the accuracy of the translation of preposition of …
TRANSCRIPT
THE ACCURACY OF THE TRANSLATION OFPREPOSITION OF IN NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC
OF JANUARY 2009
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the RequirementsFor the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
Norie ParamitaStudent Number : 054214085
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMMEDEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERSSANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA2009
i
THE ACCURACY OF THE TRANSLATION OFPREPOSITION OF IN NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC
OF JANUARY 2009
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the RequirementsFor the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
Norie ParamitaStudent Number : 054214085
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMMEDEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERSSANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA2009
iv
Practice makes perfect!
-Anonymous-
v
I dedicate this thesis to
my beloved parents
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I present my deepest gratitude to the Lord Jesus for His abundant grace
and love. This thesis is dedicated to my beloved parents who mean the world!
I am deeply indebted to my thesis advisor Adventina Putranti S.S. M.Hum.
for her assistance and willingness to guide me writing this thesis. Then I would
like to thank Anna Fitriati S.Pd, M.Hum. for her advice and also, the English
lectures for their guidance during my study years. Next I owe a great debt of
gratitude to my relatives: aunts, uncles, cousins. Thanks!
To my sister, Mirna Aryani, thanks for everyhting. I miss you so much!
And through the process of writing this thesis, I have got much support
from wonderful friends like Lia (thanks pinky!), Desy, Ella, Riena, Lusi, Jefry,
Linda, Dite for his accompany, Mba Nate, Ben, Wewen, Ria, Can, Cindy, Cihuy
and friends, Debo (for the morning wake-up call), Agoenk, adude, anak
nongkrong LidahIbu, KKN ngentakers and Atmajaya Cell Community in the form
of prayers and cheers. Thanks guys! Last but not least, I would like to give thanks
for those whom I have not mentioned here. I believe they have also taken a big
part in the completion of this thesis.
Norie Paramita
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE .............................................................................................. iAPPROVAL PAGE .................................................................................... iiACCEPTANCE PAGE............................................................................... iiiMOTTO PAGE ........................................................................................... ivDEDICATION PAGE................................................................................. vACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................ viTABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................ viiABSTRACT................................................................................................. ixABSTRAK ................................................................................................... x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................. 1A. Background of the Study .................................................................. 1B. Problem Formulation ........................................................................ 5C. Objectives of the Study ..................................................................... 5D. Definition of Terms........................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ............................................. 7A. Review of Related Studies ................................................................ 7B. Review of Related Theories ............................................................. 8
1. English Grammar .................................................................... 8a. Noun Phrase ......................................................................... 8b. Preposition ........................................................................... 11c. Prepositional Phrase .............................................................. 12
1. The Function of Prepositional Phrase ............................. 12d. Preposition of ........................................................................ 13
1. The Meaning ................................................................... 142. Theory on Bahasa Indonesia .................................................... 17
a. Theory of Noun Phrase.......................................................... 17b. Theory of Preposition............................................................ 19
3. Theory of Translation............................................................... 211. Theory Accuracy of Translation ..................................... 25
C. Theoretical Framework ..................................................................... 27
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .......................................................... 28A. Object of the Study............................................................................ 28B. Approach of the study ....................................................................... 28C. Method of the Study.......................................................................... 29
1. Population and Sample............................................................. 292. Data Collection......................................................................... 303. Data Analysis ........................................................................... 31
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CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ....................................................................... 32A. The Translation of Preposition of in the Magazine........................... 32
a. Accurate Translation ................................................................ 33b. Inaccurate Translation ............................................................. 42
B. The Accuracies Maintained in the Translation ................................. 461. Translation Accuracy ............................................................... 472. Relation in Translation Types .................................................. 48
a. Accurate Translation .......................................................... 50b. Inaccurate Translation........................................................ 53
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION.................................................................. 57
BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 59
APPENDICES ............................................................................................. 62
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ABSTRACT
NORIE PARAMITA (2009).The Accuracy of the Translation of Preposition ofin National Geographic of January 2009. Yogyakarta: Department of EnglishLetters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.
Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language byequivalence textual material in another language. This study mainly discussesabout the translation and the accuracy of preposition of. There are many conceptsof meanings to reach the equivalence of the preposition of. In order to achieveequivalence of the preposition of in Indonesian translation, the writer usestranslation strategy to deal with grammatical differences.
In this study, the writer analyzes the preposition of phrases in the NationalGeographic Magazine. The magazine is chosen because it has updatedinformation of the science and natural environment that are understandable toread. The study of preposition of is purposed to find the meanings in Indonesiantranslation. Then the meanings are analyzed to find the accuracy that aremaintained in the translation.
