료,

교제하다, 연상하다, 준, 연합한,

연상하다-교제하다-동료, 연상되는

것-동아리의

assortment: 종별, 유별, 분류, 잡다한

것의 모임, 잡다한 사람의 모임,

구색을 갖춘 것, 구색, 구분, 갖추어

한데 넣은 것

assume: 몸에차리다, 가정하다,

떠맡다, 생각하다, 짐짓 가장을하다,

가로채다, 책임을지다, 사실이라고

보다, 사실이라고 생각하다, 인

체하다, 제 것으로 삼다

assumed: 가장한, 꾸민, 가정한,

인수한

assuming: 건방진, 주제넘는,

주제넘은

assure: 보증하다, 납득시키다,

보험에 넣다, 안심시키다,

확신시키다, 확실히하다, 납득하다,

확실하게 하다, 보험을 걸다

assuring: 보증하는, 확인하는,

확신을 주는

astrology: 점성학, 점성술

atheist: 무신론자, 무신앙자

attack: 습격하다, 공격하다, 침범하다,

착수하다, 공격, 습격, 발성, 발성법,

발음, 발음법, 개시

attain: 달성하다, 도달하다, 이루다,

이르다, 결혼하다, 붙어있다,

첨부하다

attempted: 미수의, 기도한

attend: 간호하다, 출석하다, 모시다,

섬기다, 수행하다, 주의하여듣다,

다니다, 유의하다, 참석하다,

주의하다, 전렴하다

attendance: 출석, 시중, 돌봄, 참석,

출근, 간호, 출석자수, 관객수,

서비스, 서비스료

attendant: 시중드는, 수행의, 수행원,

수반물, 부수의, 출석자, 곁에 따르는

사람, 출석의, 출석의-곁에 따르는

사람, 따라다니는, 시중드는 사람

attending: 주치의인, 학

부속병원에 의사로서 근무하는

attentive: 친절한, 경청하는, 정중한,

주의깊은, 주의 깊은

attorney: 변호사, 리인, 법률가,

사무변호사

attraction: 인력, 흡인, 매력, 끄는 힘,

끄는힘, 련인, 흡인력, 끌어 당김,

사람의 마음을 끄는 것, 사람끌기,

관광명소

attributes: 속성, 특성

attribution: 속성, 귀속, 귀인,

귀착시킴

auction: 경매하다, 경매, 경매에

부치다

aught: 아마, 아무래도 상관 없다,

어떤 일, 어떤 것, 무엇이든

augmented: 증가된, 는, 증음된

author: 저자, 본인, 하수인, 저작,

창시자, 창조자, 저작물, 만들어 내다,

쓰다

autobiography: 자서전, 육필인쇄술

autumn: 가을, 가을의, 성숙이

avarice: 탐욕

averse: 반 하여, 싫어하다,

싫어하여, 원줄기에서 바깥쪽을

향한

avoid: 피하다, 회피하다, 무효,

무효로 하다, 기피

awhile: 잠시, 잠깐

awkward: 어색한, 하기 어려운, 약

빠르지 못한, 보기흉한, 사용하기

거북한, 서투른, 섣부른, 어거하기

힘든, 다루기 어려운, 깔볼 수 없는,

거북한

ax: 도끼, 삭감, 도끼로 자르다,

생각하는 바가 있다, 재즈 악기, 참수,

폭 삭감하다

ay: 항상, 찬성! 찬성 언제나, 그렇소,

아아, 찬성자, 영구히, 찬성

backward: 거꾸로의, 싫어하는,

뒤로의, 개약의, 뒤로, 개악의,

거꾸로, 발전이 늦은, 후방의,

후방으로, 퇴보하여

backwardness: 후진성

backwards: 뒤로, 거꾸로, 뒤쪽으로,

퇴보하여, 후방으로, 역행하여,

역으로, 뒤로 향하여, 거슬러

올라가서

bag: 가방, 자루, 죽이다, 주머닌

모양의 것, 잡다, 자루에 넣다,

훔치다, 자루처럼 부풀다, 손지갑,

훔치다-자루처럼 부풀다, 손지갑-

자루에 넣다

baggage: 말괄량이, 군용 행낭,

수화물, 닮고 닮은 여자, 바람난 여자,

휴 품, 닳고 닳은 여자, 수하물, 짐

bags: 잔뜩임, 바지

bail: 보석, 뱃바닥에 괸물을 퍼내다,

보석금, 들손, 통의 반달꼴손잡이,

삼주문위의 가로나무, 들손-

보석받게하다, 위탁하다, 반원형

손잡이, 종이 누르개, 칸막이 가로장

balance: 저울, 천칭, 균형, 균형을

잡다, 평균, 평형, 청산하다,

비교하다, 번갈아 앞뒤로 움직이다,

밸런스, 맞아떨어지다

Benjamin Franklin 5

ball: 공, 야구, 구, 구기, 공놀이, 탄환,

남자, 천체, 포환, 무도회, 용기

baltimore: 볼티모어,

볼티모어찌르레기 사촌

band: 밴드, 끈, 띠, 악 -단결하다,

일 , 일단, 취주 악단, 악 , 악단,

빛깔 줄무늬, 띠으로 묶다

banker: 은행가, 물주, 시궁창 파는

인부, 작업

baptist: 침례교도, 세례자 요한,

침례파, 침례 교회의, 세례 요한,

침례 교회파의, 침례교회의,

침례교신도, 세례 주는 사람

bard: 시인, 음유시인, 음유 시인,

마갑, 마갑을 입히다

barley: 보리

barn: 헛간, 가축 우리 겸용의 헛간,

전차 차고, 광, 전차, 전버스, 반,

헛간에 저장하다, 휑뎅그렁한 건물,

헛간에 넣다

bartholomew: 바돌로매

basket: 바구니, 광주리, 네트, 한

바구니, 바구니 모양의 것, 바스켓,

바구니에 넣다

battery: 한 벌의 기구, 전지, 포열,

구타, 때림, 배터리, 종합테스트,

타악기군, 포병 중 , 한 벌의 장치,

일련

battle: 투쟁, 전투, 싸움, 승리, 교전,

전쟁, 고투하다, 분투하다, 와 싸우다,

싸우다, 투쟁하다

bay: 만, 궁지, 월계수, 후미, 월계관,

짖어 며 덤비다, 소리지르다, 영예,

짖는 소리, 쫓겨서 몰린 상태-짖다,

밤색의

beach: 모래, 물가, 바닷가, 냇가,

호반, 해변, 조약돌, 해수욕장,

바닷가에 끌어 올리다, 바닷가에

끌어올리다, 뭍에 얹히다

bead: 구슬, 방울, 염주알, 거품의,

염주, 로자리오, 유리알, 가늠쇠,

구슬이 되다, 구슬선, 구슬로

장식하다

beam: 광선, 선폭, 도리, 빛나다,

가로들보, , 성에, 들보,

번쩍이다, 미소짓다, 들보

bear: 곰, 견디다, 가지다, 지니다,

덮치다, 하기에 족하다, 받치다,

나르다, 난폭자, 배겨내다, 지탱하다

beard: 수염, 미늘-수염을 잡다,

공공연히 반항하다, 미늘, 에게

공공연히 반항하다, 의 수염을

꺼두르다, 까락, 턱수염, 의 수염을

잡아 뽑다, 경사면, 깎아 내다

bearing: 관계, 태도, 거동, 관련, 낳음,

문장, 방위각, 인내, 축받이

beat: 치다, 속이다, 순찰, 휘젓다,

면하다-연거푸 치다, 지게 하다,

특종기사, 박자를 맞추다, 박자,

뛰다-계속해서 치기, 치는 소리

beaten: 밟아 다져진, 두들겨 편,

두들겨 맞은, 진, 세게 휘저은,

패배당한, 완전히 지친, 얻어 맞은,

두들겨 늘인, 밟아 다진

beating: 고동, 때림, 날개치기, 타파,

매질, 박정한 우, 구타, 맥박, 패배,

채찍질의 처벌, 지게 하기

beautiful: 아름다운, 훌륭한, 우수한,

가인, 뛰어난, 멋있는, 미인, 보기

좋은, 산뜻한, 아름다운 것, 아름다움

becoming: 어울리는, 알맞은, 생성

beer: 맥주, 맥주같은, 얼근히 취한,

발포성 음료

beforehand: 미리, 예기하다,

비하다, 전부터, 사전에, 서다,

앞서다, 벌써부터, 지레 짐작으로,

이전에, 빨리

beg: 빌다, 구걸하다, 빌어먹다,

앞발을들고서다, 발을들고서다,

시주해 줄 것을 청하다, 애걸하다,

앞발을 들고 서서 재롱부리다,

부탁하다, 간청하다, 용서를 청하다

begin: 착수하다, 시작되다, 시작하다,

말하기 시작하다, 할 것 같지 않다,

하기 시작하다

behalf: 위하여, 이익

behave: 처신하다, 행동하다,

예절바르게 행동하다, 올바르게

행동하다, 작동하다, 움직이다,

예절바르다, 얌전하다, 작용하다,

반응을 나타내다, 성질을 나타내다

behaved: 한 태도의, 행동거지가 ...한

behindhand: 려, 늦어, 늦게되어,

늦어진, 뒤늦게, 뒤떨어진, 린,

늦게

belief: 신앙, 믿음, 생각, 신념, 신용,

신뢰, 신조

believing: 믿음이 있는, 백문이 불여

일견, 보는것보다 확실한 것은 없다,

빈음, 신앙심 있는

bench: 판사석, 벤치, 지위에 앉히다,

퇴장시키다, 진열 , 착석시키다,

온실 안의 묘상에 심다, 계단,

밑으로부터 파다, 작업 , 묘상

bend: 구부리다, 굴복시키다, 굽히다,

굴곡, 주시하다-굽다, 결삭, 경향,

힘을 쏟다-굽이, 당기다, 기울이다,

굴복하다

beneficent: 자선을 베푸는, 인정많은,

선행을 하는, 인정이 있는, 자선심이

풍부한

beneficial: 유리한, 유익, 이익이

있는, 이익이 나는, 유익한

benefit: 은혜, 기부금, 자선 흥행-

이익을 주다, 이익, 은전, 도움을

받다, 희사, 의 이익이 되다, 이의,

자선 공연, 국민 보험의 급부

benevolence: 자선, 자비심, 인정,

덕행, 덕세

benevolent: 자비스러운, 친절한,

자애로운, 호의적인, 박애의, 유순한,

자선적인, 인정많은

benjamin: 막내아들, 막내, 귀동이,

막내둥이, 베냐민,

이스라엘 12 지파의하나, 남자 이름

berkshire: 버크셔종의 돼지,

잉글랜드남부의주

berth: 숙소, 침 , 지위, 정박시키다,

정박지, 직업-정박하다, 정박 위치,

정박 거리, 정박 간격, 적당한 장소,

정박하다

besides: 제외하고, 그위에, 게다가,

게다가-더하여, 이외에, 을 제외하고,

외에는, 더하여, 그 위에, 그 밖에,

이외에도

besiege: 포위하다, 몰아세우다, 에

어닥치다, 쇄도하다, 괴롭히다,

공격하다

bestow: 수여하다, 숙박시키다, 쓰다,

간직하여 두다, 주다, 두다, 증여하다,

저장하다, 묵게 하다, 부여하다

bethlehem: 베들레헴

bible: 성서, 성전, 성경, 권위 있는

서적, 성경 한 권, 성경 한 판

bid: 말하다, 입찰하다, 명하다,

입찰하다-값을 매기다, 입찰하다-

부른값, 초 하다, 값을 다루다,

값매기다, 공고하다-값을 매기다,

노력하다, 매기다

billet: 숙사, 일자리, 철봉, 직업-

숙사를 할당하다, 굵은 장작, 숙사

할당 명령서, 철판, 숙사를 배정하다,

굵은 막 기, 강편, 가죽끈

bind: 동이다, 덩굴, 감다, 제본,

구속하다-묶는 것, 속박하다-

굳어지다, 끈, 매다, 변비를 일으키게

하다, 속박하다, 장정하다

binding: 제본, 동이는, 속박하는,

속박, 붕 , 묶는, 묶는 것, 변비를

일으키는, 선 두르는 재료, 동여 묶는,

꼭 졸라 맴

biography: 전기, 전기 문학

birch: 자작나무 회초리, 자작나무,

때리다, 자작나무 재목

biscuit: 비스킷, 작은 빵, 비스킷 색,

질그릇

bishop: 비숍, 주교, 감독, 승정

bitterly: 쓰게, 격심하게, 비참하게,

몹시, 살을 에듯이, 통렬히

blacken: 검게하다, 비방하다, 어둡게

되다, 검게 하다

blank: 무표정한, 공허한, 백지의,

문이나 창이 없는, 멍한-백지, 기입

용지-비우다, 단조로운,

공백으로하다, 흥미 없는, 공백, 공허

blanket: 담요, 덮어 버리다, 숨기다,

차별하지 않는, 방해하다, 일률적인-

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 6

담요에 싸다, 총괄적인, 모포-

총괄적인, 전면을 덮는 것, 일률적인,

쉬쉬 덮어 버리다

bleeding: 출혈, 방혈, 엄청난,

출혈하는, 피나는 느낌의

bless: 찬미하다, 정화하다, 수호하다,

은총을 내리다, 신성케 하다,

찬양하다, 축복하다, 신을 찬양하다,

신을 하다, 은혜를 베풀다, 저주하다

blessing: 고마운 것, 은총, 축복, 행복,

가호, 식전의 기도, 복, 찬성, 축복의

blindly: 맹목적으로, 무턱 고

bliss: 지복, 더없는행복, 다시 없는

기쁨

block: 막다, 봉쇄하다, 덩어리, 받침,

모탕, 불록-방해하다, 한 장씩 떼어

쓰게 된 것, 한 구획, 블록, 블록 하다,

막는 것

bloody: 피의, 피투성이를 만들다,

심한, 피투성이의, 잔인한, 지독한,

피비린내 나는, 무척, 다루기 어려운,

굉장히, 살벌한

blown: 핀, 숨을 헐떡이는, 파리가

알을 슨, 부푼, 불어서 만든

blundering: 실수하는, 서투른,

어색한, 어줍은, 투미한

blustering: 호통치는, 사납게

불어치는, 고함치는, 세차게

몰아치는, 시끄러운, 뽐내는

boarding: 기숙, 판장

boast: 자랑하다, 가지고 있다, 자랑,

뽐내다, 큰소리치다, 호언장담하다,

강 다듬다, 과시하다, 가지다, 자랑

거리

boat: 보트, 기선, 나르다, 배에 싣다,

배 모양의 그릇-배로 가다, 배, 배에

태우다, 보트를 타다, 자동차, 배

모양의 그릇

boatman: 뱃사공, 보트 세 놋는 사람,

보트 젓는 사람, 배젓는 사람, 전세

보트 업자

bodily: 통째로, 육체적인-몸소,

모조리, 몸의, 신체상의, 구체의,

육체상의

boding: 불길한, 징조, 불길한 전조

전조의, 전조, 징조가 되는, 징조의,

흉조

bohea: 질이낫은홍차, 질이 낮은 홍차

boil: 삶다, 끓이다, 종기, 비등,

부스럼, 데치다, 비등하다, 격분하다,

졸여서 만들다, 분출하다, 끓다

boiling: 비등, 비등하는, 끓음,

사나운, 끓어 오르는, 일회분의 삶을

거리, 푹푹 찌는 듯한, 격렬한

bold: 가파른, 담한, 거리낌없는,

굵은, 뚜렷한, 굵게, 볼드체의,

뻔뻔스러운, 힘 있는, 두드러진,

뻔뻔한

bond: 증서, 사로잡힌, 끈, 결합하다,

기반, 노예의, 묶는것, 새끼, 사로

잡히다, 보세 창고에 넣다, 보증인-

채권으로 체하다

bonfire: 화롯불, 모닥불, 화톳불, 큰

횃불

bookish: 책의, 학자연하는, 서적상의,

딱딱한, 책을 좋아하는, 탁상의,

학식이 많은, 독서의, 책에 열중하는,

학문에 열중하는

bookseller: 책장수, 서가, 책선반,

서적상

bookselling: 서적 판매, 서적 판매업

bore: 구멍, 구멍을 뚫다,

싫증나게하다, 송곳구멍, 물,

총구멍, 해일, 뚫다, 구멍을 내다,

구멍이 나다, 따분한 것

born: 타고난, 태어난, 으로 태어난

borrow: 차용하다, 빌다, 꾸어오다,

바람을 참작하여 치다, 언덕을

참작하여 치다, 차입하다, 에서 빌다,

무단 차용하다

borrowed: 다른 데서 따온, 빈,

차용한

borrowing: 차용, 차용어, 빈 것

boston: 보스턴, 보스턴 왈츠

bottle: 술, 병에 담다, 병, 억누르다,

젖병, 붙잡다, 용기, 포유병, 붙들다,

한 병의 분량, 단

bottom: 기초, 밑바닥, 바닥의,

근거로하다, 기초를두다, 밑, 바다 밑,

바닥, 바닥을 다, 배밑, 원인

bound: 범위, 경계, 행의, 열중하여,

되튀다, 뜀, 접한 관계에, 한계, 에

가려고, 결심을 한, 확실한

bountiful: 풍부한, 아낌없이 주는

bow: 활, 이물, 구부리다, 절하다,

꾸부러지다, 나비넥타이, 만곡부,

인사하다, 켜다, 함수, 절

bowl: 사발, 나무공, 큰잔, 볼링경기,

접, 굴리다, 공기, 저울의 접시,

투구, 십주희, 론 볼링

branch: 가지, 지맥, 분가, 갈라지다,

지류, 출장소, 분파, 가지를내다,

분기, 가지 모양의 물건, 가지를

갈라지게 하다

brandy: 브랜디

brass: 놋쇠, 금관악기, 철면피,

고급장교, 금전, 놋그릇, 창녀,

놋쇠빛, 축받이, 뻔뻔스러움, 돈

brave: 용감한, 용사, 화려한,

도전하다, 훌륭한, 용감하게 해내다,

전사

breach: 위반, 절교, 파기, 깨뜨리다,

깨뜨림, 갈라진 틈, 부서지는 파도,

물 위로 뛰어 오름, 어기다

bread: 생계, 빵, 양식, 돈, 주식물,

먹을것, 고용주, 주인, 현금, 에

빵가루를 묻히다

break: 부서지다, 깨뜨리다, 관계를

끊다, 돌발하다, 부수다, 무너지다,

교제를 끊다, 단절, 꺾이다, 꺾다,

그만두다

breakfast: 조반, 조반을먹다, 아침

식사

breaking: 단선, 파괴, 길들이기, 음의

분열, 조교

breath: 호흡, 숨, 순간, 선들거림,

생기, 향기, 한숨, 산들거림, 무성음,

무성, 은은한 향기

bred: 하게 자란

brethren: 동포, 회원, 동인, 형제,

같은 신도들

brick: 벽돌, 벽돌을 깔다, 벽돌로

둘러싸다, 호인, 집짓기 나무,

서글서글한 사람, 믿음직한 남자,

별돌 모양의 물건, 벽돌을 쌓다, 쌓기

놀이의 토막나무

bright: 유망한, 화창한, 환한, 쾌활한,

밝게빛나는, 머리가좋은, 밝다,

영리한, 투명한, 빈틈없는, 선명한

bristol: 브리스틀

brittle: 부서지기쉬운, 부서지기 쉬운,

다루기 힘든, 믿을 수없는, 깨지기

쉬운

broad: 넓은, 광 한, 넓은 뜻의-넓은

곳, 호수, 마음이 넓은, 강의,

밝은. 강의, 밝은, 음란한, 가득찬,

단번에 알 수 있는

broke: 무일푼의, 파산하여

broken: 파산한, 길든, 부서진,

서투른, 울퉁불퉁한, 끊어진, 깨진,

단속적인, 낙담한, 지리멸렬의,

짓밟힌

broom: 비, 청소하다, 금작화, 비로

쓸다, 긴자루 부러시, 긴자루 브러시,

빗자루, 을 비로 쓸다

brother: 형제, 동포, 동료, 친구, 동지,

우방 군주, 여보게

brother-in-law: 자매의 남편, 자형,

형부, 남편 또는 아내의 형제

brothers: 형제

brown: 햇볕에 탄, 갈색 그림 물감-

다갈색의, 거무스름한-갈색이 되다,

다갈색, 햇볕에 타다, 밤색, 갈색의,

갈색, 갈색 물감, 갈색 염료, 나쁜

새떼

build: 세우다, 만듦새, 구조, 뼈 ,

짓다, 만들다, 쌓아 올리다,

에의지하다, 체격, 늘리다, 내세우다

burden: 부담, 귀찮은, 요지,

귀찮은일, 무거운짐, 무거운짐을

지우다, 무거운 짐, 괴롭히다, 노래의

반복구, 배의 적재력, 반복구

burdensome: 번거로운, 고된, 귀찮은,

난사의, 무거운 짐이 되는, 부담이

되는, 성가신, 어려운, 견딜 수

없이부담이 되는, 부담스러운

Benjamin Franklin 7

burgess: 시민

burnet: 오이풀

burnt: 불에 덴, 탄

bury: 묻다, 몰두하게하다,

장사지내다, 몰두하다, 숨기다, 잊다,

파묻다, 덮어서 숨기다

bush: 관목, 삼림지, 숲,

무성하게자라다, 부시, 담쟁이 가지,

죠지 부시, 지방 프로 야구 연맹,

수풀

busily: 바쁘게

busy: 통화중인, 바쁜, 번화한, 참견

잘 하는, 바쁘게 만들다, 전화가

통화중인, 참견 잘하는, 부지런히

일하는

butter: 버터, 버터를 바르다,

아첨하다, 미는 사람, 머리로 받는

짐승, 부딪치는 것, 버터 비슷한 것,

부딪치는 사람, 아부

cabin: 선실, 가두다, 개빈,

오두막집신호소, 선실 따위여객기의

객실, 오두막, 오두막집에서 살다,

거주 부분, 캐빈, 오두막집

caesar: 로마 황제, 시저, 독재자, 전제

군주, 전제군주, 제왕, 제왕절개,

카이사르, 통치권, 로마황제

calendar: 달력, 일람표, 역법, 달력에

기입하다, 책력, 연중 행사표,

일람표로 만들다, 일정표, 공판

예정표, 연중 행사 일람-달력에적다,

연차 목록

calling: 천직, 부름, 직업, 소집, 점호,

강한 충동, 하느님의 부르심, 방문,

울음소리, 외침, 소명

cambridge: 케임브리지 학, 영국

케임브리지주의 학도시, 잉글랜드

중동부의 학도시, 미국

마싸추새트스 주의 도시,

케임브리즈 영국 케임브리지 주의

학 도시

camp: 야영지, 수용소, 진영,

군 생활, 천막을 치다, 캠프, 캠프장,

산장, 동성애의, 꾸미는 태도, 지부

campaign: 운동, 유세, 종군하다,

종군, 권유, 회전, 출정하다, 출정,

전쟝, 군사행동, 운동을 일으키다

canada: 캐나다

candid: 솔직한, 공평한, 포즈를

취하지 않은, 스냅 사진, 자연

그 로의, 있는 로의, 입바른,

성실한, 꺼리낌없는, 거리낌없는,

공정한

candidate: 후보자, 지원자

candidly: 숨김없이, 솔직히 말하면,

솔직하게, 정직하게, 솔직히

candour: 공평 무사

cannon: 포를 쏘다, 권총, 캐논을

치다, 소매치기, 포격하다, 캐논,

이중축, 포, 세게 충돌하다, 비행기

탑재용 기관포, 맹렬히 충돌하다

canoe: 카누, 카누를 젓다, 카누로

가다, 마상이, 카누를 젖다, 통나무

canton: 주, 광둥, 위쪽 구석의 작은

구획, 막사를 할당하다, 분할하다,

분할하다.숙영지, 주으로 나누다,

주로 나누다, 숙영시키다, 부분, 구획

capable: 유능한, 을 감히 할, 의

능력이 있는, 실력이 있는, 하기를

서슴지 않을, 훌륭하게, 을

넣을수있는, 할수 있는, 장래성,

자격있는, 능력

capacious: 널찍한, 용량이 큰,

큼지막한, 포용력이 있는, 넓은

capital: 수도, 중 한, 주요한, 원금,

훌륭한, 자본가, 최고급의, 문자인,

힘의 원천, 문자, 원래의

capitulation: 조건부 항복, 항복 문서,

치외 법권설정조건, 합의 사항 각서,

항복, 항복 문

captain: 주장, 장, 육군 위, 함장,

선장, 의 장이 되다, 우두머리, 거물,

지휘자, 명장, 해군 령

captious: 흠잡기 잘하는, 꾀까다로운,

말꼬리를 잡고 늘어지는, 짓궂은, 흠

잡는

careful: 주의깊은, 꼼꼼한, 소중히

하는, 인색한, 조심성 있는, 철저한,

조심스러운, 조소심스런, 정성들인,

신중한, 소중히하는

carefully: 신중히, 주의하여,

검소하게, 균모있게, 면 히,

정성들여서, 조심스럽게, 주의 깊게

cargo: 뱃짐, 선하, 적하, 화물

carlisle: 칼라일

carolina: 미국 서양의 두 주,

캐롤라이나

carriage: 탈것, 몸가짐, 운반, 수송,

태도, 운임, 통과, 운반 , 유모차,

포가, 처리

carried: 운반된, 넋을 잃은, 황홀해진,

황홀한, 제 정신을 잃은

carrying: 운송, 운송의, 적재의, 적재,

목소리가 잘 들리는, 잘 들리는, 운수,

적재 운송의

cart-wheel: 수레바퀴

cash: 소액 화폐, 현금, 현금으로

바꾸다, 현찰, 돈, 맞돈, 수표, 엽전,

즉시불, 현금현금으로 지불하다

cast: 던지다, 캐스트, 주조되다,

던지기, 해고하다, 향하다, 버리다,

경향, 주조하다, 배정하다, 계산하다

casting: 주조, 배역, 낚싯줄의 드리움,

주물, 던짐, 똥, 뱀 허물, 버림,

낚싯줄의 드리움 방법의, 낚싯줄의

드리움의, 던지기

catalogue: 목록을 만들다, 목록

목록에 올리다, 목록을 작성하다,

목록, 학 요록

catastrophe: 단원, 파국, 이변,

실패, 파멸, 지각의 격변, 튼 재앙,

큰재변, 참사

catching: 전염성의, 전염하는, 마음을

빼앗는, 매력있는, 매력 있는 것

catholic: 보편적인, 구교도, 도량이

넓은, 서방교회, 천주교의, 일반적인,

전반, 영국국교교회 고교회파의,

표용적인, 카톨릭의-카톨릭교도,

민인이 관심을 가지는

cato: 카토

cattle: 소, 가축, 해충, 말, 짐승 같은

놈들, 개새끼들, 축우

caught: 사람을 속이는

caution: 경고, 조심, 경계, 에게

경고하다, 경계를 요하는 사물, 담보,

예령, 주의, 희한한 사람, 주의시키다,

신중

cautious: 신중한, 에 주의하여,

조심성 있는, 조심스러운, 주의하여,

세심한

cave: 동굴, 굴, 꺼지다, 녹초가 되다,

동굴로 만들다, 움푹 들어가게 하다,

탈당, 함몰, 굴복하다, 탈당-

함몰하다, 항복시키다

cease: 그만두다, 그치다, 끝나다,

중지, 중지하다, 멎다, 멈추다-중지,

끝내다, 중단

cede: 양도하다, 할양하다, 양보하다,

이양하다, 인도하다

ceiling: 천장, 한계, 최고한도,

천장판자, 운저고도, 운고, 상승한도,

상승한계, 내장판자, 상승 한계, 최고

한도

celebrated: 유명한, 저명한

celebrity: 명성, 명사

celerity: 민첩함, 기민함, 신속,

빠르기, 속도

censure: 비난, 비난하다, 혹평, 견책,

책망하다, 견책하다, 책망, 혹평하다

cent: 센트, 백, 동전 한닢, 푼돈, 동전

한 닢의 값어치, 동전 한 닢

ceremony: 예의, 의식, 식전, 형식,

딱딱함, 식, 의례

certainty: 확실성, 확신, 확실한 것,

필연적인사물, 객관적 확실성,

확실한 일

certified: 보증된, 공인의, 증명된,

정신이상자로 증명된

chain: 쇠사슬, 연쇄, 굴레, 측쇄, 속박,

체인, 목걸이, 차꼬, 일련, 회로,

사슬로 연결하다

chamber: 약실, 방, 소실, 침실,

변호사 사무실, 의원, 의회, 회의장,

회의실, 회의소, 회관

champion: 일류의, 투사, 선수권

보유자, 챔피언, 우승자, 옹호하다,

우승한, 전사, 뛰어난 사람, 투사로서

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 8

활동하다, 옹호자

chandler: 챈들러, 잡화상,

양초제조판매인, 양초제조인, 양초

제조판매인

changing: 작고 보기 어리석은 동물,

작고 보기 어리석은 사람, 남몰래

바꿔치기한 어린애, 작고 보기 흉한

사람, 작고 보기 흉한 동물

channel: 수로, 강바닥, 해협, 경로,

채널, 루트, 통신로, 도랑, 홈, 방향,

주파수

channels: 채널

chapel: 교회당, 성가 , 예배, 부속

예배당, 인쇄소, 예배당, 채플, 악 ,

인쇄공 조합

chaplain: 군목, 교회사, 예배당목사,

목사, 기도하는사람, 군종 신부,

기도하는 사람, 예배당 목사

character: 인물, 평판, 지위, 성격,

문자, 특성, 인격, 기호, 신분, 형질,

성사의 인호

characteristic: 특질, 에 특유한, 지표,

독특한, 특색, 특색의, 특성,

특질있는, 특징, 특징적인, 의 특징을

나타내는

charcoal: 숯, 목탄화, 목탄으로

그리다, 목탄

charged: 긴장된, 논쟁이 일어날 것

같은, 전한, 마약에 취한,

실효전하를 가진, 일촉즉발의

charitable: 자비로운, 자선의, 관 한,

관용적인, 인애정신에 넘치는,

인정많은, 자선심이 많은

charity: 사랑, 자비, 양육원, 자애,

자선 단체, 자선, 자선사업, 기부금,

시료원, 보시, 베품

charles: 남자 이름, 남자이름

charleston: 찰스턴

charter: 헌장, 특허장, 특허하다, 전세,

특허장을 주다, 특허에 의한, 전세낸,

용선 계약으로 빌다, 특권을 주다,

특허장에 의해 설립하다, 허가서

chastity: 순결, 간소, 청순, 성적금욕,

정숙

cheap: 싸게, 값싼, 시시한, 싼,

저리의, 노력하지 않고 얻은, 값싸게,

할인의, 값이 싼, 인쇄한, 저속한

cheapness: 염가, 값쌈

cheerful: 즐거운, 유쾌한, 쾌활한,

싫은, 지독한, 마음으로 부터의, 기분

좋은, 기운찬, 마음을 밝게하는,

명랑한, 밝은

cheerfully: 쾌활하게, 기분좋게,

명랑하게, 기쁜 마음으로, 기꺼이

cheerfulness: 쾌활하는 것

cheese: 치즈, 일류품, 매력적인 젊은

여자, 안성맞춤의 것, 치즈 비슷한 것,

보스, 중요인물, 그만둬, 그만두다,

튀어라, 조심해

chess: 체스, 참새귀리속의 식물,

배다리에 건너지르는 널, 서양 장기,

서양장기, 배다리

chest: 가슴, 궤, 금고, 폐 용기,

상자, 큰상자, 흉곽, 장롱, 자금, 가슴

속, 흉중

chicken: 병아리, 닭, 어린애, 닭고기,

닭고기의, 겁 많은, 겁쟁이, 새새끼,

어린애의, 거짓말, 계집애

chief: 추장, 주로, 족장, 장관, 장,

최고의, 주요한, 주요부, 두목, 보스,

상관

chiefly: 주로, 개, 거의, 우선

childhood: 초기 단계, 유년기.어림,

어린시절, 유년, 유년 시 , 초기의

시 , 어린 시절

chimney: 등피, 굴뚝, 분화구, 침니,

굴뚝모양의 것, 단한 흡연가, 굴뚝

모양의 것

chocolate: 초콜릿의, 초콜릿, 초콜릿

과자, 초콜릿 색, 초콜릿 색의,

초콜릿 음료, 초콜릿으로 맛들인,

초콜릿으로 만든

choose: 고르다, 선택하다, 원하다,

선거하다, 결정하다, 하고 싶은

기분이 들다, 택하다, 선택, 바라다,

하는 쪽을 택하다

chose: 재산, 물, 물건

chosen: 선발된, 좋아하는, 뽑힌,

선택한, 선택된, 신에게 선택된,

신에게 뽑힌

cicero: 로마의 정치가, 케케로,

키케로

circulating: 순환하는, 순회하는

circumference: 원주, 주위, 주변,

주변의 길이, 경계선, 범위, 영역,

주변의 거리

circumstance: 환경, 사정, 사건,

부수적인 일, 상황, 처지, 사실,

의식에 구애됨, 사태, 부 사항,

어마어마함

citizen: 시민, 공민, 주민, 민간인,

국민, 단조롭고 보수적인 그룹에

속해 있는 사람, 공민권, 도시인,

융통성이 없는 딱딱한 사람, 인민,

일반인

civil: 예의바른, 국내의, 시민 사회의,

시민으로서의, 시민의, 민간용의,

일반 시민의, 민사의, 달력의, 내정의,

민간인의

civility: 정중한 태도, 정중, 정중함,

예의바름, 공손, 예의바른말,

예의바른 태도, 예의바른 말, 정중한

civilly: 속인적으로, 민법상,

민간으로, 민법산, 정중히,

예절바르게, 정중하게, 예의바르게,

민사적으로, 시민답게, 시민 답게

clamber: 기어 올라가다, 기어 올라감,

힘들여 기어 올라가다, 기어오르다

clamor: 시끄럽게 요구하다, 부르짖음,

외치다, 떠들어 ...시키다, 외침-

와글와글 떠들다, 시끄럽게 말하다,

소란, 떠들어 다, 외치는 소리,

왁자지껄, 떠들썩함

clause: 조항, 절, 조목, 악구, 절의

clay: 점토, 육체, 찰흙, 자질, 흙, 인격,

인품, 사기담뱃 , 천성, 진흙, 인체

clean: 완전한, 청결한, 깨끗한,

청소하다, 결백한, 깨끗해지다,

흠없는, 순결한, 새로운, 아주,

순수한

cleaning: 청소, 손해, 패배, 세탁,

깨끗이 함, 빨래, 크리닝, 쓰레기,

손질, 살인, 완패

cleanliness: 청결, 깨끗함을 좋아함,

명백함, 깨끗한, 결백, 깨끗함

cleanse: 청결하게 하다, 고치다, 씻어

깨끗이 하다, 세척하다, 숙청하다,

씻다, 제거하다, 청결히 하다, 깨끗이

하다, 정화하다

clearing: 청소, 청산, 개척지, 소해,

어음 교환, 어음 교환액, 어음교환,

장애물 제거, 개간지

clearness: 밝기, 명료도, 방해물이

없음, 밝음, 명석, 맑음, 투명, 아무렴

그렇고말고, 확실히, 분명함

clergy: 성직자들, 목사, 성직자

clergyman: 성직자, 목사

clerk: 목사, 판매원, 사무원, 점원,

학자, 서기, 서기로 근무하다,

프런트계, 점원 노릇을 하다, 사무관,

교회서기

clever: 영리한, 교묘한, 사람이 좋은,

약삭빠른, 익숙한, 솜씨좋은,

손재주있는, 슬기로운, 현명한,

머리가 좋은, 똑똑한

climate: 기후, 풍토, 사조,

사회.시 의 풍조, 풍조, 토지

closely: 꽉, 열심히, 접하게, 면 히,

접근하여, 일심으로, 알뜰하게,

친 하게, 엄중히, 친 히, 엄 히

clothes: 옷, 침구, 의복, 세탁물,

빨래감, 범포, 모직물, 검은 성직복,

클로스, 헝겊, 천

clubs: 클럽의 짝

clumsy: 꼴사나운, 다루기 힘든, 쓰기

불편한, 볼품없는, 재치 없는, 어색한,

솜씨시없는, 무뚝뚝한, 모양없는,

서투른, 모양 없는

coarse: 야비한, 조잡한, 결이 거친,

조제의, 하치의, 천한, 상스러운,

추잡한, 눈, 굵은, 거친

coaxing: 알랑 는, 감언이설,

구슬리고 달램, 감언 이설

cod: 구, 속이다, 속이기, 우롱하다,

남을 속이기, 화학적 산소 요구량

coffee: 커피, 커피 열매, 커피 한 잔,

Benjamin Franklin 9

커피가 딸린 가벼운 식사, 커피색,

식후의 커피, 짙은 갈색, 커피 색,

커피 나무

cohabit: 동서하다, 동거생활을 하다,

동거하다, 반 당과 협력하다

cold: 냉정한, 희미한, 추운, 차가운,

흥을 깨는, 감기, 냉담한, 불감증의,

약한, 한색의, 열을 흡수하기 어려운

colleague: 동료, 동아리

collect: 쌓이다, 모으다, 수집하다,

가지러 가다, 본기도, 집중하다,

징수하다, 모이다, 기부금을

모집하다, 특도, 선불로

collected: 모은, 침착한, 수집한,

태연자약

collection: 수금, 수집, 콜렉션, 회수,

퇴적, 수집물, 기부금 모집, 학기

시험, 헌금, 채집, 징세

college: 칼리지, 협회, 단과 학, 단체,

교도소, 교사, 무리, 사립 중등 학교,

학회, 단과 학, 떼

colonel: 령, 연 장, 육군 령,

단당, 각하

colonelship: 육군 령의 직위

colonial: 식민의, 식민지의, 식민지

주민, 식민지 시 풍의, 식민지

시 의, 식민지풍의, 군체의,

낡아빠진-식민지 거주민

colony: 식민지, 거류지, 거류민, 식민,

군거지, 이민단, 군체, 화석군,

콜로니, 집단거주지, 조계

coloring: 채색, 그림물감, 색, 착색제,

혈색, 착색, 색조, 외견, 색칠 그림,

스타일, 안료

column: 원주, 난, 종렬, 후원회, 기둥,

꽃술 , 단, 원주 모양의 물건, 종 ,

종행, 특약정기 기고난

columns: 열

combination: 결합, 조합, 배합, 화합,

단결, 공동 동작, 콤비네이션, 짝맞춤,

집형, 결사, 짝지움

comfortable: 안락한, 이불, 기분이

좋은, 마음 편한, 목도리, 기분좋은,

마음편한, 충분한

comfortably: 기분좋게, 안락하게,

부족함이 없이

command: 지휘하다, 명령, 지배하다,

지휘, 명하다, 의 값어치가 있다,

지배력, 장악지, 차지하고 있다,

명령하다, 조망

commence: 개시하다, 시작되다,

학위를 받다, 시작하다, 착수하다,

개시

comment: 논평, 해설, 주석하다,

비평하다, 소문, 의견으로서

진술하다, 주해, 설명, 주석, 비평,

세평

commissioner: 위원, 장관, 이사,

국장, 커미셔너, 판무관, 청장, 지방

행정관, 감독관, 도박 브로커

committed: 언질을 주어, 헌신적인,

전렴하는, 꼼짝못할 입장이 되어,

명확한 태도를 가진, 약속하여,

전념하는

commonly: 일반적으로, 보통으로,

천하게, 보통, 통속적으로, 싸구려로

commons: 평민, 서민, 식사, 하원,

하원의원들, 하원의원, 식당, 서민

계급, 공동식탁, 음식

communicate: 통신하다, 전하다,

나누다, 통해 있다, 전염시키다,

전달하다, 의사를 소통하다, 성찬을

주다, 성찬을 받다, 감염시키다,

교통하다

communication: 통신, 전달, 연락,

교제, 교통, 보도 기관, 전염, 왕래,

전갈, 전달학, 전함

companion: 동료, 동무, 동반자, 갑판

승강구의 덮개문, 말동무, 안내서,

이야기 상 로 고용된 여자, 짝, 천창,

최하위 훈작사, 패

comparative: 비교의, 비교급의,

상당한, 상 적인, 비교급, 비교적인,

비교에 의한

compare: 비교하다, 비유하다, 비교,

맞 견주다, 조하다, 견줌, 에

비기다, 이나 마찬가지이다,

참조하다, 필적하다, 견주다

comparison: 비교, 비유, 유사, 비김,

필적, 조, 비교변화

compatible: 양립할 수 있는, 흑백

수상기에 흑백으로 수상할 수 있는

겸용식의, 호환성의, 양립할수있는,

모순이 없는

compel: 강요하다, 강제하다, 억지로

복종시키다, 억지로 시키다,

강제적인, 억지로...시키다

competitor: 경쟁자, 경쟁상

complain: 호소하다, 고소하다,

불평하다, 슬픈 소리를 내다,

하소연하다, 투덜거리다, 불평을하다,

불만을 털어놓다, 신음하다, 앓다,

푸념하다

complaint: 불평, 불평거리, 고소, 병,

투덜거림, 비난, 원고의 첫 진술,

불만, 푸념

complaints: 불만

completely: 완전히, 충분히, 전혀,

전부, 철저히

complexion: 안색, 외관, 형세, 모양,

양상, 형편, 혈색, 얼굴빛, 얼굴의

살갗

compliance: 순종, 응낙,

컴플라이언스, 승낙, 응락, 친절,

추종

compliment: 찬사, 경의, 칭찬하다,

의례적인 인사말, 경의를 표하다,

경의의 표시, 아첨, 갚음하다-

인사하다, 듣기 좋은 말을 하다, 따리,

영광된 일

compliments: 의례적인 인사말

comply: 따르다, 응하다, 승낙하다

compose: 짓다, 구성하다, 조립하다,

조정하다, 작곡하다, 식자하다,

안치하다, 작문하다, 짜맞추다,

가다듬다, 쓰다

composed: 침착한, 으로 구성되어,

차분한

composing: 진정시키는, 작곡, 조립,

식자, 식자 식자의

composition: 작곡, 작문, 조립,

혼합물, 구성, 구성물, 기질, 문장,

식자, 성질, 복합

compositor: 식자공

comptroller: 감사관, 회계 감사관

compunction: 양심의 가책,

양심의가책, 회한, 후회

computation: 계산, 계량, 계산결과,

산정수치, 컴퓨터의 사용, 평가

con: 죄수, 반 론, 신용 사기의, 신용

사기, 폐병, 숙독하다, 정독하다, 을

가지고, 반 하여, 속이다, 반 투표

conceal: 숨기다, 감추다, 비 로 하다,

내색하지 않다

concealed: 숨기는

conceit: 기발한 착상, 자부심, 자만,

호의, 생각하다, 착상, 호감, 이

마음에 들다, 독단, 자부, 우쭐 다

conceive: 상상하다, 임신하다, 배다,

이해하다, 마음에 품다, 착상하다,

마음에품다, 말로표현하다, 라고

생각하다, 생각하다, 생각해 내다

conceiving: 상상하는 것

conception: 임신, 구상, 착상, 개념,

태아, 창안, 생각, 고안, 계획,

개념작용, 개념 작용

concern: 관심, 관계, 걱정, 관심사, 에

관계하다, 것, 관심을 갖다, 영업,

관여하다, 중요성, 걱정하다

concerning: 에 관하여, -에 관하여

concert: 합주, 협정하다, 제휴,

연주회, 협화음, 협조, 협조하다,

협약, 콘서트용의, 콘서트에서

연주되는, 음악회

conclusion: 결론, 추단, 종결, 결말,

체결, 결정, 결과, 종국, 단안, 끝,

판정

concord: 협화음, 일치, 화합, 협약,

호응, 협정, 화현, 콩코드 포도,

콩코드, 조화, 우호협정

concurrence: 동의, 집합, 의견의 일치,

협력, 동시에 발생하기, 동시작용,

동시발생, 일치, 동시 발생, 동시

작용, 집합점

condescension: 겸손, 생색내는 듯한

태도, 정중, 은혜를 베풀듯한 태도,

겸양

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 10

condition: 상태, 조절하다, 조건,

신분, 처지, 개량하다, 에게 조건

반사를 일으키게 하다, 조건절,

주위의 상황, 불가결한 사정, 재시험

conditional: 조건부의, 가정의, 을조

건 으로 한, 잠정적인, 조건문,

조건을 나타내는, 조건법, 가정 어구,

가정, 어구, 여하에 달린

conduct: 행위, 지도, 수행하다,

지휘하다, 이끌다, 품행, 안내하다,

행동하다, 전도하다, 지휘, 교목

confer: 수여하다, 주다, 협의하다,

회담하다, 의논하다, 비교하라

confess: 자인하다, 자백하다, 고해를

듣다, 고해하다, 참회하다, 고백하다,

자공하다, 공언하다

confession: 자백, 고해, 고백, 고백서,

자인, 신앙고백, 구술서

confidence: 신임, 비 , 자신, 신용,

배짱, 신뢰, 확신, 털어놓음, 담함,

속이야기, 신뢰 담함

confident: 자부심이 강한, 담한,

막역한 벗, 확신하고, 자신 만만한,

확신하여, 친구, 자신있는, 자신을

가진, 독단적인, 확신하고 있는

confined: 갇힌, 외출이 금지된, 좁은,

한정된, 해산 자리에 누워

confinement: 제한, 감금, 해산, 유폐,

틀어박힘, 억류, 한계, 산욕, 국한,

해산자리에 누움

confirm: 확인하다, 추인하다,

견진례를 베풀다, 견고히 하다,

굳게하다, 확립하다, 강하게하다,

확실하게하다, 확증하다, 확실하게

하다

conformable: 적합한, 준거하는,

정합의, 순종하여, 비슷한, 조화된,

일치된, 양순하게, 상응하는

confound: 혼동하다, 꺾다, 저주하다,

좌절시키다, 제기랄, 당황케하다,

곤혹케 하다, 난처하게 하다, 당황케

하다, 제기랄 가벼운 욕 망할 자식,

제기랄 망할 자식

confusion: 당황, 혼동, 혼란, 혼미,

지리멸렬, 뒤죽박죽, 착란, 난잡

congregation: 회중, 집회, 모임,

교직원회, 집합, 회합, 이스라엘

사람들, 유 민족, 성성

congress: 국회, 회, 학술 회, 국회

회기, 의원회, 위원회, 의회,

평의원회, 회의

conjunction: 접속사, 결합, 연결,

접속, 합, 동시 발생, 접합, 합동, 삭,

연락

connected: 연속된, 관계가 있는,

일관된, 연고가 있는, 관계있는,

연락이 있는

connecticut: 미국북동부의주,

코네티컷

connection: 연결, 관계, 연락, 단체,

정교, 단골, 친척, 사이, 종파, 거래처,

연고

connections: 연결

conquer: 정복하다, 극복하다,

손아귀에 넣다, 억누르다, 획득하다,

승리를얻다, 타파하다, 공략하다,

이가다, 승리를 얻다

conscience: 양심, 도의심, 선악의

관념

conscientiously: 양심적으로

conscious: 의식하고 있는, 을 강하게

의식하는, 지각이 있는, 알아채고

있는, 알아채어, 의식, 의식있는,

의식적인, 자각하고 있는, 자의식이

강한, 정신이 있는

consciousness: 의식, 자각, 지각,

감지, 심상

consent: 동의, 동의하다, 승낙하다,

승낙, 동의자, 찬성하다, 일치

consequence: 결과, 결론, 영향,

중 성, 귀결, 사회적 중요성, 자존,

중요성, 잘난체함, 결말, 중 함

consequently: 따라서, 필연적으로,

그러므로, 그 결과로서

considerable: 다량, 중요한, 많은,

적지 않은, 상당히 큰, 상당한,

무시하지 못할, 다수의, 고려해야 할,

