The Age of Andrew JacksonThe Age of Andrew Jackson Nationalism to SectionalismNationalism to Sectionalism

1823 - 18601823 - 1860

Nationalism v. SectionalismNationalism v. SectionalismNATIONALISMNATIONALISM

Devotion to one’s countryDevotion to one’s country People are willing to put interests of the nation People are willing to put interests of the nation

before their ownbefore their own

vs.vs.SECTIONALISMSECTIONALISM

Loyalty to a region or areaLoyalty to a region or area Primary concern is for what helps “me” the Primary concern is for what helps “me” the

mostmost

Jacksonian DemocracyJacksonian Democracy1820’s Expansion of 1820’s Expansion of

DemocracyDemocracy States dropped property qualifications to vote → States dropped property qualifications to vote →

Universal adult white male suffrageUniversal adult white male suffrage Rotation in officeRotation in office gave more people the gave more people the

opportunity to serve in governmentopportunity to serve in government Spoils systemSpoils system

““To the victor belongs the spoils”To the victor belongs the spoils” Appointments were made on basis of political loyalties (not Appointments were made on basis of political loyalties (not

always on merit or ability)always on merit or ability)

National Nominating ConventionNational Nominating Convention replaced caucus replaced caucus as method to choose political party candidatesas method to choose political party candidates

Return of the 2-party systemReturn of the 2-party system

Increased Increased “A “A White Man’sWhite Man’s Democracy” Democracy”

Slavery existedSlavery existed Women had no political or legal Women had no political or legal

rightsrights Native Americans lost rights and landNative Americans lost rights and land

Election of 1824Election of 1824 All candidates were Republicans All candidates were Republicans Only real issue in the campaign was Only real issue in the campaign was

the character of the candidatesthe character of the candidates

The Results – no majority in Electoral The Results – no majority in Electoral College!College!

Andrew Andrew JacksonJackson

Tennessee Tennessee 99 electoral votes99 electoral votes(43%(43% of popular vote) of popular vote)

John John Quincy Quincy AdamsAdams

MassachusettMassachusettss

84 electoral votes84 electoral votes((31%31% of popular vote) of popular vote)

William William CrawfordCrawford

GeorgiaGeorgia 41 electoral votes41 electoral votes((13%13% of popular vote) of popular vote)

Henry Henry ClayClay

KentuckyKentucky 37 electoral votes37 electoral votes((13%13% of popular vote) of popular vote)

Election to be decided by Election to be decided by House of RepresentativesHouse of Representatives

Andrew Andrew JacksonJackson

Tennessee Tennessee 99 electoral 99 electoral votesvotes

John John Quincy Quincy AdamsAdams

MassachusettsMassachusetts 84 electoral 84 electoral votesvotes

William William CrawfordCrawford

GeorgiaGeorgia 41 electoral 41 electoral votesvotes

Henry Clay Henry Clay - - eliminatedeliminated

KentuckyKentucky 37 electoral 37 electoral votesvotes

““The Corrupt Bargain”The Corrupt Bargain” Deal between JQ Adams and ClayDeal between JQ Adams and Clay Clay would encourage “his states” to Clay would encourage “his states” to

vote for Adams when the House of vote for Adams when the House of Representatives voted, if Adams Representatives voted, if Adams would appoint Clay to be Secretary of would appoint Clay to be Secretary of State State

Jackson supporters were Jackson supporters were outragedoutraged

Jackson had received the greatest Jackson had received the greatest number of popular votes and the number of popular votes and the greatest number of electoral votes, greatest number of electoral votes, but Adams was chosen to be but Adams was chosen to be PresidentPresident

Jackson supporters felt they had Jackson supporters felt they had been “robbed”; vowed to get Jackson been “robbed”; vowed to get Jackson elected the next timeelected the next time

Election of 1828Election of 1828 Andrew Jackson v. John Quincy AdamsAndrew Jackson v. John Quincy Adams

Only issue – personalitiesOnly issue – personalities Jackson won after a campaign filled Jackson won after a campaign filled

with mud-slinging and name callingwith mud-slinging and name calling ““Revolution of 1828”Revolution of 1828”

3 times the number of voters than in 3 times the number of voters than in previous electionprevious election

““All Creation Going to the White All Creation Going to the White House”House”

Why was Andrew Jackson so Why was Andrew Jackson so popular?... “The People’s popular?... “The People’s

President”President” Frontiersman – not from Frontiersman – not from

Virginia or MassachusettsVirginia or Massachusetts Common man could Common man could

identify with him – identify with him – believed they had believed they had elected “one of their elected “one of their own”; lacked a formal own”; lacked a formal educationeducation

War hero – Battle of New War hero – Battle of New OrleansOrleans

Indian fighter – fought Indian fighter – fought the Creek in Tennessee the Creek in Tennessee and the Seminoles in and the Seminoles in FloridaFlorida

Jackson’s CabinetJackson’s Cabinet Official CabinetOfficial Cabinet

Political new-comers; not much help to Political new-comers; not much help to JacksonJackson

Kitchen CabinetKitchen Cabinet Jackson’s friends who met with him in Jackson’s friends who met with him in

the Kitchen of the White House; gave the Kitchen of the White House; gave him honest, straight-forward advicehim honest, straight-forward advice

Issues in the Jackson Issues in the Jackson AdministrationAdministration

Nullification and the TariffNullification and the Tariff

The Bank of the United StatesThe Bank of the United States

Removal of the IndiansRemoval of the Indians

The Tariff and NullificationThe Tariff and Nullification

OpinionsOpinions North – supported to protect North – supported to protect

developing industries and jobsdeveloping industries and jobs South – opposed because it raised South – opposed because it raised

prices and few industries were prices and few industries were located in the Southlocated in the South

West – sided with North; success tied West – sided with North; success tied to success of the Northto success of the North

Tariff of AbominationsTariff of Abominations 1828 High protective tariff – lowered in 1828 High protective tariff – lowered in

1832 but not enough to please some 1832 but not enough to please some (South).(South).