The study of preposition of was descriptive research, while the methodused here was the random sampling. There were four steps in the collecting ofdata. First, the writer collected the sample of the preposition of phrases. Secondly,the writer analyzed the of-phrases and found the meanings in English andIndonesian dictionaries. Thirdly, the writer classified all data into tables, whichwere dominantly divided into two parts: accurate and inaccurate translations.Lastly, the preposition of was classified into their types: word-for-word, literal,and free translation. Then the translations were analyzed further to make sure theaccuracy is maintained.
The writer comes to a conclusion that literal translation has the mostoccurrences. It is described as following data: article I has 1 accuracy, article IIhas 114 accuracies, article III has 20 accuracies, article IV has 6 accuracies,article V has 41 accuracies, article VI has 1 accuracies of all total number of 186occurrences. Meanwhile, the inaccuracy is fewer than the accuracy; article I has 1inaccuracy, article II has 16 inaccuracies, article III has 6 inaccuracies, article IVhas 5 inaccuracies, article V has 4 inaccuracy and article VI has 2 inaccuracy oftotal number of 34 occurrences. Most of the translations in the magazine areaccurate. There are some changes in the translation to follow the rules in targetlanguage. The translation of preposition of is changed into substitutes, such asdari, dengan, pada, etc. There are also some shifts occur in the structure,grammar and level in the source language and target language. Some additionalwords are also important to maintain the accuracy. Although this study mostly useliteral translation, but it may also use free and word-for-word translations. It doesnot matter what translation type is used, the most important is that translationreproduces the message naturally in the target language.
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ABSTRAK
NORIE PARAMITA (2009).The Accuracy of the Translation of Preposition ofin National Geographic of January 2009. Yogyakarta: Department of EnglishLetters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.
Penerjemahan adalah penggantian material tekstual dalam suatu bahasadengan materi tekstual yang sepadan dalam bahasa lain. Maka studi ini sebagianbesar membahas penerjemahan dan ketepatan kata depan of. Ada sejumlah konsepmakna yang digunakan untuk menerjemahkan kata depan of. Untukmenerjemahkan kata depan of yang sepadan dalam Bahasa Indonesia, makapenulis menggunakan strategi penerjemahan untuk mengatasi perbedaan tatabahasa tersebut.
Dalam studi ini, penulis menyelidiki arti dari kata depan of dalam majalahNational Geographic. Majalah National Geographic dipilih karena menyediakaninformasi terbaru mengenai ilmu pengetahuan dan lingkungan hidup yang mudahdimengerti. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menemukan terjemahan kata depan of dalamBahasa Indonesia. Terjemahan tersebut kemudian dianalisa untuk menjagaketepatannya dalam terjemahan.
Studi kata depan of merupakan penelitian deskriptif, sementara itu metodeyang digunakan ialah metode random sampling. Ada empat langkah yangdigunakan dalam mengumpulkan data. Pertama, penulis mengumpulkan contohkata depan of. Kedua, penulis meneliti semua frase of dengan mencari artinyadalam kamus Bahasa Indonesia dan Inggris. Ketiga, penulis membaginya menjadidua bagian: penerjemahan akurat dan tidak akurat. Terkhir, kata depan of dibagike dalam tipenya masing-masing: kata-per-kata, harafiah, dan terjemahan bebas.Selanjutnya penerjemahan tersebut diteliti lebih jauh untuk menemukankeakuratannya.
Penulis menyimpulkan kata depan of banyak menggunakan penerjemahanharafiah. Penjumlahannya adalah sebagai berikut: artikel I mempunyai 1 akurasi,artikel II mempunyai 114 akurasi, artikel III mempunyai 20 akurasi, artikel IVmempunyai 6 akurasi, artikel V mempunyai 41 akurasi, artikel VI mempunyai 1akurasi, semua data berjumlah 182 data. Sementara itu, data yang tidak akuratyaitu artikel I mempunyai 1 data, artikel II mempunyai 16 data, artikel IIImempunyai 6 data, artikel IV mempunyai 5 data, artikel V mempunysi 4 data danartikel VI mempunyai 1 data dari jumlah keseluruhan 34 data. Sebagian besarpenerjemahan di dalam majalah ini digolongkan akurat. Namun ada banyakperubahan penerjemahan yang disesuaikan ke bahasa target. Salah satunya ialahperubahan kata of diterjemahkan menjadi pengganti, seperti dari, pada, dengan,dan lain-lain. Selain itu, terdapat pula perubahan struktur, level dan tata bahasadari bahasa asal ke dalam bahasa target. Penambahan kata sangat membantuuntuk membuat terjemahan tetap akurat dan sepadan dengan bahasa aslinya.Walaupun terjemahan dalam studi ini banyak menggunakan kata harafiah, namunterdapat juga terjemahan bebas dan kata-per-kata. Tidak menjadi masalah apapunjenis terjemahan tersebut, yang terpenting dalam penerjemahan ialah mencaripadanan alami yang semirip mungkin dengan bahasa sasaran.