고려할만한, 적지않은

considerably: 상당히, 꽤, 많이,

적지않게

consideration: 고려, 보수, 약인, 참작,

경의, 고려할 사항, 존중, 헤아림, 팁,

중요함, 중요성

considering: 치고는, 을 생각하면,

비교적, 그런 로, 에 비해서, 이므로,

을 고려하면, 고려한다면

consistent: 일관된, 언행이 일치된,

철저한, 시종 일관돼 있는, 견실한,

견실히, 모순없는, 일치하는, 모순이

없는, 지조있는

constable: 경관, 순경, 치안관,

성관리 장관, 경찰국장, 성 관리 장관

constant: 상수, 불변의, 일정한,

충실한, 절개가 굳은, 성실한, 불변수,

부단한, 마음이변치않는, 끝까지

지키는, 끊임 없이 계속하는

constantinople: 콘스탄티노플

constantly: 끊임없이, 항상, 빈번히,

노상, 자주, 변함없이

constitution: 구성, 제정, 설립, 조직,

체격, 소질, 정체, 헌법, 체질, 율령,

성격

constrained: 무리한, 강제적인,

갑갑한, 강제된, 거북살스러운,

압박당한

construct: 구성하다, 세우다, 구성,

작도하다, 작성하다, 짜맞추다,

건조물, 구성개념, 구조물, 조립하다,

그리다

construction: 건조, 구문, 해석, 작도,

건축, 건물, 구성, 구조, 건설, 건설

공사, 건설업

consult: 고려하다, 상의하다,

참고하다, 찾다, 의견을 묻다,

조사하다, 의견을 듣다, 상담하다,

진찰을 받다, 의논하다, 컨설턴트

직을 맡다

consultation: 참고, 상담, 참조, 상의,

전문가의 회의, 협의회, 협의, 감정,

진찰, 자문, 심의회

consuming: 소비하는, 여위게 하는,

태워버리는, 다 태워버리는,

애태우는, 여위게하는, 태워 버리는

contain: 포함하다, 참다, 견제하다,

끼다, 들어가다, 억누르다, 담고있다,

와 같다, 품다, 인수로 가지다, 이

들어가다

contained: 억제하는, 조심스러운

contemptible: 비열한, 경멸할 만한,

멸시할, 한심한, 타기할, 치사한,

천시할 만한, 경멸할만한, 경멸한

만한

contend: 다투다, 논쟁하다, 주장하다,

항쟁하다, 투쟁하다, 싸우다,

경쟁하다, 경쟁자, 주장자, 논쟁자

content: 내용, 용적, 함유량, 차례,

만족하여, 찬성하여, 만족, 내용물,

속알맹이, 흐뭇해하여-만족,

찬성투표

contented: 만족하고 있는, 흡족해

하는, 달갑게 하는, 만족한

contention: 논쟁, 투쟁, 논쟁점,

말다툼, 논전, 주장, 경쟁

contents: 찬성 투표, 찬성 투표자

contest: 경쟁, 다투다, 경쟁하다, 논쟁,

다툼, 경연, 이의를 제기하다,

논쟁하다, 겨루다, 콘테스트, 경기

contested: 경쟁의, 이론이 있는

continent: 륙, 본토, 육지, 성욕을

절제하는, 자제심이 있는, 금욕의,

극기의, 정숙한, 자제하여, 배설 억제

능력이 있는, 금욕적인

continental: 륙의, 륙성의,

북미의, 미국식민지의,

유럽 륙주의자, 유럽 륙의,

유럽 륙사람, 미국지폐, 륙인기질,

륙주의, 미국 륙의 군

continual: 빈번한, 계속적인,

끊임없는, 자주 일어나는, 연속적인

continually: 빈번히, 줄곧, 계속해서,

끊임없이, 계속적으로

continuance: 계속, 연속, 지속, 체류,

존속, 연기, 계속 기간

continuation: 계속, 연장, 연속, 속편,

지속, 재개, 짧은 바지의 무릎 이하의

부분, 계속됨, 이연, 존속, 이월거래

continued: 계속된, 연장된, 연속되고

Benjamin Franklin 11

있는, 계속하는, 존속하는,

존속시키는, 연장하는, 계속하여

진술하는, 계속시키는, 계속되는,

연기하는

continuing: 계속적인, 영구적인,

갱신할 필요가 없는, 연속적인

contraband: 흑인 노예, 금제의,

금지의, 매매, 매자, 금제품,

금제풍, 수업자, 수, 부역,

매매품

contracted: 수축한, 옹졸한, 계약한,

인색한, 찌푸린, 도량이 좁은, 단축한,

수축된

contracting: 약혼의, 수축성이 있는,

계약의

contradiction: 부정, 모순, 부인, 상반,

반박, 모순된 말, 당착, 반

contrary: 반 의, 심술궂은, 상반하는

사물, 정반 , 반 로, 거꾸로, 역,

불리한, 거꾸로의, 반 명제,

외고집의

contribute: 기고하다, 기부하다,

이바지하다, 기여하다, 기부를 하다,

주다, 의 한 도움이 되다, 기증하다,

공헌하다, 의 한 원인이 되다

contribution: 기고, 기부, 공헌, 기증,

분담액, 투고, 군세, 기고문, 기부금,

기여, 보험료

contributor: 기부자, 공헌자, 기고가

contrivance: 고안품, 계략, 장치,

계획, 연구, 고안, 모략, 연구의 재간

contrive: 연구하다, 꾸미다, 고안하다,

계획하다, 일부러 저지르다, 꾀하다,

꾸려나가다, 설계하다, 획책하다,

일부러 초래하다, 꾸려 나가다

contrived: 부자연스러운, 인위적인

controversial: 논쟁을 좋아하는,

논쟁의, 논의의 여지가 있는, 쟁점이

되는, 논쟁, 존쟁을 좋아하는 버릇,

물의를 일으키는, 논쟁적 정신,

논쟁의 여지가 있는, 논쟁상의,

토론의

controversialist: 논변가, 논객,

논쟁자

convenience: 편의, 편리, 변소,

편리한 것, 형편좋음, 이기, 편익,

사정, 공중 변소

convenient: 편리한, 에 가까운,

형편이 좋은, 손쉬운, 형편이좋은,

간편한 손쉽고 편리한, 사용하기

좋은, 부근에

conversation: 회화, 담화, 화,

비공식 회담, 성교, 좌담, 사교, 친교

converse: 담화, 교제, 반 , 뒤바뀐,

전환 명제, 친하게 사귀다, 함께

이야기하다, 역, 거꾸로의,

이야기하다, 회화

conversion: 전환, 개종, 전향, 횡령,

환산, 변환, 차환, 변설, 환위, 이자를

원금에 가산하기, 바꿔짐

converted: 전환된, 개장한, 개종한

conveyancer: 부동산 양도 취급인,

운반자, 전달자

conviction: 죄의 자각, 설득, 회오,

확신, 신념, 유죄의 판결, 설득력,

유죄판결

convince: 확신시키다, 납득시키다,

수긍하게하다

convinced: 확신을 가진, 신념이 있는

coolness: 냉담, 차가움, 뻔뻔스러움,

냉정, 시원함, 무뚝뚝함, 참착, 침작

cooper: 혼합 흑맥주, 술장수, 통장이,

수선하다, 쿠퍼, 통에 넣다, 통을

고치다, 통장이 노릇을 하다,

해치우다

copper: 구리, 구리빛의, 동, 동전,

주홍부전나비속의 나비, 순경, 동화,

동산주, 취사용 보일러, 구리의,

구리빛

copperplate: 동판, 깨끗한 초서체,

동판 인쇄의, 동판 조각, 동판의,

동판인쇄, 동판 인쇄, 동판조각

copy: 복사, 원고, 등본, 베끼다, 모방,

모방하다, 모사, 광고문, 을 그 로

베끼다, 본, 부

cordial: 강심제, 강장제, 코디얼,

원기를 돋구는, 충심으로부터의,

달콤한술, 과일주스에 물을 탄 음료,

강심성의, 성실한, 성심성의의, 주스

cordiality: 진심, 진심어린 언동,

따뜻한 우정, 성실, 충정, 친절

cordially: 성의를 다해서, 진심으로,

성실하게, 정성껏

corn: 옥수수, , 티눈, 곡물, 낟알, 못,

귀리, 감상적인 음악, 곡초, 뿔이

있는의 뜻, 소금을 뿌리다

corner: 구석, 매점하다, 모퉁이, 을

구석으로 몰다, 모를 내다, 매점,

지방, 궁지, 모서리의 쇠붙이, 구석진

곳, 코너킥

corporation: 법인, 조합, 지방 공공

단체, 유한회사, 올챙이배, 도시

자치체, 사단법인, 지방 자치제,

자차단체, 단체, 시으회

correct: 정정하다, 옳은, 교정하다,

정확한, 바로잡다, 의당한, 중화하다,

올바른, 품행방정한, 틀림없는, 틀림

없는

correctly: 바르게, 정확하게, 정확히

말하면

correspondence: 일치, 서신왕래,

통신, 상응, 조화, 해당, 편지,

왕복서한, 왕복문서, 상당, 응

correspondent: 거래처, 응하는,

통신인, 일치하는 것, 서신왕래자,

기고가, 특파원, 일치하는, 통신원,

거래점, 응하는 것

costing: 원가 계산, 원가계산

cotton: 목화, 솜, 무명, 면사, 이

좋아지다, 무명실, 면의, 솜털,

호감을 가지다, 탈지면, 을 이해하다

counsel: 상담, 협의, 계획, 충고,

조언하다, 변호사, 결심, 법률고문,

사려, 조언, 평의

count: 세다, 계산, 수를 세다, 백작,

중요하다, 셈, 계산하다, 고려,

박자를 맞추다, 카운트, 셈되다

countenance: 원조, 장려하다, 호의를

보이다, 침착, 표정, 승인하다,

허용하다, 찬조, 찬성하다, 찬성,

지지

counteract: 중화하다, 방해하다,

거스르다, 훼방하다, 좌절시키다,

반작용하다

countryman: 동향인, 촌사람, 지방의

주민, 같은 나라 사람, 시골사람,

동포

coupled: 연결하는, 결혼하는,

교미시키는, 결혼시키는, 교미하는,

결부시켜 생각하는, 연결되는

courses: 포인트, 행동, 월경

courtship: 구애, 구혼, 구혼기간,

구혼 기간

cover: 덮다, 뚜껑, 덮개, 가다, 가리다,

구실, 모자를 씌우다, 한 사람분의

식기, 덮어 씌우다, 떠맡다, 뚜껑을

덮다

crafty: 교활한, 교묘한, 간사한, 나쁜

꾀가 많은, 간사하게

create: 창조하다, 창작하다, 귀족으로

만들다, 창립하다, 주다, 몹시 떠들어

다, 법석을 떨다, 안출하다,

야기하다, 일으키다, 창조적인 일을

하다

creature: 생물, 창조물, 인간, 노예,

소산, 녀석, 사람, 가공의 동물, 지배

당하는 자, 여자, 부하

credit: 명성, 신용, 명예, 신용하다,

신용 부, 인정함, 신용장, 신뢰,

수료증명, 믿다, 명예가 되는 것

creed: 신조, 신경, 교의, 사도 신경,

강령, 신념, 주의

creek: 작은 만, 후미, 작은 내, 크리크

동맹, 크리크 말, 크리크족, 지류,

내포, 작은내, 크리크, 크리크 사람

crime: 범죄, 죄악, 죄, 나쁜짓, 반

도덕적 행위, 부끄러운짓,

유감스런일, 군기위반으로 처벌하다,

분한 일, 유감스런 일

crisis: 위기, 분기점, 중 국면,

결정적 단계, 고비, 분리, 위험한

고비

critic: 비평가, 비판하는 사람, 혹평가,

감정가, 흠잡는사람, 흠잡기를

일삼는 사람, 평론가, 비평가의,

임계의, 비평의, 비판적인

crooked: 부정직한, 마음이 비뚤어진,

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 12

구부러진, 기형의, 비뚤어진,

부정하게, 부정수단으로 얻은,

허리가 구부러진, 뒤틀린, 꼬부라진,

굴곡된

cross: 교차하다, 교배시키다,

가로지르다, 십자가, 고난, 가로의,

잡종의, 부정, 가로줄을 긋다,

건너가다, 비뚤어진

crossed: 횡선을 그은, 십자모양으로

놓은, 열십자로 된, 방해된, 방해되는,

교차한, 교차된, 가로 세로로 글씨를

쓴, 교차

crossing: 교차, 교차점, 횡단,

이종교배, 건널목, 교잡, 횡선,

십자로, 방해, 횡단보도, 도항

crowded: 붐비는, 혼잡한, 만원의,

파란 만장의, 다사다난한, 붐비다,

장소가 가득 차서, 가득 차서

crown: 왕관, 화관, 영관, 관을 씌우다,

금관을 씌우다, 꼭 기, 왕관표, 절정,

의 최후를 장식하다, 의 머리를

때리다, 의 꼭 기에 올려 놓다

crucifix: 십자 현수, 십자가,

십자가예수상, 큰시련, 모진박해,

그리수도 수난상, 그리스도 수난상,

십자 매달리기

cruel: 잔인한, 심한, 잔혹한, 아주,

몹시, 지독하게, 무정한, 무참한,

비차만, 비참한, 지독한

crutch: 협장, 까치발, 목다리, 버팀목,

샅, 여자용 안장의 등자, 당목 모양의

지팡이, 고물의 팔꿈치꼴 버팀목,

목다리로 걷다, 크러치, 차주

cry: 부르짖다, 울다, 외침, 고함,

애원하다, 엉엉 울다, 큰소리로

부르다, 큰소리로 알리다, 외치다,

울며...하다, 함성

cultivate: 경작하다, 재배하다,

교화하다, 구하다, 기르다, 양성하다,

갈다, 연마하다, 우아한, 교화된,

교양있는

cumberland: 컴벌랜드

cunning: 교묘한, 교활한, 귀여운,

노련한, 멋있는, 숙련, 솜씨, 현명한,

재간있는, 약삭빠른, 빈틈없음

cure: 치유, 치료하다, 고치다, 치료,

양생하다, 치료법, 영혼의 구제,

목사직, 낫다, 가황, 가황하다

curiosity: 호기심, 골동품, 진기함,

진기한 것, 신기함, 진기한것

curious: 이상한, 호기심이 강한,

진서인, 면 한, 묘한, 호기심을 끄는,

진기한, 정성들인, 캐기 좋아하는,

외설한, 알고 싶어하는

currency: 통화, 유통, 유포, 성가,

통용, 일반의 평가, 유행, 통용기간,

통화유통액

curtain: 막, 커튼, 막을 치다, 휘장

꼴의 물건, 막으로 가리다, 한 권의

끝, 막벽, 위장을 치다, 죽음, 칸막이,

휘장

custom: 풍습, 습관, 관습, 세관, 애고,

관세, 규칙, 관례, 고객, 단골, 돌봐줌

customary: 관례에 의한, 습관적인,

관습상의, 통례의, 관계집, 관례집

customer: 고객, 녀석, 단골, 놈, 사내,

거래처

cute: 귀여운, 영리한, 예쁜, 뽐내는,

눈치빠른, 기민한, 약삭빠른, 눈꼴신

cutting: 예리한, 신랄한, 절단, 싸게

파는, 자른 가지, 필름 편집, 통렬한,

살을 에는 듯한, 날카로운, 깎고 가는

가공, 오려낸 것

d: 알파벳 네번째문자, 비타민 D,

로마 숫자의 오백시디, 디, 디자

모양의 것, 디자 모양, 라음, 영어 알

파벳의 제사자

daily: 일간 신문, 날마다, 매일의,

매일, 일부의, 일상의, 매일 계산하는,

통근하는 하녀

damages: 손해액

damned: 저주받은, 지겨운, 지독히,

넌더리나는

dancing: 무도, 춤, 댄스 홀, 무도장,

댄스 연습, 댄스

danger: 위험, 장애, 의 위험이 있다,

위험 상태, 위험물

dangerous: 위험한, 위독한,

무시무시한, 위험하게

dark: 어두운, 비 의, 어둠, 캄캄한,

숨은, 수수께끼 같은, 사악한, 슬픈,

우울한, 무지한, 무지

dash: 시, 끼얹다, 단숨에 하다,

내던지다, 단거리 경주, 기운, 기미,

기를 꺽다, 허세, 충동, 위세

daughter: 딸, 딸로서의, 여자,

동성애의 남성유혹되어 동성애의

세계로 빠진 남자, 딸된 신분, 딸들,

방사성 붕괴로 생긴, 처녀 시절, 제

일세의 소산의, 제 1 세의 소산의,

동성애의 남성

daylight: 일광, 주간, 낮, 틈, 눈, 이해,

의식

dealer: 어떤 특정의 행동을 하는

사람, 상안, 패도르는 사람, 상인,

패돌리는 사람, 카드 패를 도르는

사람, 행동을 하는 사람, 불법적인

마약 거래자, 업자

dealings: 교섭

dear: 친애하는, 귀여운, 귀여운 사람,

아니 그런데, 귀중한, 참, 비싸게,

비싼, 친애하는 사람, 애인, 사랑하는

사람

debt: 빚, 죄, 부채, 은혜, 의리, 빚진

decanter: 경사기, 식탁용의 마개

달린 유리 술병, 마개 있는 유리병

decease: 사망, 사망하다, 죽은

deceit: 사기, 거짓, 허위, 거짓의,

책략, 부실

december: 십이 월, 십이 월의

decent: 친절한, 적당한, 어울리는,

관 한, 상당한 신분의, 남보기

흉하지 않은, 어지간한, 남앞에

나서도 될 만큼 옷을 입은, 예절

바른

decidedly: 단호히, 확실히,

결정적으로, 활실히

deck: 갑판, 단장하다, 꾸미다, 평평한

지붕, 갑판을 깔다, 지면, 갑판에

나와서, 지면-갑판을 깔다, 다음

타자가 되어, 준비되어, 전투 준비를

하다

declaim: 연설하다, 열변을 토하다,

열변을 토하다-낭독하다, 낭독하다,

웅변조로 낭독하다

declaration: 선언, 신고, 포고, 미국

독립 선언, 진술, 신고서, 득점 발표

declare: 언명하다, 선언하다,

성명하다, 신고하다, 공언하다,

언명해 놓고 그만두다, 신고하다-

공언하다, 단언하다, 나타내다,

알리다, 포고하다

declared: 공공연한, 숨김 없는,

공언한, 언명한, 신고한, 선언한

declining: 기울어, 쇠하여, 기우는

decrees: 교령집

decry: 비난하다, 헐뜯다, 가치를

떨어뜨리다

deep: 깊은, 심원한, 심연,

마음으로부터의, 목소리가 굵고

낮은, 몰두해 있는, 심한, 깊숙이,

깊이 파묻힌, 음험한, 색이 짙은

defeat: 패배, 타파, 격파하다, 지우다,

방해하다, 과기, 무효로 하다, 좌절,

격파, 무효로 하다-격파, 쳐부수다

defects: 결점들

defenceless: 방비 없는

defend: 변호하다, 지키다, 방위하다,

방어하다, 답변하다, 항변하다,

옹호하다

defense: 수비, 방위, 변명, 수비측,

변호, 방어, 종심방어, 을 지키어, 을

변호하여, 방어적인, 화를 잘 내는

defensive: 방위, 수세, 화를 잘 내는,

수세인, 방어적인

defray: 지불하다, 부담하다

degree: 계급, 정도, 학위, 눈금, 지위,

도, 급, 친등

deism: 자연신교, 이신론

deist: 이신론자, 자연신교 신봉자,

자연신교 신도

deity: 신, 여신, 신성, 하느님, 신위,

신적 존재

dejected: 기운 없는, 낙담한, 낙심한

delaware: 미국동부의 주, 델라웨어주

delay: 유예, 지연, 늦게하다,

Benjamin Franklin 13

지연시키다, 지체하다, 연기하다-

늦어지다, 연기하다, 늦어지다,

지체하다-지연, 지연 기간,

우물쭈물하다

delicate: 섬세한, 허약한, 고상한,

정묘한, 미묘한, 민감한, 우아한,

솜씨 좋은, 세심한 주의가 필요한,

정 한, 맛좋은

delight: 기쁨, 기뻐하다, 즐기다,

즐겁게하다, 유쾌, 기쁘게 하는 것,

매우 기쁘게 하다

delighted: 기쁜, 매우 즐거운

deliver: 배달하다, 구해내다, 연설을

하다, 넘겨주다, 석방을 하다,

분만하다, 후보자을 위하여 표를

모으다, 분만시키다, 넘겨 주다,

가하다, 해방시키다

deliverance: 구출, 해방, 진술,

진술의 공표, 평결, 액막이, 석방,

발표, 구조, 공식 의견, 의견

delivered: 인도의

delivery: 배달, 인도, 교부, 석방,

분만, 말투, 구조, 방출, 발송

demand: 요구하다, 요구, 청구,

심문하다, 묻다, 수요, 필요로 하다,

요청하다

demanding: 요구가 지나친, 지나친

요구를 하는, 큰 노력을 요하는, 많은

것을 요구하는

democratic: 민주적인, 민주주의의,

민주 정체의, 민주 주의의, 민주당의,

평민적인

demolish: 파괴하다, 먹어치우다,

모조리 먹어 치우다, 헐다

denial: 부정, 극기, 부인, 거부

denmark: 덴마크

deny: 부정하다, 면회를 거절하다,

거절하다, 부인하다

depart: 벗어나다, 출발하다, 떠나다,

빗나가다, 세상을 떠나다

departed: 죽은, 과거의, 고인, 지나간,

죽은사람

departure: 이탈, 출발, 발차, 변경,

출발의, 동서 거리, 새 발전, 사망

depend: 의지하다, 믿다, 의존하다,

종속하다, 매달리다, 나름이다,

미결이다

dependence: 신뢰, 의존, 종속, 의지,

의존증, 의지하는 것, 의뢰, 미결,

의존 관계

depreciate: 얕보다, 가치가 떨어지다,

경시하다, 깎아내리다, 가치를

떨어뜨리다, 가치를 저하시키다,

가치를 감소시키다

deprive: 빼앗다, 저해하다,

면직시키다, 파면하다, 면직하다

deprived: 가난한, 가난한 사람들,

불우한

deputy: 리, 표자, 사절, 리자,

하원 의원, 리인

descending: 내려가는, 강하하는,

하향의

descent: 내리받이, 상속, 하강, 가계,

내리받이 길, 강하, 가문, 급습, 세습,

한 세 , 혈통

description: 기술, 묘사, 서술, 특징,

종류, 서술적 묘사

desertion: 유기, 탈당, 탈함, 내버림,

황폐, 황폐 상태

deserve: 값어치가 있다, 받을 만하다,

할 만하다

deserved: 당연한

deservedly: 당연히

deserving: 받을 가치가 있는,

보상받을 만한, 원조 받을 만한

desirable: 바람직한, 갖고 싶은

desire: 원하다, 정욕, 욕구, 바라다,

욕구-바라는 것, 바라다-소원,

바라는 것, 소원, 바람, 욕망, 희망

desired: 옳은, 훌륭한, 바랐던,

희망했던

desirous: 원하는, 바라는

desk: 편집부, 책상, 서랍, 사무

desolated: 쓸쓸한, 외로운

despairing: 절망적인, 필사의,

자포자기한

despatch: 없애버리다, 특파 하다,

운송 리점, 신속, 재빨리 해치우다,

급파, 급송 공문서, 급파 하다

destined: 예정된, 운명지어진,

향하는

destitute: 결핍한, 군색한, 빈곤한

destruction: 파괴, 멸망, 절멸, 파멸의

원인

detachment: 분리, 초월, 분견 ,

초연함, 파견

detail: 세부, 상세한 내용, 선발하다,

부분도, 상술하다, 분견 , 분견 .-

상술하다, 세부 묘사, 세부의, 행동

명령, 분견하다

detailed: 상세한

detain: 말리다, 억류하다, 붙들다,

감금하다, 구류하다, 유치하다, 을

못가게 붙들다

detained: 유치하는, 감금하는,

구류하는

detection: 발견, 당지, 간파

determination: 결심, 측정, 판결,

확정

determine: 결심시키다, 결정하다,

한정하다, 결심하다, 측정하다,

측정하다-결심하다, 끝나다, 정하다

determined: 단호한, 결정된, 확정된,

결연한, 굳게 결심한

detestable: 몹시 싫은, 혐오할 만한

detraction: 비방, 훼손, 감손, 험담

developed: 고도로 발달한, 선진의

devote: 바치다

dexterous: 기민한, 능란한, 영리한,

손재주가 있는, 민첩한,

오른손잡이의

dextrous: 손재주가 있는,

오른손잡이의, 민첩한

dialogue: 화, 문답, 화 부분,

의견 교환, 화체, 화하다,

화체의 작품

diameter: 직경, 지름, 배

die: 주사위, 죽다, 소멸하다, 거푸집,

나사틀, 희미해지다, 화인, 죽을 것

같다, 주사위꼴로 자른 것, 주사위

도박, 점점 작아지다

dies: 날, 일

diet: 규정식, 국회, 정식회의, 의회,

규정식을 주다, 일상의 음식물, 상삭,

식이요법, 음식물, 다이어트

differ: 의견을 달리하다, 다르다,

논쟁하다

difficulties: 항의, 어려움, 곤경, 곤란

difficulty: 곤란, 이의, 궁박, 난국,

논쟁, 지장, 어려움, 항의, 곤경

diffidence: 자신 없음, 암띰, 망설임,

망성임, 자신이 없음

diffident: 자신없는, 암띰, 망설임,

수줍은, 자신없음, 자신 없는

dignity: 존엄, 위엄, 관록, 품위,

체면에 관계되다, 위풍, 위계, 고위

인사

diligence: 부지런함, 근면, 승합마차,

근민, 합승 마차

diligent: 부지런한, 근면한

diligently: 부지런히, 애써, 근면하게,

부지런하게, 열심히

dimensions: 넓이

diminish: 줄이다, 감소시키다, 줄다

diminished: 감소된, 권위가 떨어진,

반음 줄인, 감손된

diminishing: 점감하는, 차츰

줄어드는, 체감하는

dine: 정찬을 들다, 식사를 하다,

식사할 수 있다, 만찬을 접하다,

정찬을 먹다, 정찬을 접하다

dinner: 정찬, 오찬, 만찬, 정식,

식사를 하다, 공식 오찬, 공식 만찬

directed: 규제된, 유도된, 지시받은

direction: 방향, 경향, 명령, 지도,

방위, 지휘, 이사, 지도자의 직, 방면,

악보상의 기호, 수취인 주소 성명

directly: 직접으로, 곧바로, 즉시,

즉시로, 직접, 참으로, 곧장

dirt: 진흙, 쓰레기, 오물, 비열한 언사,

흙, 토지, 먼지, 욕, 굴욕을 참다,

폐석, 욕설

dirtiness: 불결, 비열, 천함, 상스러움

dirty: 더러운, 비열한, 추잡한, 날씨가

엄청 더운, 사나운, 날씨가 사나운,

더럽히다, 마약 중독의, 방사능이

많은, 흐린, 상스러운

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 14

disadvantage: 불리한 입장, 불편,

불리, 불리하게 하다

disagreeable: 불쾌한, 까다로운,

마음에 안 드는, 불유쾌한

disappointed: 실망한

disappointment: 실망

disapprove: 인가하지 않다, 비난하다,

불찬성하다, 안된다고 하다, 옳지

않다고 하다

disaster: 천재, 참사, 재해, 재난, 큰

실패, 재앙

discharge: 발사하다, 방전, 방출하다,

이행하다, 방전하다, 해임,

짐을부리다, 번지다, 해고, 해고하다,

발사

disciple: 사도, 제자, 그리스도의

열두사도의 한 사람, 문하생

discipline: 훈련, 징계하다, 규율,

훈육, 제어, 훈련하다, 징계, 징계-

훈련하다, 억제, 학과, 단련하다

discomfiture: 실패, 당황, 패주, 좌절,

패배, 패주, 당혹, 괴멸, 쩔쩔맴

discontent: 불만, 불만을 품게하다,

불만의 원인, 불만이 있는, 불평이

있는

discord: 불일치, 불협화음, 일치하지

않다, 불화하다, 부조화, 불화,

협화하지 않다

discourage: 낙담시키다, 용기를

잃게하다, 방해하다, 용기를 잃게

하다

discouraged: 낙담한, 낙심한, 술에

취한

discouragement: 낙담, 방해, 낙심,

기를 죽이는 것, 단념시킴, 반 ,

실망, 지장, 기를 죽이는 사정, 기를

죽이는 행위

discourse: 담화, 논설, 설교, 이야기,

강연, 강연하다, 논술하다, 강화

discover: 발견하다, 밝히다, 찾아내다,

나타내다, 발견자, 내색하다

discovery: 발견물, 발견, 발표 요구

수속, 줄거리의 전개

discredit: 신용하지 않다, 불신,

신용을 잃게하다, 의혹, 불명예, 망신,

평판을 나쁘게 하다

discreet: 사려가 깊은, 신중한, 분별

있는, 분별있는, 지각있는, 사려있는

discretion: 신중, 행동의 자유, 분별,

사려, 자유 재량, 마음 로, 분별

연령, 판단의 자유, 선택의 자유

discuss: 토론하다, 상의하다, 토론자,

논하다, 음미하다, 맛있게 먹다, 서로

이야기하다, 서로 이약기하다,

심의하다, 즐기며 먹다, 논의하다

discussion: 변론, 논문, 토론, 토의,

논의, 즐기며 마심, 즐기며 먹음

disengaged: 약속이 없는, 한가한,

자유로운, 풀린, 예약이 없는

disgrace: 창피, 치욕, 욕보이다, 눈

밖에 나 있음, 불명예, 수치가 되다,

총애를 잃게 하다, 망신시키는 것

disgraceful: 수치스러운, 욕된

disguise: 속이다, 거짓꾸밈, 변장하다,

구실, 거짓 꾸미다, 가장복, 변장,

감추다-변장, 감추다, 변장시키다,

변신

disgust: 역겹게하다, 혐오, 역겨움,

정떨어지게 하다, 정떨어지게하다-

역겨움, 싫음, 메스꺼워찌게 하다

disgusted: 메스꺼워찌게 하는

disgusting: 구역질나는, 지겨운,

메스꺼운

dish: 접시에 담다, 요리, 푼주, 접시,

움푹해지다, 식품, 성적 매력이 있는

여자, 위성 방송, 미인, 그릇, 사발

모양으로 움푹 들어가게 하다

dishes: 식탁용 접시류

disinterestedness: 무관심, 사심

dislike: 싫어하다, 혐오, 미워하다,

증오, 싫어함

disobey: 듣지 않다, 반항하다,

불복종하다, 좇지 않다

disordered: 혼란된, 병에 걸린,

고장난

disorderly: 무질서한, 난잡한, 난폭한,

어수서한, 어수선한, 공안방해의

dispatch: 발송, 급파하다, 재빨리

처리하다, 해치우다, 급송, 급송하다,

습파, 재빨리 해치우다, 특파하다,

신속, 운송 리점

dispersed: 흩어진, 분산된, 분산한

displace: 바꾸어 놓다, 면직하다,

이동시키다, 치하다, 신

들어서다, 배수량을 가지다,

해임하다, 치환하다

displeasing: 불쾌한, 싫은, 불유쾌한

dispose: 배치하다, 일의 성패를

결정하다, 처리하다, 충당하다, 할

마음이 나게 하다, 의 경향을 갖게

하다, 일의 추세를 결정하다

disposed: 배치된, 한 감정을 품고, 할

생각이 있는

disposition: 성질, 처리, 배치, 성향,

처분, 배열

disputation: 논쟁

disputatious: 논쟁적인, 논쟁을

좋아하는

dispute: 논쟁, 논쟁하다, 분쟁,

싸우다, 다투다, 의론하다, 의논하다,

반론하다, 겨루다, 논하다, 의심을

품다

disregard: 무시하다, 무시, 경시하다,

경시

dissatisfied: 불만인, 불만인의,

불만스러운

dissenting: 비국교파의, 방 하는,

반 하는

dissertation: 학위 논문, 논문, 학술

논문

dissuade: 단념시키다, 그만두게 하다

distance: 거리, 간격, 능가하다, 사이,

앞 지르다, 사이를 두다, 먼데 사이를

두다, 앞지르다, 먼 데, 먼 거리,

간격을 두다

distant: 먼, 쌀쌀한, 어겸풋한,

에두루는, 어렴풋한, 혈연이 먼,

거리를 두는, 닮은 관계 등이 먼,

닮은 정도 등이 먼, 먼 데를 보는

듯한, 시간적으로 먼

distemper: 디스템퍼, 사회적 불안,

소동, 어지럽히다, 탈나게 하다, 수성

도료를 칠하다, 에 디스템퍼를

칠하다, 템페라 그림, 병적으로 되게

하다, 병, 디스템퍼 화법

distinct: 별개의, 다른, 명백한,

명확한, 장식된, 뚜렷한

distinction: 특질, 구별, 차별, 명예,

탁월, 쓸데없는 구별짓기, 특징, 차이,

저명, 유명해지다, 우수성

distinguish: 구별하다, 분류하다,

분간하다, 두르러지가하다, 수훈을

세우다, 이름을 떨치다, 구별이 되다,

구별하는, 판별하다, 두드러지게

하다, 식별하다

distinguished: 저명한, 고귀한,

상류의, 뛰어난, 수훈의, 기품 있는,

두드러진

distinguishing: 다른 것과 구별되는,

구별이 있는, 특색 있는

distract: 딴 데로 돌리다, 착란시키다,

어지럽히다, 괴롭히다, 빗가게 하다

distress: 고난, 고통, 빈궁, 비탄, 고민,

심통, 피로하게 하다, 피로, 괴롭히다,

압류-괴롭히다, 압류

distribute: 분배하다, 분류하다,

분포하다, 확충하다, 주연하다,

배급하다, 확충시키다, 살포하다,

주연시키다, 해판하다

distributed: 분포된

distribution: 분포, 분류, 산포, 배전,

주연, 배열, 구분, 해판, 분배

distrust: 불신, 의혹, 의심하다

disturbance: 방해물, 불안, 소동,

소란, 교란시키는 것, 방해, 침해

disturbed: 교란된, 정신장애자,

사란한, 산란한, 정서장애가 있는,

정서장애자, 정신장애가 있는

diversion: 견제, 전환, 기분 전환,

오락, 우회로, 양동 작전, 양동, 견제

작전, 기분

divert: 기분을전환하다, 즐겁게하다,

전환하다, 돌리다, 전용하다, 기분

전환을 시키다, 다른 상을 향하게

하다

divide: 분배하다, 분리하다, 나누다,

갈라지다, 가르다, 립시키다,

Benjamin Franklin 15

표결하다, 표결하다-분수계, 분수계,

분류하다, 분계

divided: 분할된, 열개한, 갈라진,

분리된, 분배한, 각기 다른

dividing: 나누는, 구분적인

divine: 비범한, 신성한, 신의,

종교적인, 성직자, 예언하다, 신성의,

신수의, 알아채다, 점치다, 신학자

divinity: 신학, 신, 신성, 신의 힘,

신의 덕

division: 사단, 분할, 분배, 구획,

분열, 포기나누기, 눈금, 나눗셈,

분 , 학부, 의견의 차이

doctrine: 교의, 주의, 교리, 학설

dogmatical: 고압적인, 교의의,

독단적인, 독단주의의

dogmatically: 독단적으로

dollar: 달러, 오실링 은화, 불, 금전

domestic: 국내의, 하인, 가정적인,

하녀, 길들여진, 국산의,

가정에충실한, 가정내의, 가사의,

가정의, 길든

dominion: 지배, 통치, 통치권, 주권,

소유권, 영토, 통치 권, 통치 력,

천사의 제사계급, 자치령, 지배 권

don: 입다, 명사, 걸치다, 능수꾼,

스페인 신사, 돈 강, 학교의 학장,

님, 남자 이름, 남자이름

donation: 기부금, 기증품, 손님이

선물을 주는 파티, 기부

dormant: 잠자는, 활동휴지중인,

움직이지 않는, 휴지 상태에 있는

double: 접다, 모호한, 쌍의,

일을겸하다, 달리다, 표리가 있는,

겹치다, 거짓의, 이중으로,

표리가있는, 급회전

doubt: 의심, 의심하다, 의심스러움,

의문, 의문-의심하다, 의혹을 품다,

불확실함, 염려하다

doubtful: 의심스러운, 못 미더운,

불안한, 의심을 품고 있는

doubting: 의혹을 품고 있는, 불안한

dozen: 다스

draft: 징병, 초안, 초고, 끌기, 뽑아냄,

빼기, 한그물, 중량, 설계안, 선발,

견인

drain: 배수하다, 다 써버리다, 빼내다,

마시다, 유실, 배수, 들이켜다, 하수,

출비, 말리다, 비우다

draught: 선발하다, 기안하다,

기초하다, 끌다, 제도공으로서

기술을 연마하다

draw: 끌다, 그리다, 당기다,

묘사하다, 뽑아내다, 자아내다,

이끌어내다, 접근하다, 이끌다, 제비,

빠지다

drawing: 그림, 발행, 제도, 달여내기,

데상, 선화, 칼을 빼기, 잡아늘이기,

그림의, 달이기

drawn: 비긴, 빼낸, 속을빼낸, 찡그린,

잡아뽑은, 내장을 따낸, 잡아당겨

늘어진, 잡아당겨 일그러진, 그어진

dress: 의복, 정장하다, 예복, 드레스,

정열시키다, 다듬다, 입히다,

정장시키다, 무두질하다, 치료하다,

치장하다

dressed: 요리 준비가 된, 옷을 입은,

과거분사, 손질을 한

drink: 마시다, 흡수하다, 취하다,

술에 소비하다, 술에소비하다,

음료를 마시다, 큰 강, 한 모금, 술을

많이 마시다, 을 위해 축배를 들다,

음주

drinking: 음주의, 마시기의, 음용의

dripping: 흠뻑 젖은, 적하, 적하 듣는

것, 물방울 똑똑 떨어지는, 뚝뚝

떨어짐, 들음

drive: 몰다, 드라이브, 돌진하다,

운전하다, 혹사하다, 몰이하다,

영위하다, 부딪치다, 추진력,

차로나르다, 쫘다

driver: 마부, 운전수, 조종자, 기관사,

치는띵 사람, 드라이버, 말 몰이꾼,

박는 기계, 소 몰이꾼, 운전사, 감독

drop: 낙하, 듣게하다, 소량, 드롭스,

물방울, 한방울, 낮아지다, 눈깔사탕,

그치다, 그만두다, 죽이다

drove: 몰려가는 가축 때, 떼지어

가는 무리, 굵은 정

drowning: 물에 빠져 있는, 이해할 수

없는, 혼란한

drowsy: 졸린, 졸음오게하는, 조는

듯한, 나른한, 졸리는

drunk: 주정뱅이, 술취한, 취한,

술주정뱅이, 술좌석, 도취된

drunken: 술취한, 술고래의

dry: 마른, 마르다, 말리다, 건조한,

쌀쌀한, 바싹마른, 무미건조한,

가무는, 냉담한, 널다, 적나라한

ducking: 오리사냥, 물오리 사냥, 물

속에 처박음

due: 할 예정인, 응당치러야할, 세금,

정식으로, 응당, 에 돌여야할, 마땅히,

때가 오면, 당연할, 당연할-마땅히,

지불 기일이 된

dug: 젖꼭지, 젖퉁이

dull: 둔한, 무딘, 둔감한, 흐리게하다,

누그러뜨리다, 지루한, 둔해지다,

또렷하지 않은, 또렷하지않은,

지루한-무디게하다, 무디게하다

dullness: 지루함, 둔감, 둔함, 침울,

아둔함 불경기, 멍청함

duly: 정식으로, 당연히, 제시간에,

바로, 적당히, 둔하게

durable: 오래견디는, 튼튼한,

지속하는, 내구재, 영속성 있는

dust: 먼지, 흙, 가루, 티끌, 인체, 유해,

쓰레기, 분말, 무덤, 먼지를 떨다,

굴욕을 받고

dusty: 먼지빛의, 먼지투성이의,

티끌투성이의, 가루의, 무미 건조한,

가루 모양의

dutch: 네덜란드의, 네델란드 사람,

네덜란드 말, 체격이 당당한 여자,

각자 부담으로 하다, 체격이 당당한

어머니, 체격이 당당한 아내,

네덜란드제의, 네덜란드산의,

네덜란드류의, 네덜란드 사람의

dutchman: 네덜란드 사람, 네덜란드

배, 틈메우는 나무, 독일 사람

duty: 의무, 임무, 본분, 관세, 경의,

조세, 일, 효율, 종무, 직무, 책임

dwell: 살다, 거주하다, 곰곰이

생각하다, 천천히발음하다, 천천히

발음하다, 길게논하다,

곰곰이생각하다, 길게 논하다,

머무르다, 발을 올리는 것이 더디다

dyer: 염색하는 사람, 염색하는사람,

염색업자

dying: 죽어가는, 임종, 임종의, 죽음,

꺼져가는, 사망, 죽을

eagerly: 열심히, 간절히, 열망하여

eagerness: 열의, 열망, 열심

earl: 백작, 남자 이름

earnestly: 진지하게, 진정으로,

진심으로, 열심히

earnings: 소득, 수입, 벌이, 가득액,

번 것

earthen: 흙의, 흙으로 만든, 오지로

만든, 흙으로만든, 오지로만든

ease: 안락, 안심시키다, 늦추다, 덜다,

편안, 여유, 쉬움, 마음놓고,

안심하다, 불안하여, 마음놓이지

않아

easily: 편안히, 쉽게, 쉽사리,

용이하게, 원활하게, 편안하게

easiness: 평정, 평이, 용이함, 쉬움,

분명히, 아마

eat: 먹다, 먹어 들어가다, 침식하다,

파괴하다, 먹을 수 있다, 먹이

들어가다, 식사하다, 슬픔에 잠기다,

부식하다, 파괴하다-식사하다,

먹을수있다

eating: 먹기, 식용의, 식품, 식품-

좀먹어들어가는, 좀먹어 들어가는,

음식, 물

edge: 가장자리, 날, 천천히 움직이다,

날카로움, 끝, 비스듬히 나아가다,

우세, 흥분해 있다, 날카롭게 하다-

비스듬히 나아가다, 날카롭게 하다,

거나하게 취함

edition: 호화판, 판, 총서, 복제,

보급판의 판, 호화판의 판

editor: 편집자, 논설 위원,

편집책임자

educate: 교육하다, 훈련하다,

양성하다, 양육하다, 기르다, 학교에

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 16

보내다

educated: 교양 있는, 교육받은,

지식에 의한, 숙련된, 근거가 있는,

교육 받은, 경험에 의한

effective: 효과적인, 유효한, 실제의,

효력있는, 인상적인, 사실상의, 눈에

띄는, 병력, 동원가능한-병력,

동원가능한, 실병력

effectual: 효과적인, 유력한, 유효한

efficacious: 유효한, 효과 있는

egypt: 이집트

eighteen: 열여덟의 열여덟, 열여덟살,

열 여덟, 십팔

eighteenth: 십팔 세의, 열 여덟, 여덟

개의, 십팔, 여덟 명의

eighty: 여든

elder: 장로, 원로, 손위의, 연장자,

연장의, 고참, 고참의, 양딱총나무,

딱총나무, 이전의, 이전의-연장자

elderly: 나이 지긋한, 중년의, 초로의,

나이가 지긋한, 시 에 뒤진, 나이가

지긋한 사람들

elders: 선배

eldest: 가장나이많은, 가장 나이 많은

election: 선거, 선임, 선정, 선택,

선거에 의한, 임의로 선택할 수 있는,

하느님의 선택

elector: 선거인, 유권자, 선제후, 정부

통령 선거 위원, 선거후, 정부통령

선거위원

electric: 전기의, 두근거리는, 전기

장치의, 전기, 전기장치의, 전기성의,

전기에 관한, 전기 같은, 전격적인

electrical: 전기의, 강렬한, 전기에

관한, 전기 같은, 전기성의, 전격적인

electricity: 전류, 전기, 극도의,

극도의 긴장, 전기학, 심한 흥분

elegance: 우아, 고상함, 과학적인

정 성, 단아, 우미, 우아한 말씨,

고상한 것, 과학적인 정 함, 우아한

것, 정 함, 고상

elegant: 우아한, 훌륭한, 근사한,

품위있는, 기품 있는, 품위 있는

elegantly: 고상한, 우아한

elegy: 애가, 엘레지, 만가, 애가조의

시, 만가조의 시

elevation: 올리는일, 고상, 기품, 승진,

입면, 향상, 공중의 순간 정지,

고상하게 함, 앙각, 입면도, 높임

eleven: 열한사람의, 축구팀, 열하나,

열한, 십일

eloquence: 웅변, 웅변술, 웅변법,

유창한 이야기, 유창한 화술

eloquent: 표정이 풍부한, 웅변의, 을

잘 나타내는

elsewhere: 어딘가딴곳에, 어떤

딴곳으로, 어떤 딴곳에, 어떤

딴곳에서

embargo: 금지하다, 몰수하다,

통상금지, 항내출입금지, 금지, 입항

금지를 명하다, 출항금지, 출항

금지를 명하다, 통상 정지, 입항금지,

정지하다

embarrassing: 쩔쩔매게 하는, 곤란한,

귀찮은, 난처하게 하는, 난처한,

당황케 하는, 성가신

embarrassment: 곤란, 방해, 장애,

당혹, 난처함, 당황, 재정, 당황케

하는 사람, 당황케 하는 것, 무안케

하는 사람, 난처

embassy: 사관, 사의 임무,

사절단, 사관 전원, 사절, 사의

사명, 사관 직원, 사절 일행

embroil: 분규시키다, 휩쓸어넣다,

반목시키다, 혼란시키다, 휩쓸어

넣다

eminent: 현저한, 우수한, 유명한,

뛰어난, 저명한, 돌출한

emolument: 보수, 급료, 소득

emphasis: 강세, 어세, 강조, 문세,

강음, 중요성

employ: 고용하다, 쓰다, 고용, 사용,

에 종사하다, 소비하다, 소비하다-

고용, 실직하다, 에 고용되어,

사용하다, 직업을 주다

employed: 고용자들, 노동자,

취직하고 있는

employment: 고용직, 고용, 일, 직업,

사용, 일자리

empower: 에게권한을주다, 에게

권능을 부여하다, 에게 권한을

부여하다, 할 수 있도록 하다

empty: 배고픈, 공허한, 빈, 비우다,

무의미한, 비어있는, 비다, 에

