J. lust. Brew., SeptemberOctober, 1987, Vol. 93, pp. 373 377

EUROPEAN BREWERY CONVENTION

373

THE ALCOHOL TABLE FOR BEER ANALYSIS AND POLYNOMIALS FOR ALCOHOL AND

EXTRACT

Submitted On Behalf of the EBC Analysis Committee

BY I. ROSENDAI. AND F. ScilMIDT

(Uniled Breweries, Copenhagen)

For the conversion of specific gravity of distillate to alcohol content in beer analysis the OIML table isrecommended. Polynomials are given for alcohol ad extract.

Keywords: Alcohol, analysis method, density, specific

gravity, standard specification, statistics.is to be declared as:

Introduction

The EBC Method 7.1 for the determination oforiginal extract

in beer has in the first three editions ofAnalytica-EBC (first edi

tion: 1953, second edition: 1963, third edition: 1975) referred to

the so-called Goldiner/Klemann table for conversion of specific

gravity of distillate to alcohol content5. This table was in factcalculated by Dr Block and remade by Kampf so it might have

been called the Block/Kampf table, but it is often referred to as

the Goldiner/Klemann table and in this paper it will be so

designated. This table is convenient for use in the brewery

laboratory as it has specific gravity in air at 20C/20C as

entry.

Other tables are in use but the two major ones are the ASBC

table1 and the IUPAC table10. Both of these tables are convenient for use in the brewery laboratory as they have specific

gravity in air at 20C/20C as entry. These two tables are

very similar.

The OIML Table

The international body OIML, i.e. Organisation Inter

nationale de Metrologie Legalc, or in English The International

Organisation ofLegal Metrology, has published an International

Alcoholometric Tables". In this Recommendation it is table Vawhich is to be used, but it is not very convenient for use in the

brewery laboratory as it has density in vacuo as entry.

Following this EEC, i.e. The European Economic Communi

ty, has recommended6that all member countries are going to usethe OIML table for conversion of specific gravity of distillate to

alcohol content.

The EBC Analysis Committee thus recommends the OIML

table to be used for conversion of specific gravity of distillate to

alcohol content in beer analysis. The EBC Method 9.1.1. for

the determination of alcohol and real extract is written accor

dingly in Analytica-IV (fourth edition, 1987).

Units Before publishing Analytica-IV the EBC Analysis

Committee decided to conform with the International Standard

for description of chemical analytical methods, ISO 78/29. Inthis standard it is recommended to use the following units for

concentration:

% m/m for weight by weight and

% V/V for volume by volume

In the above EEC-recommendation6 the following units arestated for alcohol concentration:

% mas for weight by weight and

% vol for volume by volume

The EEC has decided that from 1989 all beer within EEC is

going to have the alcohol content in% vol declared on the label.7CBMC, i.e. Communaute Travail des Brasseurs du Marche

Commun, has recommended it to be written as '. . . % vol

ale14.

According to a recent EEC Directive (European Economic

Community, Council Directive 87/250 on the indication of

alcoholic strength by volume in the labelling of alcoholic

beverages for sale to the ultimate consumer, 15th April, 1987) it

"x.y % vol" or

"ale. x.y % vol" ".

Transformation oftable. The OIML table has density in

vacuo at 20 C as entry, which is not very convenient in a

brewery laboratory, therefore it has been transformed to have

specific gravity in air at 20C/20C. The following formula

is used:

(SG' v water '

(1 +d )

where SG = specific gravity in air at 20cC/20C of distillate

d^ = density in vacuo at 20C of distillate

D = density in vacuo at 20C of waterwalct

d = density in vacuo at 20C of airair

and the formula may be rewritten as:

A ^SGa= V 0.9982012300 ~~ ' X 1.001205 +

It was decided not to use the densities as given in the OIML

table (to five decimal places), but to attain the highest possible

precision by calculating the densities to ten decimal places by

the eleventh degree polynomial, used by OIML for establishing

the table and the coefficients listed in the Recommendation. This

eleventh degree polynomial is installed by OIML, and it is used

in converting alcohol content to density.

The densities obtained were transformed to specific gravities

by the formula given above. The resulting table of alcohol (from

0.00 to 8.49% mas, in steps of 0.01% mas) versus specific

gravity in air at 2OC/2OC (shortened to five decimal places) is

given as Table I.

