The Era of Thomas The Era of Thomas JeffersonJefferson

Chapter 9Chapter 9

Jefferson takes OfficeJefferson takes Office Thomas Jefferson was Thomas Jefferson was

inaugurated in March inaugurated in March 1801.1801.

He ran against John Adams. He ran against John Adams. Aaron Burr won the same Aaron Burr won the same

amount of electoral votes as amount of electoral votes as JeffersonJefferson The House of The House of

Representatives debated Representatives debated for 6 days before Jefferson for 6 days before Jefferson was chosenwas chosen

In 1804, the electors In 1804, the electors would vote separately for would vote separately for President and Vice President and Vice PresidentPresident

Jefferson takes OfficeJefferson takes Office Jefferson was the first Jefferson was the first

president to get president to get inaugurated in inaugurated in Washington DCWashington DC

The presidents goal The presidents goal was to limit the federal was to limit the federal governments power governments power over the statesover the states

He thought that laissez He thought that laissez faire would be the best faire would be the best ideaidea He fired all tax He fired all tax

collectors and cut the collectors and cut the number of diplomats number of diplomats

He reduced the size of He reduced the size of the militarythe military

People who were People who were imprisoned under the imprisoned under the Sedition Act were Sedition Act were releasedreleased

Jefferson takes OfficeJefferson takes Office

Adams appointed Adams appointed William Marbury William Marbury and other judges and other judges before he left before he left officeoffice

Republicans said these Republicans said these were to keep the were to keep the Federalists in powerFederalists in power

Jefferson ordered Jefferson ordered James Madison to James Madison to cease work on the cease work on the appointmentsappointments

Jefferson takes OfficeJefferson takes Office

Marbury sued Madison Marbury sued Madison citing the Judiciary Act citing the Judiciary Act of 1789of 1789

Chief Justice John Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Marshall ruled that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutionalunconstitutional He said the Court’s power He said the Court’s power

came from the came from the ConstitutionConstitution

This was important This was important because of the court case because of the court case Marbury v. Madison, Marbury v. Madison, judicial review was judicial review was establishedestablished

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase By 1800, more By 1800, more

then a million then a million settlers lived settlers lived between the between the Appalachian and Appalachian and the Mississippithe Mississippi

Most of these settlers Most of these settlers were farmers.were farmers.

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase

These farmers relied on These farmers relied on the Mississippi River to the Mississippi River to transport their crops to transport their crops to the port at New Orleansthe port at New Orleans Spain had controlled new Spain had controlled new

Orleans and the US Orleans and the US negotiated with Spain to negotiated with Spain to guarantee American’s right guarantee American’s right to ship goods down the to ship goods down the Mississippi to New OrleansMississippi to New Orleans

This was called Pinckney’s This was called Pinckney’s TreatyTreaty

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase Jefferson found out in Jefferson found out in

1801 that Spain had 1801 that Spain had given New Orleans and given New Orleans and the Louisiana Territory to the Louisiana Territory to France in a secret treatyFrance in a secret treaty

In 1802, before the In 1802, before the official transfer of the official transfer of the land to France, the land to France, the Spanish governor Spanish governor stopped allowing stopped allowing Americans to ship their Americans to ship their goods through New goods through New OrleansOrleans

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase

The President decided The President decided that he would try to buy that he would try to buy New Orleans from the New Orleans from the FrenchFrench

He sent James Monroe He sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to and Robert Livingston to try to buy New Orleans try to buy New Orleans and West Florida from and West Florida from FranceFrance

When they arrived they When they arrived they found out that Toussaint found out that Toussaint L’Ouverture had driven L’Ouverture had driven the French from Haitithe French from Haiti

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase They knew the French They knew the French

would have a hard time would have a hard time defending Louisianadefending Louisiana

They also knew that They also knew that there were tensions there were tensions between France and between France and EnglandEngland

Napoleon, the leader of Napoleon, the leader of France would need France would need money to support the money to support the warwar

Napoleon offered to sell Napoleon offered to sell not only New Orleans not only New Orleans but the entire Louisiana but the entire Louisiana Purchase Purchase They purchased the They purchased the

whole territory for $15 whole territory for $15 Million-4 Cents an acre Million-4 Cents an acre