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of four parts. The first part is the background of the
study that gives a description and the reason of the study. The second part is the
problem formulation stating the problems that will be discussed in the study. The
third part is the objective study, based on the problem formulation, is to achieve
the purpose of the research. The last part is the definition of terms to avoid
misunderstanding which appears in the title and problem formulation.
I. Background of the Study
In daily life, human interacts in a social situation to create a language for
communicating and expressing their ideas. There are many languages come from
different cultures which need a device to convey various mindset and ideas.
Translation, as a device for communication, is important to transfer human’s
thoughts. Translation has developed in many material texts and complexity, as
human has gained so much knowledge. Human has used translation world widely
as a device in written and spoken. It has become significant, and many theorists
define translation in different point of views. Commonly, Translation is known as
text or work which has been changed from one language into another. Similar to
the general meaning, Catford defines it as a substitution a text in another text:
“Translation is an operation performed on languages: a process ofsubstituting a text in one language for a text in another. Clearly,then, any theory of translation must draw upon a theory oflanguage—a general linguistic theory.”(Linguistic theory oftranslation, 1965:1)
2
In his statement, translation is a branch of a linguistic theory which has many
generalizations. The generalizations are taken from the observation of language
happening in human’s life. The observation closely relates to human social
situations and behavior. Moreover, in the process of translating, translation is
related to the textual material which leads to some classifications of language, so
that the language is operationally equivalent to the text. (1965:20). Differently,
Nida and Taber think that translation does not make a problem out of the
languages used:
“Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language theclosest natural equivalent of the source language message, first interms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” (1969:12).
Translation deals with the meaning and style to give the closest natural
equivalent of target language. Regardless the grammatical and structural levels, it
reproduces message with any style of languages and significance of the source
language to be meaningful and comprehensible. In the further process, it is
important to convey message naturally in the target language. For example, a man
of courage is translated into pria pemberani as the accurate one. There is a change
in the structural level. The translation is not translated grammatically based on the
structure, courage (noun) translated into (noun) keberanian. Instead of using
keberanian as the equivalent of courage, the word pemberani (adjective) is more
acceptable as the closest natural translation. As it mentioned earlier, translation is
never separated from language. There is a particular linguistic feature in language
that can be analyzed. For this study, the writer chooses preposition as the
particular linguistic feature. Preposition is chosen for it is flexible and rich to use.
3
In English grammar, preposition has a basic form to follow noun although they
may also take various forms such as participle -ing or wh-clause (Celce-Muria). In
structural terms there are different types of prepositions. The writer focuses the
study on preposition of for it is simple and almost frequently used spoken and
written. It has many meanings that can be analyzed in the translation. The writer is
concerned to find the structural change in preposition of and translation
equivalences in Indonesian language. The accuracy is analyzed in the study to
give a better understanding of preposition of. There are some facts of of-phrases
in English translated in Indonesian, for example:
1. a bowl of soup
2. University of Indonesia
3. Idol of girls
4. a woman of forty
The first example a bowl of soup is translated into semangkuk sup. The
preposition of is the partition to measure the bowl as semangkuk. The phrase a
bowl of is clearly phrasal quantifier. Thus it is translated literally as semangkuk
sup. Preposition of is not translated because it does not have substitute in target
language. The second example (2) University of Indonesia is translated into
Universitas Indonesia, which of-phrase indicates a name of geographical location
or institutions. The following word after preposition of identifies the location of
the University. The rules in English and Indonesia are similar. Both rules indicate
Indonesia as post modification for denoting place (country, town, district, etc).
Unlike the example (2), Boston University is one of the cases which indicate
4
location, but it is not called University of Boston. However, it can not be
generalized that all location must have of-construction. Each language has
different agreement of reference to name the institution.
It frequently happens that translation may change in target language. The
changes are needed if necessary, as for example in (1) and (2). It is called as literal
translation. Literal translation is word-for-word translated but also makes changes
because there are rules to follow in target language, The example King of kings (3)
in English translated into Raja segala raja. Different from the previous example,
sometimes, it also happens that the equivalent is not formally corresponding term
in the system. The change happens in a specific SL element, in which preposition
of is substituted to segala, as the closest equivalence. There is also a change in the
structure of target language in plural kings (SL) into singular raja (TL). In some
cases, translation equivalence does not always match formal correspondence as
for example of is always translated as dari. The meaning may change differently
as long as it conveys the message in the target language.
Unlike the previous example, another instance (3) idol of girls is translated
into idola para gadis or idola gadis-gadis with no substitutions. Each language
has grammatical rules in numbers, and so do English and Indonesian. There is
adjustment of the structures in the word girls (SL) which matches to the target
languages, translated to be plural para gadis or gadis-gadis. The change is
acceptable and almost formally equivalent in target language. The last example
(4) woman of forty is translated to be wanita yang berusia empat puluh tahun.