Polynomialfor alcohol Most brewery laboratories may

prefer to use a polynomial instead of a table in converting

specific gravity to alcohol. Ifa polynomial approximation is per

formed for alcohol versus specific gravity a higher number of

significant digits in the coefficients are necessary than if it is per

formed for alcohol versus (1 SGA). Thus, the specific gravities

from above (to ten decimal places) were transformed to (1

SG ), and a polynomial approximation was performed. A full

series of polynomials of increasing degrees was obtained, and

after careful examination it was found that the third degree

polynomial gave a very satisfactory agreement to the table. The

coefficients ofthis third degree polynomial have been reduced to

a reasonable number of significant digits, and the polynomial

may be given as:

A, % mas = 517.4(I-SGJ + 5084(1SGJ2 +33503 (1 - SGJ}

By using this third degree polynomial with reduced coeffi-

374 E.B.C. ALCOHOL TABLE FOR BEER ANALYSIS [J. Inst. Brew.

cicnts there will be no deviations from Table 1, not even round

ing off errors.

The idea of replacing tables by polynomials was first des

cribed by Robbins12, and a polynomial for alcohol amongothers was given in that paper, based on SG . The idea of

establishing a polynomial for alcohol versus (1 SGA) has not

been published previously.

Deviations among alcohol tables. To illustrate the devia

tions among the alcohol tables mentioned the followingTable II

was set up. The IUPAC table10 has four decimal places on the

specific gravities, the other three tables have five, so to find coin

ciding table entries, it was necessary to look for identical entries,

with zero as the fifth decimal, in Goldiner/Klemann, G/K8,ASBC1 and OIML". This is the reason for the odd values ofalcohol in Table II. It was found necessary to make two com

promises in the OIML table entries to cover the important range

around 3.7% and in the upper end of the scale.

It is seen that ASBC and IUPAC are very similar. IfOIML is

taken as the basis, they deviate only slightly in the upper end of

the scale. The deviations between OIML and Goldiner/

Klemann are more palpable, and they are significant even in the

normal range of the scale, i.e. around 3.7%.

Polynomial For Extract

The extract table of Goldiner/Klemann8, (table 1) is still tobe the basis for determination of extract in Analytica-EBC, real

extract as well as apparent extract This table has been used for

polynomial approximation, and the recommended polynomial is

as follows:

E, % Plato = 460.234 + 662.649 SG 202.414 SGE2By using this second degree polynomialthere will be minor

deviations compared to table, to a maximum of 0.006% Plato,

which is found acceptable.

The basis for the polynomial approximation was SG's cor

responding to 0.00% Plato, 1.00% Plato and so on up to

22.00% Plato. Even with all table values as basis for the

polynomial there would have been deviations, as the extract

table is more unstructured than the OIML table for alcohol.

The extract polynomial given above compares reasonably to

the extract polynomial given by Robbins12, which is based on theASBC extract table, deviating slightly from the extract table of

Goldiner/Klemann. It may be added that ASBC has recommen

ded to use a third degree polynomial for extract2.

TABLE I. OIML table for alcohol, % mas, (a), transformed from density in vacuo at 20C to specific gravity in air at 20C /20C (SG ).

SG(A) SG(A) SG(A) SG(A)

