the active sun. sunspots umbra penumbra granulation
TRANSCRIPT
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The Active Sun
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Sunspots
Umbra Penumbra
Granulation
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Features of Sunspots
Darker than surrounding photosphereCooler
Granulation inhibited (movie)Occur in pairsSunspot Cycle
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Sunspot Cycle
0
40
80
120
160
200
1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Year
Su
nsp
ot
Nu
mb
er
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Maunder Butterfly Diagram
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Magnetic Polarities
Opposite polarities within
a pair
Pairs in opposite hemispheres have opposite
polarity
Entire structure reverses
every cycle
S
N
S
N
S
N
Beginning of cycle Later in the same cycle
N
N
S
S
SN
N
S
The next cycle
N
N
S
S
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Babcock Model
Two features combine to produce sunspotsGeneral Magnetic FieldDifferential Rotation
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Wrapping Field Lines
Link
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Model Check ListSpots first appear 30° from equator
opposite polarities within pairswitched polarities in other hemisphere
Become more numerous and closer to the equator as the wrapping continuesMaximum is reached midway
Magnetic field lines untanglefewer spots, closer to equatorwhen totally untangled, the field is flipped
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Should Other Stars Have Spot Cycles?
RequirementsMagnetic FieldDifferential RotationInstability below photosphere
• Convective Zone
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Plages
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Prominences
Movie
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Flares
October 29, 2003
Coronal Mass Ejection
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Solar-Terrestrial Relationships
Light - HeatParticles - Solar Wind, Flares
Radio Communication DisruptionAurorae (The Movie)
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Aurora Borealis
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Earth’s Magnetic Field
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Tree Rings
Width follows a 22-year cycleIn phase with sunspots
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Maunder Minimum
Global Climate