the american nation chapter 1 geography, history, and the social sciences copyright © 2003 by...
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The American NationThe American Nation
Chapter 1Geography, History, and
the Social Sciences
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
The American NationThe American Nation
Section 1: Thinking Geographically
Section 2: Land and Climates of the United States
Section 3: The Tools of History
Section 4: Economics and Other Social Sciences
Chapter 1: Geography, History, and the Social Sciences
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1, Section 1
Thinking GeographicallyThinking Geographically
• How do the five themes of geography help define the connections between geography and history?
• How did geography influence population trends in United States history?
• How are maps made and used?
Chapter 1, Section 1
What is Geography?What is Geography?
• Geography is the study of people, their environments, and their resources.
Chapter 1, Section 1
The Five Themes of GeographyThe Five Themes of Geography
LocationExact location describes a place on a grid of numbered lines on a map or a globe.• Lines of longitude measure distance east and
west of the Prime Meridian.• Lines of latitude measure distance north and
south from the Equator.Relative location describes one place in relation to another place.
Chapter 1, Section 1
Looking at the Five ThemesLooking at the Five Themes
Chapter 1, Section 1
Looking at the Five ThemesLooking at the Five Themes
Place• Physical features—climate, soil, vegetation, animal life,
bodies of water, and natural resources, for example.• Human features—types of housing, transportation, jobs,
languages, and religions, for example.Interaction• People adapt to the land• People change the land, through crops, irrigation, pest
control, and drilling for oil, for example
Natural resources—materials humans take from the environment to satisfy their needsIrrigation—bringing water to dry lands
Chapter 1, Section 1
Looking at the Five ThemesLooking at the Five Themes
Movement• People• Goods• Ideas
Regions• Unifying physical
characteristics-climates, landforms
• Unifying human characteristics-language, culture
Chapter 1, Section 1
Geography and Population TrendsGeography and Population Trends
• Late 1700s—People lived along the Atlantic coast or near other water transportation.
• Early 1800s—With new forms of transportation, people moved westward and cleared land for farms.
• Late 1800s—White settlers overcame Native Americans and settled the West.
• Mid 1900s—People were attracted to cities with mild climates in the south and west.
Chapter 1, Section 1
Cartographers Make Maps and GlobesCartographers Make Maps and Globes
Cartographers make maps using different map projections for different purposes.• Cartographer—mapmaker• Map projections—ways to
show the earth on a flat surface. Types of map projections are Mercator and Robinson
Cartographers make different types of maps for different purposes.• Physical maps show
physical features such as mountains and bodies of water.
• Political maps show countries, states, and capitals and other cities.
• Thematic maps deal with specific topics-population, rainfall, vegetation, or elections, for example.
Chapter 1, Section 1
Section 1 AssessmentSection 1 Assessment
Which is the best definition of “geography”?a) learning the countries and their capitalsb) study of rocks and rock formationsc) studying ways to show the earth on a flat surfaced) study of the connection between people and the natural environment.
The main purpose of a thematic map is to show ______.a) mountain ranges and bodies of waterb) special information such as rainfall or populationc) boundaries of states and countriesd) capitals and other cities
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Chapter 1, Section 1
Section 1 AssessmentSection 1 Assessment
Which is the best definition of “geography”?a) learning the countries and their capitalsb) study of rocks and rock formationsc) studying ways to show the earth on a flat surfaced) study of the connection between people and the natural environment.
The main purpose of a thematic map is to show ______.a) mountain ranges and bodies of waterb) special information such as rainfall or populationc) boundaries of states and countriesd) capitals and other cities
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Chapter 1, Section 2
Lands and Climates of the United StatesLands and Climates of the United States
• What are the main physical regions of the United States?
• How do rivers and lakes affect American life?
• How do climates vary across the United States?
Chapter 1, Section 2
Where is the United States?Where is the United States?
• Arctic Ocean and Canada to the north.
• Atlantic Ocean to the east.
• Pacific Ocean to the west.
• Mexico, Central America, and the Isthmus of Panama to the South.