1.000000.999980.999960.99994

0.99992

0.99990

0.999880.99986

O.9998S

0.99983

0.99981

0.999790.99977

0.99975

0.999730.99971

0.99969

0.99967

0.999650.99963

0.99961

0.999600.99958

0.999560.99954

0.99952

0.99950

0.999480.99946

0.99944

0.99942

0.999400.999380.99937

0.999350.99933

0.99931

0.999290.999270.99925

0.999230.99921

0.99919

0.99917

0.99916

0.99914

0.999120.999100.999080.99906

0.000.010.02

0.030.04

0.050.060.07

0.08

0.09

0.100.11

0.12

0.130.14

0.15

0.16

0.17

0.18

0.19

0.200.21

0.22

0.230.24

0.250.260.27

0.28

0.29

0.30

0.310.320.330.34

0.35

0.36

0.370.380.39

0.400.41

0.420.43

0.440.45

0.46

0.470.48

0.49

0.99904

0.99902

0.999000.99898

0.99897

0.998950.99893

0.998910.99889

0.99887

0.998850.998830.998810.99880

0.99878

0.998760.99874

0.99872

0.998700.99868

0.99866

0.99864

0.998630.99861

0.998590.99857

0.998550.998530.99851

0.99849

0.99848

0.99846

0.998440.99842

0.99840

0.998380.99836

0.99834

0.998330.99831

0.998290.998270.998250.998230.99821

0.99820

0.998180.99816

0.998140.99812

0.50

0.51

0.52

0.530.54

0.55

0.560.570.58

0.59

0.600.61

0.62

0.630.64

0.650.66

0.67

0.680.69

0.70

0.710.72

0.730.74

0.75

0.76

0.77

0.780.79

0.800.81

0.82

0.83

0.840.850.860.87

0.880.89

0.900.91

0.92

0.930.94

0.950.960.97

0.980.99

0.99810

0.998080.99806

0.998050.998030.998010.997990.99797

0.997950.99793

0.99792

0.99790

0.99788

0.99786

0.99784

0.99782

0.99780

0.99779

0.997770.99775

0.997730.99771

0.997690.99768

0.997660.99764

0.99762

0.99760

0.99758

0.99756

0.997550.99753

0.99751

0.997490.99747

0.997450.99744

0.997420.99740

0.99738

0.997360.99734

0.99733

0.997310.99729

0.99727

0.997250.99723

0.997220.99720

1.001.01

.02

1.031.04

1.051.06

1.07

1.08

1.09

1.10

1.11

1.12

1.131.14

1.151.161.17

1.18

1.19

1.20

1.211.22

1.231.24

1.25

1.26

1.27

1.281.29

1.301.311.32

1.331.34

1.35

1.36

1.37

1.38

1.39

1.40

1.41

1.42

1.43

1.44

1.45

1.46

1.47

1.48

1.49

0.99718

0.997160.99714

0.997120.99711

0.997090.99707

0.99705

0.997030.99702

0.99700

0.996980.99696

0.99694

0.99692

0.996910.996890.99687

0.996850.99683

0.99682

0.99680

0.996780.99676

0.996740.99672

0.99671

0.99669

0.996670.99665

0.996630.996620.996600.99658

0.996560.99654

0.99653

0.996510.99649

0.99647

0.996450.99644

0.996420.996400.99638

0.996360.996350.99633

0.996310.99629

1.50

1.51

1.521.53

1.54

1.55

1.56

1.57

1.58

1.59

1.601.61

1.62

1.631.64

1.65

1.661.67

1.681.69

1.70

1.711.72

1.731.74

1.75

1.76

1.771.78

1.79

1.80

1.811.82

1.831.84

1.85

1.86

1.87

1.88

1.89

1.901.911.92

1.93

1.94

1.95

1.96

1.97

1.98

1.99

Vol. 93, 1987]

SG(A)

0.99627

0.99626

0.996240.99622

0.99620

0.996180.99617

0.996150.996130.99611

0.996090.99608

0.99606

0.99604

0.99602

0.996000.99609

0.99597

0.99595

0.99593

0.99592

0.99590

0.99588

0.995860.99584

0.99583

0.995810.99579

0.995770.99576

0.99574

0.99572

0.995700.99568

0.99567

0.995650.995630.99561

0.996600.99558

0.99556

0.99554

0.99552

0.99551

0.995490.99547

0.995450.99544

0.99542

0.99540

0.995380.995370.99535

0.995330.995310.99530

0.99528

0.995260.99524

0.99522

0.99521

0.99519

0.995170.99515

0.99514

0.99512

0.99510

0.995080.99507

0.99505

0.995030.99501

0.995000.99498

0.99496

0.994940.99493

0.99491

0.994890.99487

A

2.002.012.02

2.032.04

2.052.062.072.082.09

2.102.11

2.12

2.132.14

2.15

2.16

2.17

2.182.19

2.20

2.212.22

2.23

2.24

2.252.262.27

2.282.29

2.302.31

2.32

2.332.34

2.35

2.362.37

2.382.39

2.402.412.42

2.432.44

2.45

2.462.47

2.48

2.49

2.50

2.51

2.522.53

2.54

2.55

2.562.57

2.582.59

2.60

2.612.62

2.632.64

2.65

2.662.67

2.68

2.69

2.702.71

2.722.73

2.742.75

2.762.77

2.782.79

E.B.C.