NullificationNullification Define: the act of canceling a law Define: the act of canceling a law

(usually a state canceling a national (usually a state canceling a national law)law) South Carolina Exposition and ProtestSouth Carolina Exposition and Protest – –

written by J.C. Calhoun written by J.C. Calhoun Expressed the states’ rights philosophy that Expressed the states’ rights philosophy that

if the states created the union the states if the states created the union the states had the right to decide whether or not to had the right to decide whether or not to accept laws passed by the national accept laws passed by the national governmentgovernment

South Carolina declared the tariff “null & South Carolina declared the tariff “null & void” in the state and warned they void” in the state and warned they would secede from the Union if the would secede from the Union if the national gov’t attempted to collect the national gov’t attempted to collect the tariff.tariff.

FORCE BILLFORCE BILL Congress authorized President Congress authorized President

Jackson to collect the tariff by using Jackson to collect the tariff by using military forcemilitary force

Compromise Tariff of 1833Compromise Tariff of 1833 Arranged by Henry Clay Arranged by Henry Clay (The “Great (The “Great

Compromiser”)Compromiser”) Gradually lowered the tariff over 10 Gradually lowered the tariff over 10

year periodyear period Accepted by all sidesAccepted by all sides (But just to prove the point, South (But just to prove the point, South

Carolina nullified the Force Bill)Carolina nullified the Force Bill) Andrew Jackson ignored SC action Andrew Jackson ignored SC action

The Bank of the United The Bank of the United StatesStates

OpinionsOpinions North – generally supported the BUS – North – generally supported the BUS –

provided money for industrializationprovided money for industrialization South – generally opposed the BUS – South – generally opposed the BUS –

symbol of the wealthy & powerful symbol of the wealthy & powerful central government; preferred local, central government; preferred local, state banksstate banks

West – generally opposed the BUS – West – generally opposed the BUS – didn’t favor farmersdidn’t favor farmers

The Bank of the United The Bank of the United StatesStates

Why was it “the Monster”?Why was it “the Monster”? Powerful institution used by the wealthy Powerful institution used by the wealthy

and the industries to make a profitand the industries to make a profit Jackson hated the BUS and vowed to Jackson hated the BUS and vowed to

veto the re-charter when it came up in veto the re-charter when it came up in 18361836

Why was the Bank charter rescheduled for 1832 Why was the Bank charter rescheduled for 1832 (when it was originally scheduled for 1836)?(when it was originally scheduled for 1836)? To make it an election year issue for Andrew To make it an election year issue for Andrew

Jackson and force Jackson to take a stand; that Jackson and force Jackson to take a stand; that was the only hope Clay had to defeat Jacksonwas the only hope Clay had to defeat Jackson Veto – lose support of NorthVeto – lose support of North Not Veto – lose support of South & WestNot Veto – lose support of South & West

What action concerning the Bank did President Jackson take?He vetoed the re-charter

What was the result of the Election of What was the result of the Election of 1832?1832? Jackson won by a wide marginJackson won by a wide margin Saw that as a sign from the people that Saw that as a sign from the people that

they approved of his veto and he took they approved of his veto and he took steps to “kill the Bank”steps to “kill the Bank”

Jackson ordered the Secretary of the Jackson ordered the Secretary of the Treasury to remove gov’t deposits from Treasury to remove gov’t deposits from the BUSthe BUS

““Pet Banks”Pet Banks” Were specially selected state banks that Were specially selected state banks that

would hold the gov’t moneywould hold the gov’t money More sympathetic to farmersMore sympathetic to farmers

Indian RemovalIndian Removal

Indian Removal PolicyIndian Removal Policy 1830 – Congress passed the Indian 1830 – Congress passed the Indian

Removal Act – forced resettlement to Removal Act – forced resettlement to the west of the Mississippi Riverthe west of the Mississippi River

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia – 1831 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia – 1831 Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee

were not a foreign nation and had no were not a foreign nation and had no right to sue in federal courtright to sue in federal court

Worcester v. Georgia – 1832Worcester v. Georgia – 1832 Supreme Court ruled that Georgia law Supreme Court ruled that Georgia law

had no authority on Cherokee landhad no authority on Cherokee land Native Americans were not a state Native Americans were not a state

mattermatter Jackson refused to enforce the Court’s Jackson refused to enforce the Court’s orderorder

““John Marshall made his decision, now let John Marshall made his decision, now let him enforce it”him enforce it”

Cherokee won the case but ended up Cherokee won the case but ended up losing the land and were force westward losing the land and were force westward along what is known as the along what is known as the “Trail of Tears”“Trail of Tears”

The Trail of TearsThe Trail of Tears

The Trail of TearsThe Trail of TearsBy Robert Lindneux,1942By Robert Lindneux,1942

““King Andrew the First”King Andrew the First”