There are grammatical differences in English and Indonesian. The phrase in SL is
5
translated into clause yang berusia empat puluh tahun in TL. It can occur in such
translation for Indonesian noun phrase can be modified by yang. The use of clause
yang empat puluh tahun (TL) is equivalent to the source language; even though
the translation is not always translated word-for-word.
The examples are some cases which preposition of changes in target
language. Therefore this study primarily intended to find the meaning of
preposition of and the accuracy in National Magazine January 2009. The writer
wants to know how the meanings can be applied in the target language based on
the rules and contexts. By using translation procedures, the accuracy can be
maintained. There are some translation strategies proposed by Catford (1965),
Nida and Taber (1969). The translation strategies deal with difficulties on
grammar and meaning, such as translation shifts and translation equivalences
(word-for-word, literal, and free).
II. Problem Formulation
Based on the description given in the background, the writer will analyze the
translation of of-phrases found in the magazine The questions are formulated as
below:
1. How is the preposition of translated in the magazine?
2. How is the accuracy maintained in the translation?
III. The Objectives of the Study
Based on the problem formulations, the first problem is to find the meaning
of preposition of in the National Magazine: Gold on January 2009. The meaning
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of preposition of is taken from English dictionaries and implemented to theory on
Bahasa Indonesia. The theories help the writer to apply the meaning of of-phrases.
The second problem has a purpose to find the accuracy and maintain the accuracy
of preposition of.
V. Definition of Terms
In this part, some definitions of terms will be given, in order to support the
analysis and avoid misunderstanding on certain terms in the title and in the
problem formulation.
The first term is accuracy, the correct transfer of information and evidence
of complete comprehension. (Munday,2001:30)
The second term is preposition, a word placed before to show relation
between words. (House and Harman, 1950:11).
The second term is noun phrase, a group of words with a noun or pronoun
as the main part (the head) which consists of only one word or it may be long and
complex. (Richards, 1985:197).
The third term is translation, a process of substituting a text in one language
for a text in another language. (Catford, 1965:20).
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
The theoretical review contains three parts: the review of related studies,
the review of related theories and the theoretical framework. The review of related
studies contains a review from other related study. The second part, the review of
related theories contains some theories that will be applied in this study. The
review of related study consists of two theories which are the theory of language
and theory of translation. The theory of language consists of theories of
prepositions, prepositional phrases, preposition of, and noun phrases. The theory
of translation consists of the translation strategy and accuracy. Those theories are
the ground work for the analysis that will help the writer in answering the
problems. The last part which is the theoretical framework concerns with the
related theories and reviews to answer the problem formulation.
A. Review of Related Studies
Review related studies are from other related study which was done by
other writer. The writer took the review of related studies from Sanata Dharma
University students.
A thesis written by Endang Dwi Astuti (1995), which entitled a study of
the preposition of and the genitive of, is a study to make a comparison between the
preposition of and the genitive of. The pattern of preposition of makes her
confused using another pattern of genitive of. Astuti then made a clarification on a
case sign, meaning and the significant proportions of the meaning categories
8
between preposition of and genitive of. In her research, Astuti found that genitive
of could modify noun or pronoun in the case sign of a genitive. While the
preposition of modify verbs or adjectives. Astuti’s research has many materials
which is related to this research. However, both studies have different purposes.
Astuti’s research is focused to the distribution of preposition of and genitive of.
While, in this research; the writer analyzes the translations of preposition of into
Indonesian and the accuracy of the translations.
B. Review of Related Theories
This part contains of theories which are related to the study. The theories give
a big contribution in finding the meaning and accuracy of preposition of.
1. English Grammar
a. Noun Phrase
Noun Phrase is a phrase whose head is noun and can also act as a subject,
subject or complement of a clause (Leech and Svartvik, 1975:251). There are
three components to describe a noun phrase:
1. Head, which is typically a noun, becomes the main part. A head noun can be
accompanied by the determiners, such as the, a, his, etc (1975:251), e.g., an
attractive woman. The word woman is the head because it is the noun of the
phrase.
2. Premodification, places the object before the head—usually determiners,
adjectives, and noun, e.g., that tall girl, His really quite unbelievably
delightful cottage, some very expensive office furniture. Determiners have also
phrasal quantifiers that can occur with non-count and plural nouns, such as
9
plenty of students, a large number of students (plural), a lot of furniture, a
great deal of money (non-count). (Quirk, 1973:67). Phrasal Quantifiers have
provided some partitive expressions as general partitives (a bit of information,
two pieces of news), typical partitives (a bottle of wine, a few loaves of bread),
and measures (a pound of butter, a spoonful of medicine).