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase No where in the No where in the

Constitution did it say Constitution did it say that the President had that the President had power to buy land power to buy land

Jefferson said that the Jefferson said that the President was allowed President was allowed to make treaties, the to make treaties, the Senate approved and Senate approved and Congress voted to pay Congress voted to pay for the land for the land

In January 1803, In January 1803, Jefferson convinced Jefferson convinced Congress to pay $2,500 Congress to pay $2,500 on a western expeditionon a western expedition

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase He chose Meriwether He chose Meriwether

Lewis and William Lewis and William Clark to report back Clark to report back about geography, about geography, plants, animals and plants, animals and other natural featuresother natural features He also wanted He also wanted

them to make them to make contact with the contact with the Natives and to look Natives and to look for a waterway from for a waterway from the Mississippi to the Mississippi to the Pacific Oceanthe Pacific Ocean

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase They took 40 men and They took 40 men and

traveled up the Missouri traveled up the Missouri River, met up with River, met up with natives, reached the natives, reached the Great Plains, traveled Great Plains, traveled west, and met up with west, and met up with Native American Native American Sacagawea, who traveled Sacagawea, who traveled with them and was a with them and was a translatortranslator

They climbed the They climbed the Rockies, reached the Rockies, reached the continental divide, found continental divide, found the Columbia River and the Columbia River and traveled by canoe to the traveled by canoe to the Pacific OceanPacific Ocean

It took nearly 6 months It took nearly 6 months to return to Missourito return to Missouri

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase In 1806-1807, In 1806-1807,

Zebulon Pike also Zebulon Pike also explored the explored the southern part of the southern part of the Louisiana Territory Louisiana Territory

When he got to the When he got to the Rocky Mountains, he Rocky Mountains, he was stopped by deep was stopped by deep snowsnow The mountain he The mountain he

could not climb is could not climb is now called Pike’s now called Pike’s PeakPeak

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase On his return, he went On his return, he went

to Spanish new Mexicoto Spanish new Mexico Pike and his explorers Pike and his explorers

were arrested by were arrested by Spanish troopsSpanish troops

They thought they were They thought they were spies trying to take over spies trying to take over the areathe area

They were released They were released and escorted back to and escorted back to the United Statesthe United States

Because of Pike’s Because of Pike’s reports, the Americans reports, the Americans grew interested in the grew interested in the

Spanish BorderlandsSpanish Borderlands. .

A Time of ConflictA Time of Conflict

Pirate ships began to Pirate ships began to attack American ships in attack American ships in the Mediterranean Seathe Mediterranean Sea

These ships came from These ships came from Morocco, Algiers, Tunisia Morocco, Algiers, Tunisia and Tripoli (the Barbary and Tripoli (the Barbary State) State)

These pirates took property These pirates took property and sailors, holding the and sailors, holding the sailors for ransomsailors for ransom

European governments European governments stopped the raids by stopped the raids by paying the States tributepaying the States tribute

A Time of ConflictA Time of Conflict Jefferson stopped paying Jefferson stopped paying

tribute and sent warships tribute and sent warships to the Mediterraneanto the Mediterranean

The The PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia ran ran aground near Tripoli and aground near Tripoli and the crew was imprisonedthe crew was imprisoned

American sailors burned American sailors burned this ship to prevent the this ship to prevent the pirates from using it.pirates from using it.

American troops marched American troops marched across the Sahara desert across the Sahara desert and captured Tripoli and captured Tripoli

A Time of ConflictA Time of Conflict By 1803, France By 1803, France

and England were at and England were at warwar

Americans were Americans were NeutralNeutral

To prevent the other To prevent the other side from getting side from getting supplies, the French supplies, the French and English began to and English began to seize American ships seize American ships and stealing the and stealing the cargocargo The British again The British again

used impressmentsused impressments

A Time of ConflictA Time of Conflict To try to stop this, in 1807, To try to stop this, in 1807,

Jefferson passed the Jefferson passed the Embargo ActEmbargo Act

Forbid any trade on Forbid any trade on American ships sailing to American ships sailing to any foreign portany foreign port

Jefferson thought this Jefferson thought this would stop the other would stop the other countries from seizing countries from seizing shipsships

Instead, the money made by Instead, the money made by exports fell, prices of crops exports fell, prices of crops declined and thousands of declined and thousands of Americans lost their jobsAmericans lost their jobs

Many Americans began to Many Americans began to smuggle goods. smuggle goods.