SG(A)

0.994860.99484

0.994820.99480

0.994790.99477

0.99475

0.994730.99472

0.99470

0.994680.99466

0.99465

0.99463

0.99461

0.994600.99458

0.99456

0.99454

0.99453

0.994510.99449

0.99447

0.994460.99444

0.99442

0.99440

0.99439

0.99437

0.99435

0.99434

0.99432

0.99430

0.99428

0.99427

0.994250.99423

0.994210.99420

0.99418

0.99416

0.994150.994130.99411

0.99409

0.99408

0.994060.99404

0.00402

0.99401

0.993990.99397

0.993960.99394

0.99392

0.99390

0.99389

0.99387

0.993850.99384

0.99382

0.993800.99378

0.99377

0.993750.99373

0.99372

0.99370

0.993680.99367

0.993650.993630.99361

0.99360

0.99358

0.99356

0.993550.99353

0.99351

0.99349

ALCOHOL TABLE

A

2.802.81

2.82

2.832.84

2.85

2.86

2.87

2.882.89

2.902.91

2.92

2.932.94

2.95

2.96

2.97

2.98

2.99

3.003.013.02

3.033.04

3.05

3.063.07

3.08

3.09

3.10

3.113.12

3.13

3.14

3.153.16

3.17

3.183.19

3.20

3.21

3.223.23

3.24

3.253.263.27

3.28

3.29

3.30

3.313.32

3.333.34

3.353.36

3.38

3.39

3.403.41

3.42

3.43

3.44

3.45

3.463.47

3.483.49

3.503.513.52

3.533.54

3.553.56

3.573.58

3.59

FOR BEER ANALYSIS

SG(A)

0.993480.99346

0.99344

0.993430.99341

0.99339

0.993380.99336

0.99334

0.99332

0.99331

0.99329

0.99327

0.99326

0.99324

0.993220.99321

0.99319

0.99317

0.99316

0.99314

0.99312

0.99310

0.993090.99307

0.99305

0.99304

0.99302

0.993000.99299

0.99297

0.992950.99294

0.99292

0.99290

0.99289

0.99287

0.99285

0.99284

0.99282

0.99280

0.992790.99277

0.992750.99273

0.99272

0.992700.99268

0.99267

0.99265

0.99263

0.992620.99260

0.99258

0.99257

0.99255

0.992530.99252

0.99250

0.99248

0.99247

0.99245

0.992430.99242

0.99240

0.99238

0.99237

0.992350.99233

0.99232

0.992300.992280.99227

0.99225

0.992230.99222

0.99220

0.99218

0.99217

0.99215

A

3.603.61

3.62

3.633.64

3.65

3.663.67

3.68

3.69

3.703.71

3.72

3.73

3.74

3.753.76

3.77

3.783.79

3.803.81

3.82

3.833.84

3.853.86

3.87

3.883.89

3.90

3.913.92

3.93

3.94

3.953.96

3.97

3.983.99

4.004.01

4.02

4.034.04

4.054.06

4.07

4.08

4.09

4.10

4.11

4.124.13

4.14

4.15

4.16

4.174.18

4.19

4.204.21

4.22

4.234.24

4.25

4.26

4.27

4.284.29

4.304.31

4.324.33

4.34

4.354.36

4.37

4.384.39

SG(A)

0.99213

0.992120.99210

0.992090.99207

0.99205

0.99204

0.99202

0.99200

0.99199

0.99197

0.991950.99194

0.99192

0.99190

0.99189

0.99187

0.99185

0.99184

0.99182

0.99180

0.99179

0.99177

0.991760.99174

0.99172

0.99171

0.99169

0.99167

0.99166

0.99164

0.99162

0.99161

0.99159

0.991570.99156

0.99154

0.991530.99151

0.99149

0.991480.99146

0.99144

0.991430.99141

0.991390.99138

0.99136

0.991350.99133

0.99131

0.991300.99128

0.99126

0.99125

0.99123

0.99122

0.99120

0.991180.99117

0.991150.99113

0.99112

0.991100.99109

0.99107

0.991050.99104

0.99102

0.99100

0.99099

0.990970.99096

0.990940.99092

0.99091

0.990890.99087

0.99086

0.99084

375

A

4.404.41

4.42

4.434.444.45

4.464.47

4.48

4.49

4.504.514.52

4.53

4.54

4.55

4.564.57

4.584.59

4.60

4.61

4.62

4.634.64

4.65

4.664.67

4.68

4.69

4.70

4.71

4.72

4.734.74

4.754.76

4.77

4.78

4.79

4.80

4.81

4.82

4.834.84

4.854.86

4.87

4.88

4.89

4.90

4.914.92

4.93

4.94

4.95

4.96

4.97

4.98

4.99

5.00

5.015.02

5.03

5.04

5.055.06

5.07

5.085.09

5.10

5.11

5.125.13

5.14

5.155.165.17

5.18

5.19

no

SG(A)