흘러들다, 물 등을 내보내다, 옮기다,

없는

enable: 할수있게하다, 을 허가하다,

을 허락하다, 을 허용하다, 할 수

있게 하다

enabling: 합법화하는, 권능을

부여하는

encourage: 조장하다,

기운을북돋아주다, 격려하다, 용기를

북돋우다, 장려하다, 기운을

북돋우다

encouragement: 격려함, 격려,

격려가 되는 것, 장려가 되는 것

encouraging: 유망한, 격려의, 힘을

북돋아 주는, 격려되는, 장려하는,

장려의

encumber: 번거롭게 하다, 빚을지게

하다, 방해하다, 으로 막다, 막다,

지우다

endeavor: 노력하다, 하려고

노력하다, 노력, 시도하다

endeavour: -하려고 노력하다,

애쓰다, 애쓰다 노력하다, 노력,

노력하다, 시도하다, 하려고

노력하다

ending: 종결, 어미, 말미, 결말, 사망,

활용 어미, 어미의, 종결의, 최후의,

최후

endure: 지탱하다, 견디다, 참다, 겪다,

인내하다, 받다, 받다-인내하다,

허용하다

enemy: 적, 적군적함, 원수, 악마,

적병, 적의, 해를 주는 것, 적국의

enforce: 실시하다, 강요하다, 억지로

시키다, 강력히 주장하다, 시행하다

engage: 약속하다, 교전하다, 걸리다,

예약하다, 고용하다, 정치에 관계된,

속박하다, 당기다, 종사시키다,

교전시키다, 관계된

engaged: 바쁜, 약속된, 교전중인,

고용된, 약혼중인, 용무중인,

통화중인, 약혼인, 연동의, 종사하는,

벽에 반쯤 묻힌

engagement: 약혼, 고용, 약속, 초빙,

용무, 교전, 맞물림, 연 성, 일, 계약

engaging: 매력 있는, 마음 끄튼,

마음 끄는, 남의 마음을 끄는

enjoy: 즐기다, 누리다, 향유하다,

건강, 성교하다, 즐겁게 시간을

보내다, 갖고 있다, 향수하다

enjoyment: 향락, 기쁨, 보유, 향유

enlarge: 넓어지다, 퍼지다, 확 하다,

부연하다, 상세하게 설명하다,

석방하다, 크게 하다, 확장하다

enlighten: 계몽하다, 명백하게 하다,

교화하다, 밝히다, 빛을 비추다

enlist: 협력하다, 병적에넣다,

입 하다, 병적에 편입하다, 의

찬조를 얻다, 의 협력을 얻다, 징병에

응하다, 참가하다, 의 지지를 얻다

enlisted: 사병에 관한, 사병의

enmity: 적의, 증오

enormous: 거 한, 막 한, 흉악한,

악독한

enquiry: 연구, 질문, 문의, 조사

enraged: 성나게 하는, 화나게 하는

enrichment: 장식물, 부유, 부유하게

하기, 비옥, 풍부하게 함

ensign: 기수, 국기, 군기, 기장, 기

ensuing: 다음의, 뒤이어 일어나는,

결과로서 따르는, 뒤이은

enter: 참가하다, 시작하다, 들다,

에들어가다, 에들다, 에 들어가다,

신고하다, 박히다, 떠오르다,

등장하다, 들어박히다

enterprise: 기업, 기획, 모험심, 사업,

기업열, 기업체

entertaining: 재미있는, 유쾌한

entertainment: 마음에 품음, 접,

여녜, 연회, 오락, 여응, 환 , 연예,

주연

enthusiasm: 열광, 열의, 열중, 열심,

열중시키는 것, 종교적 열광

Benjamin Franklin 17

enthusiastic: 열광의, 광신적인,

열광적인

entirely: 완전히, 오로지, 전적으로,

아주

entrance: 입학, 들어감, 입구, 입장,

등장, 입학금, 문, 입장권, 넋을

잃게 하다

entry: 들어감, 기입, 입장, 점거, 참가,

입구, 들어가는 길, 수록어, 입장권,

점유, 참가자

enviable: 바람직한, 부러운, 샘나는

envy: 부러워하다, 시기하다, 부러움,

신망, 질투, 선망의 상

epic: 서사시, 서사시의, 서사시적

작품, 서사시적인, 영웅적이다,

웅장하다

episcopal: 감독의, 감독파의, 주교의

equal: 같은, 필적자, 평정한,

한결같은, 같은 또래, 필적하는,

등한 물건, 감당하는, 균등하게

하다, 필적하다, 필적하는 사람

equally: 평등하게, 그와 동시에,

균일하게, 동등하게, 그럼에도

불구하고, 같게, 똑같게

equip: 장비하다, 갖추다, 꾸미다,

준비하다, 갖추게 하다, 갖추어 주다,

채비를 해주다

equitable: 형평법상의, 공평한,

공정한

equitably: 공정하게, 정당하게,

형법상으로 유효하게

equity: 형평법, 공평, 공정, 배우

조합, 보통주주권, 재산 물건의 순가

equivocal: 의심스러운, 두가지

뜻으로 해석될 수 있는, 명백하지

않은, 모호한, 확실치 않은,

미심스러운, 두 가지 뜻으로

해석되는

eradicate: 근절하다, 뿌리째 뽑다

ere: 하기 전에, 오히려

erect: 건립하다, 꼿꼿이 세우다,

꼿꼿이선, 똑바로 선, 세우다,

승격시키다, 서다, 조립하다,

직립시키다, 창설하다, 곤두서서

errata: 정오표, 오류의 복수

erratum: 오식, 오자, 잘못, 오류

erroneous: 잘못된, 틀린

error: 에러, 오차, 잘못, 과실, 틀림,

실책, 오심, 잘못생각, 죄, 오류,

그릇된

escape: 도망, 달아나다, 도피, 면하다,

탈출하다, 새다, 남지않다, 탈출, 샘,

야생으로 돌아가다, 흐려지다

escaped: 도망한, 탈주한

escort: 호위자, 호위하다, 호위, 호송,

호송하다, 남성 동반자, 호위 ,

경호하다, 동행하다

escritoire: 책상, 접는 책상

espouse: 시집보내다, 지지하다,

채용하다, 신봉하다, 처로 삼다

esquire: 귀하, 님, 향사, 치안 판사,

씨님, 시골의 지주에 한 칭호,

숙녀를 에스코트하는 사람, 시골의

지주, 기사의 종자

essay: 수필, 소론, 시도하다, 시도,

시험하다, 시론, 평론, 하려고 하다,

기도

essential: 본질적인, 정수의, 본질,

기본의, 실질의, 에센스의, 요소,

요점, 필수의, 본질적 요소, 본태성의

est: 심신 통일 훈련

establish: 입증하다, 설립하다,

확증하다, 확립하다, 제정하다,

개업시키다, 기반을 잡게하다,

안정된 지위에 놓이게 하다, 앉히다,

정하다, 인정하다

established: 확립된, 만성의, 확정된

·, 확정된, 상비의, 국립의, 정착하여

establishment: 설립, 시설, 권력기구,

확립, 편성, 상비 병력, 상비 편제,

당국자, 설립물, 국립, 제도

estate: 재산, 소유지, 사회적 지위,

유산, 재산권, 소유권, 사회적 신분,

토지, 처지, 계급, 살림살이

esteem: 존중하다, 존중, 존경하다,

귀중히 여기다, 간주하다, 존경,

간주하다-존경, 평가하다

estimated: 추측의, 견적의

etc: 따위, 기타, 등, 등등

eternal: 영원한, 영구한, 끝없는,

평상시의, 예의, 불멸의, 변함없는,

영원한 것, 하느님

etiquette: 예의, 에티켓, 관례, 예법,

예의 범절, 불문율

evade: 둘러 어 모면하다, 피하다,

헛되게 하다, 회피하다

evenings: 매일저녁

evenness: 침착, 평등, 반반함, 균등성,

공평, 고름, 평평함

everybody: 누구나, 각사람, 각자

모두, 누구든지

everywhere: 어디에나, 도처에, 모든

evident: 명백한, 뚜렷한, 분명히

나타난, 분명한

evidently: 명백히, 분명히, 보매,

분명하게, 아무래도

ex: 으로부터, 때문에, 본선 인도,

전의

exact: 강요하다, 정 한, 꼼꼼한,

정확한, 엄격한, 엄 한, 까다로운,

엄하게 요구하다, 엄중한, 적확한

exactness: 정확, 정 , 정확성

exalted: 고귀한, 지위가 높은, 고상한,

숭고한, 기뻐 날뛰는, 고양된,

의기양양한

examination: 조사, 시험, 심문, 검사,

심리, 심사

examine: 심문하다, 심사하다,

시험하다, 검사하다, 진찰하다,

조사하다, 검정하다, 검토하다,

심리하다

examined: 검토하는, 심리하는,

검사하는, 진찰하는, 조사하는,

심사하는, 심문하는, 시험하는

exceed: 넘다, 초과하다, 탁월하다,

도를 넘다, 보다 크다, 우월하다, 의

한도를 넘다

exceeding: 단한, 굉장한, 엄청난,

과도한

exceedingly: 단히, 엄청나게, 매우,

굉장히

excellence: 장점, 우수, 미점, 탁월

excellency: 장점, 사등에 한존칭,

우수, 장관, 각하

excellent: 우수한, 탁월한, 아주

훌륭한

except: 제외하다, 반 하다,

기피하다, 을 제하고는, 외에는, 빼다,

이의를 내세우다

excepted: 제외되어, 예외인

exception: 예외, 제외, 이의

excise: 물품세, 잘라내다, 청구하다,

엄청나게 받다, 물품세를 부과하다,

삭제하다, 에 소비세를 과하다, 국내

소비세, 간접 세무국

excited: 흥분한, 흥분한 활발한,

여기한, 여기 상태의

excommunicate: 파문하다, 제명하다,

추방당한 사람, 파문당한, 추방당한,

파문당한 사람

excuse: 구실, 용서하다, 변명하다,

보아주다, 사과, 핑계, 발뺌, 변명,

면제하다-변명, 면제하다, 이유

execute: 사형을 집행하다, 실시하다,

연주하다, 제작하다, 서명 날인하다,

집행하다, 시행하다, 수행하다,

실행하다, 완성하다

executed: 완성하는, 실행하는,

실시하는, 사형을 집행하는

execution: 실행, 이행, 사형 집행,

제작, 효과, 연주, 작성, 솜씨, 처형,

서명 날인, 수행

exemption: 면제, 소득공제, 해제,

면제되는 사람, 면세, 의무의 면제

exercise: 연습, 운동, 연습하다, 실천,

체조, 다하다, 번거롭게 하다,

행사하다, 활동시키다, 학과-

활동시키다-행사하다, 학과

exercises: 군 의 연습, 수업 과정, 식

exhausted: 다 써버린, 다 퍼버린,

소모된, 물이 마른, 고갈된, 지칠 로

지친

exhibit: 출품하다, 제시하다,

나타내다, 투약하다, 출품물,

공개하다, 진열하다, 증거물, 전시,

보이다, 투약하다-전시

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 18

exhortation: 권고, 권고의 말, 훈계,

간곡한 권고

exist: 존재하다, 실존하다, 생존하다,

실재하다, 존재, 있다

existence: 존재, 생활, 실재, 생존,

실재물, 존재물

existing: 현존하는

expectation: 기 , 가망성, 예기, 예상,

유산 상속의 가망성, 바라는 목표

expedition: 원정, 급속, 탐험 , 신속,

여행

expeditiously: 급히, 날쌔게,

신속하게

expense: 비용, 지출, 손실, 희생,

지출금, 비용이 드는 일, 비돈이 드는

일, 소요 경비

expenses: 소요 경비

expensive: 비싼, 사치스런, 비싸다,

비용이 되는, 값비싼

expensively: 비용을 들여, 비싸게

experienced: 노련한, 경험을 가진,

체험된, 경험있는, 숙련된

experiment: 실험하다, 실험, 시험

experimental: 실험용의, 경험에 의한,

실험에 의한, 실험에 의거한,

시험적인, 실험의, 실험적인,

경험상의

experimenter: 실험자

expert: 전문가, 숙련자, 숙달된,

노련한, 노련가, 기사, 감정인,

교묘한, 숙련가, 숙련된

expiration: 만료, 만기, 날숨, 종결,

죽음, 숨을 내쉼

explain: 설명하다, 변명하다,

덧붙이기, 해석하다, 허사, 욕설,

군더더기, 해명하다

explanation: 설명, 변명, 뜻, 해명,

해석, 해설, 설명이 되는 말, 의견

나누기

explicitly: 명쾌히, 명백히

exportation: 수출, 수출품

expose: 쐬다, 폭로하다, 노출하다,

집밖에 내버리다, 적발하다,

진열하다, 폭로, 적발, 접하게 하다,

버리다, 보이다

express: 명시된, 명백한, 표시하다,

특별히, 표현하다, 급행의, 지급편,

특별한, 정확한, 지급편으로 보내다,

운송회사

expression: 표정, 표현, 말투, 식,

가락, 말씨, 압착, 표현법

expressly: 특별히, 명백히, 일부러,

분명히, 표정이 풍부하게

exquisite: 절묘한, 정교한, 예민한,

멋쟁이 남자, 우미한, 우아한,

더할나위 없는, 깊은, 취미가

까다로운 사람, 취미가까다로운사람,

아주 아름다운

extant: 현존하는, 지금도 남아 있는

extempore: 즉석의, 즉흥적, 즉석에서,

준비 없는, 준비 없이

extend: 평가하다, 뻗다, 넓히다,

늘이다, 베풀다, 뻗치다, 확장하다,

연장하다, 압류하다, 건너치다, 보통

글자로 옮겨 쓰다

extended: 평체인, 증 한, 장기간에

걸친, 뻗친, 광범위한, 확장된, 펼친,

광범위에 걸친

extensive: 조방의, 규모의,

광범위에 걸친, 넓은, 넓은 범위에

걸치는, 광 한, 외연적인

extirpate: 근절하다, 박멸하다,

절개하다, 절멸하다

extraordinary: 보통이아닌, 비범한,

특명의, 엄청난, 이상한, 특별 수당,

임시의, 비상한

extravagant: 낭비하는, 엄청난,

터무니 없는, 기발한

extremely: 극단적으로, 극도록,

단히, 몹시, 아주, 매우

extricate: 구해내다, 유리시키다

eye: 눈, 시력, 탐정, 안식, 눈 모양의

것, 눈매, 주목, 잘 보다, 레이더

수상기, 보는눈, 자세히 보다

f: 심이 가는, 바조, 바음, 에프

fable: 전설, 우화, 신화, 거짓말하다,

우화를 이야기하다, 꾸며낸 이야기,

줄거리, 지어낸 이야기, 꾸며낸

이야기를 하다, 꾸며내다, 꾸민

이야기

fabricated: 꾸며내는, 만드는

facetious: 우스운, 익살맞은, 농담의,

허튼소리의

facilitate: 촉진하다, 용이하게 하다,

쉽게하다, 쉽게 하다

factor: 요인, 인수, 인자, 중매인, 요소,

리상, 계수, 도매상, 원인, 율,

리인

factotum: 잡역부, 막일꾼

fail: 실패하다, 부족하다, 낙제하다,

게을리하다, 파산하다, 모자라다,

약해지다, 파산하다-실망시키다,

없다, 흉작이 되다, 약속 따위를

태만히 하다

failed: 실패한

fair: 깨끗한, 아름다운, 순조로운, 갠,

정중한, 금발의, 여성, 장애물이 없는,

유망한, 품평회, 철저한

fairly: 공정히, 꽤, 아주, 명료하게,

완전히, 상당히, 정말로, 요정같이,

어지간히, 뚜렷이, 그런 로

faith: 신앙, 신의, 신뢰, 신념, 서약,

신용, 신조, 약속, 교리, 충성, 성실

faithful: 성실한, 신뢰할 수 있는,

신자들, 정확한, 충실한, 충실한

신도들, 정확

faithfully: 여불비례, 충실히

fall: 가을, 떨어지다, 분류되다, 폭포,

뽑히다, 함락, 우연히 오다, 쇠미,

강하하다, 내리막, 강하

fallacious: 그릇된, 허위의, 속이는,

사람을 현혹시키는

fallen: 타락한, 쓰러진, 파멸한, 죽은,

떨어진, 전복된

falling: 낙하, 타락, 함락, 떨어지는,

전도, 내리는, 추락, 하락하는,

타락하는, 강하, 붕괴

false: 가짜의, 가락이 맞지 않는,

거짓의, 틀린, 부정의, 가의, 임시의,

불성실한, 꾸민, 그릇된, 의사의

fame: 명성, 유명하게 만들다, 평판,

인기

familiar: 친한, 흔한, 길들여진,

부담없는, 뻔뻔스러운, 스스럼없는,

탁터놓은, 잘 알고있는, 잘

알려져있는, 잘알고있는,

잘알려져있는

familiarity: 친교, 친함, 허울없음,

친숙함, 친 , 무엄한, 무간함,

치근치근함, 익히 앎, 임의로움,

스스럼 없음

famous: 유명한, 근사한, 악명 높은,

멋진

fancy: 변덕, 공상하다, 취미, 공상,

애호가들, 좋아하다, 도락, 터무니

없는, 공상력, 공상의, 애호물로

색다른 동물 등을 기르다

fantastically: 공상적으로, 괴상하게,

환상적으로

farmer: 농부, 수세 도급인, 농장주,

시골사람, 유아등을 맡는 사람, 농민,

농장 경영자, 시골 사람, 유아 등을

맡는 사람

farther: 더먼, 좀더, 그위에, 더욱더,

더멀리, 더욱이, 더 앞선, 더 멀리, 더

먼, 더 뒤의, 더 나중의

farthest: 가장먼, 가장멀리, 가장 먼,

가장 멀리

farthing: 영국의 동전, 영국의동전,

파싱

fashionable: 유행의, 상류 사회의,

사교계의, 유행계의, 최신 유행의

fast: 빠른, 빨리, 단단한, 저항력이

있는, 굳게, 방탕하여, 착착,

단식하다, 푹, 재빠른, 고감도의

fatal: 숙명적인, 치명적인, 결정적인,

운명의

fate: 운명, 운, 죽음, 숙명, 파멸,

운명의 삼여신

fatigue: 피로, 약화시키다, 사역, 노역,

금속의약화, 지치게 하다, 작업복,

노동, 약화, 작업

fatiguing: 피곤하게 하는

fault: 과실, 결점, 책임, 단층, 테니스

폴트, 단점, 실수, 흠, 냄새 자취를

잃음, 잘못

faulty: 불완전한, 결점 있는, 결점이

Benjamin Franklin 19

있는

favor: 호의를 보이다, 호의, 찬성

찬성하다, 부탁, 각별히 보아주다,

애호, 편애하다, 편애, 친절한 행위,

즐겨 착용하다, 즐겨 입다

favorable: 유리한, 유망한, 호의적인,

호의를 보이는

favored: 혜택을 받고 있는, 호감을

사고 있는, 호의를 사고 있는

favorite: 마음에 드는 좋아하는 물건,

특히 좋아하는 물건, 특히 잘하는,

인기 있는 말, 마음에 드는, 좋아하는

사람

favour: 호의, 정실, 이익, 친절, 은혜,

은고, 부탁, 호의를 보이다, 편애하다,

편애, 즐겨 착용하다

fear: 경외하다, 무서워하다, 걱정하다,

공포, 두려움, 경외, 걱정, 근심,

근심하다, 망설이다, 무서움

feature: 특징, 인기 거리로 내세우다,

특징을 이루다, 특집기사, 용모, 특종,

얼굴의일부, 얼굴의 일부, 주요 프로,

특별 기사, 지세

february: 이월, 이월의

fed: 연방 정부, 연방 수사관, 연방

준비 은행

fee: 요금을 치르다, 보수, 행하,

상속재산, 영지, 요금, 세습지, 팁,

봉토

feeble: 약한, 연약한, 희미한, 의지가

박약한

feign: 겉으로꾸미다, 만들어내다,

가장하다, 꾸며 다, 을 가장하다,

상상하다, 짐짓~인 체하다

felicity: 행복, 지복, 적절한 표현,

교묘함, 경사, 적절

fellow: 한 쪽, 평의원, 자식, 일원,

애인, 놈, 동지, 동료, 동무, 한패,

녀석

female: 여성, 암, 암의, 여성의,

여자로 이루어진, 계집, 암컷, 암컷의,

여자

fence: 검술, 변론의 교묘함, 방어하다,

울타리, 담을 뛰어넘다, 담, 검술을

하다, 장물 취득인, 펜싱,

울타리를하다, 울타리를 하다

ferry: 나룻배, 나루터, 도선업,

항공수송, 자력현지수송, 공수하다,

도선하다, 나룻배로 건너다,

나룻배로 건네다, 나룻배 등으로

건네다, 페리 등으로 건네다

fetch: 가져오다, 도달하다, 내다,

오게하다, 불러오다, 팔리다, 가하다,

가하다-물건을가져오다, 갖다 주다,

물건을가져오다, 의 마음을

사로잡다

fever: 열병, 열, 발열시키다, 열광,

열광적인, 열병의, 열이 있는, 흥분

상태, 흥분, 열병에 걸리게 걸리다,

열병에 걸리게 하다

feverish: 열병이 많은, 열광적인,

열이 있는, 열병의, 열띤, 열병이

유행하는

fewer: 보다 소수의

fifteen: 십오, 열 다섯

fifty: 쉰개, 오십인

fight: 전투, 전투력, 투지싸우다,

지휘하다, 움직이다, 싸워얻다, 다툼,

싸우게하다, 투쟁, 전의, 지휘

조종하다

fighting: 싸움, 전투의, 전투, 논쟁,

다툼, 투쟁 싸우는, 회전, 전투용의,

화이팅

filial: 자식으로서의, 자식의,

잡종세 의

fill: 채우다, 차지하다, 가득참,

보충하다, 가득차다, 충분, 차다,

흡족하게 하다, 흙으로 돋우다,

조제하다, 충족시키다

filled: 차는, 충족시키는, 흡족하게

하는, 흙으로 돋우는, 팽팽하게 하는,

차지하는, 채우는, 가득 따르는,

조제하는, 섞어 넣는, 바람을 가득

받는

filling: 충전, 충전재, 속에 넣는 것,

쌓아 올린 흙

filthy: 더러운, 추잡한, 음탕한,

불결한, 많이 있는, 지독한

finding: 발견, 사실 인정, 조사결과,

평결, 여러 도구 및 재료, 발견물,

인정, 조사 결과, 여러 가지 도구 및

재료

finely: 훌륭하게, 아름답게, 정교하게,

미세하게, 잘게, 곱게, 가늘게,

멋지게, 세 하게

fines: 미세한 입자들, 고운 가루

finish: 끝, 끝손질, 해치우다, 끝내다,

완성하다, 마무리칠을하다,

마무리하다, 죽이다, 끝나다, 매우

섬세한, 가느다란

finished: 끝마친, 완전한, 끝낸,

완성된, 몰락한, 사라져가는,

죽어가는

finishing: 최후의, 끝손질의,

마무리의, 끝손질의 최후의 손질,

마무리 손질

fire-engine: 소방차

firework: 봉화, 불꽃, 재기의 번득임,

활발한움직임

firm: 굳은, 단단히, 굳게, 견고한,

굳어지다, 변동없는, 합자회사,

고정된, 상사, 강경한, 굳게 하다

firmly: 굳게, 견고하게, 단단하게,

확고하게, 단단히, 단호하게

firmness: 견고, 견실, 단단함, 결의가

굳은, 확고 부동, 확고부동

fisher: 어부, 포어성 동물, 물고기를

잡는 동물

fishing: 낚시터, 어업, 낚시질의,

낚시질, 어획, 어장, 고기잡이,

어업의, 낚싱리, 어업권, 낚시질용의

fit: 적합, 적당한, 준비시키다, 건강한,

꼭 맞다, 만듦새, 조달하다, 알맞은,

수험 준비를 하다, 격발, 이야기의 한

구절

fitted: 장비하여, 을 갖추어, 꼭 맞게

만들어진

fix: 고정시키다, 결정하다, 수리하다,

준비하다, 집중시키다, 정착시키다,

조리하다, 지우다, 곤경, 마련하다,

위치

fixed: 부정하게 결정된, 응고된,

짬짜미의, 고정된, 내 히 결정된,

결정된, 충분히 마련되어, 충분히

지급되어, 응고한

flag: 기, 포석을 깔다, 기를 올리다,

기로 꾸미다, 둘쨋줄 칼깃, 시들다,

판석포장도로, 판석, 플래그, 붓꽃의

무리, 신호로 정지시키다

flame: 정열, 애인, 발끈하다, 광휘,

정열을 드러내다, 빛나다, 불길,

훨훨타다, 화염, 불꽃, 태우다

flanders: 플랑드르

flank: 측면, 측면을지키다, 옆구리,

구리, 부 의측면, 부 의 측면,

측면의, 의 측면에 서다, 측면에

위치하다, 측면을 공격하다

flat: 노골적인, 맛없는, 김빠진,

광택없는, 단조로운, 편평한,

불경기의, 납작한, 납죽엎드린,

공기가빠진, 평평하게

flatter: 아첨하다, 알랑거리다, 기쁘게

하다, 실물보다 좋게 그리다,

우쭐케하다, 우쭐해지다, 즐겁게

하다, 실물 이상으로 좋게 나타내다,

우쭐하게 하다

flattering: 아첨하는, 유망한,

실물보다 좋게 보이는, 알랑거리는,

빌붙는, 비위 맞추는, 기쁘게 하는,

발림말하는

flattery: 아첨, 감언, 치렛말, 빌붙음

flavor: 맛, 풍미, 향미, 은은한 맛,

양념, 멋, 향기, 맛을 내다, 신랄한 맛,

독특한 맛, 에 풍치를 더하다

flax: 아마, 아마실, 린네르, 엷은

황갈색의, 엷은 황갈색, 아마의

섬유의, 아마의, 아마의 섬유

fleet: 빠른, 함 , 선 , 기단, 후미,

빨리, 차량, 지나가 버리다, 강어귀,

비행 , 선단

flesh: 고기, 육체, 살, 인류, 육욕,

식육, 생물, 살집, 살색, 과육, 친척

flight: 날기, 도주, 비행, 패주, 고양,

경과, 우주여행, 항공여행, 비행술,

떼, 떼지어 날다

flimsy: 얇은 종이, 박약한, 취약한,

천박한, 얇은 원고지, 무른, 지폐,

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 20

얇은 여성복, 얇은, 보잘것 없는

flour: 가루를 뿌리다, 가루, 가루,

가루로 만들다, 가루가 되다, 가루가

많은

fluency: 유창, 능변, 거침없음

fluid: 유동성의, 유동체, 변하기 쉬운,

유체, 아름답고 부드러운, 곧잘

변하는, 현금화될 수 있는

fly: 날다, 파리, 날리다, 조종하다,

달아나다, 순식간에없어지다,

비행하다, 비행, 도망하다, 달리다,

펄럭이다

focus: 초점, 진원, 병소, 초점에

모으다, 초점거리, 초점 맞춤, 집중점,

초점을 맞추다, 중심, 집중시키다,

집중하다

foe: 적, 적군, 원수, 상

fog: 안개, 안개로 덮다, 혼미, 당혹,

당황케 하다, 흐려지다, 두번째 풀,

안개가 끼다, 풀을 서서 마른 채로

내버려 두다, 선채로 마른 풀, 흐림의

foggy: 흐린, 안개짙은, 빛이새어

흐려진, 당황한, 흐릿한, 몽롱한,

안개가 지욱한

folding: 접는, 접을 수 있는, 저게된

folio: 이절지, 단위 어수, 장수, 한장,

장수를 세다, 이 표지, 이책, 전지의

2 절, 전지의 이절, 한 장, 이판

follow: 이해하다, 추적하다,

뒤따르다, 종사하다, 추구, 추종, 더

청하는 음식, 뒤에서 쫓아가다,

따라가다, 따라오다, 따르다

folly: 어리석음, 어리석은 짓,

어리석게 돈만 많이 들인 물건, 우론,

막 한 돈을 들인 어처구니없는 큰

건축, 글래머 걸 출연자, 어리석은

행동

fond: 어리석은, 다정한, 정에 무른,

사랑에 빠진, 실없는, 애정있는,

좋아서, 토 , 레이스의 바닥 천,

기초, 좋아하는

fondness: 취미, 경신, 기호, 도타운

사랑, 자애, 좋아함, 귀여워함,

다정함, 맹목적 사랑

font: 샘, 원천, 세례, 기름통, 종류와

크기가 같은 활자 한벌, 글꼴, 세례반,

동일형 활자의 한 벌, 종류와 크기가

같은 활자 한 벌

foolish: 하찮은, 바보같은, 미련한,

어리석은

foolishly: 어리석게도, 바보같이,

미련하게, 어리석게

foot: 발, 운각, 보병, 최하부, 아랫

부분, 산기슭, 발부분, 딛다, 걷다,

말석, 걸음

footed: 발이 있는, 발의, 발 가진,

발이...한

footing: 지위, 발밑, 편제, 입장, 스텝

밟기, 확고한 지반, 정원, 발판, 합계,

관계, 기초

footway: 보도, 작은길, 작은 길

foppery: 겉치레, 멋부리기, 맵시를

냄, 어리석은 짓, 겉치레꾼, 멋을

부림

forage: 마초, 꼴, 징발, 에게서 마초를

징발하다, 마초를 주다, 약탈하다,

마초를 찾아 다니다, 식량을주다,

식량을 주다, 식량을 찾아헤맴,

식량을찾아헤맴

forbear: 억누르다, 참다, 삼가다,

그만두다, 조상, 억제하다

forbearance: 인내, 관용, 자제, 참음,

보류, 용서

forbid: 금하다, 허락지않다,

금지하다, 방해하다, 하는 일이

절 로 없기를

forbidden: 금지된, 금단의

forced: 억지의, 강제의, 억지로지은,

강요된, 긴급 때 행하는, 억지로 지은,

무리한

fore: 전면, 전방에-전방, 전방에,

기수에, 이 위험하다, 의 에, 앞쪽,

전방, 이물에, 앞 전방의, 앞 앞면의

foregoing: 전술한, 앞의, 앞서 말한,

앞서 말한 것

foresee: 예견하다, 미리알다

foresight: 심려, 전망, 선견지명이

있는, 선견지명, 선견, 장래에의 배려,

전도의 전망, 깊은 생각, 전시,

가늠쇠, 장래에의 비

forget: 잊다, 잊어버리다, 게을리하다,

잊고 두고오다, 깜빡 잊다, 말할 것을

잊다, 잊고 두고가다

forgive: 용서하다, 삭치다,

빚을탕감하다, 빚을 탕감하다,

면제하다, 삭히다, 관 히 봐주다

forgotten: 망각된

formality: 의식, 딱딱함 형식적 행위,

형식존중, 정식의 절차, 형식에

구애됨, 정규의 절차, 상례, 의례,

정식

formed: 생물적 특징을 갖춘, 형성된

formerly: 이전에, 전에, 먼저, 옛날에,

원래는, 지난날

formidable: 무서운, 만만찮은,

방 한, 만만치 않은

forming: 형성, 편성, 연합군 부

fort: 성채, 보루, 요새, 보채, 교역

시장

forth: 앞으로, 밖으로, 보이는곳에,

에서 바깥에, 보이는 곳에, 이후

fortified: 강화하는, 알코올을 타서

독하게 하는, 영양가를 높이는,

요새를 쌓는, 요새화하는, 확고히

하는

fortnight: 이주일

fortress: 요새, 안전지 , 요새로

방어하다, 요새지, 요새 도시

fortunately: 다행히도, 운좋게,

다행히

fortune: 행운, 부, 운, 재산, 운명,

운수, 재산을 주다, 우연히 일어나다,

운명의 여신

forty: 마흔, 사십

foul: 반칙, 엉클어진, 더럽히다,

더러운, 더러워지다, 반칙하다,

꽉막힌, 악취있는, 충돌하다, 반칙의,

엉클어지다

founded: 기초가 ...한

fountain: 분수, 샘, 기름통, 원천,

잉크 통, 분출하다, 쏘다 분수, 액체

저장 용기

fourteen: 네째의, 네째로, 십사, 열넷,

제 4

fourth: 제 사, 네번째, 네번째의,

네분의, 네분의 하나의, 네째, 네째의,

독립 기념일, 사 등품, 제 4 의

fowl: 가금, 새, 닭, 들새를 잡다,

새고기, 엽조를 사냥하다

fractious: 성마른, 다루기 힘든,

다루기힘든

frame: 구조, 뼈 , 액자, 기구, 테,

체격, 모양, 조직, 진행하다,

적합하게 하다, 틀을 잡다

framed: 틀에 낀

francis: 남자이름

frank: 솔직한, 프랑크족의 사람,

공공연한, 무료 송달의 서명, 터놓은,

숨김없는, 숨김 없는, 무료로 부치다,

무료로 송달하다

franklin: 자유 보유 지주, 과학자,

미국의 정치가, 프랭클린, 남자이름

frankly: 숨김없이, 터놓고, 솔직히

freak: 변덕, 기형, 괴물, 얼룩, 진기한,

얼룩지게 하다, 별난, 변덕을 부리다,

괴상한 짓을 하다, 열광자, 성적

도착자

freedom: 자유, 특권, 면제, 자유독립,

해면, 자유사용권, 자유 자재, 솔직함,

뛰어난 승차감, 제멋 로 함,

해방되어 있음

freehold: 자유보유권

freely: 아낌없이, 마음 로, 인심

후하게, 자유로이, 자유롭게,

허물없이

french: 프랑스의, 프랑스어,

프랑스인, 가늘게 자르다, 프랑스 말,

프랑스 국민, 불어, 프랑스, 프랑스

사람

frequent: 자주가다, 늘모이다,

상습적인, 수많은, 자주 일어나는,

자주일어나는, 빈번한

frequently: 종종, 자주, 때때로,

빈번히

fresh: 새로운, 신선한, 뻔뻔스러운,

원기좋은, 건방진, 경험이없는,

상쾌한, 선명한, 새로이, 초기,

Benjamin Franklin 21

새롭게하다

friday: 금요일, 금요일에

friendly: 친한, 친절한, 호의를보이는,

형편좋은, 붙임성 있는, 우정이있는,

친구의, 친절, 친구처럼, 우호적인,

친선경기

friendship: 우정, 친목, 친선, 교우,

벗으로서 사귐, 벗으로서의 사귐

frivolous: 경박한, 하찮은, 시시한,

천박한

front: 전선, 태도, 표면, 싸움터, 전면,

용모, 을 향하다, 정면의, 앞쪽, 으로,

앞면에 붙이다

frontier: 국경지방, 개척의 영역,

국경에 있어서의, 국경의, 미개 척의

영역, 국경 지방

frugal: 검소한, 알뜰한, 절약하는

frugality: 절약, 검소, 검약

fuel: 연료, 감정을 불태우는 것,

핵연료, 음식물, 연료를 얻다,

감정을불태우는것, 연료를 공급하다,

돋구는 것

fulfil: 이행하다, 적합하다, 힘을

완전히 발휘하다, 완수하다, 자신의

소질을 충분히 발휘하다, 종료하다,

달성하다, 다하다

fuller: 직물의 축융공, 축융공, 둥근

홈을 내는 연장, 둥근 홈을 내다,

천의 올을 배게하는 직공, 천의 올을

배게 하는 직공

fully: 충분히, 꼬박, 꼭

fund: 재원, 기금, 온축, 적립금, 장기

부채로 바꾸다, 적립하다, 축적하다,

이자 지불에 자금을 공급하다, 자금,

장기 공채로 바꾸다, 공채

funnel: 깔때기, 채광구멍, 통풍통,

깔때기를 통과하다, 깔때기 모양이

되다, 깔 기 모양이 되게 하다,

집중하다, 굴뚝

furnish: 설비, 공급하다, 가구를

갖추다, 비치된가구, 비치된 가구,

장치를 갖추다, 주다, 설치하다,

가구를 설비하다

furnished: 가구 달린, 구색을 갖춘,

재고량이 ...한

furnishing: 복식품, 비치된 가구,

가구의 설비, 가구

furniture: 가구, 비품, 내용, 부속

쇠붙이, 갖추어진것

furtherance: 조장, 촉진

furze: 바늘금작화, 가시금작화

gain: 획득하다, 이득, 더 가다, 늘다,

증가, 이익, 잘되다, 진보, 벌이,

끌어들이다, 나아가다

gainer: 승리자, 이득자, 획득자, 뒤로

재주넘는 다이빙

gainful: 이익이 있는, 돈벌이에

열중한, 유리한, 유급으로, 수지맞는,

벌이가 되는, 유급인, 이익이 나도록

games: 계략, 경기회, 경연회, 운동

경기

garret: 다락방, 머리, 제일윗층,

초라한 작은 방, 고미다락

garrison: 수비 , 요새지, 주둔군,

요새, 주둔병, 수비 를 두다

gay: 방탕한, 쾌활한, 화려한, 화사한,

명랑한, 뻔뻔한, 건강한, 동성연애자,

동성 연애자의, 동성연애, 동성

연애의

gazette: 신문, 관보, 관보로 고시하다,

관보에 게재하다

generation: 세 , 자손, 산출, 발생,

동시 의 사람들, 생식, 시 , 일 ,

출생, 일족, 젊은이들

generous: 관 한, 풍부한, 비옥한,

마음이 넓은, 감칠맛이 있는, 기름지,

활수한

generously: 관 하게, 푸짐하게,

풍부하게, 활수하게

genius: 수호신, 천재, 사조, 경향,

귀신, 기풍, 자질, 진수, 천성, 특질,

요정

genteel: 점잖은 체하는, 품위 있는,

우아한, 현 적인, 멋진, 예의바른,

지체 높은, 가문이 좋은

genteelly: 예의 바르게, 품위있게

gentle: 온화한, 구더기, 길들이다,

얌전한, 품위 있는, 양갓집 사람,

지체 높은, 상냥한, 친절한,

어루만지다, 온순한

gentleman: 남자분, 신사, 모험가,

종복, 협잡꾼, 지체높은사람, 수입이

있지만 직업이 없는남자, 남자용

변소, 남자, 유한계급, 그 남자

gentlemen: 남자분, 신사, 아마추어

선수, 남자용 화장실, 유산 유한

계급의 사람, 귀족이 아니면서

가문을 다는 특권을 가진 사람

gentry: 상류 계급, 패거리, 상류 사회

genuine: 진짜의, 성실한, 진실의,

순수한, 진품의, 순종의

geometry: 기하학, 기하학책,

기하학서

georgia: 그루지야, 조지아주, 여자

이름, 조지아 주

ghost: 유령, 환영, 망령, 영적인,

유령의, 환상, 근소한 가능성, 혼, 을

따라 다니다, -을 따라 다니다,

작하다

giddiness: 현기증, 경솔, 어지러움

gift: 선물, 재능, 천분, 부여하다,

선사하다, 선사하다부여하다, 증여,

천부의 재능, 천부

gilbert: 길버트, 남자이름, 남자 이름

gill: 질, 아가미, 계곡, 협곡, 계류,

주름, 턱볏, 처녀

gingerbread: 값싼, 생강이 든 빵,

싸구려, 생강이 든 케이크

glad: 기쁜, 유쾌한, 기쁜 듯한,

글라디올러스, 기뻐서

glass: 컵, 거울, 유리, 유리를 끼우다,

안경, 현미경, 온도계, 쌍안경, 술,

글라스, 유리면

glasses: 안경, 컵

glazier: 유리 장수, 유약칠하는 직공,

유리 직공

globe: 지구, 공, 지구의, 공 모양의

물건, 구체, 공 모양으로 하다, 공

모양의 것

gloomy: 어두운, 우울한, 음울한

glory: 장관, 기뻐하다, 영광, 후광,

명예, 번영, 죽다, 송영, 자랑하다,

찬미, 성조기

gloucester: 글로스터치즈

glutton: 식가, 끈덕진 사람,

악착꾸러기, 족제비과의 동물, 지칠

줄 모르는 사람, 족제비과의 오소리

비슷한 육식동물의, 식가의,

열성가, 열성가의, 족제비과의

오소리 비슷한 육식동물

godfrey: 남자이름

godly: 신을 공경하는, 신앙심이 깊은,

경건한, 믿음이 깊은 사람들, 믿음이

깊은, 신앙심을 돈독하게,

신앙심깊은 사람들

gold: 금, 금의, 금도금, 부, 황금,

금으로 만든, 금빛, 금화, 금제품,

과녁의 한복판, 금색

golden: 금빛의, 금의, 귀중한, 절호의,

훌륭한, 황금, 금으로 반든, 금이

가득찬, 누런빛의, 융성한, 전성의

good-humored: 기분 좋은

goodness: 친절, 미덕, 선량함, 좋음,

신, 선량, 미점

gordon: 고든

gout: 통풍, 방울, 취미, 응혈, 맛,

미각

govern: 제어하다, 관리하다,

통치하다, 다스리다, 억제하다,

통치다, 에 적용되다, 좌우하다,

지배하다

governing: 통치하는

governor: 통치자, 지배자, 회장, 두목,

지사, 주인어른, 장관, 사령관,

조절기, 총재, 영감

gown: 잠옷, 긴 겉옷, 야회복, 화장복,

가운, 학생, 겉옷, 학 정복,

화장옷, 학인

grace: 우미, 은혜, 유예, 은총, 미덕,

장식음, 장점, 애교, 우아, 매력, 천혜

graceful: 우미한, 우아한

gradations: 순서

gradually: 차차, 차례로, 차츰,

단계적으로, 점차로

grain: 곡물, 낟알, 그레인, 미량, 성질,

나뭇결, 돌결, 알로 만들다, 특성,

성미, 껄걸한 면

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 22

grammar: 문법책, 문법, 초보, 문전,

원리, 입문서

grand: 멋진, 웅 한, 중 한, 위 한,

굉장한, 거만한, 장엄한, 전부의,

주되는, 거룩한, 큰

grandfather: 조부, 조상

grandson: 손자

grant: 허가, 인가, 하사, 승낙하다,

인정하다, 수여하다, 교부, 양도,

양도하다, 교부금, 내리다

grass: 풀, 잔디, 봄, 목초, 풀 위에

펴다, 풀 돋는 계절, 포아풀과의 풀,

목초지, 풀로 덫다, 때려 눕히다,

목초를 먹이다

grateful: 감사히 여기는, 고마운,

기쁜, 즐거운, 기분 좋은, 고맙게

생각하는

gratification: 보수, 기쁨, 만족

시키는 것, 만족, 만족시키기 것,

만족시키는 것

gratify: 기쁘게 하다, 만족 시키다,

기쁘게 해주다, 에게 사례금을 주다,

채우다, 에게 보수를 주다

gratifying: 흡족한, 즐거운,

만족스러운

gratis: 무료로

gratitude: 감사

grave: 수수한, 무덤, 명심하다,

새기다, 중 한, 진지한, 묘혈,

심각한, 중요한, 예사롭지 않은,

침침한

gravestone: 묘석, 묘비

greatly: 위 하게, 매우, 크게, 단히,

훨씬, 숭고하게, 심히, 관 하게

greatness: 큼, 탁월, 위 , 다 함,

저명, 웅 , 다 , 거 , 거 함, 중 ,

다량

greek: 그리스 사람의, 그리스의,

사기꾼, 그시스의, 그리스 사람,

그리스풍의, 그리스 정교 신자,

도무지 뜻을 알 수 없는 말, 그리스

green: 청춘, 녹색, 속기 쉬운, 숫된,

초원, 초록색의, 풋내기의, 푸른 풀로

덮인, 골프장, 공유의 풀밭, 녹색

안료

grievously: 슬프도록

grind: 가루가 되다, 돌리다, 문지르다,

부지런히 일하다, 삐걱거리다,

바드득거리다, 가루를 타다, 갈리다,

갈아서 닳게 하다, 끈기 있게

공부하다, 닦다

grinding: 가는, 갈기, 삐걱거리는,

제분, 지루한, 매우 아픈, 압제의,

주입식 교수, 타기, 타는, 힘드는

gross: 거친, 짙은, 뚱뚱한, 전체의,

울창한, 굉장한, 총량의, 투박한,

조악한, 그로스, 도매로

grossly: 크게, 천하게, 뚱뚱하게,

거칠게

groundless: 근거 없는, 근거없는,

기초없는

grow: 점점 더해지다, 성장하다, 늘다,

재배하다, 자라게 하다, 자라다, 크다,

강해지다, 생장시키다, 나다, 점차로

-하게 되다

growing: 성장하는, 증 하는, 성장,

생성, 발육

guard: 망보다, 차장, 방어 자세,

지키다, 보호자, 감시하다, 파수병,

경계, 근위 , 흙받기, 난로의 불어리

guarded: 조심성 있는, 신중한,

감시되어 있는, 방어되어 있는

guardian: 보호자, 후견인, 관리인,

보호하는, 수호자, 감시인

guarding: 망보는 것

guide: 안내자, 가이드, 지도자,

지도하다, 정찰 , 지휘자, 길잡이,

도표, 소녀단, 움직이다, 안내

guise: 외관, 모습, 옷차림, 가면, 복장,

을 가장하여, 을 구실삼아, 태도,

구실

gun: 포, 도둑, 소총, 피스톨, 발포,

평사포, 호포, 총, 직업적인 살인자,

포의 발사, 분무기

gutter: 홈통, 빈민가, 촛농이

흘러내리다, 도랑을 만들다, 수로,

흐르다, 얕은 도랑, 흐른 자국, 좌,

우양페이지의 여백, 촛농이 흐르다

habit: 습관, 버릇, 습성, 에 살다,

복장, 기질, 체질, 여성승마복,

입히다, 여성 승마복, 의복

habitable: 살 수 있는, 살기에 알맞은,

거주할 수 있는

habitation: 거주, 주소, 주택

habits: 버릇, 습관

habitual: 습관적인, 습관상의, 평소의,

스관적인

habitude: 습관, 습성, 기질, 체질

hackney: 전세 마차, 진부한,

빌려주다, 승용말, 써서 날게 하다,

써서 낡게 하다, 승마용 말, 삯 받고

빌려주는

halifax: 핼리팩스, 캐나다의 항구

도시

hamilton: 남자 이름

hams: 햄 샌드위치

handful: 한웅큼, 한 손 가득, 소량,

한 움큼, 한줌의 양, 힘에 겨운 일

handkerchief: 손수건

handle: 핸들, 자루, 기회, 우하다,

손잡이, 장사하다, 구실, 논하다,

처리하다, 철저히, 지휘하다

handsome: 상당한, 활수한, 단정하게

잘 생긴, 훌륭한, 멋진

handwriting: 필적, 육필, 필사본

handy: 알맞은, 가까이 있는, 솜씨

좋은, 편리한, 손 가까이에 있는,

능숙한, 펼리한

hanging: 교수형, 임박한, 매달린,

커튼, 걸린 것, 교살, 내리막,

교수형에 처할, 급경사, 급경사의,

매달기

hankering: 열망, 갈망, 갈망

갈망하는, 갈망하는

hans: 독일사람의 별명

