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The Animal KingdomThe Animal Kingdom

The ChordatesThe Chordates

Phylum HemichordataPhylum HemichordataHemichordata (hemi = half; chordata= cord)� acorn worm� entirely marine� adults show 3 of 4 basic characteristics:

1) pharyngial pouches2) dorsal tubular nerve chord3) tail

� evolutionary link between echinoderm and chordates � ciliated larvum resembles tornaria larvum of echinoderms

Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata� Subphylum Urochordata

(uro = tail; chordata= cord)

� Subphylum Cephalochordata(cephalo = head; chordata= cord)

� Subphylum Vertebrata(vertebrate = backbone)

Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata

� All exhibit four chordata characteristics:– 1) dorsal tubular nerve cord– 2) notochord– 3) pharyngial pouches– 4) tail

� Deutrostomes – chordates & echinoderms

Anatomy of a ChordateAnatomy of a Chordate

Subphylum UrochordataSubphylum Urochordata• sea squirts or tunicates• notochord present only in free-swimming

larvum• notochord does not extend into head• larvum is free-swimming but non-feeding• adult is sessile filter feeder

Subphylum UrochordataSubphylum Urochordata

• sea squirts or tunicate

• Campbell p 631

•Settle after brief free-swimming larvum existence. Attaches at anterior end. Metamorphosis begins. Body turns 1800. Tail, notochord, dorsal nerve cord, disappear.

Subphylum CephalochordataSubphylum Cephalochordata� “head” cord� lancelet or Amphioxus� notochord present throughout life –extends into head region� shallow marine waters� chordate characteristics developed and apparent in adult� tail has blocks of muscles called myotomes� adults resemble tunicate larvum

Anatomy Anatomy ofofa a lanceletlancelet

Cephalochordata: lancelet

Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata

General Characteristics:General Characteristics:� chordates with a backbone� exhibit cephalization� closed circulatory system� neural crest (p. 633)


Agnatha (without jaws)� lamprey – parasitic bloodsuckers w/

rasping tongue� hagfish – mainly scavengers� no paired appendages� larvum resembles lancelet

Agnatha: a sea lampreyAgnatha: a sea lamprey

Lamprey mouthLamprey mouth


Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)� flexible endoskeletons of cartilage

strengthened by calcium granules� sharks (internal fertilization)

– oviparous – egg laying– ovoviviparous – retain fertilized eggs hatch within the uterus

– viviparous – young develop in the uterus� suspension-feeders (plankton)

Phylum HemichordataPhylum HemichordataHemichordata (hemi = half; chordata= cord)� acorn worm� entirely marine� adults show 3 of 4 basic characteristics:

1) pharyngial pouches2) dorsal tubular nerve chord3) tail

� evolutionary link between echinoderm and chordates � ciliated larvum resembles tornaria larvum of echinoderms

Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata� Subphylum Urochordata

(uro = tail; chordata= cord)

� Subphylum Cephalochordata(cephalo = head; chordata= cord)

� Subphylum Vertebrata(vertebrate = backbone)

Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata

� All exhibit four chordata characteristics:– 1) dorsal tubular nerve cord– 2) notochord– 3) pharyngial pouches– 4) tail

� Deutrostomes – chordates & echinoderms

Anatomy of a ChordateAnatomy of a Chordate

Subphylum UrochordataSubphylum Urochordata• sea squirts or tunicates• notochord present only in free-swimming

larvum• notochord does not extend into head• larvum is free-swimming but non-feeding• adult is sessile filter feeder

Subphylum UrochordataSubphylum Urochordata

• sea squirts or tunicate

• Campbell p 631

•Settle after brief free-swimming larvum existence. Attaches at anterior end. Metamorphosis begins. Body turns 1800. Tail, notochord, dorsal nerve cord, disappear.

Subphylum CephalochordataSubphylum Cephalochordata� “head” cord� lancelet or Amphioxus� notochord present throughout life –extends into head region� shallow marine waters� chordate characteristics developed and apparent in adult� tail has blocks of muscles called myotomes� adults resemble tunicate larvum

Anatomy Anatomy ofofa a lanceletlancelet

Cephalochordata: lancelet


General Characteristics:General Characteristics:� chordates with a backbone� exhibit cephalization� closed circulatory system� neural crest (p. 633)


Agnatha (without jaws)� lamprey – parasitic bloodsuckers w/

rasping tongue� hagfish – mainly scavengers� no paired appendages� larvum resembles lancelet


Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)� flexible endoskeletons of cartilage

strengthened by calcium granules� sharks (internal fertilization)

– oviparous – egg laying– ovoviviparous – retain fertilized eggs hatch within the uterus

– viviparous – young develop in the uterus� suspension-feeders (plankton)


Chondrichthyes(cartilaginous fishes)

� Rays & skates� Bottom feeders – mollusks &

crustaceans� Whiplike tail w/ venomous barbs

(defense)


Osteichthyes(bony fishes)

� Endoskeleton of hard calcium phosphate matrix� Operculum- protective flap� Swim bladder – controls buoyancy

SeahorseSeahorse


Amphibia(“two lives”)

� first tetrapods� transition to land – still tied to water for

respiration and reproduction� Gills � lungs (metamorphosis)� Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts


Reptilia (Campbell, p. 644)(to creep)

� lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, Gila monsters, crocodiles, alligators� first true land animal� Scales, lungs, amniotic egg� no feathers� cold-blooded – ectotherms – (energy

conservation)

Hatching reptileHatching reptile

Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum VertebrataFossil links…………� Evolutionary link ?? between reptiles and

birds: Archaeopteryx , a Jurassuc bird-reptile� Clawed forelimbs� Teeth� Long tail w/ vertebrae

Archaeopteryx


Aves (bird)

� feathered� few flightless: ostrich, kiwi,

emu� breastbone with keel – carina –

permitting flight� jays, sparrows, warblers, etc


Mammalia (breast)� Hair or fur of keratin� Active metabolism = endothermic� Efficient respiration w/ diaphragm� Efficient circulation w/ 4-chambered

heart� Layer of fat� Mammary glands, tooth differentiation


Mammalia (breast)

� Monotremes – egg-laying mammals (Platypuses & echidnas – spiny anteaters)� Placental mammals� Marsupial mammals – kangaroo, opossum

Marsupial Marsupial &&PlacentalPlacentalMammalsMammals

Marsupial Placental

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