A Time of ConflictA Time of Conflict After the Battle of Fallen After the Battle of Fallen

Timbers, many settlers moved Timbers, many settlers moved WestWest

Diseases such as measles, Diseases such as measles, smallpox and the flu killed smallpox and the flu killed thousands of Nativesthousands of Natives

Settlers stole native lands for Settlers stole native lands for hunting hunting

The Shawnee people were hurt The Shawnee people were hurt by the settlersby the settlers

In 1805, Tenskwatawa and In 1805, Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh urged Natives to Tecumseh urged Natives to fight against the settlersfight against the settlers This action scared American This action scared American

officialsofficials In 1811, William Henry In 1811, William Henry

Harrison, marched his soldiers Harrison, marched his soldiers against the Shawnee villages against the Shawnee villages and defeated the Natives at the and defeated the Natives at the Battle of Tippecanoe Battle of Tippecanoe

The War of 1812The War of 1812 There was tensions There was tensions

between Britain and the between Britain and the US when James US when James Madison became Madison became president in 1809president in 1809

Arming NativesArming Natives Impressments of sailorsImpressments of sailors America’s new America’s new

nationalismnationalism Henry Clay and John Henry Clay and John

C. Calhoun became C. Calhoun became leaders in the House leaders in the House of Representativesof Representatives

They supported war They supported war with Britain-They were with Britain-They were

called War Hawkscalled War Hawks

The War of 1812The War of 1812 Although England Although England

was at war in was at war in Europe, they would Europe, they would not give into US not give into US Demands to avoid Demands to avoid

warwar

The War of 1812The War of 1812

The US navy only The US navy only had 16 warships, had 16 warships, and the army had and the army had only 7,000 menonly 7,000 men

The British set up a The British set up a blockade of the blockade of the CoastCoast

A major sea battle A major sea battle was in Aug 1812 and was in Aug 1812 and the USS the USS ConstitutionConstitution defeated the British defeated the British ship ship GuerriereGuerriere

The War of 1812The War of 1812 The British and Americans The British and Americans

were also fighting for were also fighting for control of the Great Lakes control of the Great Lakes and the Mississippiand the Mississippi

American General William American General William Hull tried and failed to Hull tried and failed to invade Canadainvade Canada

The Americans did win at The Americans did win at Lake Erie, where they Lake Erie, where they defeated the Britishdefeated the British

In the south, Natives In the south, Natives attacked American attacked American settlements.settlements. Andrew Jackson fought Andrew Jackson fought

back and defeated the back and defeated the natives at the Battle of natives at the Battle of Horseshoe BendHorseshoe Bend

The War of 1812The War of 1812

The British Attacked The British Attacked Washington D.C. in Washington D.C. in August 1814August 1814

Dolly Madison, the Dolly Madison, the President’s wife President’s wife gathered important gathered important documents and fled documents and fled the buildingthe building

The British set fire to The British set fire to the White Housethe White House

The War of 1812The War of 1812 They Then moved to They Then moved to

Fort McHenry in Fort McHenry in MarylandMaryland Although the British Although the British

fought through the fought through the night, the night, the Americans had Americans had beaten off the attackbeaten off the attack

Francis Scott Key Francis Scott Key saw this attack and saw this attack and later wrote “The later wrote “The Star Spangled Star Spangled Banner”Banner”

The War of 1812The War of 1812

Britain had become Britain had become tired of war and tired of war and peace talks began in peace talks began in Ghent, BelgiumGhent, Belgium

The Treaty of Ghent The Treaty of Ghent ended the warended the war

Many Federalists did Many Federalists did not agree with this not agree with this war, and met at the war, and met at the Hartford Convention Hartford Convention to talk about New to talk about New England states England states

seceding from the USseceding from the US