0.990830.99081

0.990790.99078

0.990760.99075

0.990730.99071

0.990700.99068

0.99066

0.99065

0.990630.99062

0.990600.990580.990570.990550.990540.99052

0.99050

0.990490.99047

0.99046

0.990440.99042

0.99041

0.990390.99038

0.99036

0.99034

0.990330.99031

0.990300.99028

0.99026

0.990250.990230.99022

0.99020

0.99018

0.99017

0.990150.99014

0.99012

0.99010

0.990090.99007

0.990060.99004

0.990020.99001

0.988990.98998

0.98996

0.989950.989930.98991

0.989900.99988

0.98987

0.98985

0.989830.98982

0.98980

0.99979

0.99977

0.999760.99974

0.99972

0.98971

0.989690.989680.98966

0.98964

0.98963

0.98961

0.98960

0.989580.98957

A

5.205.21

5.225.235.24

5.255.265.27

5.285.29

5.305.31

5.325.335.34

5.355.365.37

5.385.39

5.405.41

5.425.435.44

5.455.46

5.475.485.49

5.50

5.515.52

5.535.54

5.555.565.57

5.585.59

5.605.61

5.62

5.635.645.655.66

5.67

5.68

5.69

5.705.71

5.72

5.73

5.74

5.75

5.765.775.78

5.79

5.80

5.81

5.825.835.84

5.85

5.865.875.885.89

5.905.915.925.93

5.94

5.95

5.965.97

5.985.99

E.B.C.

SG(A)

0.989550.989530.98952

0.989500.98949

0.98947

0.989460.989440.98942

0.98941

0.98939

0.98938

0.989360.989350.98933

0.989310.989300.98928

0.98927

0.98925

0.98924

0.98922

0.98920

0.989190.98917

0.989160.98914

0.98913

0.98911

0.98909

0.98908

0.98906

0.989050.98903

0.989020.98900

0.98899

0.98897

0.98895

0.98894

0.988920.988910.988890.988880.98886

0.988850.98883

0.98881

0.988800.98878

0.98877

0.988750.98874

0.98872

0.98871

0.98869

0.98867

0.988660.98864

0.98863

0.988610.988600.988580.98857

0.988550.98854

0.98852

0.98850

0.988490.98847

0.98846

0.98844

0.988430.98841

0.98840

0.988380.98837

0.98835

0.988340.98832

ALCOHOL TABLE

A

6.006.01

6.026.03

6.046.056.066.07

6.086.09

6.106.11

6.12

6.136.14

6.15

6.166.17

6.18

6.19

6.206.216.22

6.236.24

6.25

6.26

6.276.286.29

6.306.31

6.326.336.34

6.356.36

6.37

6.38

6.39

6.406.41

6.42

6.436.44

6.456.466.47

6.486.49

6.50

6.516.52

6.536.54

6.55

6.566.57

6.58

6.59

6.606.616.62

6.636.64

6.65

6.66

6.67

6.686.69

6.706.716.72

6.736.74

6.756.76

6.77

6.786.79

FOR BEER ANALYSIS

SG(A)

0.988300.988290.98827

0.98826

0.98824

0.988230.98821

0.98820

0.988180.98817

0.988150.98814

0.98812

0.988100.98809

0.98807

0.988060.98804

0.98803

0.98801

0.98800

0.987980.98797

0.987950.98794

0.98792

0.987910.987890.987880.98786

0.98785

0.987830.98781

0.98780

0.987780.98777

0.987750.98774

0.987720.98771

0.98769

0.98768

0.98766

0.987650.98763

0.987620.98760

0.987590.98757

0.98756

0.98754

0.98753

0.987510.987500.98748

0.98747

0.98745

0.98744

0.98742

0.98740

0.987390.98737

0.987360.98734

0.98733

0.98731

0.987300.987280.987270.98725

0.987240.98722

0.98721

0.98719

0.987180.98716

0.98715

0.987130.98712

0.98710

A

6.806.816.82

6.836.84

6.856.86

6.87

6.886.89

6.90

6.916.92

6.936.94

6.956.96

6.97

6.98

6.99

7.00

7.017.02

7.037.04

7.05

7.067.07

7.08

7.09

7.10

7.11

7.12

7.137.14

7.15

7.167.17

7.187.19

7.207.21

7.22

7.237.24

7.257.26

7.277.287.29

7.30

7.317.32

7.33

7.34

7.35

7.367.377.38

7.39

7.407.41

7.427.437.44

7.45

7.467.47

7.487.49

7.507.517.52

7.537.54

7.557.56

7.57

7.587.59

SG(A)