happen: 일어나다, 생기다,

우연히...하다, 우연히 일어나다,

우연히 만나다, 우연히 있다

happening: 사건, 우발사, 해프닝,

사고

happily: 행복하게, 우연히, 운좋게,

다행하게도

happiness: 행복, 행운, 유쾌, 교묘,

적절, 기쁨, 교묘함

harangue: 열변, 장광설, 연설

harbor: 피난처, 항구, 정박하다, 숨다,

피난처를 제공하다, 품다, 숨기다,

은신처, 숨겨 주다, 잠시 묵다

hardly: 간신히, 애써서, 고생하여,

가혹하게, 엄하게, 하기가 무섭게,

겨우, 아마 ...아니다, 거의...않다,

심하게

hardy: 무모한, 담한, 내한성의,

내구력이 있는, 고난에 견디는,

고통에 견디는, 가난에 견디는

harm: 해, 손해, 된서리 맞다, 해악,

손상, 상해, 해치다

harmony: 조화, 화성, 화합, 일치,

일치점 요람

harry: 침략하다, 약탈하다, 괴롭히다,

런던 토박이, 악귀, 악마, 야한

젊은이, 남자 이름

haste: 서두름, 급속, 재촉하다,

서두르다, 서두르게 하다, 성급, 급함

hasty: 급한, 성급한, 지레짐작,

경솔한

hat: 푹쉬다, 추기경의 빨간 모자,

모자

hate: 미워하다, 증오, 좋아하지 않다,

몹시 싫어하다, 따돌리다, 증오의

상, 미움

hated: 미워하는

haughty: 거만한, 오만한, 오만하는

haunted: 붙은, 고뇌에 시달린,

도깨비가 나오는, 유령이 나오는,

무엇에 흘린

hazard: 우연, 위험, 운, 모험, 걸다,

주사위 놀이의 일종, 해보다,

위태롭게 하다, 위험을 무릅쓰고

하다, 주사위 도박의 일종

hazardous: 모험적인, 운에 맡기는,

위험한

heads: 머릿 수

heap: 기가 푹 꺽이다, 느닷없이,

많이, 퍽, 쌓다, 쌓아 올리다, 더미,

매우, 수북이 담다, 쌓아올리다,

Benjamin Franklin 23

쌓아올린 것

hearing: 청력, 듣기, 들어주기,

들리는 거리, 청각, 경청, 가청거리,

청위, 청취, 들리는 범위, 심문

heartily: 마음으로부터, 열의를 갖고,

정중히, 매우, 배불리, 마음으로,

기운차게

heave: 오르다, 토하다, 천식, 들어

올리다, 들어서 던져 넣다, 융기,

움직이다, 부풀리다, 들리다,

높아지다, 수평 전위

heaven: 하늘, 천국, 상공, 하느님,

천제, 어머나

heavily: 느릿느릿, 무겁게, 묵직하게,

힘에겨운듯이, 무겁게 육중하게,

무거운 듯이, 답답하게, 몹시,

엄숙하고 무게있게

heaving: 올림, 끌어올림, 들어올림

heavy: 무거운, 량의, 격렬한,

무거운 사람, 묵직한, 모진, 악인역,

도가 강한, 다액의, 고된, 심한

heel: 뒤축을 다, 기울이다,

뒤꿈치로 춤추다, 뒷발, 의 바로 뒤를

따르다, 바로 뒤따르다, 뒤꿈치,

기울어지다, 굽, 경사, 비열한놈

height: 높이, 고도, 고지, 둔덕, 절정,

한창, 극치, 높은 곳, 높음, 이

한창이어서, 하늘

heinous: 가증한, 극악무도한,

가증스러운

hell: 지옥, 마굴, 지옥과 같은 장소,

빌어먹을, 이세상의 지옥, 저승

helm: 키, 자루, 지도, 지도하다, 키를

잡다, 의 키를 다루다, 지배권, 지배

helping: 도움, 조력, 거들어줌, 조력

구원의, 한번담는 분량, 돕는 도움이

되는, 거들기

helpless: 의지할 데 없는, 무력한,

어찌할 도리 없는, 의지할 사람이

없는, 어찌할 수 없는, 의지할 곳이

없는

helpmate: 협력자, 배우자, 동료,

내조자

hence: 그러므로, 사라져, 이제부터,

여기서 부터, 그 결과, 여기서부터,

금후, 이 세상에서 떠나라, 이런

까닭에

hereafter: 내세에서, 금후, 앞으로,

이후

hereby: 이로 말미암아, 이에 의하여,

이것에 의하여

hereditary: 세습의, 유전의, 의,

유전성의

hers: 그 여자의 것

hesitation: 주저, 망설임

heterodoxy: 이단, 이설, 이교, 이설의

highly: 높이, 크게, 고도로, 높은

자리에

hind: 머슴, 고라니의 암컷, 농장 일꾼,

뒤의, 시골뜨기, 맨뒤의, 암사슴,

후부의

hinder: 방해하다, 뒤의, 뒤쪽의,

방해가 되다, 방해가되다, 후방의

hindmost: 맨 뒤의

hire: 임차료, 고용되다, 세내다,

고용하다, 세놓다, 임 료, 사용료,

임차하다, 임차, 임 하다

hired: 고용한, 빌린, 삯주는

hiring: 임 차, 고용

historical: 역사의, 역사상의, 사적인,

역사적인, 역사에 기록되는,

역사적으로 유명한, 역사에

유래되는

hitherto: 지금까지는, 지금까지

holding: 소유주, 보유, 소유, 유지,

지주, 토지, 파지, 홀딩, 보유지, 토지

보유, 공을 잠시 받치고 있기

holmes: 홈스명탐정

holy: 신성한, 거룩한, 성인 같은

honest: 정직한, 섞지않은, 성실한,

진짜의, 평판이 좋은, 거짓이 없는,

기특한

honestly: 정직하게, 성실하게

honor: 명예, 명성, 존경하다, 체면,

자존심, 훈장, 서훈, 고관, 인수하고

지불하다, 정절, 작위

honorable: 존경할 만한, 고귀한,

명예로운, 훌륭한, 수치를 아는,

영광의

honored: 명예로운, 영광로 생각하여,

명예를 받은, 명예스러운,

명예스럽게 생각하여, 영광스럽게

생각하여

honour: 명예, 도의심, 면목, 명성,

우등, 존경, 끗수가 가장 높은 패,

명예가 되는 것, 명예상, 에 영광을

주다, 인수하다

honoured: 명예스러운, 명예스럽게

생각하여, 영광스럽게 생각하여,

명예를 받은

hook: 갈고리, 훅, 코바늘, 낚시,

갈고리 모양의 곶, 굴곡부, 걸쇠,

갈고리 모양으로 굽다, 갈고리

낚시에 걸다, 갈고리 모양으로

구부리다, 훅을 먹이다

hopeful: 유망한, 희망적인, 희망에

찬, 우승을 노리는 선수, 유력 후보,

유망한 사람

hopeless: 가망없는, 절감의,

희망없는, 희망을 잃은, 쓸모없는

horns: 어느 한 쪽

horrid: 무서운, 지독한

horror: 공포, 열등품,

소름끼치게하는, 염오, 무서운것,

공포의 전율, 치가 떨리는 기분,

무서운 것, 참으로 지독한 것

horse: 말, 안마, 기병, 말을 달다,

암내나다, 승마하다, 발판, 혹사하다,

목마, 다리가 있는 물건걸이, 사람

horseback: 말의 등, 말등, 말을 타고

hospitable: 극진한, 따뜻하게

접하는, 기꺼이 받아들이는,

접이 좋은

host: 숙주, 주인, 천사의 떼, 군세,

다수, 많은 떼, 군, 여럿, 호스트역을

맡다, 주최국을 맡다, 주인역을 맡다

hostile: 적의, 적 하는, 적의 있는

hot: 뜨거운, 데우다, 열렬한, 격렬한,

격한, 더운, 흥분시키는, 호색적인,

열심인, 속도를 더내다, 매운

housekeeper: 가정부, 주부, 하녀

우두머리, 관리인

huddle: 난잡, 되는 로 해치우다,

급히 입다, 뒤죽박죽 섞어 모으다,

붐비다, 쳐넣다, 담, 쌓아 올리다,

어중이떠중이의 집단, 아무렇게나

포개어 쌓다, 선수들이 상의하기

위해서 스크럼선 뒤에 모이다

hull: 선체, 정체, 덮개, 껍데기,

덮개를 벗기다, 선체를 궤뚫다,

껍데기를 제거하다, 외피

humane: 우아한, 사람을 고상하게

만드는, 인정있는, 친절한, 인도적인,

사람을 고상하게 하는

humble: 겸손한, 검소한, 천하게

하다, 창피를 주다, 욕을 보이다,

비천한, 낮추는, 천한, 경멸하다

humility: 겸손, 겸허

humor: 해학, 기질, 만족시키다, 기분,

유머, 심기, 잘 다루다, 일시적인

기분, 익살, 유우머, 우스개

hungry: 갈망하는, 배고픈, 공복의,

굶주린, 메마른, 몹시 원하는, 불모의,

식욕을 일으키는

hunter: 사냥꾼, 탐구자, 사냥개,

양딱지 회중 시계, 뚜껑이 앞 뒤로

달린 회중시계

hurried: 매우 급한, 재촉하는

hurt: 상처, 고통, 다치다, 부상,

부상을 입히다, 상처를 입히다,

아프다, 상처를 입다, 해를 입다, 에

상처를 내다, 상하게 하다

hurtful: 해로운

husbandry: 절약, 농업, 규모 없는

살림살이, 가정

hussar: 경기병

hut: 오두막, 오두막집, 임시병사에

머무르다, 임시병사, 가병사,

오두막에 묵다, 오두막에 묵게하다

idle: 한가한, 일이 없는, 활용되지

않고 있는, 쓸모 없는, 무용의, 까닭

없는, 태만한, 쉬고 있는, 놀고

보내다, 공전하다, 게으름 피우다

idly: 무익하게, 멍하니, 게으르게,

헛되이, 빈둥거려, 빈둥거리며,

하는일 없이, 게을리, 한는 일 없이

ignorance: 무식, 무지, 모르고 있음

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 24

ignorant: 무식한, 을 모르는,

무지몽매한, 무지에서 비롯되는,

무지한

ill: 서투른, 병든, 나쁜, 나쁘게, 불행,

악, 불친절하게, 불친절한, 고난,

병고, 형편이 나쁜

illiterate: 무식한, 문맹인, 읽기

쓰기를 못하는, 읽고 쓸 줄 모르는,

무식자, 무교육자, 글자를 모르는

illuminated: 채식된, 술취한,

일루미네이션 을한

imaginable: 상상할 수 있는

imagine: 생각하다, 상상하다,

추상하다, 미루어 생각하다, 의

뜻에서, 추측하다꾀하다, 상상력을

동원하다, 상, 추측하다

imitate: 모방하다, 흉내내다,

모조하다, 모범으로 삼다, 본받다,

모사하다, 위조하다

imitated: 본뜬, 모조의 가짜의,

모방된, 흉내내어진

immediate: 직접의, 즉시의, 즉각의,

당면한, 목하의, 바로앞의 인접한,

가까운, 당장의, 아주 가까운

immense: 광 한, 거 한, 훌륭한,

한없는, 막 한, 광 하다, 멋진,

이루 헤아릴수 없는, 굉장히, 굉장한,

아주

immodest: 조심성 없는, 뻔뻔스러운,

음란한, 주제넘은, 천박한, 안하

무인격의, 버릇없는 건방진, 무례한,

거리낌 없는, 버릇없는

immorality: 부도덕, 추행, 외설,

품행이 나쁨, 풍속, 난잡함, 문란,

부도덕행위, 음란, 품행 나쁨, 난행

immortal: 영원한, 신의, 죽지 않는,

불후의, 불사의, 죽지 않느 사람,

불후의 명성이 있는 사람, 불멸의

불후의, 죽지않는 사람, 불멸의,

명성이 사라지지 않는 사람

impatience: 조바심, 성급함, 초조,

견딜 수 없음, 참을수 없는일, 조급,

안달, 성급

impatient: 성마른, 안달하는, 참을수

없는, 갈망하는몹시기다려지는, 못

견디는, 성급한, 안절부절 못하는,

조바심하는, 참을성없는, 탐나서

못견디는

impatiently: 성급하게, 안절부절

못하는, 조바심하며, 참을수 없는, 못

견디는, 성마른

imperfect: 미완료의, 불완전한,

불충분한, 결점이 있는, 미완료 시제,

미완료시제, 반과거의, 미완성의

imperfection: 불완전, 결점, 결함

imperfectly: 미완료의, 불완전한,

불완전하게, 미완성의, 불충분하게

implore: 간청하다, 애원하다,

탄원하다

import: 수입, 중요하다, 수입하다,

의미하다, 취지, 끌어들이다, 중요성,

의미, 수입액, 중요, 중 한 관계가

있다

importance: 오만, 중요, 중요한 지위,

중 성, 무게, 거드름, 관록, 중요성,

imported: 수입품의

impose: 강요하다, 속이다, 과하다,

정판하다, 떠맡기다, 부과하다,

지우다, 속여서 사게하다, 안기다,

안수하다, 에 편승하다 편승하다

imposing: 남의 눈을 끄는, 당당한,

인상적인, 인상적인당당한, 훌륭한

imposition: 부담, 세금, 사기, 부과,

부과물, 정판, 협잡, 안수, 놓음, 과함,

사람좋음을 기화로 이용하기

impossible: 불가능한, 참을수 없는,

지독한, 있을 수없는, 어림도 없는,

믿기어려운, 몹시 이상한, 몹시 싫은,

어려운, 있을 수 없는, 괴상망측한

impracticable: 실행 불가능한,

통행할 수 없는, 다루기 힘든,

통행할수 없는, 처치 곤란한,

억척스러운, 버거운, 고집센, 다루기

어려운, 실시 불가능한

impressed: 감명을 받아, 감명하여

impression: 인상, 날인, 흔적, 느낌,

자국, 생각, 인쇄, 감명, 영향, 의치의

본, 인각

improbable: 참말 같지 않은, 정말

같지 않은, 일어날 듯하지 않은,

일어날 법하지 않은, 일어날 성싶지

않은, 있을 성싶지 않은

improper: 부적당한, 버릇없는,

부도덕한, 틀린, 맞지 않는, 어울리지

않는, 온당치 못한, 음란한, 타당하지

않은, 그른, 상스러운

impropriety: 부적당, 행실 나쁨,

점잖지 못함, 잘못오용, 온당치 않음,

상스러움, 도리에 어긋남, 부정,

버릇없는행위, 버릇없음, 어울리지

않는 말

improve: 개선하다, 이용하다,

진보시키다, 좋아지다, 가치를

높이다, 가치를 올리다, 호전하다,

나아가다, 활용하다, 진보하다,

증진하다

improved: 개량하는, 개선하는

improvement: 개선, 진보, 향상, 개량,

이용, 개량된 것, 개량 공사,

개수공사이용 활용

improvements: 개량, 이용

imprudent: 경솔한, 무분별한,

경망스러운, 분별없는

inattention: 부주의, 태만, 무뚝뚝함,

무심, 실례, 행동, 경솔한

incapable: 무능한, 무력한, 허용하지

않는, 할수 없는, 자격이 없는, 자격

없는, 을 못하는, 에 견딜 수 없는,

불가능한, 무자격자, 무능자

inches: 신장

incident: 일어나기 쉬운, 사건, 삽화,

투사의, 부 적인, 부수하는,

투사하는, 부 사건, 일어난일,

부 적 사물, 작은사건

inclement: 험악한, 혹독한, 무정한,

궂은, 거칠고, 가혹한, 추운

inclination: 경향, 기울기, 경사, 경각,

경도, 성향, 기울이기, 의향, 숙임,

사면, 비탈

inclined: 경사진, 하고 싶어하여, 에

마음이 내키는, 경사진각도를

이루는, 경각을 이루는, 경향을

나타내며, 경향이 있는

inclose: 넣다, 동봉하다, 둘러막다,

에워싸다

inconsistency: 불일치, 모순, 무정견,

모순된사물, 주견없은

inconsistent: 일치하지 않는,

조화되지 않는, 주견이 없는,

절조없는, 정견이 없는,

조화되지않는, 모순된, 양립하지

않는, 변덕스러운, 모순되는, 모순이

많은

inconstancy: 변하기 쉬움, 부정,

변덕스러운 행위, 변덕스러운, 변덕

inconvenience: 불편, 부자유, 폐,

귀찮음, 불편을 느끼게하다, 불편을

주다, 불편한것, 폐를 끼치다, 귀찮은

일, 불편한 것, 에게 불편을 느끼게

하다

inconvenient: 불편한, 형편이

마땅하지 않은, 폐가되는,

부자유스런, 형편이 나쁜, 부자유한

incorporated: 합동한, 법인조직의,

유한 책임의, 편입한, 합병한, 회사가

유한 책임의

incorrigible: 교정할 수 없는, 완고한,

제멋 로 구는, 건지기 어려운,

고쳐지지 않는, 선도없는 사람,

순댈수 없는

increasing: 증가하는

incredible: 믿어지지 않는, 엄청난,

거짓말 같은, 굉장한, 놀라운, 믿기

어려운, 신용할수 없는, 놀랄만한

inculcate: 사상, 심어주다, 사실,

가르쳐 주입시키다, 지식, 열심히

설득하다, 가르치다

incumbrance: 채무

indebted: 부채가 있는, 빚이 있는,

신세를 진, 은혜를 입은

indecently: 꼴사납게, 부당하게,

상스럽게, 음란하게

indecision: 우유부단, 우유 부단

indefatigable: 질리지 않는, 지칠 줄

모르는, 끈기있는, 지치지 않는,

지칠줄 모르는

Benjamin Franklin 25

indenture: 계약서, 증서, 새김눈을

붙임, 톱니자국, 톱니모양으로 만듦,

기한부 도제로 넣다, 기한부

고용살이로 보내다, 기한부

고용살이 계약서, 계약서로써

정하다, 도제계약 문서, 톱니 자국을

내기

independence: 독립, 자활할 수 있는

수입, 자주, 자립, 독립심, 독립해서

지낼 만한 수입, 독립하여 살만한

수입, 일하지 않고 살만한 수입

india: 인도, 인도인도, 뭉자를

나타내는 통신 용어

indian: 인도의, 인도사람, 아메리칸

인디언, 인디언, 인도제의,

인도인자리, 인디언의, 인도에 사는

유럽사람, 인디언말, 인도사람의,

인도거주 유럽인의

indicate: 가리키다, 지적하다,

나타내다, 보이다, 필요성을

나타내다, 지시하다, 지시를 내다, 의

징조이다, 은연중 나타내다,

사용할것을 지적하다, 의 표시다

indies: 동인도 제도

indifferent: 무관심한, 공평한,

중성의, 치우치지 않는, 개의치 않는,

평범한, 좋지도 나쁘지도 않은,

변변치 않은중성의, 중립의, 중요치

않은, 시원치 않은

indifferently: 무관심하게, 상당히,

시원치 않게

indirectly: 간접적 행동, 간접적으로

indiscreet: 경솔한, 지각없는,

무분별한, 분별없는

indiscrete: 나뉘어져 있지 않은,

착한

indolent: 게으른, 나태한, 무통의,

빈둥빈둥하는무활동의무통의

indraught: 유입, 끌어들임, 빨아들임

induce: 야기하다, 유도하다,

권유하다, 귀납하다, 일으키다,

인공적으로 출산시키다, 인공적으로

일으키다, 유발하다,

설득하여..시키다, 인공분만하다,

인공분만을 하다

induced: 인공적으로 출산시키는,

인공분만을 하는, 유도하는,

야기하는, 인공적으로 일으키는,

권유하는, 귀납하는

indulge: 빠지다, 탐닉하다,

지불유예를 주다, 실컷 마시다,

어하다, 마음 로 하게하다, 술을

많이 마시다, 버릇없이 가르다,

만족시키다, 사를 베풀다,

기쁘게하다

indulgence: 사, 신앙의 자유, 은혜,

탐닉, 관 , 방종, 사부, 도락,

멋 로 함, 면죄부, 방자

industrious: 근면한, 부지런한,

애쓰는

inequality: 부적당, 부등식, 불평등,

부동, 균차, 같지 않음, 불공평, 요철,

사회적, 평평하지 않음, 기복

inevitably: 필연적인, 피할 수 없는

inexactitude: 부정확한, 부정확

inexperience: 무경험, 미숙, 서투름,

세상을 모름

infallibility: 무류성, 절 확실,

오류절무, 오류 없음, 과오가 없음

infamous: 파렴치한, 수치스런, 악명

높은, 지독한, 불명예스러운,

악명높은, 공민권을 박탈당한,

아주나쁜, 악독한이름난, 악랄한,

지긋지긋한

infancy: 초기, 유년, 미성년, 유소,

요람기, 유아, 미성년에, 초기에,

유년시

infect: 감염시키다, 병독을 혼입하다,

영향을 미치다, 물들이다, 젖게하다,

오염하다, 병을 전염시키다,

병독으로 오염하다, 감화하다, 에

영향을 미치다, 병균을 혼입하다

infer: 추론하다, 의미하다, 암시하다,

추단하다, 추측하다

inferior: 하위의, 하급자, 손아랫사람,

후배, 하등의, 열등한 사람, 하급품,

하급의, 이하위의, 열등한, 밑에 붙은

infidel: 이교도, 이교도의, 믿음이

없는 사람, 불신자, 신앙심 없는 사람,

신앙심이 없는, 신앙심이 없는 사람,

이단자의

infinite: 무한의, 막 한, 끝없는,

무한 , 부정의, 부정형의, 무한한

공간, 무한량, 완전무결한, 무한,

무수한

influence: 영향, 세력, 감화력,

좌우하다, 유도, 감응력, 움직이다,

감화를 주다, 작용, 위력, 영향을

미치다

inform: 고하다, 알리다, 알려주다,

통지하다, 채우다, 지식을 주다,

기별하다, 불어넣다, 고무하다,

분별하다, 고발하다

informed: 지식이 있는, 지식의

필요한, 소식통의, 견문이 넓은,

사정에 밝은, 학식이 있는

informer: 통지자, 고자, 고발자,

정보제공자, 스파이, 통지하다

informing: 유익한, 교육적인

ingenious: 교묘한, 독창적인, 영리한,

재간 있는, 정교한, 창의력이 있는,

재주가 있는, 있는

ingenuity: 발명의 재간, 정교, 교묘함,

재주, 발명의재주, 독창력, 교묘,

고안력, 발명의 재질

ingenuous: 꾸밈없는, 순진한, 솔직한,

천진난만한, 정직한, 소박한,

솔직담백한

ingredient: 성분, 재료, 인자, 합성분,

구성요소, 원료

inhabited: 사람이 살고 있는

inimical: 해로운, 적의 있는, 불리한,

적 하는, 반목하고불화한, 반하는,

적의가 있는

injured: 부상한, 감정이 상한, 손상된,

다친, 감정을 상한, 상처입은,

부상자들, 다쳐서

injurious: 해로운, 모욕적인, 부당한,

유해한, 부정한사람을 헤치는,

불법의, 중상적인, 불법인

injury: 상해, 손해, 무례, 권리침해,

명예훼손, 모욕, 부당, 손해해침,

위법행위, 위해, 무욕

injustice: 부정, 불공평, 부정행위,

불법, 권리침해

ink: 잉크, 먹물, 잉크를 칠하다,

잉크로 쓰다, 잉크로

더럽히다서명하다, 인쇄용 잉크

inn: 여인숙, 여관, 선술집, 법학생의

숙사선술집, 호텔, 주막, 거소, 주소,

주거

innocent: 순진한, 죄없는, 호인,

결백한, 흠없는, 결백한 사람, 때묻지

않은, 무식한, 무해의, 무해한, 바보

innocently: 호인, 결백한, 깨끗한,

무식한, 무해한, 순진한, 이 없는

사람, 죄없는

inoculation: 토양의 개량, 접종, 종두,

주입, 접종하다, 접붙임, 접목, 부식,

감화, 주입하다

inquire: 문의하다, 묻다, 조사하다,

질문하다

inquirer: 탐구자, 문의하다, 묻는

사람, 묻다, 조사원, 조사하다,

문의자

inquiring: 알고 싶어 하는, 묻고 싶은

듯한, 묻는, 미심쩍은, 미심쩍은 듯한,

알고 싶어하는, 호기심에찬, 캐묻기

좋아하는, 탐구적인

inquiry: 문의, 연구, 질문, 조회, 조사,

탐구, 심리, 취조, 물어보기

inquisitive: 캐묻기 좋아하는, 알고자

하는, 물어보고 싶어하는, 호기심이

강한, 호기심이 많은, 알고싶어하는

inscribed: 헌사하는, 내접시키는,

명기하는, 쓰는, 기입하는

inscription: 명, 비문, 제명, 헌정사,

명각, 비명, 공채의 등록, 등록공채,

제자

insensibly: 알아차리지 못할 만큼,

천천히, 눈에 띄지 않을 정도로

inseparable: 분리할 수 없는, 친구,

나눌수없는, 떨어지기 어려운것,

떨어질수 없는, 나눌 수 없는

insert: 삽입물, 끼워넣다, 삽입하다,

삽입자막, 삽입광고, 삽입 페이지,

삽입 자막, 끼우다, 게재하다, 써넣다,

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 26

삽입

inserted: 부착된, 끼워넣은, 착생한

insight: 통찰력, 통찰, 식견, 견식,

간파, 간파력, 안식

insincere: 성의 없는, 거짓의, 성실치

못한, 성의가 없는

insinuate: 넌지시 비추다, 빗 어

말하다, 스며들게하다, 슬쩍 보이다,

둘러서 말하다, 교묘하게 환심사다,

교묘하게 불어넣다, 은근히

심어주다, 서서히 파고 들다,

스며들게 하다, 천천히 들어가다

insolent: 무례한, 건방진, 오만한,

안하무인의

insolvent: 파산자, 지급 불능의,

파산한사람, 지불불능자, 지불불능한,

지불 불능의, 지불 불능의 사람

inspire: 고무하다, 시사하다,

불어넣다, 영감을 주다, 숨을 들이

쉬다, 숨을 들이쉬다, 일어나게하다,

빨아들이다, 지시를 주다, 고취하다,

감격시키다

instance: 경우, 보기로 들다, 소송, 예,

권고, 권유, 실례, 시사, 제의,

보기실례, 부탁

instant: 순간, 절박한, 즉시, 즉각의,

긴급한, 즉석의, 즉각, 즉석식의,

인스턴트식품, 인스턴트커피, 이달의

instantly: 즉석에서, 즉시, 즉시로,

당장에, 곧, 하자마자

instead: 의 신에, 그 신으로서

institution: 설립, 학회, 제도, 협회,

원, 관례, 단, 명물, 공공 기관, 창립,

잘알려진 사람

instruct: 지시하다, 알리다, 가르치다,

통고하다, 교육하다, 명령하다, 에게

교수하다, 에게 명령하다, 에게

지시하다, 보고하다

instruction: 교수, 명령, 교육, 지시,

훈령, 교훈, 소송위임장, 지령, 지식,

가르침

instructions: 훈령

instructive: 교육적인, 유익한,

교훈적인

instructor: 교사, 지도자, 전임강사,

가르치는 사람, 강사, 사범님,

교수하는 사람

instrument: 기계, 기구, 악기, 증서,

앞잡이, 수단, 방편, 조격의, 악기의,

도구, 기계의

instrumental: 기계의, 악기의,

수단이 되는, 조격, 조격의, 악기를

위한, 악기에 의한, 쓸모 있는,

도움이 되는, 기계를 사용하는

insufficient: 불충분한, 부족한,

능력이 없는, 부적당한

insulted: 모욕한

insulting: 모욕적인, 무례한, 모욕의

insurance: 보험, 보험 계약, 보험금,

비, 보험료, 보호, 보증, 보증의,

보험 증권, 보험 증권의, 보험의

integrity: 완전, 고결, 성실, 정직,

흠없음, 보전, 원상

intelligence: 지성, 지성적 존재, 총명,

지능, 지혜, 정보, 이해력, 보도,

첩보기관, 정보부원, 정보 기관

intelligent: 지적인, 총명한, 영리한,

현명한, 정보처리 기능을 가진,

재치있는, 이해력있는, 이해력이

좋은, 이성적인, 이해력이 있는

intend: 할 작정이다, 예정하다,

의미하다, 의도하다, 하려고

생각하다, 지정하다, 셈이다, 뜻하다,

꾀하다, 기도하다, 가리키다

intended: 고의의, 약혼자, 계획된,

미래의, 의도된, 미래의 남편, 예정된

intending: 미래의.지망하는

intent: 의미, 의지, 열심인, 취지,

목적, 의향, 사실상, 열중하여,

집중된, 여념이 없는, 여념없는

intention: 의지, 결혼할 의사, 의미,

취지, 목적, 의향, 치유, 유합, 합창

intercourse: 성교, 교통, 교제, 영교,

영적인 교통, 의사의 교환, 영적 교통,

영적 교류

interested: 흥미를 가진, 이해 관계

있는, 이해 관계가 있는, 사심이 있는,

타산적인, 편견을 가진, 사리에

좌우된

interesting: 재미있는, 흥미있는,

임신하여

interfere: 간섭하다, 방해하다,

충돌하다, 조정하다, 해치다,

참견하다, 중재하다, 립하다,

손상하다, 훼방하다, 발벗고 나서다

internal: 내부의, 본질, 정신적인,

국내의, 내재적인, 체내의, 내정의,

내장, 내면적인, 내국의, 마음의

interposition: 간섭, 중재, 조정,

제기하다, 말참견하다, 개재, 각주의

연방정부에 한 간섭 허용주의,

사이에 넣음, 중재에 나서다, 사이에

들어가다, 사이에 끼우다

interpreter: 연출자, 해석자, 번역기,

통역자, 해석프로그램, 설명자, 통역

interruption: 중단, 방해, 가로막음,

중절, 불통

intimacy: 친 , 친교, 정교, 통,

간통, 친 함을 나타내는 행위, 불의

intimate: 친 한, 상세한, 암시하다,

사사로운, 깊은, 친구, 친한친구,

알리다, 일신상의, 정교를 맺고 있는

사통하고 있는, 친숙한

intimately: 친 히, 친 하게,

충심으로, 직접적으로, 상세하게,

내심으로

intimation: 통고, 암시하다, 발표,

알리다, 암시넌지시 비춤통고, 고시

intoxicated: 취하다, 흥분한, 술취한,

도취된

introduce: 도입하다, 소개하다,

끼워넣다, 제출하다, 초보를

가르치다, 안내하다, 처음으로

경험하게 하다, 처음으로 수입하다,

이끌다, 처음으로 경험시키다,

인도하다

introduction: 소개, 피로, 도입, 채용,

수입, 받아들임, 첫수입, 서편, 전래,

서론, 서설

introductory: 서두의, 소개의, 예비의,

서론의

invalid: 병약한, 병약자, 병자,

무효의, 병약자 취급을 받다,

병약하게 되다, 병약자로서

면제하다, 병약하게 하다, 상병으로

현역에서 제 하다, 상이 군인

명부에 기입하다, 허약한

invaluable: 매우 귀중한, 귀중한,

평가 못할 만큼의, 값을 헤아릴수

없는, 값을 헤아릴 수 없는

invention: 발명의 재능, 발명, 발명품,

날조, 허구, 꾸며낸 이야기, 발명력,

발견성십자가 발견의 축일, 꾸며낸

일, 창안문, 조작한것

inventor: 발명자, 발명가, 창안자,

창출자, 고안자

inventory: 재고품, 표, 목록, 재산

목록, 재고조사 자산, 재고품의

총가격, 재고품목록, 천연자원 재고

일람표, 재고조사, 재고 조사를 하다,

인물조사기록

invitation: 초 , 유언, 유혹, 유인,

초빙, 권유, 도전, 매력, 안내장

invite: 초 장, 초 하다, 끌다,

가져오다, 초래하다, 간청하다,

자아내다, 부탁하다, 끌다

쏠리게하다, 야기시키다, 청하다

ireland: 아일랜드

irishman: 아일랜드 사람

iron: 냉혹한, 철, 에 수갑을 채우다,

쇠의, 쇠, 다리미, 쇠로 덮어 싸다,

철제 기구, 철제의, 수갑, 장갑하다

ironmonger: 철물상, 철제 기구 상인

iroquois: 이로쿼이족, 이로쿼이말

island: 섬, 섬 비슷한 것, 섬으로

만들다, 섬의, 사령탑, 고립된 언덕,

수동형, 초원속의 삼림지, 세포군,

안전 지 , 안전지

italian: 이탈리아의, 이탈리아사람,

이탈리아 사람, 이탈리아말,

이탈리아 말

itinerant: 순회하는, 순회자, 편력자,

순방자, 설교자, 순회 전도사,

도붓장수, 편력중인, 지방순회

공연배우등, 지방순회의, 지방

순회의

ivory: 상아, 상아색, 상아로 만든것이,

Benjamin Franklin 27

상아로된상아 같은, 상아로 만든,

기다란 앞니, 치아, 주사위, 상아제품,

피아노의 건, 상아유사품

jamaica: 자메이카, 자메이카라는

서인도 제도에 있는 나라,

자메이카럼주

jealous: 불신앙을 용서치 않는,

샘내는, 질투많은, 경계심이 강한,

다른 신을 섬기는 것을 허락지 않는,

지키는데 급급한, 질투심 많은

jesus: 예수

jobb: 강타하다

jocosely: 익살맞은, 우스운

jocular: 우스운, 익살맞은,

우스꽝스러운

join: 결합하다, 인접하다, 만나다,

함께 되다, 타다, 협력하다, 합하다,

합병하다, 연결하다, 돌아오다,

입회하다

joiner: 소목장이, 결합자, 즐겨 여러

단체에 드는 사람, 많은 단체에

가입하는 사람, 많은 단체에 것을

좋아하는 사람, 많은 회에 가입하는

것을 좋아하는 사람, 많은 회에

가입하는 사람

joining: 결합하는, 결합하는 것,

접합하는, 접합하는 것

joint: 관절, 공동의, 마디, 뒤죽박죽이

되어, 연 의, 이음매, 뼈 붙은 큰

살점, 맞춘 자리, 비 술집,

문란해서, 결합하다

jointly: 공동으로, 합동으로

joking: 농담하는, 장난치는

jokingly: 장난치는, 농담하는

jolt: 동요, 덜컹거리다, 덜컹거리며

나아가다, 덜컹거림, 충격, 흔들리다,

심한 상하의 움직임, 덜커덕커덕

흔들리다, 급격히 흔들리게 하다,

마차 따위가 급격히 흔들리게 하다

joseph: 요셉, 여자를 싫어하는 남자,

남자 이름

journal: 일지, 분개장, 신문, 잡지,

항해 일지, 굴 의 목, 일간 신문,

일간신문

journalist: 저널리스트, 신문업자

journey: 여행하다, 여정, 여행, 보통

육로의 여행

journeyman: 날품팔이, 직공,

숙련노동자, 숙련노 공장

joy: 즐거움, 기쁨, 기뻐하다, 기쁘게

하다, 기쁨거리, 행복, 기쁘게 해주다,

기쁨을 주는 것

judge: 판단하다, 재판관, 재판하다,

판사, 사사기, 심판자, 비판하다,

사사, 판결을내리다, 판결을 내리다,

심판하는 사람

judgment: 판단, 천벌, 재판, 판결,

분별, 심판, 비관, 감정, 견식, 의견,

비판

judicious: 현명한, 사려있는,

사려분별이 있는

judiciously: 현명한, 사려있는,

현명하게, 사려있게, 분별있게

jumbled: 난잡하게 하는, 뒤섞이는

jumping: 뛰는, 도약, 뜀, 도약하는

junto: 비 결사단, 음모단, 정치상의

비 결사, 비 결사

justice: 재판관, 정의, 정당, 재판,

공정, 적법, 당연한 응보, 법의 시행,

타당, 공평, 사법

justification: 정당화, 변호, 의롭다고

인정됨, 변명, 옹호, 의인, 행위의

정당화

justify: 정당함을 나타내다, 의

이유가 되다, 비난에 하여

변명하다, 고르게하다, 정당화하다,

정당화 하다, 의 정당한 이유가 되다,

충분한 근거를 제시하다, 죄인을

옳다고 하다, 신이 옳다고 하다, 의

행 사이를 조정하다

justly: 바르게, 정당하게, 공정하게

keeping: 부양, 유지, 조화, 관리,

보존, 축하, 보관, 일치

kennel: 개집, 도랑, 개의사육장,

사냥개의떼, 사냥개의 떼, 개의

사육장, 떼, 오두막집, 사냥개 따위의

떼, 개집에 넣다, 개집에 들어가다

key: 키, 산호초, 열쇠, 해답, 볼트,

색조, 가락, 주요한, 핀, 건, 중요한

사람

kill: 죽이다, 기세를 꺾다, 시내, 잡은

것, 수로, 살생, 보내다, 말라

주게하다, 말살하다, 살인하다, 말라

죽게하다

kindly: 친절한, 쾌히, 기꺼이,

상냥하게, 상냥한, 온하한, 쾌히

받아들이다, 친절히, 기후 따위가

온화한, 온화한, 자연히

kindness: 친절, 우정, 상냥함, 친절한

태도, 친절한 행위

kite: 솔개, 연, 융통 어음, 사기꾼,

제일 높은 돛, 융통어음으로 바꾸다,

여론을 살피다, 솔개처럼 날다,

빠르게 움직이다, 소리개, 솔개와

같은 욕심꾸러기

knave: 잭, 하인, 약한, 신분이 낮은

사내, 무뢰한, 악한, 남자아이

knavery: 사기, 무뢰한의 행위, 속임,

부정, 속임수

knavish: 부정한, 악한의, 악한 같은

knees: 무릎

knowing: 멋진, 빈틈 없는, 아는

체하는, 알고 있는, 지식, 멋있는,

사물을 아는, 앎, 잘 알고 있는, 모자

따위 멋있는, 빈틈없는

labor: 노동, 수고, 애써 만들다,

일하다, 노력, 근로, 진통, 진통으로

괴로워하다, 몹시 흔들리다,

진통으로 괴로와하다, 일

labored: 힘드는, 고심한 흔적이 있는,

부자연스러운, 고심한, 공들인,

괴로운, 부자연스런, 하기 어려운,

억지로 갖다 붙인, 무리한,

느릿느릿한

laboured: 억지의, 어려운, 애쓴,

공들인, 곤란한, 문장 따위 고심한

흔적이 있는, 고심한 흔적이 있는

lad: 젊은이, 소년, 남자, 녀석,

일반적으로 남자

laden: 실린, 고민하는, 괴로워하는,

짐을 실은

lading: 짐싣기, 적재, 뱃짐, 선적

lady: 귀부인, 부인, 숙녀, 양,

성모마리아, 기품있는 여성, 모

마리아, 애인, 여자 변소, 여성용

화장실, 여자

laid: 집에 틀어박힌, 몸져 누워 있는

lame: 절름발이의, 절름발이로

만들다, 불충분한, 앞뒤가 맞지 않는,

절름발이가 절룩거리다, 절름발이가

되다, 운율이 불완전한, 불완전한,

불구의, 라메

lamented: 애도를 받는

lancaster: 영국왕가, 랭커스터,

랭커스터 왕가

landed: 소유지의, 토지를 갖고 있는,

토지의, 토지를 소유한, 양륙한,

토지로 된

landing: 상륙, 착륙, 상륙장, 층계 참,

층계참

landlady: 여관의 여주인, 여자지주,

하숙 따위의 여주인, 여지주, 여주인,

여관 따위의 여주인, 여가장

lane: 차선, 작은길, 시골길, 골목길,

규정항로, 통로, 단거리 경주의 코스,

사람의 열사이의 통로, 산울타리

따위 사이의 좁은 길, 좁은 길, 집

따위 사이의 좁은 길

lasting: 영속하는, 영원한 영속,

오래가는, 일종의 튼튼한 나사

lastly: 최후에, 최후로

lately: 요즈음, 최근

latin: 라틴어의, 라틴어, 로마

카톨릭교의, 라틴계의 사람, 라틴의

latinist: 라틴어 학자

latter: 후자의, 끝의, 뒤의, 근자의,

요즘의, 후방의

lattice: 격자, 격자형 배열, 에 격자를

붙이다, 격자 만들기, 창살, 격자

세공

lawful: 법정의, 정당한, 합법의,

법률이 인정하는, 적법의

lawrence: 시인, 영국의 소설가

lawyer: 법률가, 변호사

lax: 모호한, 느즈러진, 단정치 못한,

느슨한, 혀의 근육이 이완된,

해이해진, 장이 이완된, 이완된

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 28

lay: 놓다, 위치, 직업, 일, 지형, 노래,

속인의, 꼬인자리, 고정시키다,

과하다, 넘어뜨리다

laying: 부설, 조준, 쌓음, 꼬는 법,

애벌칠, 쌓기, 놓기, 한 배에 깐 알,

끌어 댐, 설치, 한 번에 까는 알

leader: 지휘자, 지도자, 유도심문,

주장, 힘줄, 선도자, 주임 변호사,

주륜, 자막, 어린 가지, 선행 지표

leading: 지도, 주요한, 지휘하는,

통솔, 지표, 훌륭한, 세력있는,

이끄는, 주역의, 납세공, 인도하는

leads: 지붕을 잇는데 쓰는 함석

leak: 새다, 샘, 새는 구멍이 있다,

새는 곳, 누전, 새기 시작하다,

새다비, 새는 구멍, 비 따위가 새다,

새는 물, 새게 하다

learn: 배우다, 익히다, 외다, 알다,

가르치다, 듣다

learned: 학구적인, 학식 있는, 학자의,

학문상의, 학문이 있는, 학식이 있는

learning: 학문, 박식, 배우기

least: 하다못해, 가장적게, 최소, 가장

적게, 가장 작은

leather: 가죽, 가죽 끈으로 때리다,

가죽제품, 가죽을 씌우다, 가죽 제품,

가죽으로 만든, 가죽의, 사람의 피부,

피부, 가죽을 무두질하다

leaving: 찌꺼기, 잔물, 쓰레기

lecture: 강의, 훈계, 강의하다, 설교,

강연하다, 에게 강의하다

legacy: 유산, 전승물

legible: 읽기쉬운, 읽을 수 있는,

명백한, 읽기 쉬운, 인쇄가 읽기 쉬운,

필적 읽기 쉬운

legislator: 입법자, 법률제정자

leisure: 여가, 천천히, 안일, 한가한,

한가한 시간

lend: 빌려주다, 증 시키다, 더하다,

꾸어주다, 도와주다, 돈을 꾸어주다

lending: 여, 빌어 입은 옷

length: 길이, 기간, 세로, 기장, 특정

표준의 길이, 음절의 길이, 정신,

행동의 철저한 범위, 시간적인 길이,

보트의 정신, 모음의 길이

lent: 사순절, 케리므브즈 학 춘계

보트 레이스

lessen: 적게하다, 줄이다, 얕보다,

작게 되다, 작게 하다, 적게 되다,

적게 하다

lesson: 학과, 교훈, 일과, 과업, 연습,

수업, 훈계하다, 연속적인 수업, 과,

교과서 중의 과, 교습

lest: 을 두려워하여, 하지 않도록,

하지나 않을까 하고

letting: 셋집, 임 , 전세아파트

libeller: 중상자

liberal: 자유당원, 자유주의자,

자유주의의, 풍부한, 교양적인,

범한, 관 한, 많은, 신사라고

하기에 알맞은, 자유주의적인, 선심

쓰는

liberty: 자유, 멋 로함, 자유구역,

방종, 시효로 얻은 특권, 칙허로 얻은

특권, 특권, 할 자유

libraries: 도서관

library: 장서, 서재, 표준 프로그램의

수집, 도서관, 문고, 독서 클럽,

개인의 문고, 총서

lie: 거짓말, 방향, 눕다, 위치, 있다,

기 다, 향, 거짓말하다, 통해 있다,

사기, 소굴

lighter: 거룻배, 불켜는 사람, 점화기,

라이터, 불을 켜는 것, 불을 켜는

사람, 거룻배로 나르다

lighthouse: 등

lighting: 조명, 그림 등에서 빛의

배치, 빛의 배치, 사진 등에서 빛의

배치, 조명법, 점화

lightning: 번개, 전광, 번개와 같은,

번개의

lights: 가축의 허파, 허파, 양 따위의

허파, 돼지 따위의 허파

likewise: 마찬가지로, 또한, 똑같이,

그리고 또한

liking: 기호, 좋아함

linen: 아마포, 린네르처럼 흰,

린네르제품, 아마실, 린네르,

린네르류, 린네르제의, 리넨 제품,

옥양목 제품, 리넨 종이, 리넨제의

link: 고리, 횃불, 연결, 이어지다, 코,

연쇄, 연접하다, 링크, 연결되다,

결합시키는 사람, 결합시키는 것

liquor: 알코올 음료, 술, 술을 많이

먹이다, 물약, 용액에 담그다, 독주를

마시게 하다, 독주를 많이 마시다,

분비액

listen: 듣다, 따르다, 경청하다,

도청하다, 귀를 기울이다, 들리다,

들어 주다, 처럼 들리다

lit: 문학의, 빛나는, 문학

literally: 글자뜻 로

literary: 문어의, 문학의, 문학에

소양이 깊은, 문학에 능통한, 문필의,

문어적인, 문예의, 문학적인, 학문의,

문학에 정통한

literature: 문학, 문헌, 인쇄물, 문예,

지술, 학문, 광고 따위의 인쇄물,

전단 따위의 인쇄물

liturgy: 예배식, 성찬식, 기도서

lived: 생명이 ...한

lively: 명랑한, 쾌할한, 선명한,

활기있는, 잘 튀는, 활발하게,

실감을주는, 실감을 주는, 힘차게,

기운찬, 곡 따위 명랑한

living: 생계, 현존의, 생활, 생활에

관한, 목사의 수입, 살림, 살아있는,

현 의, 활기있는, 흐르고 있는,

자연그 로의

load: 짐, 하중, 적재량, 근심,

섞음질을 하여 독하게 만들다,

무거운 짐, 부담, 싣다, 무겁게 하다,

부하, 총에 장전하다

loaded: 탄알을 잰, 감정적이 된, 납을

박은, 짐실은, 취한, 화약을잰, 의미

심장한, 다른 것을 섞은, 만취한,

박은, 술 따위 다른 것을 섞은

loaf: 덩어리, 요리의 일종,

어정거리다, 빵 한덩어리,

놀고지내다, 빈둥거리다, 원뿔꼴의

한덩이, 머리, 원뿔꼴의 횐 설탕,

시간을 놀며 보내다, 빵의 덩어리

loan: 부, 공채, 외래어, 부금,

차, 빌려주다, 차관, 차입하고,

차물, 물건을 부하다, 부하다

locke: 영국의 철학자

lodge: 맡기다, 묵다, 하숙인,

오두막집, 쓰러지다, 지부, 수위실,

투숙케 하다, 파수막, 해리따위의 굴,

동거인

lodging: 하숙, 셋방, 숙소, 숙박,

