The Age of Thomas Jefferson up Until 1815

Themes

• Profile Thomas Jefferson• Marbury vs. Madison• Louisiana Purchase • War of 1812

Thomas Jefferson

• Born in Virginia • Not a great public speaker• Very shy • Rarely dressed up• Wrote the Declaration of Independence• Governor of Virginia• Vice President under John Adams

Thomas Jefferson (Contradictions)

Statements • Common Man• All are created equal• Limited governmental

power• No intermixture

Reality • Monticello and Money• Slave owner• Bought Louisiana • Sally Hemming

Election of 1800

• Ugliest election to date (Federalist vs. supporters of Jefferson)

• Accusations against Jefferson that he fathered black children

• Federalists were split as President John Adams sought peace with France

• Jefferson attacked Adams labeling him a monarchist; attacking individual liberties

• Adams attacked Jefferson by labeling him an atheist and supporter of radicalism

Election of 1800

• Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr• John Adams & Charles C. Pinckney

-The first place winner would be president and second place winner would be vice-president regardless of political party

• Jefferson and Burr TIED

Election of 1800

• The election would be decided in the Federalist majority House of Representatives

• Federalist would determine the winner • Thomas Jefferson was named next president • Alexander Hamilton hated both men but

supported Jefferson; lesser of two evils• Burr and Hamilton later fought a duel in 1804:

- Hamilton was killed

Election of 1800(Impact)

1. 12th Amendment:- Electors would cast separate ballots for

President and Vice President 2. Peaceful transfer of power should success of American experiment in democracy

Marbury vs. Madison(1803)

• The Midnight Appointments • John Adams appointed several Federalists to

positions in the judiciary • Goal: maintain Federalist influence in at least

one branch of government • William Marbury was named a Justice of the

Peace

Marbury vs. Madison(1803)

• Marbury never received his appointment into the judiciary

• New Secretary of State James Madison refused to deliver it

• Marbury sued; Judiciary Act of 1789 could force delivery of such documents

Marbury vs. Madison(1803)

• Chief Justice John Marshall ruling:1. Madison should deliver the commission, but the Supreme court couldn’t force him 2. The Constitution never the Court the power to issue such rulings3. The sections of the Judiciary Act granting this power was unconstitutional • Long Term Effect • Judicial Review – gave power to courts to review

constitutionality of laws • Supreme Court became equal to other branches

Louisiana Territory (1800-1803)

• Concern grew in Nueva Espania as the Americans drew close to their borders

• Spanish always welcomed Native Americans and some European immigrants into their lands, but were very cautious with Americans

• In 1800, Spanish struck a deal to return the Mississippi territory to France, in hopes that a French Louisiana provide a buffer zone between Spain and America

• Napoleon agreed to deal with Spain

Louisiana Purchase

• France gained control of the Louisiana area in 1802; access to New Orleans was restricted. Violated Pinckney's Treaty (1796)

• France was attempting to gain back control of North America; led by Napoleon

• President Jefferson sent Robert Livingston to France and authorized up to $2 million to purchase area of New Orleans

• France agreed; $15 million

Louisiana Purchase(1803)

Why Would France Sell?

• In modern day Haiti, a revolt against the French was led by Toussaint L’ouveture in the 1790s

• French attempted to retake Island in 1802 but were defeated

• Napoleon would give up on the New World and use the money to help fund the upcoming war in Europe

Louisiana Purchase (Results)

• Large purchase of land for the United States• Jefferson was worried about the process;

considers a constitutional amendment• Sent it to Congress for their approval

Crops of Discovery

• Commissioned by the government to explore newly purchased land

• Leaders:- Meriwether Lewis: Jefferson’s personal

secretary - William Clark: Army officer

27 other members

Lewis and Clark’s Goals

1. Scientific Expedition:• Study and survey the land (plants and animals)• Economic potential 2. Study Native American culture and lifestyle; possibly establish a trade network

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-06)

• Started in St. Louis • Plan: follow the Missouri River • Winter of 1804 – 05 was at Ft. Mandan (ND)• Very positive relations with the Mandan

Indians

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-06)

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-06)

• During the start of the second winter, Lewis and Clark made it to what is now Fort Clatsop in Oregon

• In 1806, returned home in success• Helped by Sacajawea – Served as translator

and navigator through the land. Told encountering tribes that Lewis and Clark led a peace party not a war party

Results of the Expedition

1. Observations of the land were very detailed and helped future travelers

2. Descriptions of Native Americans contained biases, but provided information about Indian culture and lifestyle

3. Improved U.S. claims to Oregon and Washington

*Oregon and Washington 1840s*

Embargo Act (1807)

• War began in Europe in 1803• American trade ships were constantly being

attacked (America neutral)• Definition: Banned all importation of British

goods into the country • Goal: European reliance on American goods

would force recognition of neutral rights• Result: Complete failure; unemployment rose

and policy unpopular

War of 1812(Causes)

• Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)• James Madison (1809-1817)• War began in Europe in 18031.By 1805 British and French blocked trade routes into Europe. Both began seizing American ships • Royal Navy forced some American Navy soldiers into

service; 6,0002.British support of Native Americans resisting U.S. presence in Northwest Territory3. War hawks

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair(1807)

• U.S. warship (Chesapeake) refused to be boarded

• Leopard (British) fired its cannons, killing three Americans and wounding others

• Many Americans began calling for war

Battle of Tippecanoe(1811)

• Shawnee Chief Tecumseh sought to lead many Native American tribes against the expansion of the Americans

• William Henry Harrison (Indiana Governor) began to worry about this large Indian force

• The Prophet (Brother) – attacked Harrison’s forces and were defeated

• Results:- Harrison a hero!- Tecumseh must ally himself with British

War Hawks

• Name given to vocal supporters of war with Great Britain

• Leaders: Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun• Supporters located in the West and South

Declaration of War

• Opposition to war was strongest in New England and New York (Federalist states)

• June 1812 Congress declared war

War of 1812

• Early in the war, Americans constantly failed to invade Canada

• Americans surrender Fort. Detroit • Oliver Perry finally defeated British at Put-In-

Bay• Tecumseh was killed at the Battle of the

Thames

War of 1812

War of 1812

• Battle of Bladensburg – American defeated; resulted in Washington, D.C. being burnt to the ground in 1814

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

• Negotiators from the United States, during the war, met with Great Britain and agreed to end hostilities

• Location: Ghent, Belgium • Relations of the two countries were restored

to pre-war status • News took over two months to get across the

ocean

Battle of New Orleans(1815)

• Led by Andrew Jackson • Tremendous American victory with Jackson’s

forces killing over 2,000 British soldiers

Hartford Convention (1814-1815)

• Federalists met in Hartford, Connecticut and proposed Constitutional Amendments

1. Require a 2/3 vote to declare war 2. Prohibit election of two successive Presidents

from the same state • Federalists remained pro-British • After the war, Federalists were seen as traitors

and led to the “Death” of Federalist Party

Symbols of Nationalism

• William Henry Harrison – Hero• Presidential Mansion was repainted white

then renamed White House • Star Spangled Banner by Francis Scott Key was

written during the battle of Fort. McHenry (Maryland)

• Andrew Jackson – Hero

Review

• Thomas Jefferson • War of 1812: Causes and effects• Rise of Nationalism