• Isthmus—narrow strip of land linking two larger areas of land
Chapter 1, Section 2
Looking at Physical Regions of the United StatesLooking at Physical Regions of the United States
Region Where What
Pacific Coast West Coast from Alaska to Mexico
High mountain ranges and valleys
Intermountain Region East of the Pacific Coast mountains
Rugged mountain peaks, high plateaus,
deep canyons, deserts
Rocky Mountains From Alaska through Canada into the
western United States
Many mountain ranges, highest in
North America, some peaks with elevation
over 14,000 feet
Interior Plains Between the Rockies and the Appalachians
Lowlands; include the Great Plains and
Central Plains
Elevation—height above sea level
Chapter 1, Section 2
Looking at Physical Regions of the United StatesLooking at Physical Regions of the United States
Region Where What
Appalachian Mountains
In the East from Canada to Georgia and
Mississippi
Mountains lower and less rugged than the
Rockies
Canadian Shield Eastern Canada, Michigan, Wisconsin,
and Minnesota
Erosion has reduced high mountains to low
hills and plains
Coastal Plains Between the Atlantic Ocean and the Appalachians
Coastal lowland area, includes the Atlantic
Plain and the Gulf Plain
Hawaiian Islands In the Pacific Ocean many miles west of
California
Chain of tropical islands, the tops of undersea volcanoes
Erosion - gradual wearing away
Chapter 1, Section 2
How Rivers and Lakes Affect American LifeHow Rivers and Lakes Affect American Life
• Provide water for farmlands• Serve as a means of transportation• Used as political boundaries
Chapter 1, Section 2
Famous American WaterwaysFamous American Waterways
Mississippi-Missouri River System• Main branches
• Mississippi River• Missouri River
• Tributaries• Ohio River• Tennessee River• Arkansas River• Platte River
Other major rivers• Colorado River• Hudson River• Rio Grande
Great Lakes• Superior• Michigan• Huron• Erie• Ontario
Tributary—stream or smaller river that flows into a larger one
Chapter 1, Section 2
Climate and Weather WordsClimate and Weather Words
• Weather—condition of the atmosphere at any given time or place
• Climate—the average weather of a place over 20 or 30 years
• Precipitation—water that falls as rain, sleet, hail, or snow
• Altitude—height of the land above sea level
Chapter 1, Section 2
How Climates VaryHow Climates Vary
Type of Climate Where Characteristics
Marine Pacific Northwest Mild, moist ocean air; warm summers; cool
winters
Mediterranean California Mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers
Highland Cascades, Sierra Nevada, Rocky
Mountains
Varies according to altitude; cooler than surrounding lowland
Desert Southwestern United States
Hot days; cold nights; little rain
Steppe Great Plains Hot summers; cold winters; little rain
Chapter 1, Section 2
How Climates VaryHow Climates Vary
Type of Climate Where Characteristics
Humid Continental Central Plains and northeastern United
States
Mild summers, cold winters; much rain
Tropical Southern Florida and Hawaii
Hot; humid
Humid Subtropical Southeastern United States
Warm; regular rain
Tundra Northern and western Alaska
Cold year-round
Subarctic Rest of Alaska, northern Canada
Long, cold winters; short summers
Chapter 1, Section 2
Section 2 AssessmentSection 2 Assessment
Mostly, what do geographers use to divide the country into physical regions?a) distance from the Equatorb) landformsc) climated) bodies of water
Mostly, what feature or features define an area’s climate?a) what physical region it’s inb) lakes and river systemc) ocean and wind currentsd) temperature and precipitation
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Chapter 1, Section 2
Section 2 AssessmentSection 2 Assessment
Mostly, what do geographers use to divide the country into physical regions?a) distance from the Equatorb) landformsc) climated) bodies of water
Mostly, what feature or features define an area’s climate?a) what physical region it’s inb) lakes and river systemc) ocean and wind currentsd) temperature and precipitation
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Chapter 1, Section 3
The Tools of HistoryThe Tools of History
• How do historians evaluate and interpret historical evidence?
• How do archaeologists add to our knowledge of history?
• What can we learn about history by understanding chronology and eras?