하숙집, 학장 관사, 주소

lodgings: 셋방

lofty: 거만한, 고상한, 당당한, 치속은,

단히 높은, 숭고한, 거드럭거리는,

매우 높은

log: 통나무, 베어내다, 향해 일지에

적다, 측정의, 기록하다, 엔진 따위의

공정 일지, 의 항정을 기입하다,

측정기, 공정 일지, 공정 따위를

기록하다, 항해일지

logan: 강 호수 등에서 갈라져

괴어있는 물

logic: 논리, 논리학, 조리

longer: 더 길게

lordship: 귀족임, 군주임, 각하,

군주의 신분, 귀족의 신분

lose: 실패하다, 지다, 잃다, 벗어나다,

패하다, 줄다, 정신 팔리다, 을

잃게하다, 손해보다, 늦어서 못타다,

쇠하다

losses: 사상, 사상자 수

lots: 훨씬 더, 매우

lottery: 복권, 추첨, 운

loud: 큰소리로, 화려한, 떠들썩한,

극성스러운, 소리가 큰, 주제넘는,

불쾌히, 좀 지나치게 화려한, 높은,

야비한, 야하게

lovely: 사랑스러움, 멋진, 사랑스러운,

미인, 아름다운, 기쁜

lover: 애호자, 연인, 애인, 찬미자,

문예 따위의 애호자

loving: 사랑하는, 애정을 품고있는,

친애하는, 남을 사랑하는, 충실한

lovingly: 애정을 기울여

lowest: 최하의, 최소의

loyal: 충성스러운, 충성의, 충의의,

Benjamin Franklin 29

충실한, 충신, 충성스럽다

loyalty: 충성, 충절, 충의

luck: 행운, 불행히도, 운, 불운

luckily: 운좋게, 다행히도, 상서롭게,

운 좋게

lucky: 행운의, 운이좋은, 상서로운,

운이 좋은, 재수 좋은 사람, 도망,

행운을 가져오는

lumber: 재목, 쿵쿵걷다, 잡동사니,

무겁게 움직이다, 목재를 베어내다,

목재로 장소를 막아버리다, 올리다,

난잡하게 쌓다, 방 따위를 막다,

베어내다, 잡동사니로 장소를

가로막다

luxury: 사치, 사치품, 쾌락, 호화,

비싼 물건, 유쾌함

lying: 거짓말의, 거짓말쟁이의,

드러눕기, 거짓말하기, 거짓말하는,

드러누워 있는

lyons: 프랑스남 동부의 도시, 리용

m: 알파벳 열세번째 문자, 제

십삼번째, 천, 연속된 것의 제

십삼번째의 것, 엠 자형의 것, 엠

자형, 엠

machine: 기계, 자전거, 기계적으로

일하는 사람, 타이프라이터,

인쇄기계, 자동차, 지도부, 비행기,

기구, 기관, 초자연의 인물

madeira: 마데이라 흰포도주,

마데이라

magazine: 잡지, 창고, 탄창, 필름

감는 틀, 군수품, 매거진, 군용창고,

저장된군수품

magic: 마법, 마법의, 기술,

불가사의한, 기술의, 불가사의한 힘,

마술적인, 마법 같은

magistracy: 치안관의 직, 행정 장관,

판사, 치안판사의 직, 치안판사의

임기, 장관의 직, 장관의 임기,

장관의 관구, 치안판사의 관구

magnificent: 웅 한, 장려한, 훌륭한,

장엄한, 우수한, 아주 훌륭한, 이상한

magnitude: 크기, 광도, 진도, 중요도,

항성의 광도, 중

maid: 소녀, 하녀, 아가씨, 처녀,

잔소리꾼, 조커 빼기, 신부의 들러리,

미혼녀, 계집아이, 여자

maiden: 처음의, 아가씨, 처녀,

미혼녀, 미혼의, 소녀, 단두 ,

단두 ... 미혼의, 처녀인, 처녀의

maintain: 유지하다, 계속하다,

지지하다, 지속하다, 주장하다,

부양하다, 간수하다, 지탱하다,

건사하다, 후원하다, 옹호하다

majesty: 주권, 폐하, 위엄, 장엄

majority: 과반수, 다수, 성년,

소령의 지위, 다수파, 차, 득표차,

죽은 사람, 육군 소령의 계급,

상 방을 앞지른 득표차, 다수당

malice: 악의, 해칠 마음, 범의,

적극적인 악의

manage: 처리하다, 다루다, 조종하다,

경영하다, 관리하다, 조교하다,

취급하다, 헤쳐나가다, 먹다,

어거하다, 어겨하다

managing: 인색한, 관리하는,

처리하는, 잘꾸려 나가는, 간섭

잘하는, 수뇌의, 처리를 잘하는,

절약하는, 간섭하고 싶어하는,

경영을 잘하는

manifest: 나타나다, 적하 목록에

기재하다, 명백한, 명시하다,

나타내다, 입증하다, 의견을

발표하다, 적하 목록, 유령 따위가

나타나다, 밖으로 나타내다, 감정

따위를 밖으로 나타내다

mankind: 남성, 인간, 인류

manly: 사내다운, 남자 같은,

남성적인, 남자와 같은, 여자가

남자와 같은

manner: 방법, 방식, 풍습, 태도, 다소,

작풍, 예절, 양식, 생활 양식, 종류,

예의

manners: 예의, 예절, 풍습

manor: 장원, 영지, 영국 봉건시 의

장원

manual: 손의, 안내서, 손으로 만든,

편람, 조작, 조작법, 풍금의 건반,

소총 따위 조작, 소책자, 건반, 소총

따위 조작법

manufacture: 제조하다, 제품,

날조하다, 남작하다, 제조업, 제작,

제조, 제작하다, 문예작품 따위를

남작하다, 문예 작품 따위의 남작,

말을 날조하다

manuscript: 원고, 손으로 쓴, 필사한,

사본, 필사의, 사본 원고의

mar: 망쳐놓다, 손상시키다, 흠내다,

번지 레지스터, 흠을 내다

marble: 리석, 공기돌, 조각, 리석

무늬를 넣다, 리석제, 책 가장자리

따위를 리석 무늬로 하다, 종이

따위를 리석 무늬로 하다,

아이들의 공기돌, 비누 따위를

리석 무늬로 하다, 리석 무늬로

하다, 리석의 조각물

marked: 현저한, 기호가 붙은, 눈에

띄는, 저명한, 두드러진, 기호가 있는,

주의를 끄는, 표가 있는

marking: 표, 점, 반문, 채점하기,

답안 따위를 채점하기

marks: 득점, 자취

marly: 이회질의, 이화암 모양의,

이회토로 된, 이회토 비슷한,

이회암으로 된, 이회암 모양의

marriage: 결혼, 결혼식, 접한 결합,

결혼 생활, 매리지, 결혼생활

married: 결혼한, 부부의, 기혼자,

기혼의

marry: 굳게 결합시키다, 와 결혼하다,

결혼시키다, 결혼하다, 꼬아 합치다,

밧줄 따위를 꼬아 합치다, 시집가다,

의 결혼식을 거행하다

marsh: 습지, 소택

mary: 막달라 마리아, 성모 마리아,

여자 이름

maryland: 미국 동부의 주

mass: 덩어리, 미사, 다수, 집단, 다량,

한 덩어리로 하다, 태반, 집중시키다,

질량, 매스, 크기

massachusetts: 미국 북동부의 주,

매사추세츠, 매사추세츠 주

master: 주인, 석사, 도련님, 가,

선생, 명인, 숙달하다, 임자, 교장,

가장, 억제하다

masters: 석사

match: 성냥, 시합, 결혼시키다,

걸맞다, 혼인, 필적하는 것, 짝지움,

적수, 어울리다, 어울리게 하다, 한쌍

중의 한쪽

mate: 항해사, 조수, 한패, 동료,

마테차 그릇, 마테차 나무, 지우다,

짝짓다, 한패가되다, 한편,

결혼시키다

materials: 제재, 용구

mathematical: 수학의, 수리적인,

아주 정확한, 수학상의, 매우 정확한

mathematician: 수학자

mathematics: 수학, 수학의 운용

matrimony: 결혼, 결혼 생활

matthew: 마태, 남자 이름

maxim: 격언, 금언, 처세술,

속사기관총, 맥심총

meal: 식사, 거칠게 간 곡식, 굵은

가루, 한 끼, 식사시간, 한끼,

일회분의 착유량, 곡물의 체에 치지

않은 굵은 가루, 한끼 분, 체에 치지

않은 굵은 가루

meaning: 의미, 의의, 목적, 저의, 뜻,

의미심장한, 눈초리 따위가

의미심장한

meanly: 의미 있는 듯이, 일부러,

비열하게, 빈약하게, 상스럽게

meanness: 천함, 인색, 조악, 야비,

빈약, 비열, 보잘것 없음, 하찮은,

하찮음

meantime: 이럭저럭하는 동안에, 그

동안에, 이야기는 바뀌어, 한편

이야기는 바뀌어

meanwhile: 그동안, 그 동안에,

이야기는 바뀌어, 한편 이야기는

바뀌어

measure: 법안, 치수, 운율, 한도,

측정, 측량, 척도, 수단, 크기, 박자,

표준

mechanic: 직공, 기계공, 직공의,

기계적인, 기계역학의, 기계상의,

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 30

기계학의, 기계의

mechanical: 기계의, 물리적인,

기계에 의한, 기계학의, 기게학의,

기계적인, 기계역학의, 기계상의,

직공의

mechanically: 기계로, 기계적으로,

기계 장치로

medal: 메달, 상패, 훈장, 기장,

공로장

medium: 매개, 환경, 중용, 매체,

수단, 방법, 배양기, 매질, 중간, 무당,

평균

melancholy: 우울, 우울한, 습관적인

우울, 우울병, 체질적인 우울, 우울증

memo: 비망록, 메모, 메모 메모하다,

메모를 보내다

memorable: 유명한, 잊지 못할,

기억할만한

memorandum: 각서, 메모, 비망록,

매매각서, 비공식 서한, 정관, 적요,

외교상의 각서

memorial: 기념하는, 추도의 기억의,

기념의, 각서, 기억의, 기념물,

청원서

memory: 추억, 기억, 기념, 기억력,

죽은 뒤의 명성, 영, 기억의 범위,

개인의 기억력, 메모리, 사후의 명성,

기억의 시간적범위

mental: 지적인, 정신의, 정신병의,

마음의, 마음으로 하는, 암산의,

정신병을 다루는, 암기로 하는,

정신병자

mention: 이름을 들다, 진술하다,

언급하다, 언급, 이름을 들기, 말하다

mentioned: 상기한, 언급한, 말하는

mercantile: 상업의, 돈에 눈이 어두운,

무역의

merchant: 상인, 소매상인, 무역상인,

도매상인, 광, 상업의, 표준규격의,

표준규격형의

merciful: 자비로운

mercy: 자비, 행운, 고마움, 연민

mere: 호수, 단순한, 에 불과한, 못,

명색뿐인, 에 지나지 않는, 전적인

호수

meredith: 영국의 소설가.시인

merely: 단지, 다만

merit: 장점, 공적, 공로, 뛰어남,

취할점, 가치, 공죄, 학교에서 벌점에

한 상점, 취할만한 점, 시비, 상점

message: 통신, 신탁, 전언, 통령

교서, 소식, 예언자가 전하는 신탁,

통신하다, 용무, 신호하다,

심부름꾼이 맡은 용무, 통령의

교서

messenger: 심부름꾼, 선구, 연줄에

달아 바람에 울게 하는 종이, 전조,

사자

messrs: 여러분, 제군, 제군의 약어

metaphysical: 형이상학의, 공론의,

추상적인, 형이상의, 형이상파 시인,

형이상파의, 초자연적인, 시인이

형이상파의

methinks: 라고 생각되다

method: 방법, 순서, 방식, 질서, 체계,

메서드

methods: 행동 양식

michael: 남자의 이름, 미가엘, 남자

이름, 천사장 미카엘

mickle: 다량, 많음, 많은, 큰

middle: 중앙, 중부, 허리, 중간,

중명사몸통, 한가운데의, 중앙의,

중간물, 중간에 두다, 중간의, 중명사

midnight: 한밤중, 자정, 한밤중의,

캄캄한

mild: 가벼운, 온화한, 순한, 유순한,

달콤한, 자극성이 없는, 음식물

따위가 자극성이 없는, 온후한,

따뜻한, 담배 따위가 자극성이 없는,

기후 따위가 따뜻한

militia: 국민군, 의용군, 시민군

milk: 젖, 우유, 유체, 젖 모양의 액체,

통신을 도청하다, 젖이 나다,

전선에서 통신을 도청하다, 유제,

유액, 에서 젖을 짜다, 에서 착취하다

milliner: 부인 모자상, 여성용 모자

제조인, 여성용 모자 판매인

mine: 광산, 풍부한 자원, 지뢰, 나의

것, 기뢰, 나의 가족들 광산, 철광,

보고, 광갱, 비 수단으로 파괴하다,

비 수단으로 뒤엎다

ministry: 봉사, 직무, 성직, 복사들,

각교, 성내각, 내각, 부, 목사들,

목사의 직, 성

minority: 미성년, 소수, 소수당,

소수파의, 소수당의

minute: 분, 순간, 상세한, 각서,

미소한, 의사록, 정 한, 잠시,

자디잔, 회의 의사록 자디잔,

세 하다

minutely: 일분마다, 상세히,

일분마다의

miraculous: 기적적인, 놀랄만한,

불가사의한

mire: 진흙, 수렁, 진창, 궁지,

진흙으로 더럽히다, 궁지에

몰아넣다, 진창에 빠지다

mischief: 장난, 해, 손해, 위해, 고자,

익살, 재난의 씨, 장난꾸러기, 도 체

mischievous: 유해한, 장난치는,

재해가 되는, 장난을 좋아하는

miserable: 비참한, 불쌍한, 초라한,

딱한, 빈약한, 천박한

miserably: 비참하게, 불쌍하게,

형편없이, 비참할 만큼, 초라하게,

지독히

missing: 보이지 않는, 있어야 할

곳에 없는, 행방 불명인, 없어진,

분실한, 행방불명의, 분실된

missionary: 전도의, 선교사, 전도사

mistake: 잘못 생각하다, 틀리다,

오해, 잘못, 오해하다, 그르치다,

착각하다

mistaken: 잘못된, 판단이 잘못된

mite: 진드기, 잔돈, 조금, 작은 것,

정성어린 기부, 소액이지만

정성어린 기부, 매우 조그만 것

mix: 섞다, 사귀게하다, 혼합하다,

혼란, 난투, 혼동하다, 혼합, 혼합물,

혼합해서 만들다, 인스턴트 식품,

섞이다

mixed: 남녀 혼합의, 섞인, 혼합된,

혼성의, 남녀 혼성의, 머리가

혼란해진, 여러 잡다한 인간으로

이루어진

mixing: 혼성, 음량조정, 믹싱, 음량

조정, 영상 조정

mode: 유행, 양식, 선법, 하는 식, 식,

방법, 복장 따위의 유행, 유행하는

스타일

modelling: 입체적 표현, 모형제작,

살붙이기, 조형

moderate: 알맞은, 보통의, 온건한,

온화한, 중재인 노릇을 하다,

사회하다, 온건한 사람, 절제하는,

웬만한, 중간 정도의, 누그러지다

moderation: 적당, 완화, 중용

modest: 겸손한, 수수한, 수줍은,

조신하는, 그다지 크지 않은, 그다지

많지 않은, 적당한

modesty: 겸양, 수줍음, 정숙,

조심스러움, 겸손

modulation: 억양, 조절, 변조, 조정

mohammedanism: 마호메트교

moisture: 습기, 수분

mold: 거푸집, 형, 곰팡이, 모양, 특성,

옥토, 연마하다, 경지, 성격, 토지,

지면

moll: 매춘부, 건맨 등의 정부, 도둑

등의 정부, 여자 이름, 정부, 폭력

단원 등의 정부

monastic: 수도원의, 금욕적인,

소도사의, 수도원적인, 수사

monday: 월요일, 월요일에, 월요일의

monet: 프랑스의 화가, 인상파의

창시자

monsieur: 님, 씨, 귀하

monthly: 월경, 매달의, 월간 잡지,

월 1 회의, 월 일 회탑, 한 달에 한

번의, 월간 간행물

moral: 도덕의, 정신적인, 수신,

도덕상의, 교훈적인, 도덕, 산건 등의

교훈, 윤리학, 윤리적인, 예절,

몸가짐

morality: 도덕, 교훈, 덕행, 도덕률,

도의, 윤리학, 개인의 덕행, 이야기

따위의 교훈, 도덕극, 도덕우의극

Benjamin Franklin 31

morals: 도덕, 예의범절

moravian: 모라비아의, 모라비아 어,

모라비아 사람, 모라비아 교도의

moreover: 더욱이, 그 위에

morris: 모리스 춤, 남자이름,

모리스춤

mortal: 치명적인, 인간의, 인간,

불치의, 길고 긴, 생각할 수 있는,

지루한, 죽어야 할, 죽어야 할 것,

사람, 가능한-죽어야 할 것

mortgage: 저당, 저당권, 저당잡힘,

담보 저당잡히다, 내던지고 달리다,

저당잡히다, 양도 저당, 저당 잡히기

mortification: 굴욕, 고행, 금욕, 탈저,

억울함, 회저, 분함, 억울한 일

mortify: 억제하다, 탈저에 걸리다,

굴욕을 느끼게 하다, 상하게 하다,

감정 따위를 억제하다, 에게 굴욕을

느끼게 하다, 정욕 따위를 억제하다

mosaic: 모자이크식의, 모자이크,

모세의, 쪽매붙임 세공, 모자이크의,

모자이크로 장식하다

mostly: 개

motion: 움직임, 동작, 신청, 몸짓,

움직이지 않는, 의회 등에서의 동의,

정지한, 동의, 제의, 운동, 운전

motive: 운동을 일으키는, 동기,

동기가 되는, 동기가 되는-동기,

동인, 예술 작품의 주제, 동기의,

문학의 주제, 기동의, 일반적으로

주지, 주제

motto: 금언, 표어, 모토, 반복 악구,

명, 좌우명, 서적 따위의 제구, 제구

mould: 지면, 옥토, 곰팡이, 거푸집,

틀에 넣어 만든 것, 형, 본뜨다,

부식토, 성격을 형성하다, 성질, 양토

mounted: 기동력이 있는, 기마의,

말탄, 박힌, 붙박이한, 를 붙인,

말에 탄, 자전거에 탄, 탈것에 탄,

계획되어 있는

mouth: 입, 찡그린 얼굴, 부양 가족,

출입구, 건방진 말투, 찌푸린 얼굴,

큰소리로 말하다, 입에 넣고 씹다,

입에 자근자근 씹다, 재갈이나

고삐에 길들게 하다, 언어

기관으로서의 입

mover: 움직이는 사람, 동의 제출자,

발동기, 발의자, 발기인, 움직이는 것,

움직이게 하는 사람, 발동력,

움직이게 하는 것

ms: 사본 원고의, 원고, 필사의, 미혼

mud: 진흙, 보수적이다, 발전이 없다,

진창

mufti: 평복, 사복, 회교 법전 설명관,

신사복, 종법 해석관, 군인 등의 평복

multifarious: 가지 가지의, 각양

각색의, 여러 가지의

multiplicity: 다양성, 중복, 다수

multiply: 곱하다, 번식하다, 늘리다,

번식시키다, 증가시키다

murder: 살인, 모살, 고살망치다,

죽이다, 잡치다, 노래 따위를 잡치다,

배역 따위를 잡치다, 사람을 죽이다,

야수 따위를 함부로 죽이는 일,

위험천만한 일, 함부로 죽이는 일

muscovado: 조당, 흑설탕

mustard: 겨자, 갓, 겨자의

muster: 소집하다, 소집, 점호하다,

검열, 점호, 분발시키다, 집합,

점호를 위해 병사 등을 소집하다,

선원 등을 소집하다, 사람 따위의

집합, 모이다

mutinous: 반항적인, 폭동의

mutual: 상호의, 공통의, 공동의

mutually: 공동으로, 서로, 상호로

naked: 적나라한, 벌거벗은, 잎이

없는, 무방비의, 있는 그 로의,

꾸밈없는, 안경등에 의존하지 않은,

벌거숭이의, 드러난, 나체의, 가리개

없는

named: 유명한, 지명된, 지정의

narration: 서술, 화법, 이야기하기,

이야기함, 스토리, 이야기

narrative: 이야기, 이야기체의, 설화,

설화의, 화술, 설화 문학

narrow: 제한된, 해협, 좁히다,

좁아지다, 가는, 가까스로의, 마음이

좁은, 한정된, 좁은, 협로, 하협

narrowness: 세 , 편협, 좁은, 궁핍,

협량, 협소, 면 , 좁음, 궁굅

nation: 민족, 국민, 국가, 전인류,

부족 연합, 종족, 세계의 여러국민,

이방인, 부족

nations: 근 민족 국가, 민족 국가

native: 원주민, 토착의, 자기나라의,

출생의, 타고난, 미개인, 그 지방

고유의, 토착의 동식물,

오스트레일리아 태생의 백인,

토인의, 양식한 영국산굴

naturally: 당연히, 자연히, 있는

그 로, 물론, 본래, 태어나면서부터,

타고나기를, 진짜 그 로, 자연의

힘으로, 실물그 로, 수월하게

naughty: 버릇없는, 장난꾸러기의,

못된, 외설한, 아슬아슬한, 성교,

못된 나쁜, 나쁜, 장난스러운, 도리에

어긋난, 부적합한

navigation: 항해, 항행 선박, 항공,

항행, 항해학항법, 해양 탐험가,

항해학, 항해술, 항공학, 항공술

navy: 해군, 함 , 선 , 해군장병, 상,

전 군함, 짙은 남색, 해군 군인,

검남색, 해군성

nay: 아니, 거절, 반 투표, 거부, 그

뿐만아니라, 불가능하다, 그렇기는

커녕, 그렇기는 하나, 라기보다는,

반 , 뿐만아니라

necessarily: 필연적으로, 부득이,

반드시

necessitous: 가난한, 궁핍한, 긴급한,

임박한, 피할수 없는, 필연적인

necessity: 필수품, 궁핍, 필요, 필요성,

필연, 필요물, 불가피, 긴급한 필요,

궁상, 궁경, 불가결한 것

neglect: 태만, 게을리하다, 소홀,

무시하다, 무시, 하지 않다, 태만하여,

소홀히하다, 부주의한, 경시하다,

간과하다

neglected: 게을리한

negligence: 태만, 무관심, 부주의,

소홀, 단정치 못함, 등한, 과실,

자유분방, 태반한 행위, 법칙의 무시,

부주의로 인한 과실

neighbor: 이웃의, 이웃하다, 동포,

이웃사람, 서로 이웃하는 것,

인접하다, 이웃해 있다,

가까운사이이다, 근처에 살고 있다,

근처의 것, 인접한

neighborhood: 근처, 지방, 약, 인근,

이웃, 지역, 자네근처의,

이웃사람들주위, 이웃의, 이웃간의

정의, 이웃 사람들

neighboring: 근처의, 이웃의, 인근의,

근처의 인접한, 인접하고 있는

neighbour: 동포, 이웃의, 이웃하다,

같은 종류끼리서로 이웃하는 것,

서로 이웃하는 것, 이웃 사람

neighbourhood: 근처, 이웃, 인근,

지구, 이웃의 정의, 인근 사람들,

접근하기, 근처의

neighbouring: 이웃의, 인접해있는,

가까운, 근처의

neither: 도 않고, 그것은 관계없는

일이다, 도 아니고, 또한 ...도 않다

nevertheless: 그럼에도불구하고,

그래도 역시, 그렇지 마는, 역시,

그럼에도 불구하고, 그렇지만

newly: 다시, 새로이, 최근에, 요즈음,

최근

newspaper: 신문사, 신문, 신문지,

신문의, 신문용지, 신문업무에

종사하다, 신문인쇄용지, 신문

업무에 종사하다

newton: 수학자, 미적분의 발견자,

영국의 물리학자, 영국의 과학자,

뉴턴, 만유인력

niagara: 쇄도, 나이아가라강홍수,

나이아가라, 폭포, 나이아가라 강,

나이아가라 폭포

nicely: 훌륭하게, 정 하게, 기분좋게,

까다롭게, 제 로, 꼼꼼하게,

세심하게, 잘, 꼭

nicety: 미묘, 정 , 섬세, 우아한 것,

정확, 상세, 기미, 꼭 알맞게, 결벽,

맛있는것, 고상한 것

nicholas: 어린이, 여행자, 러시아의

수호 성인, 학자, 선원, 선원등의

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 32

수호신, 남자이름

nigh: 인색한, 가까운, 근친의, 바람을

옆으로 받으며, 아주 비슷한,

아슬아슬한, 시간적으로 가까이,

시간 따위 가까운, 이해 관계가 깊은,

왼쪽인, 정 하게

nightly: 밤마다, 밤의, 밤마다의,

밤에, 밤에 나오는

nights: 밤마다, 밤에

ninety: 세기의 구십년 , 아흔,

구십의, 아흔의, 구십

nobility: 고귀한 태생, 귀족, 고결함,

남작, 백작, 숭고, 숭고함, 자작, 후작,

고상함, 귀족상원의원과 그집안

noble: 고귀한, 훌륭한, 귀족, 고결한,

귀중한, 당당한, 숭고한, 유명한,

뛰어난, 독선가, 노블금화파업

파괴지도자

nobody: 아무도 ... 않다, 하찮은 사람,

무명인, 보잘것 없는 사람,

보잘것없는 사람

noise: 소음, 잡음, 소리, 평판, 소리를

내다, 시끄러움, 야단, 떠들다, 소란,

소문을 내다, 소문을 퍼뜨리다

nominal: 이름의, 근소한, 명사의,

이름뿐인, 명사적인, 만족한,

계획 로, 공칭의, 기명의, 명목상의,

명사 상당어

nominate: 임명하다, 지명하다,

지정하다, 말의 출장등록을 하다,

이름을 들다, 지명천거하다,

추천하다, 후보자로 천거하다,

관직에 임명하다, 관직에 지명하다,

후보자로 추천하다

nomination: 지명, 말의 출장등록,

추천임명

non-attendance: 불참

nonconformity: 비국교도, 불일치,

비국교주의, 국교 불신봉, 비추종,

모순, 부조화, 비협조, 국교를

신봉하지 않기

none: 아무도 ... 않다

noon: 정오, 정오의, 전성기, 점심을

먹다, 한밤중, 한낮, 야반, 결정, 낮

휴식을 취하다절정에 달하다,

정오에 하는, 최고점

northamptonshire: 영국 중부의 주

northward: 북방, 북을 향하여,

북쪽으로, 북쪽으로의, 북, 북을향한,

북으로 향한, 북쪽으로 향해서,

북쪽으로 향한, 북으로 향해서

notable: 주목할 만한, 명사, 저명한,

유명한, 두드러진, 유명한것, 명망가,

뛰어난, 프랑스 비상시 의회의

명사의원, 살림잘하는, 지각할수

있는

note: 주를 달다, 적어두다, 어음,

음표, 주의, 저명, 주목, 선율, 부호,

메모, 각서

noted: 유명한, 저명한, 악보가 붙은

notice: 통지, 게시, 주의, 주의하다,

고시, 통지하다, 언급하다, 후 ,

예고, 주목하다, 통보

notion: 개념, 의견, 생각, 의향, 관념,

능력, 방물, 비현실적인, 의지,

이해력, 잡화

notwithstanding: 에도 불구하고,

그런데도 불구하고, 할지라도,

불구하고, 한데, 그럼에도 불구하고,

함에도 불구하고, 이라 할지라도

nous: 마음, 지성, 지혜, 상식

novelties: 보지 못하던 상품

novelty: 진기함, 신기로움, 신고안품,

신형

novice: 초심자, 풋내기, 처음

출장하는 말, 수련자,

수련수사초신자, 수련수사, 무경험자,

초심자의

nowhere: 시시한, 어딘지 모르는 곳,

이름도 없는 존재, 무명, 별볼일 없는

null: 무효의, 가치없는, 존재하지

않는, 영으로하다, 특성없는, 하나도

없는, 제로, 영, 무표정의, 무익한,

무가치한

numerous: 다수의, 곡조가 아름다운,

많은, 셀수 없이 많은, 수많은

nun: 수녀, 수녀집비둘기의 일종,

독나방의 일종, 집비둘기의 일종

nuncupative: 구두의, 구두로 하는,

유언 등의 구두로 하는, 유언 등의

구두의

nunnery: 수녀원, 수녀원수녀사회,

여자 수도원

o: 오, ㅇ자형, 알파벳 15 번째의 문자,

ㅇ자형의 것, ㅇ형

oath: 맹세, 선서, 저주, 신의 이름을

남용하기, 욕설

obedience: 복종, 귀의, 교회의 권위,

지배

object: 상, 목적, 물건, 목적어,

물체, 객관, 반 하다, 싫어하다,

불쌍한, 반 이유로 들다, 감정

따위의 상

objection: 반 , 이의, 반 이유,

싫은, 혐오, 난점

obligation: 의무, 책임, 은혜, 채무

oblige: 할 의무를 지우다, 에게

은혜를 베풀다, 호의를 나타내다,

하지 않을 수 없게 하다

obliging: 친절한, 기꺼이 남을 돌봐

주는

obnoxious: 불쾌한, 밉살스러운,

마음에 걸리는, 미움을 사는

obscure: 덮어 감추다, 불명료한,

어둡게 하다, 어두운, 세상에

알려지지 않은, 모호한, 눈에 띄지

않는, 거무칙칙한, 뚜렷하지 않은,

명성 따위의빛을 잃게 하다, 발음

따위를 불명료하게 하다

obscurity: 불명료, 어두컴컴함,

난해한곳, 미천, 어둠, 불분명,

세상에 알려지지 않음

observable: 관찰할 수 있는, 지켜야

할, 주목 할 만한, 눈에 띄게, 주목할

만한

observation: 관찰, 감시, 주목,

관찰결과, 관측, 소견, 관찰력, 관측

보고, 발언

observe: 관찰하다, 소견을 말하다,

지키다, 주시하다, 거행하다,

진술하다, 규칙 따위를 준수하다,

인지하다, 준수하다, 관찰에 의하여

인지하다

observing: 관찰력이 예리한,

관측적인, 주의깆은

obstacle: 장애, 장애물

obstinate: 완고한, 완강한, 난치의,

고집센, 병이 난치의

obstinately: 부득부득

obstruct: 통로를 막다, 방해,

가로막다, 막다, 길 따위를 막다,

방해하다

obstruction: 방해, 장애, 장애물,

방해물, 의사 방해, 지장

obtain: 손에 넣다, 획득하다,

행해지다, 목적 따위를 달성하다,

얻다, 달성하다, 관습 따위가 퍼지고

있다, 관습 따위가 통용되고 있다,

관습 따위가 시행되고 있다, 견해

따위가 시행되고 있다, 견해 따위가

퍼지고 있다

occasion: 기회, 일으키다, 원인,

특수한 경우, 이유, 근거, 용무, 때,

유인, 특별한 사건, 특정한 때

occasional: 이따금의, 때때로의,

임시로 쓰는, 때때로, 임시의, 때로의,

시 따위 특별한 경우를 위한, 특별한

경우를 위한, 관직 따위 임시의

occasionally: 가끔, 이따금, 때때로

occasions: 용무

occur: 일어나다, 나타나다, 존재하다,

마음에 떠오르다, 나오다

occurrence: 사건, 발생, 큰 사건,

사건, 사건의 발생, 일어난 일

ocean: 양, 끝없이 넓음, 막 한 양,

많음, 양

odd: 여분의, 나머지의, 임시의, 짝이

맞지 않게, 묘한, 괴상하게, 은혜,

홀수의, 한쪽의, 장소 따위 동떨어진,

이상한

oddly: 기묘하게, 기이하게, 홀수로,

기수로, 나머지가 되어, 짝 안 맞게,

기묘하게도, 흘수로

odium: 평판이 나쁨, 비난, 증오,

비난의

offence: 죄의 근원, 범죄, 위반, 의무

따위의 위반, 무례, 경미한 범죄,

Benjamin Franklin 33

공격, 관습 따위의 위반

offend: 싫은, 감정을 해치다, 죄를

범하다, 예의 따위를 위반하다, 죄를

짓게 하다, 정의감 따위를

손상시키다, 감정을 상하게 하다,

위반하다, 감각 따위를 손상시키다,

과오를 범하다, 남의 감정을 상하게

하다

offense: 반칙, 죄, 위반

offensive: 공격, 공격적인, 무례한,

불쾌한, 공세, 비위에 거슬리는, 싫은

offering: 헌금, 봉납, 헌납, 선물,

제의, 신청, 제공, 봉납물, 연보, 매출,

제공 작품

office-holder: 공무원

officer: 관리, 간사, 공무원, 장교를

배치하다, 장교, 무관, 선장, 경관, 에

고급 선원을 배치하다, 장교로서

지휘하다, 지휘하다

offices: 부엌, 진력

offspring: 자식, 자손, 결과

older: 연장의

oliver: 올리버, 남자 이름, 달, 발로

밟는 쇠망치

omit: 게을리 하다, 생략하다, 하기를

잊다, 할 것을 빠뜨리다, 할 것을

빼먹다, 게을리하다, 할 것을 잊다

onion: 양파, 양파냄새, 머리가 돈,

인간, 눈을 양파로 비벼서 눈물나게

하다, 양파로 비벼서 눈물나게 하다

opening: 개시, 열기, 개시의, 광장,

구멍, 취직자리, 통로, 개통, 서두,

숲속의 공지, 틈

openly: 공공연하게, 터놓고,

숨김없이, 공공연히, 솔직하게

opinion: 의견, 평가, 소신, 판단, 감정,

여론, 선악의 판단, 전문가의 의견

oppose: 반 하다, 저항하다,

항시키다, 방해하다, 에 반 하다,

에 항하다, 방해물로 두다, 반 다

opposed: 반 의, 적 하는, 립된,

반 하는

opposite: 반 의, 역의, 반 의 것,

마주보는, 의 맞은쪽의, 반 쪽에,

반 쪽의, 반 자, 생의, 정반 말,

반 사람

opposition: 반 , 방해, 항, 저항,

적 , 조, 립, 반 당, 이의 신청,

충, 당

orator: 연설자, 웅변가

oratory: 웅변, 기도실, 작은예배당,

기도원

ordered: 정연한, 질서 바른, 정돈된

orderly: 전령, 순종하는, 순서바른,

명령의, 연락병, 유순한, 순서 바른,

규율이 바른, 당번병

orders: 명령, 성직

ordinary: 보통의, 보통이하의,

직통의, 평범한, 보통으로, 보통,

통상, 의식 차례서, 옛날의 자전거,

보통 수준의, 보통주

organ: 기관, 파이프 오르간, 오르간,

음성, 인간의 음성, 생물의 기관

origin: 태생, 가문, 기원, 혈통, 발단,

원점

originality: 기인, 진품, 창의, 신기,

독창성, 원물임, 독창력, 기발

originally: 원래, 독창적으로,

최초부터, 처음에는, 처음부터, 본래

orphan: 부모가 없는, 고아, 한쪽의

부모가 없는 아이, 고아로 만들다,

고아의, 부모 중 어느 한 쪽이 없는

아이, 양친이 없는 아이, 고아가 되게

하다

orthodox: 정통파의, 일반적으로

옳다고 인정된, 정교의, 정교, 정설의,

전통적인, 정설을 신봉하는, 특히

종교상의 정설의, 특히 종교상의

정설을 신봉하는, 동방 정교회의,

옳다고 인정된

otherwise: 그렇지 않으면, 다른, 달리,

다른 상태로, 딴 방법으로,

딴점에서는, 다른 방법으로, 다른

방법의, 기타의 점에서, 그렇지 않는,

기타의 점의

ought: 영, 하기로 되어있다, 해야만

한다, 하기로 되어 있다, 빚이 있다,

하여야 한다, 지고 있다, 의무를 지고

있다, 을 지불할 의무가 있다, 을

반제할 의무가 있다, 일 것이다

ours: 우리의 것, 우리의 가족, 우리의

연 따위, 우리의 임무, 우리의 회사

ourselves: 우리자신, 우리 스스로,

우리들 자신에게, 우리들 자신을,

평상시의 우리들, 평소의 우리들

overbearing: 거만한, 고압적인,

뽐내는, 위압적인, 횡포한, 건방진

overboard: 배 밖으로

overcome: 이겨내다, 극복하다,

압도하다, 지치다, 곤란 따위를

이겨내다, 약화시키다, 극복해 내다,

나쁜 버릇 따위를 이겨내다, 나쁜

버릇 따위를 극복해 내다, 곤란

따위를 극복해 내다, 적 따위를

극복해 내다

overlook: 바라보다, 빠뜨리고 보다,

내려다 보다, 전망이 좋은 곳,

감시하다, 너그러이 봐 주다,

노려보다, 감독하다, 저주의

눈초리로 노려보다, 보다 높은 데

있다

overture: 제안, 신청, 서곡, 시 따위의

서장, 서장, 교섭 개시

owe: 빚이 있다, 빚지고 있다, 은혜를

입고 있다, 을 반제할 의무가 있다,

을 지불할 의무가 있다, 의무를 지고

있다, 지고 있다

owing: 빚지고 있는, 지불해야 할, 에

기인하는

owned: 이 소유하는

owner: 임자, 소유자, 화주

oxford: 옥스퍼드 학, 영국 남부의

도시, 옥스퍼드

oxfordshire: 잉글랜드 남부의 주

pace: 속도, 걷는 속도, 보폭, 보조,

속으로가다, 진도, 한 걸음, 걸음,

포족, 발걸음, 포족걷다

pacific: 태평양의, 평화의, 온화한,

평화스러운, 평화를 사랑하는,

태평양

pack: 싸다, 짐을 지우다, 다발,

포장하다, 꾸러미, 꾸리다, 일당,

짐짝, 묶음, 짐을 꾸리다, 운송용의

packing: 포장, 짐꾸리기, 채워

넣는것, 통조림 제조, 포장용품,

통조림 제조업, 짐 꾸리기, 습포,

패킹

pain: 고통, 아픔, 형벌, 애쓰다, 고뇌,

괴로움, 고생한 값으로, 고생, 에게

고통을 주다, 아프다, 벌

painful: 아픈, 괴로운, 쓰라린,

고통스럽게, 애써서

pains: 고생

painstaking: 근면한, 고심, 애씀,

정성을 다한, 힘드는 수고, 성실한,

공들인

painted: 허식적인, 색채가 선명한,

인공의, 채색한, 연지바른, 그린,

겉치장한, 연지 칠한

painting: 그림, 화법, 페인트 칠,

수채화, 유화, 그림 물감, 그리기,

그림 그리기, 그림그리기, 회화,

페인트 도장

pair: 한 쌍, 부부, 한자루, 두 필의 말,

둘이 한 쌍, 약혼한 남녀, 한 쪽, 한

쌍의 남녀, 한 쌍이 되다, 한 쌍으로

하다, 한쪽

pale: 창백한, 창백하게 하다, 엷게

하다, 어슴푸레한, 엷은, 경계,

창백해지다, 한계, 중앙의 세로줄

무늬, 어둠침침한, 약한

palisades: 강가의 벼랑, 벼랑

palmer: 성지 순례자, 순례, 참예의

기념으로 종려나무의 가지를 가지고

돌아갔음

paltry: 하찮은, 무가치한, 얼마 안

되는, 보잘 것없는

pamphlet: 팸플릿, 팸플릿을 쓰는

사람, 소논문

pane: 창유리, 구역, 에 창유리를

끼우다, 창, 창유리의 한 장

papers: 서류, 신문 증명서

parade: 열병, 행렬, 산책장,

정렬시키다, 열병식, 과시, 산보하는

사람들, 시위행진, 자랑해 보이다,

열병하기 위해 정렬하다, 열병장

parallel: 평행의, 평행선, 평행부호,

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 34

응하는, 유사물, 유사한, 위선,

동일방향의, 평행, 비교, 같은 것으로

들다

parcel: 꾸러미, 한 떼, 소포, 한 뭉치,

분배하다, 소포로 하다, 소화물, 한

구획, 나누다, 일부분, 한 획의 토지

parchment: 양피지, 양피지의 문서,

양피지비슷한 종이, 비슷한 종이,

양피지의

parentage: 가문, 혈통, 태생, 부모임

paris: 파리, 프랑스의 수도, 파리스

parish: 교구, 교구의 주민, 미국

로스엔젤레스주의 군, 군, 담당 구역,

구빈구

parliament: 의회, 영국 의회, 국회,

고등 법원

parsimony: 인색, 극도의 절약,

극도의 검약

partake: 한 몫 끼다, 기미가 있다,

같이 하다, 얼마큼 먹다, 참여하다,

에 참여하다, 다소 성질이 있다, 함께

하다

partaking: 함께 하는

parted: 나뉜, 부분으로 나뉜,

흐트러진, 갈라진

particulars: 상세

partisan: 도당, 유격병, 가담, 당파심,

한 도아리, 당파심이 강한

partly: 부분적으로, 얼마간, 어느

정도는, 일부분은, 조금은,

구분적으로

partner: 조합원, 파트너, 배우자,

조합 계약, 협도자, 공동, 공동 경영,

제휴시키다, 출자 조합원, 동료

partnership: 합명회사, 조합, 상사,

공동, 협력, 공동협력, 조합 영어,

조합계약, 조합 계약

pass: 수로, 통용하다, 합격하다,

지나다, 고개, 산길, 변화하다, 물길,

고갯길, 경과하다, 요충지

passage: 통로, 여행, 통행권, 통행,

뱃삯, 격투, 담, 진행, 논쟁, 출입구,

통과

passed: 합격한, 지나가 버린

passenger: 승객, 여객, 여객의,

탑승객, 통행인, 선객, 팀 따위의

짐스러운 사람, 여객용의, 그룹

따위의 짐스러운 사람, 짐스러운

사람

passing: 통행하는, 합격의, 충의,

목전의, 삽시간의, 소멸, 통행,

통과하는, 통과, 의안 따위의 통과,

사건 따위의 발생

passion: 열정, 격정, 정욕, 정열, 수난,

감정의 폭발, 울화, 수동, 열렬한

사랑, 감탄하는 것, 열망하는 것

passionate: 열렬한, 감정적인, 감정에

지배되는, 성 잘 내는, 열렬하다,

열렬하는, 인정에 무른, 화내기 쉬운

pate: 머리, 두뇌, 머리의

patent: 명백한, 특허, 열려 있는,

개방성의, 공유지 양도 증서,

개방되어 있는, 특허권, 전매 특허의,

의 전매 특허를 얻다, 색다른, 독특한

paternoster: 묵주의 큰 구슬, 천주경,

묵주, 주 기도문, 특히 라틴 어의주

기도문

patience: 인내, 끈기, 혼자 노는 카드

놀이, 혼자 하는 카드 놀이, 혼자서

놀기, 트럼프 따위 혼자서 놀기

patronage: 후원, 서임권, 애고,

후원하다, 특히 관직의 임명권,

임명권, 생색, 생색을 내기

pattern: 모범, 무늬, 본보기, 만들다,

양식, 한 벌치의 옷감, 견본,

모조하다, 행동 따위의 유형, 유형을

이루다, 유형

paved: 포장된

pavement: 포장, 인도, 차도, 포도,

포장 도로

paving: 포장, 포상, 포장재료, 포도,

포석, 포장 재료

payable: 지불할 수 있는, 지불해야

할, 수지가 맞는, 유리한, 이익이

되는, 지불해야할, 돌벌이가 될 만한,

벌이가 될 것 같은, 지불 만기의

paying: 지불하는 지불, 지불하는

돈이 벌리는, 수지가 맞은, 지불하는,

돈이 벌리는

paymaster: 재정관, 회계원, 경리

부장, 경리 과장

payment: 지불, 납입, 납부, 보수,

불입, 지급, 지불 금액, 결제, 변제

peace: 평화, 강화, 안심, 사이좋게,

조용히, 친안, 평온한, 평화로운,

치안, 평온, 조용함

peculiar: 독특한, 묘한, 특유한, 특성,

괴상함, 특별한, 사유 재산, 고유한,

특수 지역, 특수 교구, 다른 관구의

감독 지배하의 특수 지역

pecuniary: 금전의, 금전상의

peep: 출현, 나타나다, 삐악삐악,

엿보기, 엿보다, 작은 소리로 이야기

하다, 훔쳐봄, 훔쳐보다, 들여다보는

구멍, 짹짹울다, 작은 새 따위가

짹짹우는 소리

pen: 펜, 쓰다, 우리, 축사, 우리에

넣다, 구치소, 가두다, 백조의 암컷,

문체, 울타리속에 넣다, 편지 따위를

쓰다

pence: 페니의 복수형

pencil: 연필, 화필, 광속, 연필로 쓴,

연필로 그리다, 광속선, 연필 모양의

물건, 연필로 쓰다

penman: 필적, 저작가, 서법, 서가,

글씨 잘 쓰는 사람, 작가

pennsylvania: 미국 동부의 주

pennyworth: 소액, 거래

pension: 연금, 연금의, 연금 타는

사람, 하숙, 예술가 등에게 주는

장려금, 장려금, 에게 연금을

지불하다, 수당, 펜션, 고용인 등에게

지급하는 임시 수당, 과학자 등에게

주는 장려금

pepper: 후추, 고추, 후추과의 식물,

퍼붓다, 에 후추를 치다, 자극성 있는

것, 자극성, 온통 홑뿌리다, 신랄 한

것, 신랄

perceive: 지각하다, 이해하다,

알아채다, 인식하다

perch: 앉다, 횃 , 얹다, 두다,

농어류의 물고기, 높은 지위, 마부석,

마차 따위의 마부석, 새 따위를 앉게

하다, 좌석, 새가 앉는 횃

peremptorily: 절 적으로, 거만하게,

결정적으로, 단호하게

perfect: 완전한, 전적인, 결점 없는,

숙달한, 완료의, 정확한, 마무리하다,

맞았어요, 아주 잘했어요,

완벽합니다, 완벽해요

perfection: 완전, 극치, 완성, 완전한

사람, 우수한 점

perfectly: 완전히, 더할 나위 없이,

몹시, 굉장히, 더할 나위없이, 매우,

이상적으로, 완전하게, 아주

perform: 연주하다, 성취하다,

실행하다, 하다, 실행자, 연주자,

행하다, 공연하다, 극을 공연하다,

약속 따위를 이행하다, 동물이

재주를 부리다

performing: 공연을 요하는, 실행할

수 있는, 재주 부릴 수 있는, 재주

부릴줄 아는, 실행하는, 성취할 수

있는

perished: 매우 곤란한, 지친,

초췌해진

perjure: 위증하다, 거짓 맹세한,

위증자, 거짓 맹세하다, 위서하다

permanent: 영속하는, 불변의,

영구한, 퍼머넌트

permit: 허락하다, 가능하게 하다,

가능하게하다, 면허, 하게 내버려

두다, 허가, 여유가 있다, 용납하다,

허가증

pernicious: 유해한, 치명적인,

파괴적인, 유독한

perpetual: 종신의, 영구한, 끊임없는,