3. Postmodification, places the object after the head: prepositional phrases,
nonfinite clauses, and relative clauses (Greenbaum and Quirk, 1990:360), e.g.,
the road to Lincoln, that is the place where we he was born, the boy that is
playing the piano. Leech has classified the postmodification into some parts:
a) Relative Clause (who, whom, whose, which, that, zero) is used for various
types of subclause. It is linked to part or all of the main clause and points
back to the head of the noun phrase, e.g., the records which he owns are
mostly classical. (1975:285).
b) Prepositional Phrase is the most common type postmodifier. It is a
preposition after the head (noun phrase). A prepositional phrase is divided
into three types of postmodifications: Prep+NP, Prep+ wh-Clause, and –
ing Clause. Preposition, often, related to relative clauses, e.g., the house
beyond the church was for sale, his life after the war was rather dull.
(1975:268).
c) Non-finite clause is equivalent to relative clause, which consists of –ing
participle clauses, -ed participle clauses, and to-infinitive clauses. They
function as postmodifier. (1975:269).
1. The people working in the factory asked for a pay increase last month.
10
2. The question debated in Parliament yesterday was about abortion.
3. The next train to arrive was from Chicago.
d) Appositive clause has a relation to the head similar to apposition. It refers
to the same person or thing. Appositive clause uses that-clauses and to-
infinitive clauses. The head of an appositive clause must be an abstract
noun such as the fact, news, plot, answer, apply, etc. (1975:270).
4. The news that he was resigning his job was proved to be incorrect.
5. The police have been investigating a plot to kidnap a prominent
diplomat.
e) Clauses of time, place, manner, and reason which function as
postmodifying clause in the sentences, connected to the head. There are
three types of postmodifying clauses:
a) Finite clauses introduced by wh-clause, e.g., he is always talking about
the years when he was a student.
b) Finite clauses introduced by that or zero, e.g., I will show you the
place (that) we stayed last year.
c) To-infinitive clauses, e.g., that’s not the way to make an omelette!
d) Adverbs as postmodifiers, some adverbs denoting place or time which
postmodify nouns, e.g., his journey home, the meeting yesterday.
(1975:202). The use of this adverb is more restricted, e.g., the people
outside started to shout. (1975:271).
e) Adjectives and adjectival constructions as postmodifiers follow the
noun, e.g., there was something odd about his behavior, anyone keen
11
on modern jazz should not miss the opportunity. (1975:271).
Adjectives are sometimes postmodifiers to modify the head or the
back-pointing element. The adjective is usually regarded as a reduced
relative clause, e.g., the people (who are) involved were reported to the
police. (1975:194).
b. Preposition
Preposition is very frequent to use in English, as their name, pre and positions.
Preposition means positions placed before (pre) a noun phrase (Leech and
Svartvik, 1975:274). Basically, preposition is divided into two kinds: simple and
complex prepositions (Leech and Svartvik, 1994:251).
Simple preposition is the most common English prepositions which consist of
one word such as about, along, before, by, from, after, at, on, in, of, up, down,
through (1975:275), for example, we had to wait at the airport. The preposition at
indicates to place or denote location (at the airport) where the subject we waited.
The other preposition is complex preposition which consists of more than two
words, for example: along with, because of, on top of, in comparison with and the
likes, e.g., I grinned, feeling supremely on top of. Most of the complex
prepositions are formed in the following categories:
1. Preposition + Preposition: along with, as for, away from, out of, etc
2. Verb/adjective/conjunction/etc + Prep: owing to, due to, because of, etc
3. Preposition + Noun + Preposition: by means of, in comparison, etc.
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c. Prepositional Phrase
Prepositional phrase is commonly used in the English language. According to
Quirk, a prepositional phrase expresses a relation between two entities by a
preposition. A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition followed by a
prepositional complement (Quirk, 1975:143). A prepositional complement is
characteristically followed by a noun phrase, wh-clause and –ing clause:
1. Preposition followed by noun phrase, e.g., There will be 1400
delegates at the conference. (Leech and Svartvik, 1975:272).
2. Preposition is followed by wh-clause, e.g., No conclusion can be
drawn from what the press reported yesterday. (Leech and Svartvik,
1975:272).
3. Preposition followed by –ing clause, e.g., Warren tried to shake off his
fears by looking at the sky. (Leech and Svartvik, 1994:351).
The example (1), (2) and (3) are prepositional complement. The differences
are signed in (1) the preposition at is followed by noun phrase the conference
because the head (main part) is typically a noun (1975:251). The example (2) the
preposition complement is followed by wh-clause in what the press reported. The
last example (3) the prepositional complement, followed by –ing clause as in by
looking. (1975:249-251).