0.98709

0.987070.98706

0.98704

0.98703

0.987010.98700

0.986980.98697

0.98695

0.98694

0.98692

0.986910.986890.986880.986860.986850.98683

0.98682

0.98680

0.986790.98677

0.986760.98674

0.986730.98671

0.98670

0.986680.98667

0.98665

0.98664

0.98662

0.986610.98659

0.986580.98657

0.98655

0.98654

0.98652

0.98651

0.98649

0.98648

0.98646

0.986450.98643

0:986420.986400.98639

0.986370.98636

0.98634

0.98633

0.986310.986300.986280.986270.986250.98624

0.986220.98621

0.98619

0.986180.98616

0.98615

0.986140.98612

0.98611

0.98609

0.986080.98606

0.986050.98603

0.98602

0.98600

0.985990.98597

0.98596

0.98594

0.98593

0.9859 J

|J. Inst. Brew.

(A)

7.607.617.62

7.637.64

7.657.66

7.677.687.69

7.70

7.71

7.72

7.737.74

7.75

7.76

7.77

7.78

7.79

7.807.817.82

7.837.84

7.85

7.867.87

7.88

7.89

7.90

7.917.92

7.93

7.94

7.95

7.967.97

7.98

7.99

8.008.01

8.02

8.038.04

8.058.06

8.07

8.08

8.09

8.108.11

8.12

8.138.14

8.15

8.168.17

8.188.19

8.20

8.218.22

8.238.24

8.258.26

8.27

8.288.29

8.308.31

8.32

8.338.34

8.358.36

8.37

8.38

8.39

Vol. 93, 1987|

SG(A)

0.985900.985890.98587

0.985860.98584

0.98583

0.98581

0.985800.985780.98577

E.B.C

A

8.408.41

8.42

8.438.44

8.45

8.46

8.47

8.488.49

ALCOHOL TAIll.i: FOR Ill-I-R ANALYSIS 377

TABLE II. Selected identical entries in four different alcohol tables

Alcohol, % mas. according (o:

1.000000.99810

0.99600

0.994300.99330

0.992600.99130

0.99010

0.988500.98710

0.98660

G/K

0.001.02

2.18

3.153.74

4.16

4.95

5.70

6.72

7.65

7.98

ASBC

0.00

1.01

2.163.123.69

4.11

4.90

5.65

6.69

7.61

7.95

IUPAC

0.00

1.01

2.16

3.12

3.70

4.11

4.90

5.65

6.68

7.61

7.95

O1ML

0.00

1.00

2.15

3.12

3.7054.124.91

5.65

6.67

7.59

7.925

Keit.ki-.nci-.s1. American Society of Brewing Chemists. Methods of Analysis,

Seventh edition, 1976. Metliod BEER-4. b.

2. Journal ofAmerican Society of'Brewing Chemists. Report ofSub

committee on Statistical Analysis. 1984. 42 (3), 138-139.

3. American Society of Brewing Chemists. Tables Related to Deter

minations on Won, Beer, and Brewing Sugars and Syrups,

1948.

4. Communaute de Travail des Brasseurs du Marche Commun.Annex I to document CdD. 17/S6e, Brussels. 5th May 1986.

5. European Brewery Convention. Analylica-EBC. Third edition,1977. Method 7.1.

6. European Economic Community. Council Directive 76/766 onalconolometric tables, 27th July 1976.

7. European Economic Community. Council Directive 86/197 relat

ing to the labelling, presentation and advertising offoodstuffs, 26th

May 1986.

8. Goldiner, F., Klemann, H., Block and Kampf, W., 'Rohrzucker-.

Alkohol-, Stammwurze-und Korrekiionstafel', tnstitut fur Car-

ungsgewerbe, Berlin 65, Scstrassc, 1977.

9. International Organisationfor Standardization. Layoutsfor stan

dards Part 2: Standard for chemical analysis, ISO 78/2

1982.

10. International Union ofPure and Applied Chemistry. A Standar

dization ofMethodsfor Determination of the Alcohol Content of

Beverages and Distilled Potable Spirits. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1968. 17. 274-312.

I I. Organisation Internationale de Metrologie I.egale. International

Recommendation No. 22, Atcoholomelry and International

Alcoholometric Tables. 1973.

12. Robbins, G. S., Brewers' Digest. 1975 50. 66-77, 83.