사철 피는, 영구하다, 다년생 식물,

부단한, 잔소리 따위 부단한,

영속하는, 다년생의, 싸움 따위

부단한

perpetuity: 영속, 영 재산, 종신

연금, 영존, 종신 위계, 영속물

persecution: 종교적 박해, 종교적인

박해

personally: 몸소, 개인적으로,

Benjamin Franklin 35

자기만으로서는, 인품으로서, 개인을

빗 어서, 자기 개인으로서는,

빗 어서

perspicuity: 명확함, 문장 따위의

명쾌도, 언어 따위의 명쾌도, 언어

따위의 명쾌, 명쾌도, 명쾌, 문장

따위의 명쾌

persuade: 납득시키다, 주장하다,

설복하다, 설득하다

persuasion: 설득, 확신, 종류, 종파,

신념, 종지

perusal: 숙독, 통독

perverted: 이상의, 그릇된, 변태의,

사도에 빠진, 비뚤어진

petition: 기원, 탄원, 애원, 탄원서,

진정, 청원, 청원하다, 원하다, 에게

청원하다, 에게 진정하다

pewter: 땜납, 백랍, 백랍제의 기물

philadelphia: 미국 펜실베이니아주

남동부의 도시, 필라델피아

philippians: 빌립보서

philosopher: 철인, 철학자

philosophical: 철학의, 이성적인,

현명한, 철학자의

philosophy: 철학, 철리, 원리, 깨달음,

침착, 철학적 정신, 철학 서적, 철학

체계

phrase: 구, 성구, 관용구, 금언, 말,

악구로 표현하다, 악구 문구, 성구-

말씨로 표현하다, 표현법, 명언,

말씨로 표현하다

physician: 의사, 내과 의사

pi: 뒤죽박죽-뒤섞다, 원주율, 그리스

알파벳의 16 째 글자, 파이

pica: 파이커 세로의 길이, 파이커

활자, 법규집, 파이카

picked: 정선한, 깨끗이 한, 쥐어뜯는

picking: 채집물, 좀도둑, 이삭, 남은

것, 훔친 물품, 장물, 따고 남은 것,

선발, 곡괭 따위로 파기, 파기

piece: 한 조각, 한개, 총, 단편, 한 필,

한 곡, 한 구획, 한예, 한장, 화폐, 한

pieces: 산산조각

pig: 돼지, 돼지고기, 추접스러운,

새끼 돼지, 무쇠덩이, 게걸스러운,

도는 욕심 맣은 돼지 같은 사람,

도는 욕심 많은 돼지 같은 사람,

돼지 같이 지저분한 사람, 돼지 고기,

금속의 주괴

piles: 치질, 말뚝

pin: 다리, 핀, 못, 병모양의 표주,

밧줄을 비끄러매는 말뚝, 볼링핀,

장식 핀, 줄조르개, 못바늘, 노받이,

하찮은 것-핀을 꽂다

pine: 소나무, 수척해지다, 갈망하다,

그재목, 몹시 그리다, 애타게 그리다

pint: 파인트, 일파인트 들이 용기

pious: 경건한, 신앙심이 깊은,

종교적인, 효성스러운, 실현

가능성이 없는, 종교심으로의,

탄복할 만한

pirate: 약탈하다, 해적, 침해자,

저작권을 침해하다, 훔치는 사람,

약탈자, 저작권, 해적짓을 하다,

해적질하다, 약탈자-해적짓을 하다,

표절자

pithy: 간결한, 수의, 수가 많은,

기력이 있는, 속이 있는, 골수가 있는

pitiful: 불쌍한, 인정 많은, 비루한,

가련하게 여겨야 할, 인정이 많은,

불쌍히 여겨야 할, 동정심이 많은

pity: 동정, 연민, 애석한 일, 가엾게

여기다, 유감의 원인-가엾게 여기다,

가엾게 생각하다, 불쌍히 생각하다,

불쌍함

placing: 자본 매출

plaid: 격자무늬 나사의 어깨걸이,

격자무늬, 격자 무늬의, 격자

줄무늬의 나사, 격자 무늬의 나사,

스코틀랜드 고지 사람들의 격자

줄무늬의 나사, 스코틀랜드 고지

사람들의 격자 무늬의 나사

plain: 명백한, 평이한, 쉬운, 보통의,

솔직한, 소박한, 평탄한, 단순한,

예쁘지 않은, 무늬없는, 평지

plainly: 솔직하게, 명백히, 검소하게,

간소하게, 뚜렷하게

plainness: 간소, 솔직함, 명백함,

검소, 명백

planning: 계획, 평면 계획, 계획화,

특히 경제적 계획, 사회적 계획

plant: 놓다, 책략, 식물, 풀, 건설하다,

굴 따위를 양식하다, 묘목, 기계 일습,

속임수, 식님하다, 접나무

plate: 감광판, 금속판, 전기판으로

하다, 판금으로 덮다, 도판, 접시,

벽위의 도리특수판, 요리 한 접시,

접시 모양의 것, 쇠미늘 갑옷,

도금하다

player: 배우, 자동 연주 장치, 연주자,

경기자, 직업 선수, 노는 사람,

게으름뱅이, 노는 동물, 자동 피아

노의 자동 연주 장치, 도박꾼

playhouse: 극장, 놀잇간, 장난감 집

plead: 답변하다, 탄원하다, 변호하다,

주장하다, 변명으로 말하다,

변명으로 말하다-변호하다,

변론하다, 간청하다, 변명하다

pleader: 탄원자, 변호사, 변론자,

변호인

pleading: 변명, 변론, 변호, 탄원,

탄원하는

pleasant: 쾌활한, 유쾌한, 즐거운,

익살, 맑은, 농담, 우스운, 날씨가

쾌적한, 쾌적한

pleasantly: 유쾌하게, 상냥하게,

즐겁게, 쾌활하게

pleasantness: 유쾌함

pleased: 기뻐하는, 만족한

pleasing: 유쾌한, 만족한, 붙임성

있는

pleasure: 기호, 오락, 의지, 쾌락,

즐거움, 욕구, 유쾌, 즐기다, 특히

육체적 쾌락, 육체적 쾌락,

만족시키다

plentiful: 많은

plenty: 많음, 풍부, 충분한, 많은,

충분히, 충분, 충분히-많은, 충분한-

충분히, 가득함, 다량

pleurisy: 늑막염, 흉막염

pocket: 착복하다, 주머니, 돈, 자력,

우묵한 땅, 에어포켓, 억누르다, 고립

지역-포켓에 넣다, 둘러싸고

방해하다, 당구 네 모서리의 포켓,

poem: 시, 시적인 문장, 아름다운

물건

poet: 시인, 시인 기질의 사람, 가인

poetry: 시, 운문, 작시, 시정, 시가,

노래하는 마음

pointed: 뾰족한, 가시돋친, 노골적인,

두드러진, 말씨가 명쾌한, 명쾌한

pointing: 뾰족하게 함, 지시, 메지

바르기, 정확한 조준, 구두법

polemic: 논쟁, 논쟁의, 논객, 특히

신학상의 논객

polite: 공손한, 세련된, 품위 있는,

예절 바른, 문장 따위 세련된, 고상한

politeness: 공손

politician: 정치가, 행정관, 정객

politics: 경영, 정략, 정견, 정치학,

정치, 정강, 정책

pollute: 불결하게 하다, 더럽히다,

신성을 더럽히다

poorly: 가난하게, 부족하게,

불충분하게, 신통치 않게, 건강이

좋지 않은

pope: 로마 교황, 영국의 시인, 포프,

총주교, 로마교황, 로마 법왕, 최고

권위가 있다고 자처하는 사람

popery: 카톨릭교, 카톨릭교 제도

popularity: 인기, 인망, 유행, 통속성,

중성, 통속

populous: 인구 조 한, 인구가

조 한

pork: 돼지고기, 보조금, 의원이

정치적 배려로 주게 하는 정부 관직

따위, 의원이 정치적 배려로 주게

하는 정부 보조금, 돼지 고기

porringer: 우묵한 접시, 오트 용

따위의 운두가 낮은 공기, 운두가

낮은 공기

port: 항구, 태도, 포트 와인, 좌현,

좌현으로 향하다, 항구 도시, 자세,

붉은 포도주, 무역항, 좌현의, 앞에

총의 자세

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 36

positive: 적극적인, 양화, 원급, 양의,

절 적인, 우쭐한, 확실한, 확신하는,

전지의 양극판, 확실, 독단적인

possessed: 침착한, 홀린, 미친,

흘려버린

possession: 소유, 영지, 점유, 편애,

선입관, 속령, 소유물, 자제,

소유물.재산, 재산, 흘림

possessor: 소유자, 점유자

possibly: 어떻게든지 해서, 아마,

어쩌면, 무슨 일이 있어도, 혹시,

아무리 해도, 어떻게 해서라도

post: 우편, 우체국, 기둥, 우송하다,

우편물, 지위, 부서, 게시하다,

우체통, 주둔지, 붙이다

postal: 우편의, 우체국의, 우편 엽서

posted: 밝은, 정통한, 지위가 있는

posterity: 자손, 후세

postmaster: 우체국장

post-office: 우체국, 우체국 놀이,

우체국의

posture: 상태, 자세, 인 체하다,

자세를 취하다, 형세, 태도, 젠체하다,

신체의 자세, 어떤 자세를 취하다,

어떤 태도를 취하다, 어떤 특정한

자세

pot: 단지, 항아리, 화분, 병, 한번에

건돈, 속깊은 남비, 술, 물고기나

새우를 잡는 바구니, 높은 양반, 쏘다,

하나 가득한 분량

potatoes: 감자

potter: 도공, 옹기장이, 꾸물거리며

일하다, 공 치는 사람, 꾸물거리며

하는 일, 놓는 사람, 놓는 물건

pound: 파운드, 구치소, 동물을 넣는

울, 구류하다, 무게 단위, 영국의

화폐단위, 우리, 강타, 세게 연타하다,

치는 소리, 난타하다

poverty: 가난, 결핍, 불모, 빈약

powder: 가루, 가루분, 가루약,

가루를 뿌리다, 가루분을 바르다,

가루가 되다, 화약-가루로하다, 화약,

에 조미료를 치다, 분, 분설

powerful: 강력한, 유력한, 많은,

권력이 있는, 논지 따위 설득력 있는,

매우, 설득력 있는, 세력이 있는,

강한

practicability: 실제 가능, 실행할 수

있음

practicable: 실행할 수 있는, 실용에

맞는, 통행할 수 있는, 사용할 수

있는

practical: 실용적인, 실지의, 실지

경험이 있는, 실질상의, 실기 시험,

실지상의, 응용적인, 이 제 구실을

잘하는, 제 구실을 잘하는, 사실상의,

실지 경험을 한

practise: 사건 의뢰인, 환자, 의식,

실행, 버릇, 습관, 습관적으로 행하다,

연습, 예배식, 의사를 개업하다,

변호사 등을 개업하다

praise: 칭찬, 찬미, 칭찬하다,

숭배하다, 칭찬할 만한 사람, 칭찬할

만한 물건, 신을 숭배하다, 찬미하다,

찬양하다, 찬양, 신을 찬미하다

pray: 빌다, 제발, 기원하다, 간원하다,

기원하여 이루어지게 하다,

기도하다, 기도하다-바라다, 바라다,

에게 기원하다, 에게 간청하다

prayer: 기도식, 기도의 문구, 기원,

간원, 기도하는 사람, 탄원, 기도,

기도의 목적물 기

preach: 설교하다, 설교, 전도하다-

설교하다, 창도하다, 전하다,

전하다창도하다, 전도하다, 도를

전하다, 권고하다

preacher: 설교자, 목사

preaching: 설교, 설교하는 것

precaution: 경계, 예방책, 조심

precedent: 선례, 판례, 앞의, 에서는,

의, 에 앞서는

preceding: 선행하는, 앞의, 전술한

precept: 명령서, 교훈, 격언, 기술

따위의 지침, 기술 따위의 작업지침,

지침

preceptor: 교사, 교훈자

precipitation: 낙하, 촉진, 황급, 투하,

화급, 경솔, 강수, 침전, 거꾸로

투하하기, 강수량, 침적

precise: 정확한, 세심한, 꼼꼼한,

조금도 틀림없는, 규칙 로의, 바로

precision: 정확, 정 , 정 한, 정확히

사격하는

predecessor: 전임자, 선조, 앞선 것,

앞서의것

predominancy: 출중, 지배, 발군,

탁월

preface: 서문, 허두, 시작하다,

머리말, 서문을 쓰다, 에 서문을

붙이다, 에 머리말을 붙이다

preferable: 바람직한, 오히려 나은,

택할 만한, 선택할 만한

preference: 우선권, 편애, 특혜,

좋아하는 것, 선택, 유산 따위에 한

우선권, 더 좋아함, 기호물, 배당

따위에 한 우선권

prejudice: 편견, 해치다, 손해,

비뚤어진 생각, 불리-편견을 갖게

하다, 손상시키다해치다, 침해, 이익

따위를 해치다, 에 편견을 가지게

하다, 권리 따위를 해치다

premises: 가옥, 앞서 한 말, 토지 및

부속물이 딸린 가옥

preparation: 예습, 준비, 조합제,

조제 식품, 채비, 자습, 자습시간,

예습시간, 예비조사, 학생들의

방과후의 예습, 학생들의 방과후의

예습시간

prepare: 준비하다, 각오시키다,

조리하다-준비하다, 각오하고 있다,

남을 준비시키다, 불협화음을 조화

음으로 하다, 불협화음을 조화된

음으로 하다, 조화 음으로 하다,

준비하고 있다, 준비시키다, 조화된

음으로 하다

prepared: 준비가 되어 있는, 조리된,

조제된, 각오가 되어 있는

prerogative: 특권, 권, 영국의 국왕

권, 우선 투표권, 특권을 소유하는,

국왕 권

presbyterian: 장로제의, 장로 교회의,

장로교회의, 장로교회의-장로

교회원, 장로 교회원, 장로 교회파의

사람, 장로교파, 장로제 주의자,

장로파의

prescription: 규정, 시효, 처방, 명령,

처방전, 규정하기, 약 따위 처방전이

없으면 사지 않는, 처방전이 없으면

사지 않는

presently: 현재, 이내, 목하, 곧,

이윽고, 얼마 안되어, 곧바로

preserve: 보존하다, 금렵지,

보호하다, 저장하다, 양어장, 방부

조치를 하다, 유지하다, 사냥을

금하다-설탕 절임, 설탕 절임,

사냥을 금하다, 금렵지로 하다

preserved: 보호한

preserving: 보호하기

pressing: 긴급한, 무리하게 조르는,

프레스한 레코드, 화급한, 압착물,

억누름, 졸라 는, 압착하기, 긴급의

pressman: 신문 기자, 인쇄공,

인쇄직공

presswork: 인쇄물, 인쇄

presume: 추정하다, 기화로 삼다,

이라고 생각하다, 담히도..하다,

주제넘게 나서다, 담히도, 하다,

가정하다

presuming: 주제넘은, 뻔뻔스러운,

염치없는

pretence: 구실, 주장, 거짓 꾸밈, 허세,

요구, 겉치례, 허위, 겉치레

pretend: 속이다, 자부하다, 인

체하다, 거짓의, 감히..하려고 하다,

가장하다, 체하다, 공상상의,

요구하다, 구실로 삼다

pretended: 거짓의

prettily: 귀엽게, 예쁘장하게,

얌전하게, 깨끗하게

pretty: 예쁜, 상당한, 귀여운, 매우,

아름다운, 유복하여, 귀여운 아이,

이름답게 하다, 예쁘장한,

예쁘장하게 하다, 상당히

prevail: 이기다, 우세하다, 설복하다,

유행되다, 잘 되다, 설득하다

prevailing: 우세한, 유력한, 유행의,

Benjamin Franklin 37

일반의, 널리 행해지는, 널리 행해진

prevent: 예방하다, 방해하다,

일어나지 않게 하다, 방해하여, 막다,

에 앞서서 처리하다

previously: 이전에, 미리

pride: 자부, 자존심, 자랑, 자만, 만족,

득의의 모습, 득의, 경멸, 거만, 한창,

자랑거리

priest: 성직자, 목사, 사제, 성직자로

만들다, 목사에 임명하다, 봉사자,

성직자로 임명하다, 목사로

임명하다, 목사로 만들다

primarily: 첫째로, 주로

primer: 뇌관, 입문서, 장전하는 사람,

프리머 활자, 초급 독본, 초보, 독본,

소 기도서, 종교 개혁 전의 소

기도서, 프라머, 프라머 활자

priming: 기폭제, 초벌칠, 뇌관을

달기

prince: 왕자, 공작, 친왕, 황자, 제후,

왕, 군주, 가, 태자, 인품이 좋은

사람, 군

principal: 원금, 교장, 우두머리, 주범,

회장, 사장, 원금의, 기본 재산, 가장

중요한, 주된, 주요한

principally: 주로, 개, 체로

principle: 주의, 원리, 본원, 소, 원칙,

도의, 정, 정도, 절조, 법칙, 공리

print: 판화, 인화하다, 인쇄하다,

인쇄, 활자체로 쓰다, 출판하다, 모형,

간행하다, 자국, 흔적, 해서

printed: 날염한, 인쇄된, 프린트의,

인쇄한

printer: 인쇄업자, 인쇄인, 인쇄공,

인서기, 프린터, 인쇄기, 인쇄 장치,

착 인화기, 활판소, 인화지나 필름

인화기, 인화기

printing: 인쇄, 인쇄물, 날염,

활자체의 문자, 인화, 인쇄 부수,

인쇄업, 원색 제판법, 인쇄부수,

인쇄술, 무늬찍기

privately: 은 히, 개인으로서,

남몰래, 몰래

pro: 찬성하여, 매춘부, 프로, 찬성론,

프로의, 찬부양론, 직업적인,

직업선수의, 직업선수, 전문가,

찬성하여-찬부양론

probability: 개연성, 확률, 있음직한,

가망, 있을 법한 일, 있을 법한 사건,

일어날 법한 일, 일어날 법한 사건

probable: 있음직한, 사실 같은,

확실한 듯한, 할 듯 싶은, 유망한

후보자, 무슨일을 할 것 같은 사람,

보결선수, 일어날 듯한 사건, 무슨

일을 할 것 같은 사람

probity: 성실, 청렴

proceed: 나아가다, 계속하다,

발생하다, 생기다, 착수하다,

시작하다, 매상고, 처분하다,

속행하다, 수입, 소송 절차를 밟다

proceeding: 의사록, 행동, 조치,

소송절차, 회보, 조처, 처리, 소송

절차, 행위, 의사, 진행

proceedings: 의사록, 소송 절차,

소송 행위, 의사

proceeds: 수입, 수익, 매상고, 과실,

결과

proclamation: 선언, 성명서, 선언서

procure: 알선하다, 얻다, 가져오다,

획득하다, 뚜쟁이질하다, 일으키다,

특히 노력하거나 애를 써서

획득하다, 매춘부를 주선하다

producing: 산출하는

productive: 생산적인, 다산의,

산출하는, 을 낳는, 비옥한, 생기게

하는, 을 생기게 하는, 이익을 내는

profess: 공언하다, 직업으로 삼다,

신앙을 고백하다, 을 신앙한다고

공언하다, 라고 자칭하다, 학문, 인

체하다, 기술 따위를 지니고 있다고

공언하다-공언하다, 기술 따위를

지니고 있다고 공언하다, 언명하다,

학 교수로 있다

profession: 공언, 직업, 동업자들,

신앙 고백, 배우들, 거짓 감정

proficiency: 숙달, 진보

profit: 이윤, 남다, 벌이, 이익, 이익을

얻다, 득, 금전상의 벌이, 이익이

되다, 의 이익이 되다

profitable: 이문이 있는, 유익한,

유리한

profuse: 아낌없는, 풍부한, 통이 큰

progress: 진보, 전진, 진행, 발달하다,

전진하다, 전진시키다, 진보하다,

공적 여행, 발달, 국왕 등의 공적

여행, 향상하다

progression: 진행, 수열, 전진

projecting: 돌출한

projector: 투사기, 계획자, 엉터리

회사의 창립자, 영사기, 투영기,

투광기

prolific: 다산의, 비옥한, 아이를 낳는,

아이를 많이 낳는, 풍부한, 다작의,

아들을 낳는, 원인이 되는, 의 원인이

되는

promise: 약속, 천국, 촉망, 희망의 땅,

약속하다, 가망이 있다, 가망, 가망-

약속하다, 의 희망이 있다, 의

가망성이 있다, 약속한 일

promising: 장래성 있는, 유망한,

장래가 촉망되는

promissory: 약속의, 지불을 약속하는

promote: 촉진하다, 발기하다,

승진시키다, 선전하여판매를

촉진하다, 통과를 위해 애쓰다,

법안의 통과를 위해 애쓰다,

선전에서 상품의 판매를 촉진하다,

졸을 퀸이 되게 하다, 주식회사를

발기하다, 진급시키다, 퀸이 되게

하다

promoter: 발기인, 흥행주, 촉진자,

주창자, 새 회사의 발기인, 증진하는

사람, 증진하는 것

promotion: 주창, 승진, 촉진, 발기,

진급, 조장

proof: 증명, 시험, 교정쇄, 증거, 표준

강도의, 증언, 에 견디는, 교정하다,

표준강도-시험필의, 튼튼하게 하다,

시험 인화

proper: 독특한, 적당한, 진정한,

엄 한 의미에서의, 고유의, 옳은,

예의바른, 순전한, 특정한 날짜의

예배, 고유한, 아주

properly: 정확히, 철저히, 훌륭하게,

전적으로, 적당히, 적당하게

proportion: 비율, 비례, 균형,

비례시키다, 용적, 면적, 조화, 몫,

균형이 잡힌, 크기, 균형 잡히게 하다

proposal: 신청, 청혼, 계획, 제안

propose: 제안하다, 추천하다,

청혼하다, 신청하다, 기도하다,

계획하다, 기도하다-계획하다,

구혼하다, 제언하다

proposer: 제안자, 신청인, 신청자

proposition: 명제, 유혹, 제안, 기업,

상 , 것, 놈, 서술, 유혹하다, 정리,

제의

proprietary: 유산계급 계급, 소유의,

독점의, 재산이 있는, 소유, 소유자,

소유권, 소유자들, 소유주의

proprietor: 경영자, 소유자, 소유주,

독점권 소유자, 집주인, 사업주

propriety: 적당, 예의 범절, 예의

바름, 타당, 교양, 예의

prose: 산문, 산문의, 평범, 공상력이

부족한, 공상력이 부족한-평범하게

쓰다, 산문적인, 평범하게 말하다,

평범한 이야기, 평범한 이야기-

산문의, 평범하게 쓰다, 산문체로

쓰다

prosecution: 종사, 수행, 기소,

원고측, 기소자측

prospect: 예상, 시굴하다, 조망, 경치,

가망, 기 , 시험하다, 단골이 될

듯한 손님, 단골이 될 듯한 손님-

찾다, 답사하다, 전망

protect: 보호하다, 막다, 지키다,

어음의 지불 준비를 하다, 국내

산업을 보호하다, 기계에 보호

장치를 달다, 기계에 보호 장치를

시설하다, 보호 장치를 달다, 지불

준비를 하다, 보호 장치를 시설하다

protection: 보호, 보호하는 사람,

보호 무역, 여권, 방어, 보증금, 보호

무역 제도, 보호하는 것, 폭력단에

지불하는 보증금, 통행권

protest: 항의하다, 단언하다, 거절

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 38

증서, 단언, 이의, 지불을 거절하다,

지불을 거절하다-이의, 결의 따위에

이의를 제기하다, 이의를 제기하다,

주장하다

protestant: 신교도, 이의를 제기하는,

신교도의, 항의자, 항의자-신교도의,

이의를 제기하는 사람

proud: 자존심이 있는, 거만한,

자랑하고 있는, 영광으로 여기는,

자랑으로 생각하는, 자랑할 만한,

자랑하다, 당당한, 교만한, 일이

자랑할 만한, 물건이 자랑할 만한

prove: 입증하다, 시험하다, 검산하다,

이라 판명되다, 인정하다, 인하다,

임이 알려지다, 이라는 것을 알다, 의

교정쇄를 내다, 을 검산하다, 알다

proverb: 속담, 동사, 평판 있는것,

우화, 인기 있는 것, 어떤 점에서

저명한 것, 어떤 점에서 인기 있는

것, 속담극, 저명한 것

proverbial: 속담의, 속담으로 표현된,

평판 있는, 속단으로 된, 속담으로 된,

유명한

proverbs: 속담을 생각해 내어

알아맞추는 놀이

providence: 섭리, 장래에 한 배려,

신의 뜻, 신조, 검약, 선견, 하나님,

천우, 신의

province: 범위, 주, 영토, 본분, 시골,

방, 부문, 성, 이탈리아 이외의 영토,

스페인 따위의 주, 지방

provinces: 지방

provincial: 지방의, 촌스러운, 조야한,

주의, 지방민, 편협한-지방민,

편협한, 시골뜨기, 지방적인, 지방인,

지방 분구 관장

provision: 식량, 설비, 공급량, 책,

조항, 준비, 규정, 규정-식띵향을

공급하다, 식띵향을 공급하다,

지급량, 마련

provisions: 식량

provoke: 자극하다, 성나게 하다,

불러 일으키다, 일으키다, 야기하다,

화나게 하다

provoking: 성이 나는, 속타게 하는,

자극하는

prowess: 용기, 훌륭한 솜씨, 용감한

행위

prudence: 신중, 분별, 사려, 검소,

여자 이름, 사려 분별

prudent: 신중한, 조심성 있는, 분별

있는, 조심스러운

prudential: 조심성 있는, 분별 있는,

신중한, 신중한 고려

psalm: 찬송가, 시편, 성가, 성가를

불러 찬미하다

publication: 출판물, 발표, 출판,

발행

publicity: 널리 알려짐, 선전, 평판,

공표, 주지

publicly: 여론으로, 공공연히,

공공연하게

public-spirited: 공공심이 있는,

애국심이 있는

publish: 발표하다, 출판하다,

공포하다, 공표하다, 서적 따위를

출판하다, 작품이 출판되다, 잡지

따위를 출판하다, 출판 사업에

종사하다, 출판되다

publisher: 출판업자, 발표자, 신문

경영자, 신문의 경영자, 출판사,

잡지의 경영자, 발행자, 경영자

publishing: 출판업, 출판업의, 출판,

출판의

pudding: 푸딩, 소시지의 일종,

푸딩처럼 말랑말랑한 것, 실리,

실익헛 칭찬, 살이 찌고 키가 작은

남자, 물질적 보수

puffy: 부푼, 뚱뚱한, 한 바탕 부는,

훅부는, 숨찬, 휙 부는, 숨가쁜,

바람이 휙 부는

pulpit: 설교단, 조종석, 목사, 설교,

포경선의 이물의 난간으로 둘러싸인

작살을 던지기 위한 , 설교자,

난간으로 둘러싸인 작살을 던지기

위한

pump: 펌프스, 펌프-펌프로올리다,

넘겨짚어 알아내다, 짜내다, 펌프의

손잡이같이움직이다, 퍼내다, 펌프로

공기를 넣다, 유도문하다, 펌프, 슬쩍

유도 신문하여 알아내다, 끈질기게

슬쩍 넘겨짚어 캐내다

punctual: 시간을 엄수하는, 기한을

잘 지키는, 시간을 잘 지키는

punctuality: 시간 엄수, 꼼꼼함,

기한을 어기지 않음

punctually: 시간을 엄수하여, 아주

꼼꼼하게

punish: 혼내주다, 벌하다, 호되게

해치우다, 응징하다, 사람을 벌하다,

죄를 벌하다, 상 방을 혼내주다

punishment: 학 , 처벌, 형벌, 벌,

강타, 가혹한 처사, 경기 등에서

지치게 함, 징벌, 지치게 함

purblind: 반소경의, 우둔한,

흐려뵈는, 반소경이 되게 하다,

우둔해지게 하다

purchase: 사다, 기중 장치, 노력하여

얻다, 구입품, 수익, 구입물, 산 물건,

구매, 지레, 구지레를 울리다-구입,

구지레를 울리다

pure: 순수한, 순혈의, 단순한, 순전한,

더러움 없는, 오점 없는, 깨끗한,

순이론적인-순수한 것, 순이론적인,

완전한, 고결한

purport: 취지, 요지, 의미, 이라

칭하다, 의미하다, 을 취지로 하다,

이라고 칭하다

purpose: 목적, 의도, 의지, 효과,

의의, 잘, 하려고 생각하다, 결심,

계획하다, 의도하다, 용도

purposely: 고의로, 일부러, 고외로

purse: 돈주머니, 돈지갑, 오므라지다,

금전, 상금, 기부금-오므리다,

오므리다, 동식물 따위의 낭,

오그라들다, 입술을 오므리다, 낭

pursue: 추구하다, 수행하다,

추적하다, 속행하다, 찾아 가다,

쫓아가다, 따라가다, 소송하다, 길을

따라가다, 계속해서 말하다

pursuit: 추적, 종사, 직업, 수행, 추구,

추격, 연구, 속행, 하는 일

puzzled: 하면 좋은가에 해 어찌할

바를 몰라, 어쩔 줄을 모르는,

좋은가에 해 어찌할 바를 몰라

pythagoras: 피타고라스

quadrant: 사분면, 사분의, 사분원

quagmire: 궁지, 늪지, 진퇴유곡의

곤경, 소택지

qualified: 한정된, 자격 있는,

조건부의, 적임의, 면허 받은, 제한된

quantity: 다량, 분량, 양, 수량,

다량으로, 다수, 어떤 특정의 분량,

양적인, 양을 나타낸는 숫자, 양을

나타낸는 부호

quarrel: 싸움의 원인, 싸움, 불평,

말다툼, 네모진 촉이 달린 화살,

불화의 씨, 불화, 불평하다, 싸움하다,

말다툼하다, 말다툼의 원인

quarrelsome: 싸움 좋아하는, 싸움을

좋아하는

quart: 쿼트, 액량의 단위, 건량의

단위, 일쿼트들이의 병,

일쿼트들이의 단지

quarter: 소식통, 숙박시키다,

네갈래로 찢다, 쿼터, 주거, 지구,

짐승의 네 발의 하나, 부서, 십오분,

사분의 한 1 발, 병사

quarterly: 계간지, 철마다의, 방패

모양을 넷으로 나누어, 방패 모양을

넷으로 나눈, 연 4 회 간행물, 연

4 회의, 일년에 사회에, 일년에

사회의, 계간물

quarters: 병사

quarto: 사절판, 사절판의, 사절의

queen: 왕비, 여왕, 퀸, 면, 여왕다운,

모기, 여왕으로서 군림하다, 여왕의,

여왕벌, 퀸으로 쓰다, 졸을 퀸으로

쓰다

quick: 빨리, 재빠른, 성급한, 민감한,

살아 있는, 이해가 빠른, 급소,

서둘러서, 상처의 붉은 살, 빠른,

중요 부분

quickness: 민첩, 성급함, 신속, 기민,

빠르기, 급격, 속도, 성마름, 급속

quit: 그만두다, 사퇴하다, 포기하다,

놓아버리다, 면하여, 자유로와,

Benjamin Franklin 39

떠나다, 떠나가다, 일을 중지하다, 일

따위를 그만두다, 용서받은

race: 인종, 특징, 경주하다, 경주,

경쟁, 운행, 질주하다, 자손, 품종,

여울, 헛돌다

radius: 반지름, 요골, 반경, 범위,

복사선, 바늘, 반경 범위, 살, 지역,

구역, 사출화

rags: 누더기

rails: 철도주, 울타리

rain: 비, 비를 내리다, 우기, 우천,

빗발치듯 퍼붓다, 강우, 비가 오다,

비오듯 하다, 빗발처럼 쏟아지다,

엎친데 덮치기, 의 비를 내리게하다

raise: 세우다, 제기하다, 올리다,

승진시키다, 일으키다, 지르다,

높이다, 소생시키다, 늘리다, 기르다,

모으다

raised: 높인, 양각의, 붕긋한, 한층

높은, 도드라진, 높아진, 부풀게한,

부풀게 한, 효모로 부풀게 한

ralph: 남자이름

rambling: 산만한, 덩굴지는,

흩어져있는, 할 일없이 거니는,

한가로이 걷는, 어스렁거리는,

사방으로 뻗은, 두서없는,

꾸불꾸불한, 균형이 잡혀지지 않은,

구불구불 뻗은

ran: 란

rancour: 심한 증오, 적의, 깊은 원한,

사무친 한

rank: 열, 계급, 지독한, 병졸, 고관,

평가하다, 횡렬, 군 , 고위, 등급을

매기다, 나란히 세우다

rarely: 드물게, 썩 잘, 아주, 훌륭하게,

희한하게, 좀처럼...않는,

진기하리만큼

rascal: 악당, 녀석, 악한, 하층민, 천한

사람, 악당근성, 불량배, 놈,

장난꾸러기, 부랑자의

raw: 껍질이 벗겨진, 가공하지 않은,

미숙한, 날것의, 노골적인, 물타지

않은, 가공하지 않은 것, 생것, 원료

그 로의, 버릇없는 사람, 심한

razor: 면도칼, 면도기, 에 면도칼을

reach: 내 다, 도착하다, 퍼지다,

도달하다, 움직이다, 에 이르다, 손을

뻗침, 범위, 에 닿다, 강의 두 굽이

사이의 유역, 곶

reached: 뇌물을 먹은, 매수 당한,

부패한

reader: 독본, 강사, 리더, 독자,

독서가, 판독기, 낭독자, 교정원,

읽는 사람, 학 조교, 교정자

readily: 쾌히, 손쉽게, 쉽사리, 기꺼이,

서슴없이, 선뜻, 쉽게

readiness: 신속, 준비, 쾌락, 준비성,

준비가 되어 있음, 용이, 자진해서함,

재빠름

reading: 독서, 해석, 낭독, 독서하는,

판단, 선집, 학식, 의회의 독회, 읽는

법, 읽을거리, 읽기

ready: 즉석의, 재빠른, 하기 쉬운,

준비시키다, 준비된, 편리한, 준비를

갖춘, 준비가 되어 있는, 채비가된,

사격 준비 자세를 취한, 준비하다

reality: 현실, 실체, 사실, 실재,

박진성, 진실, 진실임, 현실성,

사실임, 실물과 꼭 같음, 본체

reap: 베다, 획득하다, 베어들이다,

수확하다, 받다, 얻다, 거두다, 보답

따위를 받다

reasonable: 온당한, 도리에 맞는,

사리를 아는, 정당한, 조리가 서는,

과하지 않은, 알맞은, 합리적인,

합당한, 적당한, 이성이 있는

reasonably: 합리적으로, 꽤, 알맞게,

상당히, 온당하게, 분별있게,

무리없이, 마땅하여, 당연히, 이성을

갖고, 사리에 맞게

receipt: 영수증, 수령, 수취, 영수,

영수증을 떼다, 조리법,

영수필이라고 쓰다, 영수 필이라고

쓰다, 영수증을 발행하다, 영수액,

수령액

receive: 수신하다, 이해하다,

경험하다, 수용하다, 수취하다, 받다,

사들이다, 수령하다, 응접하다,

받아내다, 접수하다

received: 용인된, 받아들여진,

일반적으로 인정된, 믿어지고 있는

receiving: 수신의, 받는, 고매, 받음,

환영의

reception: 환영, 응접, 수령, 수리,

수용, 평판, 반응, 용인, 청취, 접수처,

reckon: 세다, 기 하다, 계산하다,

생각하다, 단정하다, 간주하다,

평가하다, 판단하다, 돌리다

recognition: 인식, 표창, 승인, 인사,

사례, 인정, 보수, 알아줌, 인지, 절,

알아보기

recollect: 다시 모으다, 회상하다,

가라앉히다, 생각해 내다, 생각나다,

기억나다, 북돋우다, 진정시키다,

냉정하게 하다, 다시 불러일으키다,

상기다

recollected: 냉정한, 침착한, 추억의,

차분한, 묵상에 잠긴, 생각난

recollection: 회상, 기억, 추억,

회고록, 상기, 회고, 옛날을 생각케

하는 것, 마음의 평정, 기억력

recommend: 추천하다, 권하다,

의뢰하다, 훌륭한, 호감을 받게하다,

충고하다, 추전할 수 있는, 좋은

느낌을 갖게 하다, 위탁하다, 맡기다,

마음에 들게 하다

recommendation: 추천, 장점, 권고,

천거, 권장, 충고, 좋은점, 추천장

recommendatory: 추천의, 장점이

되는, 권고의, 권고적인

recompense: 보답, 갚다, 보상, 보수,

보상하다, 보답하다, 배상, 에게

보답하다

reconciliation: 화해, 조정, 복종,

조화, 체념, 일치, 단념

recover: 회복시키다, 회복하다,

벌충하다, 되찾다, 보상하다, 승소,

완쾌, -의 덮개를 갈아 붙이다, 회복,

되찾음, 승소하다

recovered: 회복한, 병 등에서 회복한

rectitude: 정직, 곧음, 성실, 정확,

청렴

reduce: 진압하다, 줄이다,

변형시키다, 떨어뜨리다, 줄다,

축소하다, 환산하다, 내리다, 바꾸다,

축소되다, 빠뜨리다

reduced: 영락한, 환원한, 감소한,

할인한, 줄인, 쇠약한, 몰락한,

기약의, 축소한

reduction: 축소, 변형, 감소, 환원법,

약분, 할인, 축도, 정복, 환원, 환산,

감수분열

refer: 언급하다, 문의하다, 지시하다,

에 돌리다, 부르다, 참고하다,

가리키다, 맡기다, 인용하다,

상으로 삼다, 나타내다

reflection: 감상, 비난, 반사, 반영,

반성, 영상, 숙고, 내성, 영향, 의견,

반사열

reform: 개정, 개정하다, 개심하다,

교정, 수정하다, 교정하다, 개혁하다,

개선되다, 감화, 개혁, 개선

reformation: 개혁, 혁신, 개선,

종교개혁, 교정, 개심, 감화, 재구성,

개정, 다시 만듦, 종교 개혁

refreshment: 원기 회복, 원기를

회복시키는 것, 휴양, 다과, 원기를

북돋우는 것, 음식물, 피로 풀기,

가벼운 음식물, 기분을 상쾌하게 함,

특히 간단한 음식물, 간단한 음식물

refusal: 거절, 사퇴, 선매권, 거부,

우선권, 거절된 사물, 우선선택권,

취사 선택, 취사선택, 취사선택권

refuse: 폐물, 거절하다, 쓰레기,

사퇴하다, 폐물의, 인간 폐물,

퇴짜놓다, 지질한, 찌끼, 멈춰서다,

안 뛰어넘으려 하다

regard: 관계하다, 점, 관계, 주의,

존경, 주시, 배려, 유의하다, 관심,

호의, 주목하다

regiment: 연 , 연 로 편성하다,

다수, 조직화 하다, 조직화하다,

통제하다, 군, 엄격히 통제하다,

많은 무리, 지배, 연 에 편성하다

register: 성역, 기명하다, 기록하다,

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 40

자동기록기, 레지스터, 표, 음전,

음역, 등기로 부치다, 가리키다, 기록

regret: 유감, 후회, 애석, 정중한 거절,

아쉬움, 후회하다, 슬픔, 비탄,

뉘우치다

regular: 완전한, 규칙적인, 상비의,

정규의, 일상의, 통례의, 규칙변화의,

정식의, 본직의, 정규병, 정기적인

regularity: 규칙적임, 정규, 질서,

균형, 정상, 일정불변, 조화

regularly: 정식으로, 규칙적으로,

격식 로, 철저히, 질서 있게,

정기적으로, 적당하게, 온통, 여느

때와 같이, 아주, 반듯하게

regulation: 규칙, 규정, 정규의, 규제,

보통의, 조정, 조절, 법규, 여느, 예의,

표준의

reign: 지배, 군림하다, 통치, 권세,

주권을 잡다, 군림, 널리 퍼지다,

치세, 통치하다, 통치권, 널리

성행하다

rejoice: 기뻐하다, 기쁘게 하다,

축하하다, 향유하다, 가지고 있다,

좋아하다, 을 누리고 있다, 즐기다,

괴상한 이름을 가지고 있다

rejoicing: 기쁨, 환호, 환희, 축하,

축하하여, 환호하여, 환락, 축연

relate: 말하다, 관계시키다,

관련시키다, 이야기하다, 관련이

있다, 친척으로 삼다, 와 친척 관계에

있다, 친척 관계에 있다

related: 관계 있는, 관계가 있는,

관련된, 동족의, 친족의, 관계있는

relation: 관계, 이야기, 관련, 고발,

설화, 교섭, 성교, 친척관계, 친척,

친족관계, 진술

relief: 교체, 제거, 기분 전환, 구조,

돋을새김, 고저, 경감, 탁월, 기복,

부조, 소창

religion: 종교, 신앙, 종파, 신교, 신조,

주의, 교, 광신자, 신앙심이 깊은

체하기, 광신, 사이비신자

religious: 양심적인, 종교적인,

신성한, 종교의, 신앙가들, 세심한,

수도의, 종단에 속하는, 주도면 한,

엄정한, 신앙의

religiously: 양심적으로, 신앙심깊게,

종교적으로

relinquish: 양도하다, 포기하다, 을

쥔 손을 늦추다, 그만두다, 손을 놓다,

놓아주다, 버리다, 떠나다, 기권하다

relish: 조미료, 식욕, 좋아하다, 향기,

흥미, 기호, 양념, 풍미, 즐기다,

맛보다, 기미

rely: 의지하다, 믿다, 기 를 걸다,

신뢰하다

remain: 머무르다, 남다, 유해, 유물,

유적, 나머지, 유족, 존속하다,

생환자, 화석, 유저

remainder: 나머지, 유적, 잔류자,

잉여, 잔여권, 남은, 나머지의, 팔다

남은 책, 따로 남겨 놓은, 잔여, 싸게

처분하다

remains: 나머지, 유해

remark: 주의, 말하다, 의견, 주목,

비평, 주의하다, 알아채다, 논평하다,

말, 감지하다, 유의하다

remarkable: 주목할 만한, 비범한,

이상한, 현저한, 보통이 아닌, 드문,

두드러진, 놀랄만한, 비상한, 뛰어난

remarkably: 두드러지게, 몹시,

현저하게, 뚜렷하게, 매우

remedy: 의료, 구제책, 치료, 교정법

고치다, 보수하다, 치료약, 치료하다

remit: 송금하다, 면제하다, 보내다,

다시 투옥하다, 연기하다, 의뢰하다,

조회하다, 하급 법원에 환송하다,

용서하다, 감퇴하다, 경감하다

remote: 멀리 떨어진, 외딴, 궁벽한,

아득한, 미미한, 먼 옛날의, 먼,

근소한, 원격 조작에 의한, 희미한,

스튜디오 밖에서의 방송 프로그램

remove: 이전, 제거하다, 진급,

옮기다, 해임하다, 떠나다, 거리,

치우다, 이동, 간격, 단계

removed: 떨어진, 먼, 촌의, 관계가

먼, 등친의, 제거된, 죽은, 거리가

떨어진

render: 번역하다, 연출하다,

나타내다, 돌려주다, 제출하다,

보답하다, 표현하다, 하다, 이

되게하다, 내다, 교부하다

rendering: 번역, 표현, 연주, 연출,

반환, 정제, 초벌칠, 교부, 인도,

번역문, 묘사

rendezvous: 랑데부, 회합, 집합하다,

집합, 집결, 약속한 장소에서 만나다,

랑데부하다, 만나다, 만날 약속,

지정집결지, 회합장소

rent: 지 , 임 되다, 분열, 집세,

불화, 임차료, 협곡, 균열, 방세, 에

지 를 물다, 임

rents: 부모

repast: 식사, 식사량

repay: 갚다, 보답하다, 빚을 갚다,

상환하다, 은혜를 갚다, 보복하다,

돈을 갚다, 에 보답하다

repayment: 보은, 반제, 보장, 앙갚음,

보복, 반환

repeal: 폐지하다, 폐지, 무효로 하다,

폐기, 취소, 철회, 무효로하다, 법률

따위를 무효로 하다

repeat: 반복, 되풀이, 암송하다,

반복절, 이중 투표를 하다,

되풀이하다, 복창하다, 되풀이 하다,

사본, 재공급, 재방송 프로그램

repeated: 되풀이된, 거듭된

repeatedly: 되풀이하여, 재삼재사,

여러 차례, 되풀이해서

repeating: 연발하는, 반복하는,

순환하는, 되풀이하는

repent: 후회하다, 포복성의,

기어다니는, 뉘우치다, 유감으로

생각하다, 회개하다, 유감스럽게

생각하다

repetition: 되풀이, 반복, 암송, 모사,

모방, 복사, 반복된 말, 복주, 복창,

사본, 재주장

represent: 묘사하다, 표하다,

말하다, 의미하다, 기술하다,

상연하다, 에 상당하다, 나타내다,

표현하다, 의 표자이다, 체하다

reprint: 재판하다, 재판, 번각하다,

재판되다, 책이 재판되다

reproachful: 책망하는, 비난하는,

수치스러운, 책망하는 듯한, 나무랄

만한, 나무라는, 부끄러운, 꾸짖는

reprobation: 비난, 반 , 이의, 질책,

배격, 영벌, 영원의 정죄, 유기,

저버림, 거절

reproof: 비난, 질책, 잔소리, 견책,

꾸지람, 다시 방수가공하다, 비난의

말, 의 교정쇄를 다시 내다, 책망

reputable: 훌륭한, 평판이 좋은, 명성

있는, 이름높은, 존경할 만한, 평판

좋은

reputably: 평판좋게, 훌륭히

reputation: 평판, 명성, 세평, 호평,

덕망

request: 수요, 요구, 간청, 요청하다,

바라다, 청구물, 요청, 소원, 의뢰,

청원서, 청구

require: 요구하다, 명하다, 요청하다,

을 필요로 하다, 할필요가 있다,

명령하다, 구하다, 을 요하다,

필요로하다, 필요하다, 법률 따위가

요구하다

requisite: 필요한, 요건, 필수품,

필요조건, 필요물, 요소, 없어서는

안될, 필수의

resent: 원망하다, 분개하다, 에

골내다, 을 분개하다, 괘씸하게

생각하다, 화내다

resentment: 분개, 원한, 분노

reserve: 보류, 제한, 예비의,

보류하다, 준비금, 자제, 운명짓다,

보유하다, 침묵, 제외, 적립금

resign: 사임하다, 포기하다, 몸을

맡기다, 사직하다, 양도하다,

체념하다, 감수하다, 그만두다,

따르다, 맡기다, 버리다

resignation: 사표, 사직, 포기, 체념,

사임, 단념, 인종, 양위, 복종, 물러남,

체관

resist: 저항하다, 반항하다, 방해하다,

참다, 격퇴하다, 무시하다, 방염제,

반 하다, 방부제, 삼가다, 거스르다

Benjamin Franklin 41

resistance: 저항, 방해, 반항,

레지스탕스, 반감, 저항력, 저항감,