1. The Function of Prepositional Phrase
Prepositional Phrase has many grammatical functions which are different to one
another. Leech has given some main functions of prepositional phrase that are
commonly used:
13
a) Prepositional as adverbial, usually tell something extra about the
action, event and state. It is described by the rest of the sentence. It can
be divided into time, place and manner, e.g., my brother works in an
insurance company. (1975:197-198).
b) Postmodifier in a noun phrase, prepositional phrases as modifier. e.g.,
The people on the bus were singing. (1975:268).
c) Verb complements, some verbs have an adverbial following the
object, in order to complete its meaning, e.g., I want to congratulate
you on your exam. (1975:299,303).
d) Complements of adjectives. Adjectives can have different
prepositional complements such as in, at, of, and the likes e.g., I am
terribly bad at mathematics. (1975:191).
e) Subject, complement. Prepositional phrase may also take a noun
phrase as subject, complement, prepositional complement, e.g., before
breakfast is when I do my homework. (1975:274).
d. Preposition of
Preposition of is the most frequent preposition in English grammar. It has an
important role to connect its complement to another part of the sentences. It has
two entities, premodification and postmodification. The words that precede
preposition of take the forms of a noun, pronoun, verb and an adjective, while the
words that follow the preposition of, usually, take form of a noun phrase.
14
1. The Meaning
In terms of meaning, preposition of has a number of different meanings. The
writer has collected the meanings of preposition of from Collins Cobuild English
Dictionary for Advanced Learners, Collins Cobuild Essential Dictionary,
Random House Webster’s College Dictionary, Encarta Webster’s College
dictionary, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Oxford Advanced learner’s
Dictionary of Current English and various text books: The Grammar Book by
Celce-Muria et. al The meaning of preposition of will be explained below:
1. Indicate space:
a) Distance/direction which is used to show the position of something or
somebody in space, e.g., within a mile of the house (Random House
Webster’s College Dictionary, 2003:919), north of Detroit. (Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 2005:1051).
b) It is used to show the names of geographical location or institution, e.g.,
the city of New York, the state of Texas. (Celce-Muria et. al.,1999:410).
2. Indicate deprivation/separation/removal. It is used to deprive something or
somebody or to prevent somebody from having something, e.g., they cheated
him of his rights, he got rid of his cold, robbed of one’s money. (2003:919).
3. Indicate derivation/origin: Somebody or something comes from a particular
background or lives in a place (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,
(2005:1051), e.g.,he is of royal blood (Miller, 1955:220), the songs of
Gershwin (2003:19), the mayor of Moscow, the finance minister of
Bangladesh. (Collins Cobuild English Dictionary, 2001:1064).
15
4. Indicate cause/reason to indicate the person or thing affected by or performing
an action, e.g., she is afraid of dogs, dead of hunger. (2003:919).
5. Indicate material/ substance. It is used to indicate the materials or things
formed and made from (2003:919), e.g., a dress of silk, local decorations of
wood and straws. (Collins Cobuild English Dictionary for Advanced Learners,
2001:1064).
6. Indicate possession:
a) Belonging to somebody; referring to somebody, e.g., friend of mine, the
love of a mother, a child of yours, and when it is talking or giving example
about somebody’s work, e.g., a painting of Monet. (2005:1051).
b) Belonging to something (being part of) e.g., the leg of chair, the roof of the
house, property of the church. (2003:919).
c) Group or organization someone belongs to, especially an occupation in
particular work or activity, e.g., a director of a company, the member of a
team. (Collins Cobuild Essential Dictionary, 1995:543).
7. Relationship/association/connection: relating to indicate something or
somebody relates to or is concerned with, e.g., he spoke of you, a long story of
his adventure.(1995:543). Something which is connected to; The master of the
house, Doctor of Medicine. (1974:581).
8. Indicate qualities/attributes: having a particular quality. It is used to indicate a
quality that somebody or something has in a particular, e.g., a man of courage,
a woman of courage, a musician of a great talent. (2003:919). It can also form
16
an adjective phrase a man of genius, a man who is genius, a woman of no
importance, an important woman.
9. Indicate time: activity regularly occurs, e.g., he comes here of an evening, he
can’t sleep of a night, a quarter of eleven night (before the hour of; until: ten
minutes of one, something happened in particular time, e.g., the recession of
1974-75, the great conflicts of the past ten years. (1995:543).
10. Indicate a partition:
a) Measuring quantities referring to quantities or groups of things to indicate
the substance or thing that is being measured, e.g., a collection of essays,
jewelry worth millions of pounds, 25 gallons of water. (Encarta Webster’s
College Dictionary, p.1007).
b) Part of, used to indicate a part of something that is normally considered as
a whole, e.g., a slice of bread, a stick of chalk, a blade of grass. (p.1007).
c) Specifying a particular part of something, to introduce the thing that is
part, e.g., the other side of the square, the end of the street, the beginning of
the year, the care of the problem. (2001:1064).
d) Among from, one or more things among a number of similar ones, or an
inclusion in groups of things and people, e.g., many of the students, one of
his last poems, the first of a series of programs. (1995:543).
e) Containing, referring to a container to form an expression referring to the
container and its contents, e.g., a cup of tea, a box of chocolates, a glass of
juice, another bottle of wine. (1995:543).