Chapter 1, Section 3
Historians Evaluate and Interpret Historical EvidenceHistorians Evaluate and Interpret Historical Evidence
Collecting Evidence• Primary sources—
firsthand information—official documents, public speeches, eyewitness accounts, for example
• Secondary sources—accounts by people who did not witness an event; based on primary sources—textbook, encyclopedia, biographies, for example
Evaluating Evidence• Authenticity—whether the
source is what it seems to be• Reliability—whether the
source is accurate• Bias—leaning toward or
against a certain person, group, or idea
Interpreting Evidence• Determine the cause of a
development or event• Historians have their own
biases
Chapter 1, Section 3
Archaeologists Add to Our Knowledge of HistoryArchaeologists Add to Our Knowledge of History
Archaeologists Add to Our
Knowledge of History
Archaeology is the study of evidence left
by early peopleArchaeologists Study
Artifacts
Archaeologists form theories about the cultures of ancient
peoples
Archaeology—study of evidence left by early people in order to find out about their way of life.Artifact—objects made by humans, such as tools and weapons.Culture—a people’s way of life—home, economy, government, for example.
Chapter 1, Section 3
Understanding ChronologyUnderstanding Chronology
Chronology• Chronology—sequence of events over time• Absolute chronology—exact time, in centuries,
years, days, and so forth• Relative chronology—time of an event in relation
to the time of another event
Chapter 1, Section 3
Section 3 AssessmentSection 3 Assessment
Which of these items is not usually considered a primary source?a) official documentsb) eyewitness accountsc) encyclopediasd) diaries
The sequence of events over time is called ________.a) archaeologyb) chronologyc) cultured) artifacts
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Chapter 1, Section 3
Section 3 AssessmentSection 3 Assessment
Which of these items is not usually considered a primary source?a) official documentsb) eyewitness accountsc) encyclopediasd) diaries
The sequence of events over time is called ________.a) archaeologyb) chronologyc) cultured) artifacts
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Chapter 1, Section 4
Economics and Other Social SciencesEconomics and Other Social Sciences
• What basic questions do economists ask about society?
• What are the benefits of free enterprise?• How can the social sciences support the
study of history?
Chapter 1, Section 4
Economists Ask Three Basic Questions About SocietyEconomists Ask Three Basic Questions About Society
What goods and services should we produce?• Food, shelter, clothing• Consumer goods• Construction,
transportation• Services—education, for
exampleHow should we produce them?• Small enterprises• Large factories and farms
For whom should we produce them?• Cash economy
Economics—the study of how people manage their limited resources to satisfy their wants and needsConsumer—user of goods and servicesCash economy—economic system where people exchange money for goods and services
Chapter 1, Section 4
Benefits of a Free Enterprise SystemBenefits of a Free Enterprise System
Characteristics of a Free Enterprise System• Government plays a
limited role in the economy.
• Private citizens own businesses, decide what to make, how much to make, where to sell, and what to charge.
• Businesses compete.
Benefits of a Free Enterprise System• The “know-how” of
many individuals contributes to national prosperity.
• Consumers have freedom of choice.
• The choices people make influence what is made, how much, and at what price.
Chapter 1, Section 4
Other Social Sciences Support the Study of HistoryOther Social Sciences Support the Study of History
Social Science Study of... Example
Political Science Government How Americans created the Constitution
Civics Rights and responsibilities of
citizens
Freedom of speech, worship, and assembly; voting, military service
Anthropology How peoples and cultures develop
How first Americans spread across the
continent
Sociology How people behave in groups
Comparing life in a farming community with
life in a big city
Psychology How people think and behave
Understanding the views and biases in a primary
source
Social sciences—studies that relate to human society and social behavior
Chapter 1, Section 4
Section 4 AssessmentSection 4 Assessment
Economists ask questions about _________.a) production of goods and servicesb) rights and responsibilities of citizensc) sequence of events over timed) how people behave in groups
Under the free enterprise system, ____________.a) government controls the economyb) competition is discouragedc) consumers influence the economy through the choices they maked) resources are unlimited
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Chapter 1, Section 4
Section 4 AssessmentSection 4 Assessment
Economists ask questions about _________.a) production of goods and servicesb) rights and responsibilities of citizensc) sequence of events over timed) how people behave in groups
Under the free enterprise system, ____________.a) government controls the economyb) competition is discouragedc) consumers influence the economy through the choices they maked) resources are unlimited
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