전류저항장치, 적 , 지하저항운동,

resolute: 단호한, 굳게 결심한,

의연한, 불굴의, 할 결의인,

굳은결의의

resolution: 분해, 해결, 결의, 분석,

결심, 해답, 해상도, 과단, 불굴,

결의안, 종기 따위가 삭아 없어짐

resolve: 결심, 분해하다, 결정하다,

결심하다, 해결하다, 결의, 불굴,

의결하다, 용해하다, 풀다, 결단

resolved: 단호한, 결심한, 깊이

생각한, 숙고한, 결의한

respect: 존경, 경의, 존경하다, 인사,

관계, 관심, 고려하다, 주의, 고려, 점,

관련되다

respectable: 존경할 만한, 상당한,

훌륭한, 점잔빼는, 존경할만한,

훌륭한 사람, 품행이 방정한, 품위

있는 보기 흉치 않은, 존경할만한

사람, 흉하지 않은, 신분이 좋은

respected: 훌륭한, 소문난,

높이평가되는

respectfully: 삼가, 공손하게,

정중하게, 정중히, 공손히

respecting: 에 관하여

respective: 각각의, 각자의, 저마다의

respects: 인사

restraint: 속박, 억제, 자제, 구속,

감금, 제지, 출항금지, 억제력, 조심,

금지, 구속하는 것

restriction: 제한, 구속, 한정,

제한하는 것, 사양, 속박

resume: 요약하다, 다시 시작하다,

되찾다, 개요, 적요, 다시 차지하다,

회복하다, 이력서, 다시 계속하다,

계속하다, 재점유하다

retain: 보유하다, 간직하다, 고용하다,

존속시키다, 유지하다, 종자, 잊지

않고 있다, 부하, 보지하다, 마음에

간직하다, 기억하고 있다

retire: 회수하다, 퇴직하다, 물러나다,

물러나게 하다, 자다, 아웃시키다,

은퇴시키다, 아웃 시키다, 퇴각하다,

입후보를 단념하다, 지폐 따위를

회수하다

retired: 외딴, 퇴직한, 궁벽한,

사양하는, 은퇴한, 구석진, 삼가는,

퇴역한, 시골 구석의

retirement: 퇴직, 퇴거, 퇴역, 은퇴,

은거, 은거하는 곳, 외딴곳, 벽촌,

은신처

retiring: 은퇴하는, 수줍은, 퇴직의,

삼가는, 내성적인, 수줍게, 물러나는,

내향적인, 겸손한, 암띤, 퇴직자의

retract: 취소하다, 철회하다, 한 말을

취소하다, 쑥 들어가다, 뒤로 물리다,

움츠러들이다, 오그라들다, 기체내로

끌어들이다, 수축시키다, 쑥

들어가게 하다, 쑥 들어가게하다

retreat: 퇴각, 묵상, 퇴각하다, 은퇴,

은퇴처, 쑥 들어가다, 정수, 물러나다,

뒤로 물리다, 귀영 나팔소리, 특히

말을 뒤로 물리다

returned: 송환된, 돌려보내진, 돌아

온, 돌아온

rev: 목사님, 회전, 운동량이 증가하다,

회전하다, 회전속도를 올리다,

회전속도가 빨라지다, 증가시키다,

활동적이 되다, 고속으로 운전하다,

발동기의 회전, 보다 더 활동적으로

하다

revelation: 폭로, 계시, 묵시, 발각,

적발, 요한 계시록, 폭로된 사물,

천계, 뜻밖의 새 사실, 뜻밖의 사실,

성경

revenue: 국세청, 수익, 세입, 총수입,

세무서, 수입의 출처, 수입원, 재원,

수입, 국가 등의 총수입, 개인 등의

총수입

reverend: 목사, 성직의, 거룩한,

성직자, 숭상할 만한, 신부, 존경할

만한, 존귀한, 님

reverse: 뒤의, 역, 거꾸로 하다,

거꾸로의, 반 , 불운, 뒷면,

취소하다, 뒤집다, 뒤, 파기하다

review: 회고, 비평, 평론을 쓰다,

복습, 검열하다, 관찰, 평론, 재조사,

연습, 재검토, 비평하다

revolution: 혁명, 회전, 주기, 운행,

공전, 선회, 회귀, 공전주기, 변혁,

변혁, 격변

revolving: 회전하는, 회전식의,

회전장치의, 선회하는, 윤전식의

reward: 보답하다, 보수, 보수를 주다,

벌, 현상금, 사례금, 보상하다, 보상,

이익, 보복하다, 응보

rhetoric: 수사학, 과장, 매력, 수사,

설득력, 수사적기교, 웅변술,

화려한문체, 수사법, 미사, 수사학의

rhyme: 운, 시를 짓다, 압운시,

동운어, 운이 맞다, 운을 달다, 각운,

운문, 운이 맞게 하다, 암운, 시로

만들다

rice: 쌀, 밥, 벼, 쌀알 모양으로

만들다, 감자 따위를 라이서로

으깨다, 라이서로 으깨다

rich: 귀중한, 부유한, 풍부한, 비옥한,

선명한, 기름진, 값진, 아주 우스운,

호화로운, 부자의, 강렬한

riches: 부, 많음, 재물, 재보, 재산,

풍부

rid: 제거하다, 면하다, 치우다,

구하다, 벗어나다, 끝마치다, 없애다,

으로부터 자유롭게하다, 면하게하다,

구축하다

ridiculous: 웃기는, 우스운, 터무니

없이, 터무니 없는, 어리석은,

우스꽝스러운

ridiculously: 어리석게, 우습게

rigging: 삭구, 장비, 옷, 의장, 의복,

의류

rightly: 바르게, 정확히, 정당하게,

틀림없이, 정당히, 마땅히, 당연히,

정말로, 적당히

rigorously: 엄격하게, 혹독하게,

엄하게

rise: 일어나다, 떠오르다, 오르다,

기원, 증 , 상승, 향상하다, 출세,

등귀, 일어서다, 소생

risen: 일어난, 부활한, 오른

rising: 기립, 상승, 오르는, 승진하는,

기상, 올라가는, 오르막의, 종기,

이상의, 에 가까운, 뾰루지

risque: 문란한, 외설의, 음란한

rival: 경쟁하다, 호적수, 적수, 경쟁자,

와 경쟁하다, 경쟁하는, 라이벌, 경쟁

상 , 항하는, 서로 겨루다,

맞겨루다

river: 강, 다량의 흐름, 생사의갈림길,

하천, 째는사람, 생사의 갈림길

roast: 불고기, 굽기, 구워지다, 굽다,

데우다, 구운, 조롱, 볶다, 익히다,

심한 조롱, 생선을굽다

robert: 순경, 경관, 남자이름

rock: 암석, 바위, 암초, 흔들리다,

흔들어 움직이다, 동요하다, 암반, 돌,

동요 움직이다, 애무하다, 화근

rod: 회초리, 권력, 장 , 권표, 낚싯 ,

로드, 막 , 작은 가지, 지팡이, 권총,

직표

roll: 굴리다, 구르다, 굽이치다, 감다,

두루마리, 늘어지다, 롤러로 고르다,

소용돌이 무늬, 연타, 좌우로

흔들리다, 희번덕거리다

romish: 카톨릭의

rooms: 한조의 방

rotten: 약한, 썩은, 부패한, 부서지기

쉬운, 타락한, 더러운, 취약한, 나쁜,

태도가 나쁜, 궂은, 축축한

roughly: 거칠게, 충, 귀에

거슬리게, 난폭하게, 강, 버릇없이,

개략적으로

rouse: 각성, 격려하다,

날아오르게하다, 일어나다, 술판,

일으키다, 성나게 하다, 분발, 잠이

깨다, 휘젓다, 고무하다

row: 젓다, 거리, 열, 줄, 소동, 법석,

말다툼하다, 가로수, 노젓기, 떠들다,

배를 젓다

rowing: 로잉, 배젓기, 저정용의,

조정

roy: 남자 이름

rudely: 조잡하게, 무례하게,

버릇없이, 거칠게, 불쑥, 격력하게

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 42

rudeness: 버릇없음, 난폭, 무례, 자연

그 로, 조잡, 시끄럽기

ruin: 파멸, 폐허, 손해, 파산, 몰락,

파멸시키다, 피해, 잔해, 파괴하다,

영락, 몰락한 사람

ruined: 몰락한, 파멸한, 황폐한, 해를

입은, 타락한, 멸망한, 파산한

rule: 괘, 규칙, 규정하다, 통치하다,

지배하다, 지배, 법칙, 괘선, 표준,

억제하다, 자

rum: 이상한, 술, 럼 술, 기묘한,

서투른, 럼주, 만만찮은, 위험한,

어려운, 별스런, 럼술

runaway: 도망, 쉽게 이긴, 도망친,

탈주자, 도망자, 달아난, 탈주, 낙승,

사랑의 도피, 급히 오르는, 가출소년

running: 달리기, 달리는, 잇따른,

운전, 경주, 고름이 나옴, 흐르는,

유출물, 기어오르는, 주력, 미끄러운

sabbath: 안식일, 휴식

sack: 약탈, 마 , 약탈하다, 해고,

잠자리, 주머니 부 , 부 , 침낭, 누,

큰 자루, 퇴짜

sacrament: 상징, 성체, 성예전,

신성한 물건, 성체성사, 선서, 성사,

성례, 신성한 맹세, 신비스럽고

신성한 것

sacred: 신성한, 종교적인, 모신,

바쳐진, 바친, 신성 불가침의, 신의

사자인, 전용되는

sacrifice: 희생타, 희생, 투매하다,

헌신, 싸구려로, 그로 인한 손실,

제물, 희생타로 진루시키다, 희생적

행위, 희생하다, 희생타를 치다

saddle: 안장 모양의 물건, 안장,

등심고기, 권력을 쥐고, 안상부,

안장에 올라 타다, 에 안장을 얹다,

말에 안장을 얹다, 지우다

safe: 안전한, 틀림없는, 믿을 수 있는,

몹시 조심하는, 무사한, 세이프의,

금고, 도망할우려가 없는, 위험성이

없는, 의 가능성이 있는, 찬장

sagacious: 현명한, 슬기로운, 명민한,

기민한, 슬기롭다, 영리한

sail: 돛, 범주, 척의 배, 돛배, 범주력,

항정, 날개, 달리게 하다, 범주하다,

돛단배, 건너다

sailer: 배

sailing: 범주, 출범, 항행, 항해술,

순조로운 진행, 항행력, 항해의

saint: 성인, 성도, 성, 성인으로 하다,

시성하다, 인공위성 추적용 비행체,

천국에 간 사람, 성인으로 숭배하다,

발기인, 기독교도 등의 칭호, 교부

등의 칭호

sake: 목적, 위함, 이유, 제발, 을 위함

salary: 봉급, 월급, 에게 봉급을 주다,

급료

salisbury: 짐바브웨의 수도

salt: 소금, 소금에 절인, 식염, 식탁용

소금 그릇, 풍자, 기지, 자극, 흥미,

염, 의 손님이 되다, 뱃사람

salt-marsh: 바닷물이 드나드는 늪

salute: 경례, 인사, 예포, 비치다,

받들어 총, 경례하다, 들리다,

들어오다, 에게 인사하다, 에게

경례하다, 시합전의 예의를 표하다

sameness: 동일, 일륜, 동일성

sample: 견본, 표본, 견본을 뽑다,

시식하다, 견본의, 의 견본을 뽑다

samuel: 예언자, 사무엘서, 히브리의

사사, 사무엘, 남자 이름

sandy: 불안정한, 모래의,

모래투성이의, 연한 갈색의, 여자

이름, 스코틀랜드 인의 별명,

모랫빛의, 모래빛의, 꺼칠꺼칠한,

남자 이름

sanguine: 희망에 찬, 명랑한, 혈색이

좋은, 쾌활한, 다혈질의,

피비린내나는, 붉은 초크 그림, 붉은

초크, 붉은 크레용 그림, 붉은 크레용

satirist: 빗 다, 풍자하다, 풍자시,

풍자, 비꼼, 풍자가, 풍자시 작자, 문

작자

satisfaction: 사죄, 이행, 결투 신청에

응하다, 만족, 만족시키는 물건, 속죄,

사죄하다, 결투, 결투를 신청하다,

만족함, 만족을 주는 것

satisfactory: 더할나위 없는, 만족한,

만족스러운, 충분히 속죄가 되는

satisfied: 만족한, 흡족한

satisfy: 만족시키다, 풀게하다,

채우다, 가라앉히다, 갚다,

안심시키다, 이루다, 지불하다, 풀다,

충족시키다, 만족을 주다

saturday: 토요일, 토요일의,

토요일에

satyr: 사티로스, 호색한, 호색가

saucy: 건방진, 스마트한, 멋진,

뻔뻔스런, 쾌활한

save: 오래가다, 을 제외하고, 덜다,

모으다, 구해내다, 절약하다, 건지다,

면케하다, 은 도로 치고, 저장,

지키다

saving: 저금, 구조, 절약, 절약하는,

구제, 제외하는, 저축, 을 더는, 보상,

구하는, 외에는

scandal: 중상, 추문, 반감, 의옥, 치욕,

악평, 험담, 불명예, 소동

scanty: 부족한, 모자라는

scarce: 드문, 부족한, 희귀한,

결석하다, 결핍한

scarcely: 겨우, 거의, 이 아니다, 하지

않는 일은 좀처럼 없다, 간신히

scene: 추태, 경치, 장면, 장, 사건,

광경, 나타나다, 무 배경이나 세트,

실황, 언쟁하다, 은 히

scholar: 학생, 장학생, 학자, 학식,

어학자, 학식이 있는 사람

schooling: 교육, 학교 교육, 학비,

훈련, 견책

schoolmaster: 교사, 도미의 일종,

교장, 가르치다, 교육 기자재, 남자

교원, 지도자, 교사로서 가르치다

scientific: 과학적인, 학술상의,

정확한, 숙련된, 기량이 있는, 과학의,

기술이 뛰어난

scorn: 경멸하다, 경멸, 떳떳하게

여기지 않다, 냉소하다, 경멸받는 것,

거절하다, 조소하다, 경멸받는 사람

scour: 질주하다, 문질러 닦다, 물로

씻어내다, 급히 찾아 다니다, 갈다,

청소하다, 찾아 헤매다, 갈아서 닦다,

씻어내기, 을 급히 지나치다, 을 충

생각하다

scramble: 기어오르다, 퍼지다, 서로

다투어 빼앗다, 기다, 주파수 변환기,

우유를 넣어 휘저어 익히다,

그러모으다, 불규칙하게 뻗다,

쟁탈전, 급히 서둘러 하다, 긴급 출격

scraping: 부스러기, 문지르기, 긁어

모은것, 긁어 모은 것, 깍기, 깍은

부스러기, 깍음, 거리의 무뢰한, 긁기,

먼지, 할큄

scribble: 낙서, 잡문 쓰는 사람, 갈겨

쓰는 사람, 갈겨 씀, 낙서하다,

아무렇게나 쓴 것, 문필을 업으로

삼다, 갈겨 쓰기, 갈겨 쓰다, 되는

로 쓴 것, 서투른 문장을 쓰다

scrivener: 공증인, 서인, 금융업자

scruple: 망설임, 예사로, 태연히,

주저하다, 미량, 스쿠루플, 주저,

꺼리다, 스크루플, 양심의 가책, 의심

scrupulous: 양심적인, 고지식한,

신중한, 주의 깊은, 정확한, 꼼꼼한

scrutiny: 유심히 보는 일, 음미, 정

검사, 정 한 조사, 투표 재검사,

투표 검사, 정 한 검사

scull: 고물에 달아 좌우로 지나가는

외노, 스컬로 젓다, 스컬로 젓기,

스컬 보트의 경조, 보트의 노, 스컬

scurrilous: 입이 건, 쌍스러운,

야비한

scuttle: 작은 창, 석탄 그릇, 포기하다,

줄행랑, 급한 걸음, 구멍을 내어

침몰시키다, 바쁜 걸음, 폐기하다,

천창, 승강구의 뚜껑, 스커틀

search: 찾다, 뒤지다, 검색, 조사하다,

탐색하다, 몸수색하다, 구하다,

속속들이 스며들다, 살피다, 유심히

보다, 조사

searching: 수색, 엄중한, 날카로운,

수색하는, 몸에 스며드는

seasonably: 시기에 알맞게, 계절에

알맞게, 마침 좋은 때에, 호기로,

적절하게

Benjamin Franklin 43

seat: 자리, 의석, 좌석, 소재지,

예약석, 의자, 왕권, 승마자세, 왕위,

의원의 지위, 의자의 재료

second-hand: 중고로, 중고의, 고물로,

간접의

secret: 비 의, 비 을 지키는, 비결,

음부, 숨은, 신비스러운, 비법, 신비,

외딴, 불가사의, 비

sect: 당파, 교파, 종파, 분파

secure: 확실한, 튼튼한, 확신하는,

안전한, 구하다, 안전히 하다,

안전하게 되다, 붙들어 매다, 보험에

들다, 보증하다, 단단히 잠그다

securely: 안전히 하다, 안전한,

보증하다, 단단히 잠그다, 보험에

들다, 붙들어 매다, 확신하는, 구하다,

가두다, 획득하다, 튼튼한

seeing: 이므로, 인 사실을 생각하면,

seek: 찾다, 와의 교제를바라다,

탐구하다, 구하다, 에 가다,

하고자하다, 추구하다, 수색하다,

노력하다, 얻으려 하다, 탐색하다

seeming: 겉으로의, 외관상의 겉보기,

외관, 겉모양, 외관상의, 표면만의

seemingly: 겉으로는, 생각이 들다,

로 보이다, 같다, 표면상, 있을

것처럼 보이다, 겉으로 보기에

seize: 잡다, 압류하다, 침범하다,

이용하다, 움켜쥐다, 이해하다,

잡아매다, 잘 알고 있다, 붙들어 매다,

덮치다, 엄습하다

seized: 점유한

seldom: 드물게, 흔히, 좀처럼...않는,

좀처럼, 않는

selected: 선택된, 정선된, 선발된

self: 자기, 본인, 사욕, 이기심,

단일의, 진수, 귀사, 자아, 귀점, 자신,

self-confidence: 자신, 자신 과잉,

자신감, 자부

self-denial: 극기, 자기 부정, 자제

self-education: 독학

self-examination: 자기반성

selfishness: 이기주의, 자기본위,

자애적

self-taught: 독학의, 독습의

sell: 실망, 속이다, 장사하다, 팔리다,

속임수, 선전하다, 매진, 납득시키다,

배신하다, 초만원, 판매전술

selling: 판매에 종사하는, 팔리는,

판매하는

send: 보내다, 내리다, 던지다, 내다,

빠지게 하다, 시키다, 쏘다, 전도하다,

쫓아버리다, 베풀다, 주시다

sensible: 분별 있는, 현명한, 지각할

수 있는, 알아채고, 알아챈, 느낄 수

있는, 느끼기 쉬운, 감각의,

신용본위의, 눈에 띌 정도의

sensibly: 현명하게,

스마트하기보다는 실용 본위로,

눈에 띌 정도로, 느끼기 쉽게,

분별있게, 지각 있게,

현저히현명하게, 분별 있게, 느낄 수

있게

sentence: 문장, 선고, 판결, 형벌,

악구, 결정, 의견, 선고하다, 금언,

악절, 명제

sentiment: 의견, 감상, 정서, 감정의,

감상적인, 다감, 정취, 다감한, 감정,

감정에 흐르는 경향, 감정적인 생각

separate: 가르다, 갈라진, 식별하다,

별거시키다, 불화케하다, 단독의,

분리한, 따로따로의, 격리시키다,

구별하다, 끊어지다

separately: 따로따로, 하나하나,

갈라져, 단독으로

separation: 분리, 별거, 이탈, 이혼,

이별, 분리점, 제 , 간격, 해고,

분리선

seriously: 진지하게, 심히, 중하게

seriousness: 정색, 진지, 용이치 않음,

딱딱함, 엄숙, 중 , 심각함, 중 함,

진지함

sermon: 잔소리, 설교, 설교하다,

교훈

servant: 하인, 봉사자, 고용인, 머슴,

부하, 공무원, 종업원, 하인의

serve: 섬기다, 봉사하다, 차려내다,

시중하다, 접 하다, 제공하다,

충분하다, 취급하다, 근무하다, 서브

방법, 채우다

serviceable: 쓸모 있는, 오래쓸수

있는, 튼튼한, 사용할 수 있는,

소용에 닿는, 기꺼이 도와주는,

쓸모있는

servile: 노예의, 야비한, 맹종적인,

노예 근성의

serving: 음식을 차림, 한 끼분의 음식,

피복재, 한 그릇, 음식시중, 음식

시중, 한 끼분의 음료, 인분

setting: 짐, 식자, 작곡, 둠, 박아 넣기,

날세움, 악보, 한 배의 알, 환경, 놓음,

마무리칠

settle: 해결하다, 진정시키다,

가라앉다, 결정하다, 놓다, 식민하다,

자리잡게 하다, 안정시키다, 주다,

결심하다, 이주하다

settled: 고정된, 기틀이 잡힌, 안정된,

정주한, 청산된

settlement: 해결, 이민, 수여, 부락,

결말, 인보사업단, 침전, 생활의 안정,

왕위 계승령, 청산, 세틀먼트

settling: 앙금, 침전물, 식민, 결정,

내려앉음, 고정, 맑아짐

seventeen: 열일곱 명, 십칠의 기호,

십칠의, 열일곱 개, 십칠세의, 십칠세,

십칠

seventh: 일곱째의, 일곱 번째로,

제칠, 제칠의, 칠도, 칠분의 하나,

칠분의 하나의, 칠일, 일곱번째의

사람, 일곱번째의 사물

seventy: 일흔 개, 칠십, 칠십 , 일흔,

일흔 명, 칠십년 , 칠십세, 칠십세의,

칠십의, 칠십의 기호

severe: 간소한, 엄한, 엄 한, 격렬한,

군더더기 없는, 수수한, 엄숙한, 중한,

호된, 심한, 피도 눈물도 없는

severely: 수수한, 간소한, 격렬한,

엄 한, 군더더기 없는, 엄숙한, 호된,

중한, 심하게, 간소하게, 엄하게

severity: 괴로움, 엄격, 간소, 격렬,

모진 경험, 통렬함

sex: 성, 성욕, 성교, 성기, 성별, 성의,

여성, 암수의, 섹스, 성적인,

성적매력을 돋우다

shake: 악수하다, 휘두르다,

떨어버리다, 흔들다, 흔들어 깨우다,

흩뿌리다, 흔들어 떨어뜨리다,

진동하다, 전음을 쓰다, 흔들리게

하다, 떨다

shalt: 직설법 현재

sham: 가짜, 속임, 을 가장하다,

협작꾼, 군사 연습, 하는 체하다,

모조의, 짐짓, 가짜의, 허풍선이,

허위의

shape: 상태, 말로 표현하다, 정하다,

모양 짓다, 형태를취하다, 형태를

이루다, 자태, 유럽 연합국 최고

사령부, 어렴풋한 모습, 다 되다,

구체화 하다

sharper: 사기꾼

shave: 깎다, 면도, 면도하다, 다,

스쳐지나가다, 깎음, 깎은 부스러기,

깎는 연장, 수염을 깎다, 엷게 자르다,

스치다

sheet: 시트, 돛, 얇은 판, 시트감,

판금, 판자틀, 돛의 아딧줄, 편지, 한

장, 홑이불, 펴진면

shelter: 방공호, 보호하다, 피난하다,

보호물, 은신처, 차페물, 주거,

햇빛을 피하다, 비호하다, 비호,

피호

shew: 흥행, 기회, 보임, 삼위, 시늉,

시도, 흔적

shift: 교 , 속이다, 변화, 바꾸다,

변경, 옮기다, 임시변통으로,

꾸려나가다, 움직이다, 이리저리

변동하다, 방책

shilling: 실링

ship: 수송하다, 배, 을 배에 싣다,

배에 타다, 배로 가다, 설비하다, 전

승무원, 쫓아버리다, 파도를 뒤집어

쓰다, 함, 선원으로 고용하다

shipwreck: 난파, 파멸하다, 과멸,

과선하다, 파선, 난파하다, 난파선,

파멸시키다, 파멸, 난파선의 잔해,

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 44

난선하다

shirley: 여자 이름남자 이름

shoal: 얕아지다, 떼를 짓다, 모래톱,

어군, 여울목, 떼 다수, 무리, 앝은,

다수, 얕은, 여울

shock: 쇼크, 충격, 충격을 주다, 격돌,

충돌하다, 타격, 짚가리, 충돌,

가리다, 헝클어진 머리, 부스스한것

shocking: 지독한, 지독하게,

충격적인, 망측한, 무서운, 오싹하게

하는, 고약한, 소름끼치는, 형편 없는

shoemaker: 구두 고치는 사람,

제화공, 구두 만드는 사람, 구둣방

shoes: 구두

shooting: 촬영, 사격, 총사냥, 발사,

격통, 수렵, 사출, 사냥터, 쿡쿡

쑤시는 아픔, 수렵 구역

shore: 육지, 지주, 해안, 육지로, 언덕,

뭍, 나라, 떠받치다, 물가, 지주로

받치다, 양륙하다

shortening: 단축, 생략, 쇼트닝,

단축어, 생략어, 생략법

shortly: 곧, 간단히, 쌀쌀하게, 얼마

안 있어, 가까이, 직전에, 무뚝뚝하게,

이내, 즉, 퉁명스럽게, 가까이서

shot: 발포, 산탄, 탄환, 포환, 주사,

추측, 시도, 명사, 술집의 계산서,

어림짐작, 촬영거리

showing: 전시, 외관, 새가 좋다,

진열, 꾸밈, 모양새, 전람, 상영, 성적,

전시회, 정세

shrewd: 빈틈없는, 기민한, 모진,

심한, 약빠른, 날카로운, 짓궂은,

얘민한, 영리해 보이는

shut: 닫히다, 잠기다, 잠그다, 잠가

막다, 막다, 가로막다, 폐쇄음의,

휴업하다, 폐쇄하다, 닫다, 에 가두다

sick: 창백한, 병의, 병자용의,

욕지기가 나는, 그리워하는, 넌더리

나는, 상태가 좋지 않은, 싫증이 나는,

토하다, 병자의, 싫증이 나서

sickness: 병, 역겨움, 구역질,

메스꺼움, 앓음

siding: 편들기, 측선, 가담, 마늘판벽,

피선, 벽널

sight: 시계, 봄, 구경거리, 시각, 일견,

시력, 목격, 웃음거리, 힐끗봄, 광경,

경치

sign: 기호, 간판, 표시, 손짓,

서명시켜 고용하다, 기적, 서명하다,

징후, 신호하다, 사인, 길잡이

signed: 사인이 들어있는, 서명된

signifying: 설전, 서로 악담하기 시합

silence: 묵살, 무소식, 침묵, 침묵을

지킴, 침묵시키는 사람, 침묵 지키다,

잠잠하게 하다, 소음장치, 비 , 망각,

조용히

silent: 조용한, 활동하지 않는,

묵음의, 무언의, 무언으로, 침묵하는,

조용히, 잠자코, 익명의, 침묵을

지키는, 소식이 없는

silently: 잠자코, 조용히, 아무 말

않고, 묵묵히, 고요하게

silk: 비단, 견직물, 왕실 변호사,

비단옷, 명주실, 돼지귀로 비단

염낭은 만들 수 없다, 비단법 복,

비단 광택, 명주실 모양의 것, 기수복,

명주의

silly: 어리석은, 바보 같은, 천진한,

아연한, 단순한, 백치의, 순진한,

기절한, 바보

silver: 은, 은의, 은화, 은을 입히다,

은으로 만든, 은그릇, 은도금 하다,

질산은, 질산은을 칠하다, 은실, 은

같은

similarity: 유사, 비슷함, 상사

simplicity: 간소, 순진, 단순, 소박,

평이, 무지, 간단, 우직

sincere: 성실한, 진실의

sincerely: 성실한, 진실의,

미음으로부터, 진정으로

sincerity: 성실, 성의, 정직

singular: 단수, 단 하나의, 단수의,

현저한, 각각의 단수의, 보통이 아닌

단수, 멋진, 이상한, 개개의, 훌륭한,

단수형

singularity: 단독, 단일, 특이, 비범,

이상, 기이, 기이한 버긋, 괴이, 희한,

단수성, 회유

sinister: 불길한, 왼쪽의, 사악한,

불행한, 방패의 왼쪽의, 부정직한,

음험한, 악의가 있는

sinking: 가라앉음, 내려앉는, 쇠약

가라앉는, 쇠퇴하는, 가라앉는

sit: 앉다, 개회하다, 불다, 맞다, 타다,

착석하다, 의석을 갖다, 얹혀 있다,

착석시키다, 걸터 앉다, 출석하다

sitting: 착석, 개정, 회가, 한차례일,

알을 품고 있는, 알 품기, 개회,

거주중인, 사진의 모델이 됨, 앉은,

일하며 앉아 있는 기간

situated: 입장에 놓인, 있는, 한

처지에 있는, 위치해 있는, 한 경우에

있는, 한 상태에 있는

sixty: 예순 개, 육십세의, 육십의,

육십일불 어음, 육십 , 육십년 ,

육십, 육십세, 예순 개의

sketch: 스케치, 사생하다, 초안,

약도를 그리다, 사생화, 애별 그림,

초고, 스케치하다, 소묘곡, 꼴불견의

사람, 웃음거리의 사람

skilful: 숙련된, 잘 만들어진

skill: 솜씨, 술련, 교묘, 문제가 되다,

숙련, 이해하다, 기능

skilled: 숙련된, 기술이 좋은, 숙련이

필요한, 솜씨를 요하는, 숙련을

요하는, 특수 기술을 요하는

slaughter: 학살, 도살, 학살하다,

완패, 도살하다, 학살, 승리를

거두다

slavery: 노예 제도, 고역, 중노동,

노예의 신분, 예속, 노예의 신세,

포로, 천한 일, 군침 투성이의, 군침

흘리는

sleep: 자다, 영면, 수면, 정지, 동면,

마비되다, 묵다, 잠듦, 마비, 이성과

자다, 헤프다

sleepiness: 졸린, 졸음이 오는 듯한

slender: 가느다란, 마른, 얼마 안

되는, 빈약한, 미덥지 못한, 미덥지

않은, 협음의, 모자라는, 호리호리한

slice: 얇게 베다, 부분, 베어낸 한

조각, 한점, 나누다, 얇게 저미는

식칼, 몫, 곡구, 곡구로 치다, 곡구로,

가르듯이 달리다

slide: 미끄러짐, 사태, 슬라이드,

미끄러지다, 활주, 스르르 빠져들다,

단층, 슬라이딩, 미끄러 떨어뜨리는

, 미끄러져 가다, 산사태

slight: 경멸, 근소한, 약한, 얕보다,

적은, 훌쭉한, 가냘픈, 모자라는,

하찮은, 경시하다, 조금도

slippery: 불안정한, 미끄러운, 믿을

수 없는, 속임수의, 뻔뻔스러운,

의미가 선명하지 않은, 잡을 데가

없는

sloop: 외 박이 돛배, 슬루프형의

범선

slovenly: 단정치 못한, 부주의한,

단정치 못하게, 되는 로의, 되는

로, 되는 로의 되는 로, 게으른,

추레한

slowness: 우둔, 느림, 완만

slush: 뇌물, 윤활유, 위조지폐, 진창,

푸념, 질벅한 길, 음식, 윤활제,

시멘트로 메우다, 깊이 없는

감상적인 이야기, 녹기 시작한 눈

sly: 교활한, 익살맞은, 음흉한,

장난스러운, 몰래, 은 한

smaller: 작게

smelt: 용해하다, 제련하다, 빙어,

빙어 무리의 식용어

smith: 장장이, 금속세공장,

윤리학자, 단조하다, 금속 세공인,

제조인, 스미스

smoke: 얼굴을 붉히다, 궐련, 김이

나다, 그을리다, 마초를 피우다, 잘

타지 않고 내다, 흑인, 훈제로 하다,

덧없는 것, 여송연, 연기

smoothly: 평지, 매끄러운, 입에

당기는, 유창한, 반드러워지다, 수염

없는, 초원, 잔잔한, 반드럽게 함,

반드러운 부분, 반드러운

snug: 아늑한, 넉넉한, 숨은, 조촐한,

깨끗한, 내항성있는, 잘 정비된, 서로

기분 좋게 눕다, 가지런히 정비된,

단정히 하다, 아담한

Benjamin Franklin 45

sober: 수수한, 술이 깨다, 냉정한,

취하지않은, 진지한, 분별 있는, 맑은

정신의, 마음이 가라앉다, 마음을

가라앉히다, 과장 없는, 침착해지다

sociable: 사교적인, 친목회, 붙임성

있는, 사귀기 쉬운, 사교를 좋아하는,

친목의, 사륜 마차의 일종, 사교에

능한, 간친회

socrates: 소크라테스

socratic: 소크라테스의

soften: 부드럽게 하다, 저항력을

약화시키다, 연성으로 하다,

상냥하게 하다, 저항력을 약화

시키다, 연하게 하다, 연약하게 하다,

덜다, 누그러지다, 누그러지게 하다,

낮게 하다

soil: 오물, 더러워지다, 더럽히다, 흙,

토양, 비료, 타락시키다, 얼룩을

묻히다, 생육지, 토지, 더럼

soldier: 용사, 군 에 복무하다, 군인,

꾀부리다, 전사, 빤들거리다, 사병,

용병, 군인이 되다, 훈제 청어, 병사

sole: 유일한, 단독의, 발바닥, 미혼의,

독점적인, 혀가자미, 신바닥, 밑부분,

혀넙치, 바닥, 창을 다

solicit: 간청하다, 교사하다, 구하다,

끌다, 권유하다, 뇌물을 써서

애걸하다, 손님을 끌다, 유혹하다

solicitation: 간원, 유혹, 간청, 교사,

권유, 귀찮게 졸라댐, 손님끌기,

애걸복걸, 유도, 증회 유치

solicitor: 법무관, 외판원, 변호사,

간청하는 사람, 사무 변호사, 권유원,

간청자

solid: 고체, 견실한, 입체의, 고체의,

사이가 좋은, 멋진, 완전한, 순수한,

속이 비지 않은, 연속된, 하이픈없이

solomon: 현인, 솔로몬, 기원전 10

세기의 이스라엘 왕

somebody: 어떤 사람, 누군가,

상당한 인물, 아무개라는 사람

somehow: 웬일인지, 그럭저럭,

좌우간, 어떻든지, 어떻게 든지 하여,

어쩐지, 어떻게든지

somewhat: 얼마간, 다소, 어느 정도,

약간

somewhere: 어딘 가에, 어느땐가,

어디론가, 약, 어딘가에, 어딘가

song: 노래, 가곡, 가창, 시, 지저귐,

변명, 설명, 창가, 을 자랑하다,

무가차한 것, 물끓는 소리

sooner: 선구적 이주자, 선구이주민,

선수치는 사람

sophister: 궤변가, 소피스트

sorrow: 불행, 슬픔, 고난, 슬픈,

슬퍼보이는, 아쉬움, 슬퍼하다, 후회,

고생

soul: 영혼, 정수, 정신, 확실히, 기백,

단연코, 열정, 화신, 사람, 흑인이

전하는 강렬한 느낌, 흑인 본래의

soundings: 측연이 미치는 측정 범위

soundly: 충분히, 건전한, 확실한,

합리적인, 철저한, 강하지않은,

안전한, 건전하게

southward: 남으로부터, 남으로,

남쪽에, 남쪽으로, 남쪽으로의,

남쪽의

sovereignty: 주권, 독립국, 주권자의

지위

spain: 스페인

spanish: 스페인 사람, 스페인 말,

스페인어, 스페인 말의, 스페인

사람의, 스페인 풍의, 스페인의

spare: 절약하다, 할애하다, 용서하다,

나누어 주다, 예비품, 아끼지 않다,

아끼다, 없는 로 지내다, 억누르다,

검약하다, 삼가다

speak: 이야기하다, 탄원하다,

표명하다, 이야기 하다, 울리다,

연설하다, 말하다, 성명하다,

나타내다, 쓰다, 에게 말을 걸다

speaker: 연설자, 변사, 하원의원,

확성기, 스피커, 의장, 이야기하는

사람, 말하는 사람

speaking: 말하기, 연설, 정치적 집회,

이야기 하기에 적합한, 담화,

이야기를 할 정도의, 생생한, 말하는,

말이라도 할 것 같은

species: 종, 종류, 빵과 포도주, 형식,

미사용의 빵과 포도주, 종 개념

specimen: 견본, 표본, 괴짜, 인물,

별난 사람, 예

speckled: 얼룩덜룩한, 반점이 있는

spectacle: 구경거리, 안경, 광경, 장관,

보기에 도 지겨운 것, 타자의 재차의

무득점, 보기에 도 딱한 것

spectator: 구경꾼, 방관자, 관찰자,

목격자

speculation: 투기, 추측, 사색, 공리

speculative: 사색적인, 위험을 내포한,

순이론적인, 투기의, 투기적인,

위험한

speech: 말, 연설, 말투, 담화, 화법,

표현력, 이야기, 언어 국어 방언,

언어능력, 연설법, 말하기

speedily: 즉시의, 재빠른, 조속한,

민속한, 빨리

speedy: 즉시의, 민속한, 재빠른,

조속한, 빠른

spelling: 철자, 철자법

spence: 식품 저장실, 그릇장, 찬장

spend: 돈을 쓰다, 들이다, 낭비하다,

보내다, 쓰다, 지쳐 빠지게 하다,

다써버리다, 바치다, 산란하다,

지치게 하다, 돈을 들이다

spending: 소비, 지출

spent: 다 써버린, 지쳐버린, 산란한

sphere: 하늘, 구체, 천공, 천체, 별,

활동범위, 구, 구면, 영역, 지구본,

지위

spirit: 기분, 기질, 정신, 영혼, 사람,

생기, 유령, 알코올, 인물, 시 정신,

spirited: 활기찬, 원기 있는, 정신의,

한 정신을 가진, 힘찬

spiritual: 영적인, 정신의, 신성한,

흑인 영가, 종교의, 종교상의,

종교적인 일, 종교적인 것, 정신적인

일, 영가, 성령의

spite: 악의, 원한, 앙심으로, 에

짓궂게 굴다, 을 돌보지 않고, 에도

불구하고, 짓궂게 굴다, 앙갚음하다

splash: 튀다, 튀기다, 튀김, 철벅철벅,

첨벙, 반점, 흩뿌린 것 같은 무늬로

하다, 큰호평을 얻다, 소량의 소다수,

풍덩 떨어지다, 튄물

spoke: 살, 에 살을 달다, 가로장,

바퀴 멈추개, 타륜의 손잡이, 제륜자,

제동자로 바퀴를 멈추다, 단목,

스포우크, 살을 달다

spoken: 구두, 입으로 말하는, 구두의,

담화에 사용되는, 말에 사용되는

sponge: 해면, 해면으로 닦다, 식객,

술고래, 해면 모양의 물건, 해면에

흡수시키다, 해면을 따다, 흡수하다,

스펀지, 패배를 자인하다, 등치다

spontaneous: 자발적인, 천연의, 자연

발생적인, 시원스러운, 자발행위,

자발성, 자연스러운, 자연히

일어나는, 인공적 재배에 의하지

않은

spoon: 숟가락, 숟가락으로 뜨다,

애무하다, 높이치기용의 골프채의

일종, 미끼쇠, 새롱거리다,

후림낚시로 낚다, 숟가락 모양의

물건, 여자에게 약한 사람,

퍼올리듯이 치다, 공을 퍼올리듯이

치다

spot: 점, 반점, 얼룩, 당장의, 흑점,

오점, 조금, 발견하다, 결점,

산재시키다, 지점

spray: 물보라, 분무기, 작은 가지,

흡입기, 안개를 뿜다, 물보라를

일으키다, 산탄을 퍼붓다, 가지 무늬,

퍼붓다, 가지 모양의 무늬, 가지

모양의 장식

spread: 펴다, 퍼지다, 유포, 퍼뜨리다,

미치다, 보급, 뻗다, 유포하다,

흩뿌리다, 펼치다, 큰 기사

spring: 봄, 샘, 용수철을 달다, 튀다,

폭발시키다, 도약하다, 뛰다,

뛰어넘다, 반동, 원천, 청춘

sprung: 얼근한

squadron: 소함 , 비행 중 , 집단,

기병 , 기병 , 단체, 기갑

, 비행 , 비행

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 46

squall: 소동, 돌풍, 스콜, 질풍,

질풍이 휘몰아치다, 그 소리, 싸움,

꽥꽥 떠들다, 비명을 지르다, 일진의

광풍, 꽥꽥 우는 소리

square: 정사각형, 평방의, 광장, 방진,

한 구획, 정사각형의, 정사각형으로

하다, 공평한, 곱자, 정직한, 충분한

stagecoach: 역마차, 승합마차, 합승

마차

staid: 침착한, 차분한, 착실한

stain: 얼룩, 오점, 더러워지다, 착색,

착색하다, 흠, 더럽히다, 손상시키다,

얼룩지다, 얼룩을 묻히다, 더럼

staircase: 계단, 사닥다리 계단

stamp: 종류, 분쇄하다, 우표를

붙이다, 타인기, 우표, 특징, 표,

스탬프, 수입 인지, 쇄석기, 도장

standing: 지위, 상비의, 서 있음,

영구적인, 존속, 괴어 있는, 명성,

입목, 관에 박힌, 베지 않은, 서 있는

stanza: 절, 연

starting: 출발, 개시

stated: 정해진, 진술된

statesman: 정치가

station: 역, 위치, 주둔지, 방송국,

파출소 방송국, 정거장, 지위, 소, 국,

신분, 근거지

stationary: 고정된, 정지한, 움직이지

않는, 고정시킨, 변화 없는, 얼른

보아 경도에 변화가 없는, 움직이지

않는 것, 움직이지 않는 사람, 정주한

stationer: 문방구상

stationery: 문방구, 편지지, 문구

stature: 발달, 신장 성장, 키, 성장,

성장도

steadily: 꾸준히, 착실히, 견실하게

steady: 침착한, 착실한, 흔들리지

않는, 변치 않는, 간단없는, 이미

정해진친구, 한결같은, 꾸준한, 견고

하게 하다, 견고한, 안정시키다

steal: 훔치다, 도둑질하다, 도루하다,

훔침, 횡재, 도둑질, 도루, 몰래 손에

넣다, 훔친물건, 몰래가다조용히

움직이다, 싸게 산 물건

steerage: 조종, 고물, 조타, 선미,

키의 성능, 삼등선실, 삼등실로

step: 걸음, 디딤판, 발자국, 수단,

한걸음, 걷다, 걸음걸이, 승급, 일보,

짧은 거리, 스텝

sterling: 영화, 훌륭한, 순수한,

표준량의, 표준 은으로 만든,

신뢰할만한, 진정한, 법정 순분을

함유하는, 법정 순분의 은

steward: 간사, 집사, 기선, 여객계원,

식사 담당원, 식사 담당자, 사환,

회계

stick: 붙이다, 찌르다, 잔가지, 조종간,

단장, 나무토막, 지팡이 멍청이, 연속

무하 폭탄, 고착 시키다, 엄청난 값을

부르다, 걸리게 하다

sticking: 끈적거림, 끈적끈적한,

늘어붙는, 개탕 패로 깎기

stifle: 억누르다, 질식시키다,

숨겨두다, 진압하다, 끄다,

숨막히게하다. 끄다, 숨막히게하다,

숨을 막다, 숨이 가쁘다

stile: 층계, 회전식 문, 울타리에 낸

디딤

stock: 주식, 원료, 혈통, , 조선 ,

가축, 가문, 증권, 가계, 자루, 재고품

stockade: 방책, 영창, 울타리를 둘러

친곳, 울타리로 둘러치다, 말뚝의

방파제, 방책의 울, 울타리를

둘러치다, 말뚝을 둘러치다

stolen: 훔친

stone: 핵, 에 돌을 던지다, 돌의, 석재,

결석, 돌, 보석, 스톤, 숫돌, 석조의,

돌을 깔다

stony: 돌의, 돌이 많은, 무표정한,

무정한, 돌같은, 부동의, 냉혹한,

망연자실하게 하는, 씨가 많은,

돌처럼 단단한

stool: 그루터기, 발판, 변소, 변보기,

밑동, 무릎받치는 궤, 걸상 비슷한

물건, 걸상, 후림새의 홰, 창 문지방,

싹이 나다

stopt: 과거분사형

store: 축적, 공급하다, 창고에

보관하다, 백화점, 저장소, 저장,

기억시키다, 저축하다, 비축,

떼어두다, 넣을 여지가 있다

stove: 난로, 스토브, 온실, 온실에서

재배하다, 요리용 난로, 온실에서

속상 재배하다

straggling: 뿔뿔이 흩어지다,

무질서하게 나아가다, 뒤떨어지다,

뻗쳐 퍼지다, 산재하다, 우거지다,

낙오한

strain: 긴장시키다, 거르다, 종족,

경향, 혈통, 기미, 남용하다,

접질하다, 잡아당기다, 성격, 너무

써서 손상 시키다

strait: 궁핍, 해협, 좁은, 곤란, 좁은문,

엄중한

straitness: 좁음, 엄격함, 답답함

strand: 바닷가, 좌초시키다, 가닥을

끊다, 물가, 꼬다, 좌초하다, 외가닥,

궁핍하게 하다

stranger: 손님, 제삼자, 낯선 사람,

새로 온 사람, 무 경험자, 모르는

사람, 을 쌀쌀하게 하다, 여보세요,

문외한

straw: 짚, 짚, 가짜의, 하찮은,

하찮은 물건, 짚한 오라기, 짚으로

만든, 스트로, 짚모자, 하찮은 것,

짚으로 만든 것

strength: 힘, 저항력, 강도, 병력,

농도, 효력, 강하기, 의지, 힘이 되는

것, 을 의지하여, 강점

strengthen: 강해지다, 기운이 나다,

기운을 돋우다, 강하게하다, 강하게

하다

strict: 엄한, 절 적인, 정확한,

엄격한, 긴장된, 엄 한, 완전한

strictly: 엄한, 절 적인, 정확한,

엄격하게

strike: 때리다, 치다, 찌어내다,

부딪다, 발견하다, 느끼게 하다,

뜻밖에 만나다, 푹 찌르다, 맞히다,

가하다, 공격하다

striking: 치는, 파업중인, 인상적인,

현저한, 두드러진, 눈에 띄는

strip: 벗기다, 옷을 벗다, 길고

가느다란 조각, 장비를 떼다, 활주로,

벌거숭이로 만들다, 빼앗다, 철판

활주로, 연재만화, 의 덮개를 없애다,

줄거리를 떼어내다

stroke: 한바탕 일하기, 치는 소리,

고동, 쓰다듬다, 맥박, 어루만지다,

한 칼, 한 번 움직임, 한 번 손발

놀리기, 한 번 새김, 침

strongly: 강하게, 튼튼하게, 열심히,

맹렬히, 공고히, 강경히, 강경하게,

격심하게

struck: 파업으로 폐쇄된

struggle: 노력, 고투, 버둥질, 어

헤치고 나아가다, 고투하다, 격투,

노력하다, 발버둥질, 허위적거리다,

몸부림, 몸부림치다

studied: 심사 숙관, 정통한, 일부러

꾸민, 박식한, 부자연스런, 고의의

stuff: 직물, 소지품, 틀어막다, 요소,

채우다, 원료, 소질, 잡동사니,

박제하다, 허튼소리, 게걸스럽게먹다

subdue: 정복하다, 억제하다, 이기다,

복종시키다, 누르다, 부드럽게 하다

submit: 복종시키다, 제출하다,

복종하다, 공손히 아뢰다, 부탁하다

subordinate: 종속의, 종속하는 사람,

경시하다, 부수하는, 종속시키다,

하위의, 하위에 두다, 아래의, 종속자,

밑에 두다, 종속적인

subscribe: 서명하다, 예약하다,

기부하다, 응모하다, 기부자 명부에

써넣다, 서명하여 동의 하다,

찬성하다, 구독하다, 기부명부에

기명하다, 승낙하다, 동의하다

subscriber: 기부자, 기명자, 예약자,

구독자, 정기회원, 응모자, 신청자,

서명자, 가입자, 예약 구독자, 전화

가입자

subscription: 서명, 응모, 기부, 예약

구독료, 예약, 신청, 예약 구독,

기부의 신청, 예약 구독의 유효 기간,

서명 승낙

subsequent: 뒤의, 뒤이어일어나는

subsist: 생존하다, 존재하다,

Benjamin Franklin 47

급양하다, 밥을 다, 생활하다,

존속하다, 에게 양식을 공급하다