17
f) Contents, to indicate something consists of a particular thing, e.g., a book
of poems, gifts of olive, strong feelings of jealousy, a town of 13,000
people. (1995:543).
11. Indicate amount, value or age; e.g., a price increase of 2%, a total of 21 years,
the age of five, a boy of nineteen. (1995:543).
12. Forming genitive: subject and object. The love of God is God’s love
(subjective), a maker of pots is a man who makes pots (objective). (Oxford
Advanced learner’s Dictionary of Current English, 1974:580-581).
2. Theory on Bahasa Indonesia
a. Theory of Noun Phrase
Noun phrase in Indonesian language can be subject or object in a sentence.
The structure of noun phrase in Indonesian has similarity as in English noun
phrase. It has head which can be modified by premodification and
postmodification. (Moeliono, 1988:203). The premodification is, usually,
preceded by numbers and classification such as dua buah buku. The head is buku
and the premodification is dua buah, denoting the plural number. The other
premodifications indicate quantifier (dua buah, lima buah), numeral (kelima,
kedua), negation (bukan), and modifier (hanya). According to Chaer,
postmodification after head can be modified by nouns, verbs, or adjectives. The
postmodifier is used to indicate possession, material, origin, location, attribute,
form, size, purpose, etc. (Chaer, 1998:300-314). Furthermore, Moeliono states
that postmodication has main rules (1988:203-207):
18
1. Noun phrase can be modified by nouns, pronouns and demonstrative (ini, itu),
e.g., buku sejarah kebudayaan Indonesia (itu). Each noun explains the word
preceded, for example sejarah explains what book is, kebudayaan explains
what sejarah is and Indonesia explains what kebudayaan is. (1988:204).
2. Noun Phrase can be modified by an adjective, pronoun/possessive,
demonstratives. (1988:204):
a) Baju merah (adjective)
b) Baju merah saya (possessive/pronoun)
c) Baju merah saya (ini) (demonstrative)
3. Noun Phrase can be modified by certain verbs. The noun phrase can be
separated by yang, untuk (1988:205):
d) Ban berjalan = ban yang berjalan
e) Kewajiban bekerja = kewajiban untuk bekerja
f) Hak bersuara = hak untuk bersuara
4. Basically, the word yang is not a preposition, but conjunction in the
Indonesian grammar (Chaer, 1990:101). Noun Phrase can be modified by
yang to give specific explanation to the noun head. Furthermore, yang can
form a specific clause:
a) Adjective:
1. Barang-barang yang baik tersedia disini.
2. Pohon kelapa yang tinggi itu disambar petir.
b) Clause, it is used to link the main clause to modify noun phrase: subject
with the adverb, or the object with its adverb. For example:
19
1. Jembatan yang baru saja dibangun itu sudah ambruk lagi.
2. Masalah yang kita bicarakan kemarin. (1988:206).
According to Moeliono, yang can occur before personal pronoun, for example
anak saya yang nakal, and if necessary, ini and itu are added, such as anak
saya yang nakal itu. (1988:205).
5. Noun followed by apposition. It is the use of noun phrase after another noun
phrase which refers to same person or thing. (1988:206):
g) Indonesia, negara kami yang sangat kami cintai.
h) Jakarta, kota metropolitan yang berkilauan.
6. Noun followed by preposition. The prepositional phrase functions as noun
phrase, which can not be omitted, for example:
i) Petani di Aceh.
j) Perjalanan ke Australia.
k) Uang untuk pondokan.
b. Theory of Preposition
Preposition is a particle since the form does not function as a subject,
predicate, or object in a sentence without any other preposition as complement.
Thus the preposition with its complement can form a prepositional phrase.
(Lapoliwa, 1982:5).
Preposition phrase is followed by a noun or a noun phrase that functions as a
complement. Chaer in his book has found 30 prepositions that are commonly used
in the Indonesian preposition. (1990:7-8). He states that the preposition is divided
into some classifications:
20
1) Indicating place:
a) Source: dari, it is used to denote origin of place, precedes noun or noun
phrase. (Chaer, 1990:35).
b) Destination: ke is used to explain place of destination or action, usually
precedes noun phrase. (1990:33).
c) Position, which is divided into some parts:
i. di, is used to denote places (geographically). It can also be used to
denote place, which is not real, as for example: an institution. The
preposition di should not be used before pronoun, proper name,
occupation, kinship, time, date and year.
ii. antara, is used to denote the distance of two places, things, persons,
times, situations, numbers.
2) Indicating time:
a) relative: it is used to explain the origin of time, e.g., dari, sejak.
b) duration, it is used to explain the limit of time, e.g., sampai, hingga.
c) when (certain time): it is used to explain period of time that happened, e.g.,
dalam, pada.