subsistence: 생활, 존재, 생계, 생존,

생활수단

substance: 실체, 물질, 실질, 요지,

재산, 물건, 본질, 사실상,

실질적으로, 자산, 거의 부분

substantial: 중요한, 자산이 있는,

실질의, 견고한, 참다운, 다 한,

실재하는, 본질적인, 실질적인, 본질

succeed: 에 계속하다, 성공하다,

잇따라 일어나다, 계속되다,

입신하다, 의 뒤를 잇다, 계승하다,

의 자리를 계승하다, 후임이 되다

successfully: 훌륭하게, 성공적으로

succession: 연속, 계승, 상속,

상속자들, 계승권, 상속권, 연속물

successive: 연속적인, 잇따른,

연속하는

successively: 연속적으로, 잇따라서,

잇달아서

successor: 후임자, 상속인, 뒤를 잇는

사람, 후임

sudden: 돌연한, 갑작스런, 돌연

sue: 고소하다, 간청하다, 구혼하다,

소송을 제기하다, 소송을 일으키다,

여자 이름, 청원하여 손에 넣다, 에게

간청하다

suffer: 입다, 견디다, 당하다, 병에

걸리다, 괴로워하다, 손해를 입다,

겪다, 고생하다, 허용하여, 아파하다,

하게 하다

suffering: 괴로움, 고통, 피해, 고생,

수난, 재난, 재해, 괴로운

sufficient: 충분한, 충분, 할 능력이

있는, 할 만큼의 능력이 있는

sufficiently: 충분히

sugar: 설탕, 에 설탕을 넣다,

저주하다, 단풍당을 만들다,

달콤하게하다, 당액을 바짝 졸이다,

설탕으로 달게하다, 설탕을 입히다,

당화하다, 각설탕 한 개, 각설탕 한

suit: 형편이 좋다, 청원, 소송, 한 벌,

적합하다, 탄원, 구애, 적합하게 하다,

에 어울리다, 남하는 로 하다, 의

마음에 들다

suitable: 적당한, 어울리는

suited: 의 슈트를 입은, 슈트를 입은,

적합하여, 어울려

suiting: 양복지, 복지

sum: 금액, 합계, 요점, 총계, 절정,

개략, 요약하다, 이 도, 개요, 합집합,

의 개요를 설명하다

summary: 약식의, 요약, 개략의,

간결한, 적요, 즉결의, 요약한, 일람,

총괄적

sun: 항성, 태양, 햇볕에 쬐다,

일광욕하다, 날, 헷빛, 태양처럼

빛나는 것, 양지쪽, 햇빛, 영광, 해

sunday: 일요일, 안식일, 일요일에,

일요일의

sundry: 잡다한, 여러가지의

sunk: 침몰된, 물밑의, 움푹한

sunken: 물밑의, 움푹 들어간,

가라앉은, 내려앉은, 살이 빠진,

움푹한

sunshine: 햇빛, 맑은 날씨, 명랑,

양지, 쾌활

superintend: 감독하다

superior: 우세한, 우수한, 뛰어난

사람, 거만한, 윗사람, 수도원장,

우량한, 을 초월한, 에 동요되지 않는,

보다 놓은, 상급자

superiority: 우월, 우세

supersede: 바꾸다, 갈마들다,

면직시키다, 폐지하다, 신하다, 을

신하다

supper: 저녁 식사, 밤참

supply: 공급, 보충하다, 신

차지하다, 공급하다, 보급, 저장물자,

리자, 만족시키다, 공급물, 보결,

양식

supporting: 원조하는, 조연하는,

받치는, 지지하는, 떠받치는

supposed: 상상된, 가정의, 소문난

supposing: 이라면, 만약

supposition: 상상, 가정

supreme: 최후의, 지고의, 최고도,

최고위의, 절 의

surely: 확실히, 꼭, 설마, 안전하게,

틀림없이, 기필코, 결코, 반드시,

정말로, 좋고말고

surface: 표면, 겉보기, 면, 판판하게

하다, 표면을 붙이다, 외관, 포장하다,

길바닥의, 부상시키다, 엷은 표지를

다, 지상의

surgeon: 군의관, 외과 의사, 선의

surprise: 기습, 놀람, 놀라게 하다,

불시의 공격, 불시에 습격하다, 현행

중에 붙잡다, 놀라운 일, 뜻밖의,

시키다, 불시에 쳐서, 놀라운 사건

surprised: 놀란, 놀라다

surprising: 놀라운, 의외의, 불시의,

불가사의한

surveying: 측량, 측량술

surveyor: 측량자, 감정인, 검사관,

측량, 감시인, 측량기사

suspect: 의심하다, 용의자,

의심스러운, 알아채다, 느끼다, 이

아닌가 생각하다, 의심을 품다

suspended: 정직이 된, 집행 유예의,

출장 정지가 된, 뜬, 떠다녀, 정지한,

매달린

suspicion: 미량, 의심, 협의, 소량,

낌새챔, 느낌, 용의, 에 혐의를 두다

sweat: 땀, 고역, 혹사하다, 걱정하여,

땀 흘려 일하다, 열심히 일하여,

고문하다, 땀으로 적시다, 땀을

흘리게 하다, 땀을 흘리다, 물기

sweep: 옷자락을 끌며 걷다, 털다,

청소하다, 엄습하다, 길고 큰 노,

굴뚝 청소부, 타다, 만곡, 먼지, 한 번

휘두르기, 청소

sweeping: 청소, 일소하는, 일소,

파죽지세, 전반에 걸친, 불어제침,

어내림, 먼지, 적인, 쓰레기,

소탕

swell: 멋쟁이, 부풀다, 멋진, 달인,

붇다, 증 , 명사, 훌륭한, 맵시 있는,

늘다, 높이다

swift: 즉석의, 빠른, 칼새, 하기 쉬운,

빨리, 순식간의, 스위프트, 잽싸게,

동작이 빠른 사람, 동작이 빠른 것

swiftness: 빠름, 신속, 순식간임,

즉시, 하기 쉬움

swim: 헤엄치다, 물고기의 부레, 수영,

띄우다, 미끄러지다, 뜨다, 넘치다,

헤엄치는 시간, 헤엄, 헤엄치게 하다,

현기증이 나다

swimmer: 헤엄치는 사람, 수영자,

헤엄치는사람, 헤엄치는동물

swimming: 수영, 쉽게, 일사 천리로,

거침 없이, 현기증, 땀으로 넘친,

물로 넘친, 어지러운, 흐르는 듯한,

침 따위로 넘친, 헤엄치는

swimmingly: 거침없이, 일사천리로,

술술

swivel: 회전 고리, , 선회포, 회전

포가, 회전 , 전환, 회전시키다,

선회하다, 선회시키다, 회전

이음쇠를 달다, 회전 조인트

swung: 흔들거리는, 물결 모양의

synod: 회의, 종교 회의, 회, 교회

회의, 장로회와 장로파 회와의

중간적 종교 재판소, 합

t: 꼭 들어맞게

tales: 보결 배심원, 보결 배심원 소집

영장, 탈러

talker: 공론가, 말이 많은 사람,

연설자, 이야기하는 사람, 수다장이,

이야기 하는 사람, 좌담가, 강연자

tallow: 짐승 기름, 수지 양초, 수지가

생기다, 수지를 바르다, 살찌게 하다,

수지, 짐승기름

tart: 매춘부, 갈보, 과일을 넣는 과자,

신, 신랄한, 타트, 야하게 꾸며 다,

바람난 여자, 시큼한

task: 직무, 혹사하다, 작업, 일을

과하다, 일, 사업, 꾸짖다, 고된 일,

태스크, 힘드는 일, 임무

taste: 시식, 취미, 맛보다, 맛, 미각,

기호, 의 맛이 나다, 풍미, 한 입,

풍미가 있다, 한 번 맛보기

tavern: 선술집, 여인숙

taxation: 과세, 징세, 세제, 전조세,

소송 비용 사정, 세수, 조세,

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 48

소송비용 사정

taxing: 부담스러운, 고생스러운,

귀찬은

tea: 차, 저녁식사, 달인물, 차잎, 차를

마시다, 차나무, 티, 마리화나,

달여낸 즙, 오후의 초

teach: 가르치다, 교수하다,

선생질하다, 깨닫게 하다, 교사를

하다, 혼내주다, 훈련하다

teaching: 수업, 가르치기, 가르침,

교수, 교습, 교육, 교의, 교훈

가르치는

tedious: 지루한, 장황한

telling: 효과적인, 현저한, 인상적인,

드러내는, 뚜렷한, 유효한, 현저한

이야기하기, 감정을 나타내는, 말함,

이야기함

temper: 기분, 기질, 침착, 평정, 굳기,

되불림, 알맞은 조합정도, 적당한

정도, 반죽하다, 부드러워지다,

되불리다

temperance: 절주, 절제, 금주, 삼감

temperate: 삼가는, 온난한, 절제하는,

온건한, 절주의, 중용을 지키는

temple: 신전, 관자놀이, 성단, 절,

교회, 사원, 전당, 쳇발, 고 유 의

3 신전의 하나, 안경 다리, 성령의 전

temporary: 덧없는, 임시의, 잠시의,

일시의, 당분간의, 일시적인, 임시

변통한 것

tempt: 유혹하다, 무릅쓰다, 시도하다,

성나게 하다, 꾀다, 당기게 하다, 할

생각이 나게 하다, 시험하다

temptation: 유혹, 광야의 시험,

유혹물

tend: 주의하다, 도움이 되다, 돌보다,

시중들다, 지키다, 향하다, 간호하다,

경향이있다, 기울다, 하기 쉽다, 으로

향하다

tendency: 경향, 버릇, 취지, 추세,

성벽, 특정한 경향, 성향, 풍조

terrible: 무서운, 몹시, 극히 서투른,

호된, 무서운 사람, 단한

testament: 유언, 성약, 증거, 계약,

성서, 유서

testimony: 증명, 항의, 십계, 증언,

증거, 신의 가르침, 신앙 성명, 성서,

십계명, 고백, 증엄

text: 본문, 원문, 성구, 화제, 텍스트,

논제, 제목, 원본, 교과서, 해서체

문자, 성경의 원구

thankfully: 감사하는 마음으로

thanks: 고마워요, 감사합니다,

고맙습니다, 감사

thanksgiving: 사은, 감사,

추수감사절, 추수 감사절, 하느님에

한 감사

thee: 너를, 너에게

theirs: 그들의 것

thence: 그때부터, 그러므로,

거기서부터, 그런고로, 그곳에서부터

theological: 신학의, 신학적인,

성격에 입각한, 성서에 기초한,

신학상의, 성경에 입각한

thereby: 그 때문에, 그것에 의해서,

그것에 의하여, 그것에 관하여, 그

근처에

thereupon: 그위에, 그러므로,

그리하여, 거기서, 그 위에, 그 후

즉시

thick: 가장 두꺼운부분, 두껍게,

우거진 수풀, 만난을 무릅쓰고, 한창

때, 굵은, 진하게, 두꺼운, 빽빽한,

짙은, 진한

thieves: 도둑

thine: 너의 것

thirst: 갈증, 갈망, 갈망하다, 목마름,

한잔 마시고 싶다, 목마르다

thirteen: 십삼세, 십삼세의, 십삼의,

열세개, 열셋

thirty: 서티, 서른, 삼십세의, 삼십세,

끝을 나타내는 기호, 삼십

thither: 저기에, 저쪽에, 저쪽의,

저쪽으로

tho: -이긴 하지만, 이나

thomas: 도마, 영국병사, 남자 이름

thorough: 순전한, 철저한, 완전한,

충분한, 철저한 정책, 철저한 행동

thoroughly: 철저히, 순전히,

ㅁㅇ완전히, 충분히, 완전히

thou: 너는, 네가, 달러, 당신은, 천개,

파운드

thoughtless: 인정 없는, 경솔한,

사려가 없는, 생각이 없는

thousands: 오만

thread: 실, 실에 꿰다, 실을 꿰다,

재봉실, 나삿니를 내다, 섬유, 끈 실,

섬조, 누비듯이지나가다, 연속, 가는

thrive: 번영하다, 성공하다, 성장하다,

부자가 되다, 잘 자라다, 무성해지다,

을 사는 보람으로 삼다, 사는

보람으로 삼다, 튼튼하게 자라다

thriving: 번성하는

thro: 직행의, 처음부터 끝까지, 죽,

장소를 두루, 을 통하여, 을 거쳐서,

으로 인하여, 완전히, 통과하여, 동안

줄곧, 연결되어

throw: 던지다, 움직이다, 흔들어

떨어뜨리다, 스카프, 던지기, 갑자기

움직이다, 빠뜨리다, 얹히게 하다,

분리, 가벼운 두르개, 행정

thundering: 엄청나게, 터무니없는,

우뢰같이 울리는, 우뢰같은,

터무니없이, 매우, 뇌성같이 울리는,

뇌성 같은, 거 한, 우뢰 같은

thursday: 목요일, 목요일의,

목요일에

thy: 그 의

thyself: 너 자신, 그 자신

tidy: 단정한, 상당한, 자질구레한

것을 넣는 그릇, 의지의 등씌우개,

깨끗한 것을 좋아하는, 정돈하다, 꽤

좋은, 치우다, 포동포동한, 깨끗이

치우다, 말쑥한

till: 까지, 갈다, 돈궤, 서랍, 귀중품함,

할 때까지는, 하여 마침내, 표석 점토,

배양하다, 땅을 갈다, 까지줄곧

tire: 타이어, 지치다, 피로하게하다,

넌더리나게 하다, 머리 장식,

싫증나게 하다, 장식을 하다, 지겹게

하다, 타이어를 달다, 피곤해지다,

싫증 나다

tired: 피곤한, 진부한, 물린, 지친,

싫증난, 케케묵은, 싫어진, 세상이

싫어져서, 낡아빠진, 타이어를 단

tiresome: 귀찮은, 성가신, 지루한,

따분한, 진저리 나는, 지겨운,

싫증나는, 속썩이는, 지리한

tithe: 십일조, 십일조를 부과하다,

소액의 세금, 작은 부분, 십분의 한,

십일조를 바치다

title: 표제, 직함, 선수권, 권리, 자막,

타이틀, 책이름, 명칭, 자격, 제목, 에

칭호를 주다

token: 기념품, 표, 이름만의,

용화폐, 명목상의, 암호, 유물,

점점, 증거, 전조, 신호

tolerable: 참을수 있는, 상당한, 참을

수 있는, 웬만한, 꽤 건강한

tolerably: 참을성 있게, 참을 수 있을

정도로

tolerate: 참다, 견디다, 관 히 다루다,

묵인하다, 내성이 있다, 관 하게

다루다

tone: 어조, 색조, 가락을 붙이다,

음질, 품격, 가락, 가락이 붙다,

강하게 하다, 호조, 논조, 조화시키다

tongue: 말, 혀, 국어, 탕, 혀를

사용하여 불다, 혀를 사용하다,

널름거리다, 혀 모양의 것, 말하다,

혀 모양의 가장자리를 만들다,

혀처럼 생긴 것

tools: 도구

topic: 화제, 제목, 논제, 주제, 저서명,

이야기거리, 토픽, 체론

totally: 전혀, 모조리, 전적으로

toward: 에 하여, 을 위하여,

가까이, 온순한, 으로의, 의 쪽으로,

무렵, 쪽으로, 바야흐로 일어나려는,

에 가까이, 전도 유망한

trace: 선, 발자국, 봇줄, 나아가다,

발견하다, 그리다, 흔적, 베끼다, 의

유래를 조사하다, 조금, 추적하다

tradesman: 소매상인, 장인, 소매

상인, 배달인

traduce: 중상하다, 비방하다

Benjamin Franklin 49

tragedy: 비극, 참사, 비극적 사건,

비극 연출법, 비극 창작법, 비극적

성질, 비극적 요소

trait: 특색, 특징, 얼굴 모습, 특성,

일필

tranquillity: 평온, 침착, 평안, 평정

transaction: 처리, 학보, 거래, 의사록,

초악티니드 계열, 화해, 희보, 업무,

트랜잭션, 회보, 계약

transactions: 업무, 회보

translate: 번역하다, 옮기다,

해석하다, 고쳐 만들다, 이동시키다,

이동하다, 헌 재료로 만들다, 헌 옷

등을 만들다, 헌 구두 만들다,

중계하다, 병진시키다

translation: 번역, 해석, 옮김, 바꾸어

말함, 물체의 이행, 재산 양도, 자동

중계, 이전, 번역물, 바꾸어 놓기,

바꾸어 놓음

transmigration: 이주, 윤회, 전생

traveling: 이동, 여행, 여행용의,

움직이는, 순회하는, 이동하는,

움직일 수 있는, 활주하는, 여행의,

순회 흥행, 순력

travelling: 이동, 순업, 여행의,

여행하는 여행, 이동하는, 여행함,

여행용의, 여행

treasurer: 회계원, 출납관, 귀중품

보관자, 귀중품 보관물

treasury: 자금, 국고, 보고, 재무성,

보물, 기금, 보전, 산 사전, 보물광,

국고금고, 사화집

treat: 접하다, 논하다, 우하다,

간주하다, 취급하다, 한턱, 향응하다,

향음, 한턱내다, 즐거운 일, 처리하다

treatise: 논문, 논설

treaty: 조약, 맹약, 교섭, 계약, 담판,

약정

trench: 참호, 도랑, 에 도랑을 파다,

잠식하다, 참호를 만들다, 파헤치다,

새기다, 도랑을 파다, 침해하다,

참호를 파다, 에 가깝다

trick: 장난, 버릇, 비결, 속이다, 계교,

요술, 요술부리다, 장난감, 모양내다,

의 기 를 저버리다, 계략

trifle: 소량, 낭비하다, 트라이플,

실없는 짓을 하다, 가지고 장난하다,

만지작 거리다, 사소한일, 소홀히

하다, 실떡거리다, 약간, 하찮은일

trifling: 하찮은, 경박한, 시시한,

사소한, 게으른

troops: 군

trouble: 고생, 걱정하다, 소동, 고장,

어려움, 벌을 받다, 귀찮은 일,

귀찮음, 벌을 받고, 분쟁, 걱정

truly: 참으로, 정확히, 바르게, 성실히,

정확하게, 사실을 말하자면, 정말로,

진실로, 충실히

trust: 위탁, 신탁, 신뢰하다, 신용,

맡기다, 신임, 책임, 신탁의,

의지하다, 보관, 믿다

truth: 성실, 진실, 진리, 사실, 정직,

사실은, 사실을 말하면, 정말, 박진성

tryon: 가봉, 시도, 입어보기

tube: 진공관, 관, 튜브, 통, 지하철,

관 모양의 물건, 관상 터널, 통

모양의 부분, 지하철을 타다,

지하철로 가다, 수상관

tuesday: 화요일, 화요일에, 화요일의

tumult: 흥분, 혼란, 소동, 떠들썩함,

소란, 소요, 격동

turning: 굴곡, 선회, 회전, 변화, 변절,

녹로세공, 형성, 선반 세공법, 녹로

세공법, 녹로 세공, 선반 세공

tutor: 억제하다, 후견인, 가정 교사,

개인 지도 교사 노릇을 하다, 개인

지도 교사, 강사, 지도하다, 가정

교사로서 가르치다, 개인 교수를

받다, 가정 교사 노릇을 하다, 개인

가정 교사로서 지도하다

twelve: 십이의 기호, 열두의, 열두개

한 조의 것, 열두개의, 열두시, 열두,

열두명 한 조의 것

twice: 두번, 두 번, 두 배로

twopenny: 싸구려의, 펜스의, 맥주의

일종, 이펜스 동화, 이펜스의, 값싼

unable: 할 수 없는, 무력한

unacquainted: 낯선, 생소한, 알지

못하는

unanimous: 만장일치의, 이구동성의,

동의의, 만장 일치의, 전원 일치의,

합의의

unanimously: 합으로

unanswered: 답 없는, 보답되지

않은, 논박되지 않은, 반박되지 않는,

보답 없는

unavoidable: 피할 수 없는, 무효로할

수 없는, 피하기 어려운, 모면하기

어려운

unbecoming: 어울리지 않는, 맞지

않는, 보기 흉한, 버릇없는, 온당치

못한

unbeliever: 회의자, 믿지 않는 사람,

불신앙자, 신앙 없는 사람

uncertain: 불확실한, 일정치 않은,

흔들거리는, 믿을 수 없는, 분명치

않은, 의심스러운, 변하기 쉬운,

확신이 없는, 확정되지 않은

uncertainty: 불명, 불안정, 미덥지

않은 일, 반신반의, 의문, 불확정,

부정, 불확실한 일, 불확실, 불확실한

것, 불확실성

uncharitable: 무자비한, 가차없는,

엄한

uncle: 아저씨, 숙부, 백부, 고모부,

이모부, 삼촌, 큰아버지, 전당포 주인,

작은아버지, 이웃집 아저씨, 외삼촌

uncomfortable: 불안한, 불쾌한,

기분이 언짢은, 살기 거북한, 살기

불편한, 신기 거북한, 신기 불편한,

앉기 거북한, 앉기 불편한, 입기

거북한, 입기 불편한

uncommon: 드문, 비범한, 이상한,

흔하지 않은, 보통 아닌

uncommonly: 드물게, 매우,

진귀하게, 흔하지 않게

underneath: 의 밑에, 아래에, 하면,

하면에, 낮은

understanding: 이해력, 양해, 이해,

동의, 지시력, 이해력 있는, 발, 일치

understood: 이해된, 양해된, 이해한

undertake: 약속하다, 떠맡다,

보증하다, 인수인, 인수하다,

기도하다, 청부인, 장의사, 맡다,

싸우다, 장례식을 떠맡다

undertaken: 맡은

undertaking: 사업, 약속, 인수한 일,

장의 취급업

undisturbed: 평온한, 방해되지 않는,

방해받지 않은

undoubtedly: 확실히, 의심할

여지없이, 틀림없이, 명백히

uneasiness: 불안, 거북함, 걱정, 불쾌,

불유쾌

uneasy: 불안한, 걱정되는, 거북한,

어색한

unedifying: 계발하지 않는, 교훈이

되지 않는

unequal: 같지 않은, 불평등한, 감당

못하는, 부동한, 비등하지 않은

unexpected: 뜻하지 않은, 뜻밖의,

예기치 않은

unfavorable: 형편이 나쁜, 불리한,

호의적이 아닌, 바람직하지 못한

unfit: 부정당한, 적임이 아닌,

부적당한, 부적당하게 하다

unforeseen: 뜻밖의, 예기치 못한,

뜻하지 않은, 생각지 않은, 예측하기

어려운 일

unfortunate: 유감스러운, 불길한,

불행한, 불행한 결과를 가져오는,

불운한 사람, 불운한, 적당하지 않은,

불행한 사람

unfortunately: 불행하게도, 운수

나쁘게, 공교롭게도, 운나쁘게,

유감스럽게도, 공교롭게, 불운하게도

unfriendly: 우정이 없는, 불친절한,

형편이 좋지 않은, 해로운,

비우호적으로, 적

unguarded: 방심하고 있는, 부주의한,

무방비의, 방어가 없는, 지키지 않는

unhappiness: 불행, 비애, 불운, 비참

unhappy: 불행한, 부적당한,

적절하지 못한, 계제 나쁜

unhealthy: 건강치 못한, 불건전한,

위험한, 건강하지 못한, 건강에

해로운

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 50

uniform: 일정한 한결같은, 한결같은,

제복, 군인, 에게 제복을 입히다,

불변의, 동일 표준의, 균등한, 에게

제복을 지급하다

unintelligible: 이해할 수 없는,

분명치 않은

uninteresting: 시시한, 흥미없는,

재미없는

uninterrupted: 끊임없는, 연속적인,

중단되지 않은

universal: 보편적인, 우주의, 전칭의,

만능의, 만유의, 전칭명제,

널리행해지는, 전세계의, 만인의,

만능인, 모든 사람의

universally: 도처에, 보편적으로,

널리, 일반적으로, 예외 없이,

전칭적으로

unkind: 불친절한, 몰인정한, 냉혹한,

사나운

unknown: 알려지지 않은, 미지수,

미지의, 미지의 인물, 불명의, 알 수

없는, 모르는, 미지 사물, 무명,

세상에 알려지지 않은 것, 세상에

알려지지 않은 사람

unlikely: 가망없는, 성공할 것 같지

않은, 있을것 같지 않은, 할 것 같지

않게, 있음직하지 않은, 있을 것 같지

않게

unlucky: 불길한, 공교로운, 불행을

가져오는, 불행한, 잘되지 않는,

계제가 나쁜, 불운한

unmarried: 미혼의

unnecessary: 불필요한, 무익한,

불필요한 것

unobservant: 부주의한, 지키지 않는,

부주의 한

unpaid: 무보수의, 무급의, 명예직의,

지불되지 않은, 지불하지 않은,

급료를 받지 않는

unprovided: 지급되지 않은, 결핍한,

부족한, 불시의, 준비가 되어 있지

않은, 공급되지 않은

unprovoked: 자극받지 않은, 정당한

이유가 없는, 도발되지 않은,

자극되지 않은

unqualified: 제한 없는, 순전한,

무조건의, 적임이 아닌, 자격이 업는,

제한되지 않은, 자격이 없는

unremitting: 끈질긴, 끊임 없는,

끊임없는

unsettled: 변하기 쉬운, 할당되지

않은, 결정되지 않은, 동란의,

동요하는, 미결제의, 미정의,

미해결의, 불안정한, 일정치 않은,

정착 주민이 없는

unsolicited: 탄원을받지않은, 괜한,

의뢰받지도않은, 쓸데없는, 청원받지

않은, 탄원받지 않은

unsuccessful: 성공하지 못한, 실패한,

잘되지 않은

unwilling: 마음 내키지 않은, 바라지

않는, 마음 내키지 않는, 반항적인

upper: 상위의, 후기의, 상부의,

초라한 모습으로, 위의, 갑피,

가난하여, 각성제, 구두 갑피, 높은,

높은 쪽에 있는 것

upward: 상승하는, 위로 향하는,

이상, 위쪽으로, 위를 향해서, 위로

향한, 위로 향하여, 에서 위쪽으로

upwards: 향상 지향의, 에서

위쪽으로, 위로 향하여, 이상

urge: 몰아 다, 충동, 주장하다, 자극,

좨치다, 강요하다, 격려하다,

권고하다, 재촉하다, 자극하다,

충동을 받다

usage: 취급법, 관용법, 관습, 어법,

사용법, 관용, 취급, 습관, 용법

usefulness: 쓸모 있음, 유용성

useless: 쓸모없는, 무익한, 속절없는,

편치 않은

usual: 보통의, 일상의, 예의,

언제나의, 통상의, 여느 때의 건강

상태, 평소에 볼 수 있는

utility: 유용, 효용, 실용, 공익사업,

유용물, 단역, 실요 본위의, 실용적인,

쓸모 있는 것, 여러 가지 용도를

가진, 공익 사업

utmost: 최 의, 가장먼, 극한, 최

한도, 최고의 것, 가장 떨어진,

최 한도, 최 한의, 최상의 것

utter: 말하다, 전적인, 절 적인,

완전한, 행사하다, 나타내다,

발음하다, 순전한, 무조건의,

발언하다, 입 밖에 내다

utterly: 아주, 완전히, 완전한, 전혀,

순전히

vacancy: 공허, 결원, 공석, 방심, 틈,

빈곳, 공백, 빈 자리, 빈자리, 공간,

빈터

vacant: 빈, 멍한, 한가한, 비어 있는,

공허한, 결원의, 사람이 안 사는,

허탈한, 빈자리 지위의, 빈자리의

vain: 헛된, 쓸데 없는, 공허한,

자부심이 강한, 헛되게, 경솔하게,

가치없는, 자만심이 강한, 속절없는

validity: 정당함, 효력, 타당성,

수출인증액

valuation: 평가, 사정가격, 견적 가격,

사정 가격

valued: 존중되는, 평가된, 가치를

가진, 의 가치를 가진

vanity: 공허, 화장 , 무가치, 허영,

무익, 허영심, 허무함, 허황한 것,

휴 용 화장품 상자

variety: 변화, 종류, 변종, 변형,

버라이어티쇼, 다양, 여러가지를

그려 모은것, 버라이어티의, 모은 것,

버라이어티 연예

vast: 광 한, 막 한, 거 한, 단한,

굉장한, 광활한 넓이

vegetable: 야채, 식물, 식물의,

푸성귀, 식물 인간, 단조로운, 식물로

된, 무기력한 사람

vehicle: 차량, 용액, 매개물, 탈것,

전달수단, 우주차량, 운송 수단,

발휘하는 수단

venery: 호색, 성교, 사냥

venture: 투기, 모험, 되는 로,

결행하다, 위험을 무릅쓰고하다,

걸다, 위험을 무릅쓰고 해보다,

용기를 내어 발표하다, 위험에

직면케 하다, 용기를 내어 가다, 건

물건

verbal: 구두의, 동사의, 말의, 준동사,

축어적인, 동사적인, 말로 나타낸,

말뿐인, 말에관한, 말만의, 언쟁

verify: 실증하다, 입증하다, 의 천공

검사를하다, 확인하다, 증명하다,

검증하다

verity: 진리, 진실, 진실한 진술,

진실성, 진실의 진술

veronica: 현삼과의 식물, 예수의

얼굴을 그린 헝겊, 여자 이름,

베로니카, 눈꼬리풀속

verse: 절, 시, 시형, 시의 한 행, 귀절,

시가, 시를 짓다, 운문, 시의 절, 시로

짓다, 시로 표현하다

version: 번역, 역서, 해석, 설명, 태아

전위법

vessel: 배, 도관, 용기, 비행선, 그릇,

맥관, 관, 사람

vested: 기득의, 제의를 입은, 귀속이

정해진, 소유가 확정된, 제복을 입은

vexation: 애탐, 괴롭힘, 화냄,

고민거리, 고통, 고민, 귀찮은 사물,

애태움, 속상함, 괴로움의 원인,

번뇌의 원인

vexed: 안절부절 못하는, 곤란한,

마음 아픈, 성난, 머리를 이프게 하는

vice: 악습, 육체적 결함, 나쁜 버릇,

사악, 결점, 부도덕, 바이스,

리로서, 악, 악덕, 병

vicious: 지독한, 악의 있는, 부도덕한,

타락한, 악습이 있는, 부정확한, 버릇

나쁜, 결함이 있는, 사악한, 심한,

버릇이 고약한

victory: 승리, 승리의 여신, 정복

victuals: 식료품을 공급하다,

식료품을 사들이다, 음식물, 음식을

먹다

viewing: 텔레비전 프로, 텔레비전

보기, 바라보기, 조망, 보기

vigilance: 불침번, 경계, 불면증, 철야,

조심, 불면, 각성 상태, 각성 활동,

각성

vine: 포도나무, 덩굴, 덩굴이 뻗다,

포도주, 덩굴 식물

Benjamin Franklin 51

vinegar: 초, 식초, 활력, 에 초를 치다,

찡그린 표정, 에 초를 섞다

violence: 폭력, 모독, 폭행, 난폭,

손해, 침해, 맹렬, 격렬함, 격렬

violent: 난폭한, 맹렬한, 격심한,

지독한, 폭력에 의한, 횡사, 과격한,

심한, 격정에 의한, 격렬한

violently: 맹렬하게, 격렬히, 세차게,

심하게, 난폭하게, 폭력적으로

violin: 바이올린, 바이올린 연주자,

현악기

virginia: 미국동부의 주, 이주에서

생산되는 담배, 버지니아, 여자 이름

virtue: 미덕, 정조, 장점, 가치, 고결,

효력, 미점, 도덕적 우수성, 선량, 덕,

효능

virtuous: 정숙한, 선량한, 도덕적인,

덕이 있는, 덕 있는, 효력이 있는,

고결한 체하는

visible: 눈에 보이는, 명백한, 면회할

수 있는, 눈에 보이는 것, 방문자를

면회할 수 있는, 빈번하게 뉴스에

나오는, 곧 쓸 수 있는, 시각적으로

표시된

viva: 만세, 구두 시험, 만세 소리

viz: 즉

vogue: 인기, 유행, 유행, 유행의

volume: 음량, 용적, 권, 량, 체적,

책, 의미 심장하다, 서적, 양,

큰덩어리, 부피

voluntarily: 자유의사로, 자발적으로,

임의로, 자원해서

voluntary: 임의의, 자발적인,

수의적인, 지원의, 자유 의사의,

의지에 의한, 오르간 독주, 자발적

행위, 자유 의지를 가진, 자발적인

언동, 독지가의 손으로 유지되는

vote: 투표권, 투표, 제의하다,

투표하다, 결정하다, 투표인,

투표용지, 투표수, 투표로 결정하다,

표결 사항, 찬반 표시

voting: 투표, 투표권 행사

voucher: 보증인, 증거 서류, 용의

인환권, 증명서, 증명인, 증명하다,

인환권

voyage: 항해, 항해하다, 바다를

건너가다, 건너 지르다, 여행기

wag: 흔들다, 익살꾸러기, 흔듦,

흔들거림, 흔들리다, 흔들기,

출발하다, 여러 모로 변해가다,

아장아장 걷다, 신호하다, 농뗑이

부리다

wager: 내기, 걸다, 내기에 건 돈,

노름, 내기를 걸다

wages: 임금, 죄값

waggon: 짐마차로 운반하다, 물건

파는 수레, 배달용 트럭, 북두칠성,

짐마차로 여행하다, 짐마차로

수송하다, 짐마차, 왜건, 무개 화차,

광차

wait: 기다리다, 늦추다, 기다림,

기다리는 시간, 시중들다, 시중을

들다, 미루다, 성가 , 방문하다,

하지 않고 내버려 두다, 따르다

waiter: 기다리는 사람, 시중드는

사람, 요리 나르는 쟁반, 급사,

음식쟁반, 웨이터

waiting: 기다리는 시간, 기다리는,

기다림, 시중듦, 시중드는, 시중들기,

기 시간

walk: 걷다, 산책하다, 걸어가다,

보행, 처세, 걸음걸이, 사육장,

산책길, 걸리다, 산책, 행동

walking: 걷기, 걷는, 보행, 걷듯이

요동하는

wanting: 모자라는, 부족한, 지혜가

모자라는, 이 없이

warehouse: 큰 상점, 창고, 창고에

넣다, 도매상, 저장소, 도매점, 보세

창고에 예치하다, 인간 창고에

수용하다, 인간 창고

warehouseman: 도매 업자, 창고

업자, 창고업자, 도매 상인,

창고관리인

warm: 따뜻해지기, 따뜻하게 하다,

흥분시키다, 열중하다, 따뜻한,

열렬한, 생생한, 동정적으로 되다,

불유쾌한, 진실에 가까워지는,

가까운

warming: 따뜻하게 함, 채찍질, 구타,

가온, 따뜻해짐

warmly: 충심으로, 열심히, 따뜻하게,

흥분하여, 열렬히, 따뜻이

warmth: 따뜻함, 흥분, 열심, 화, 온정,

온기, 격렬함, 온난, 따뜻한 느낌,

동정, 격앙

warning: 경고, 예고, 통지, 훈계,

전조, 경고의, 경보, 훈계의

warrant: 영장, 정당화하다, 정당한

이유, 보증하다, 보증, 권능, 근거,

단언하다, 준사관 사령, 권한을

부여하다, 준위

wash: 도금하다, 씻다, 세광하다,

세제, 세탁, 습지, 화장수, 믿을

만하다, 그 소리, 씻어 정하게 하다,

쓸어 넣다

washington: 미국 북서부의 주,

미국의 수도

waste: 쇠약해지다, 낭비하다, 낭비,

폐물, 황폐시키다, 황폐한, 낭비되다,

폐물의, 불모의, 쇠약, 찌꺼기

watch: 경계, 주시하다, 감시하다,

돌보다, 지켜보다, 감시, 기하고

있다, 불침번, 야경, 엿보다, 자지

않고 있다

watchman: 야경, 야경꾼, 야경꾼의,

야경의

weak: 약변화의, 묽은, 약한, 힘없는,

어리석은, 약세인, 악센트 없는,

내림세인, 약점 있는, 악센트가 없는,

불충분한

weakness: 우둔, 불충분, 결점, 약함,

우유부단, 약점, 저능, 유약, 박약,

마음이 약함, 나약

wealth: 재산, 부, 풍부, 재화, 자본,

부유, 행복

wealthy: 부유한, 풍부한, 유복한,

부자인, 많은, 넉넉한

wear: 착용, 지치게 하다, 사용에

견디다, 기르고 있다, 지치다, 옷,

마손, 소모, 몸에 지니고 있다,

얼굴에 나타내다, 닳아서 해지다

weariness: 권태, 싫증, 피로

weather: 풍화시키다, 바람 불어오는

쪽의, 일기, 의 바람을 거슬러 달리다,

외기에 쐬어 변화하다, 외기에 쐬다,

얼근히 취하여, 비바람에 맞히다,

말리다, 뚫고 나아가다, 황천

wedlock: 결혼, 결혼 생활

wednesday: 수요일, 수요일에,

수요일의

weed: 잡초, 상장, 담배, 잡초를 뽑다,

마리화나, 상봉, 깡마르고 못생긴

사람, 상복, 쓸모 없는 것, 쓸모 없는

사람, 의 잡초를 없애다

weeds: 상복

weekly: 매주의, 매주, 주간지,

주간지 잡지, 일주 일회의, 주 1 회의,

주 1 회, 주간지 신문, 주마다

weight: 무게, 가중치, 중량, 압박,

무겁게하다, 무거운 짐을 지우다,

무거운 짐, 무거운 물건, 괴롭히다,

중요성, 무게를 가하다

welcome: 환영, 환영받는, 환영하다,

고마운, 어서 오십쇼, 환영합니다,

어서 오세요, 맞다, 잘 오셨습니다,

천만에요, 기쁜

welfare: 복지, 행복, 후생, 복지 사업,

생활 보호, 복리

well-disposed: 친절한, 호의 있는,

선의의, 마음씨 좋은, 마음씨 고운,

호의를 가진, 잘 배치한

well-meaning: 선의의, 선의에서

나온, 호인인, 마음씨 좋은, 호의에서

우러난

well-wisher: 호의를 보이는 사람,

남이 잘 되기를 바라는 사람, 남의

일이 잘 되기를 바라는 사람

welsh: 꾼 돈을 떼어먹다, 경마에 건

돈을 승자에게 치르지 않고

달아나다, 웨일즈의, 웨일즈 사람,

웨일스의, 웨일스 말의, 웨일스 사람,

웨일즈 말, 빚을 떼어 먹다, 웨일스

사람의, 웨일스 말

westminster: 영국 국회, 런던시

중앙의 자치구, 웨스트민스터, 영국

국회 의사당, 의회 정치

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 52

wet: 술, 젖은, 적시다, 습기, 젖다,

축축한, 비의, 우천, 물기, 비,

주류제조 판매를 허가하고 있는

wharf: 부두, 선창, 선창에 매다

whatsoever: 일은 무엇이든지,

도 체 무엇이, 것은 무엇이든지

wheat:

wheel: 방향을 바꾸다, 선회시키다,

자전거를 타다, 움직이다, 녹로로

만들다, 핸들, 바퀴, 수레바퀴,

자전거, 세력가, 선회하다

wheelbarrow: 외바퀴 손수레, 일륜차,

일륜차로 운반하다

wheeling: 윤전, 노면의 상태, 수레로

나르기, 자전거 타기

whence: 하는 그 곳으로, 어찌하여,

어디서, 바의, 왜, 어떻게, 출처, 하는,

어디로부터

whenever: 할 때에는 언제든지,

할때는 언제나, 도 체 언제

whereas: 그런데, 그러나, 을

고려하면, 이에 반하여, 인 까닭에,

이므로, 에 반하여

whereby: 어떻게, 그에 의하여, 하는,

무엇에 의하여

wherefore: 이유, 어째서, 그러므로,

왜, 무슨 이유로, 까닭, 그런 이유로

wherein: 어떤 점에서, 그 중에,

그점에서, 무엇 가운데에, 하는 바의,

어떤 점으로

wherever: 체 어디에, 어디에 든지,

어디로 든지, 체 어디로, 체

어디에서, 어디든지

wherewith: 무엇으로, 하기 위한,

그것으로, 그것을 가지고

whim: 변덕, 일시적 기분, 권상기

whimsical: 변덕스러운, 별난, 이상한,

묘한, 기분적인

whoever: 하는 사람은 누구든,

도 체 누가, 누구나, 도 체 누구를

wholly: 완전히, 아주, 오로지,

전적으로, 어구와함께

wick: 심지, 등심지

wickedly: 불쾌하게, 사악하게,

나쁘게

wide: 넓게, 헐거운, 폭이 넓은,

개구음의, 동떨어진, 멀리, 활짝열린,

헐렁헐렁한, 해박한, 엉뚱하게 잘못

짚어, 너른

widow: 미망인, 과부, 과부로 만들다,

아내를여윈, 돌리고 남은 패, 빼앗다,

샴페인 술, 과부가 되게 하다

widowhood: 과부생활, 과부 신세

wild: 난폭한, 황무지, 황폐한,

열광적인, 야생의, 야만의, 빗나간,

사람이 살지 않는, 난폭하게, 황야,

방탕한

wilderness: 황야, 끝없이 넓음,

사람이 살지 않는 땅, 일부러 손질

않고 내버려둔 곳, 막 한 수량,

광막한 곳, 막 한 수, 미국

비르드지니아 주 북동부의 산림

willful: 고집센, 계획적인, 고의의,

일부러의, 고집 센

william: 남자이름, 월리엄, 남자

이름

willing: 기꺼이 ...하는, 자진해서

하는, 마침 잘된, 자발적인

willingly: 자진해서, 기꺼이, 쾌히

wilt: 이울다, 시들다, 청고병, 풀이

죽다, 이울게 하다, 장승병, 약하게

하다

wilton: 융단의 일종, 윌턴 양탄자

wind: 바람, 숨, 불다, 감다, 굽이,

소문, 휘감기다, 호흡, 한번 감기,

통풍하다, 숨을 돌리게 하다

windows: 윈도우

windy: 바람이 센, 공허한,

수다스러운, 깜짝 놀란, 가스가 차는,

바람 불어오는 쪽의, 입만의, 말만의

wine: 포도주, 포도주를 마시다, 붉은

포도주빛, 기운을 돋우는것, 취하게

하는 것, 포도주 용제, 적포도주색,

을 포도주로 접하다, 기운나게

하는 것, 포도주 파티

winter: 겨울, 만년, 얼리다, 피한하다,

월동시키다, 세, 겨울을 나다, 나이,

겨울의, 얼게 하다, 겨울을 보내다

wipe: 훔치다, 손수건, 훔치기, 닦다,

닦기, 닦아내다, 한번 닦기, 비비다,

빼다, 닦음, 주먹다짐

wisdom: 학문, 지혜, 현명, 지식,

분별 현인, 금언, 명언, 현인

wise: 방법, 알리다, 현명한, 정도,

영리해 보이는, 분별있는, 슬기로운,

슬기롭다, 양식, 학문이 있는, 알고

있는

wit: 기지, 재치, 지력, 알다, 재치있는

사람, 정신, 재주꾼, 지

withal: 게다가, 또한, 으로써, 그위에,

을 가지고 있는, 을 나타내어, 을

사용하여, 을 상 로, 을 합쳐서, 의

몸에 지니고, 의 일원으로서

withhold: 보류하다, 억누르다, 주지

않다, 그만두다, 임금에서 공제하다

witty: 재치있는, 익살 잘 떠는, 재치

있는, 기지 있는

wives: 부인들

wonder: 이 아닐까 생각하다, 놀라다,

놀라움, 이상하게 생각하다,

불가사의, 놀라운, 놀라운 사물,

경탄할 만한 사람, 경탄할

불가사의한 사람, 경이, 의심하다

wonderful: 이상한, 놀라운, 굉장한,

훌륭한

wonderfully: 이상하게, 훌륭하게,

이상하게도

wood: 숲, 나무, 식림하다, 수풀,

나무로 만든, 나무제품, 목재을

모아두다, 재목을 공급하다, 목제의,

목관악기, 에 나무를 심다

woods: 형이 보통임

woolens: 모직의 옷

workman: 노동자, 일을 하는 사람,

노동자의

worldly: 세속적인, 이 세상의,

세상의

worm: 벌레, 교묘히 환심을 사다,

기듯 나아가다, 벌레처럼 기다,

캐내다, 서서히 나아가게 하다, 벌레

같은 모양, 기생충병, 벌레 같은 인간,

금이 가다, 교묘히 빌붙다

worn: 녹초가 된, 낡아 빠진,

닳아빠진

worn-out: 써서 낡은, 진부한,

지쳐빠진

worried: 당혹한, 걱정스런, 곤란한,

걱정스러운

worse: 더욱 나쁘게, 더욱 나쁜, 더욱

나쁜 일, 더욱 심하게, 보다 나쁜,

악화되어, 한층 더 나쁨

worship: 예배, 숭배, 예배하다, 경모,

각하, 숭배하다, 참배, 명예, 예배식,

존경, 참배하다

worst: 가장 나쁘게, 가장 나쁜,

지우다, 무찌르다, 최악의 것, 가장

심한 것, 지게 하다, 가장 나쁜 것,

가장 나쁜 사람, 제일 심한, 가장

심한 사람

worthless: 가치 없는, 아무짝에도 못

worthy: 훌륭한, 명사, 하기에 족한,

훌륭한 인물, 상당한, 가치있는, 사람,

가치 있는

wounded: 부상한, 상처입은,

부상자들

wrangle: 말다툼하다, 논쟁하다,

말다툼, 목장에서 보살피다,

설복하다, 목장에서 보살피다, 논쟁,

돌보다

wrapt: 과거분사

wretched: 나쁜, 불운한, 지독한,

비참한, 야비한, 아주 불쾌한, 서툰

wretchedly: 불쾌하게, 야비하게,

지독하게, 불쌍하게

writer: 쓰는 사람, 필자, 작가, 저자,

작문 자습서, 필기자, 사자기

writing: 문서, 필적, 습자, 저술, 씀,

문자로 쓰는, 저작, 쓴 것, 쓰기, 집필,

글을 쓰기

wrought: 만든, 세공한, 가공한, 꾸민,

두들겨 만든

yale: 예일 학

yaw: 침로에서 벗어나다, 항공기가

한 쪽으로 흔들리다, 편주, 편요각,

편요, 배가 이물을 좌우로 흔들다,

Benjamin Franklin 53

침로에서 빗나가다

yearly: 매년의, 그 해만의, 연 1 회의,

일년간의, 일년에 한번, 매년, 그

해의

yield: 주다, 양도하다, 가져오다,

허락하다, 산출하다, 생산하다,

생기게 하다, 휘다, 따르다, 수확,

수율

york: 요크가, 요크, 요커로 타자를

아웃시키다

younger: 나이 적은 쪽의, 연하의

사람, 손아랫사람들, 어린 쪽의,

연하쪽의 젊은이, 형제 중 어린 쪽의,

손아래의, 손 아래 사람들, 아이들

youngest: 최연소자, 가장 나이 어린

가족, 막내 아이, 특히 가장 나이

어린 가족

yours: 당신의, 당신의 편지, 당신의

것, 내, 경구, 당신의 역할, 당신의

가족, 경백, 당신의 것인, 당신의

본분, 드림

yourselves: 당신 자신들

youth: 젊음, 초기, 청년, 연소, 청춘,

젊은이, 혈기, 발육기, 원기,

젊은이들, 청춘기

zeal: 열중, 열심, 열의, 열성

zealous: 열광적인, 열심인

zealously: 열렬하게, 열중하여