3) Indicating origin : The points from which something starts.
a) Possession: having or owning of something, e.g., dari.
b) Material/substance: a substance that things can be made from, e.g., dari.
(1990:36).
4) Indicating object: to explain the objective, referring to person or thing that
is affected by the action, e.g., oleh. (1990:43).
21
5) Indicating comparison: a comparison of people or things, e.g., seperti.
(1990:50).
6) Indicating tools: using instrument, e.g., dengan. (1990:44).
7) Indicating purpose: used to show the person or thing that receives
something, e.g., untuk, kepada. Another function is as a purpose to do
something that is affected by an action, usually before noun phrase, persons,
e.g., untuk. (1990:45).
8) Indicating topic/subject matter: is used before the noun phrase to denote the
subject of something, e.g., terhadap, or somebody, e.g., tentang. (1990:35).
9) Indicating cause, reason: used to show a reason or cause. Generally, it is
used as a conjunction instead of preposition, e.g., sebab, karena. (1990:89).
10) Indicating manner: used as an adverb to explain the way things are done,
e.g., dengan, secara. (1990:44).
3. Theory of Translation
Many theorists give definition about translation and its use in language.
Newmark says that translation needs a special skill to give a written message or
statement in one language to another language with the same message. (Newmark,
1981:7). Translating has to be seen as natural language acceptably used in the
language. In the process of exercise, translation tends to have loss of meaning
because of many factors such as the increased detail, generalization, natural
environment, institutions, and culture. Then translation becomes a duty for the
translators to make it as a craft and art which uses a scientific method so it would
be acceptably, flexibly, and clearly used in the context. (1981:17).
22
Nida and Taber, in the Theory and Practice of Translation, establish
equivalence to reproduce the message to the closest natural equivalent in target
language (TL). Furthermore, there are two fundamental types of equivalences:
formal equivalence and another one called the dynamic. (1969:13). Formal
equivalence replaces one word or phrase in the source language by another in the
target language. Formal equivalence has consistency of word, phrase, and clause
order, length of sentences, and classes of words, e.g., translating nouns by nouns
and verbs by verbs. (1969:22).
In contrast, dynamic equivalence aims to naturalness of expression and is not
so concerned with matching the SL message to TL message. The person does not
insist to understand the cultural patterns of SL, as long as the message is the same
between the SL and TL and comprehensible, it would be accepted. (The
Translation Studies Reader, 2004:156). Catford also defines formal
correspondence as any category (unit, class, structure, element of structure, etc) to
fill almost the same place of SL in the TL and correct in the structure of
languages. While textual equivalence is TL text or portion of text which is
observed to be the equivalent of a given SL text or portion of text. (1965:27-32).
The equivalence relations, such as formal or dynamic, is described in terms of
‘adjustment’. Frequently, formal equivalent represent the text word-for-word with
little or no adjustment in order bring the text nearer to target language. However
there are many differences that can not be mixed together in the source language
and target language. Adjustment includes a set of modification techniques to
23
support translation equivalence and to make sure the target language version is
understood. (Hatim, 2001:20). There are some adjustment techniques:
a) Adding or taking away information.
b) Changing the material.
c) Generally modifying the source text by removing any element which is
incomprehensible to the target language.
Translation relates to the rank in grammatical equivalence. It changes sentence-
to-sentence, group-to group, words-to-words. The terms that are usually used:
free, word-for-word, and literal translation. (1965:25). Free translation is always
unbounded and larger units than sentences. It makes equivalences shunt down and
rank down the rank scale. Word-to-word translation is rank-bound which is
closely connected to the words, usually translated one-by-one. The last, literal
translation changes at any rank, lies between word-for-word and free translation
which starts word-to-word, but make changes in conformity with TL grammar (by
adding some words). It tends to remain lexically word-for word. This is the
example:
1. SL Text can I have your name?
TL Text Bisa saya memperoleh namamu? (Word-for-word)
Boleh saya tahu namamu? (Literal)
Siapa namamu? (Free)
Dealing with the grammatical and structural levels, Catford uses shifts to give
a brief systematic changes occurring in translation. (1965:73). Translation shift
has two types: level shift and category shift. Level shift occurs when source
24
language item at one linguistic level is translated into a target language translation
equivalent at a different level, e.g., words are translated into phrases, phrases into
sentences. On the other hand, category shift translates a source language item into
a different class of a target language, e.g., a plural form is changed into a singular
form. Category shifts are illustrated in the following examples:
2. SL text. What is your name?
TL text. Siapa namamu
The most frequent shift occurs at all ranks in translation. The previous example
(2) is the English-Indonesian happens when the source language grammar cannot
be implemented in the target language grammar. The English word what is
translated into siapa. Although it is not a formal correspondence, the assumption
appears that Indonesian translation siapa is equivalent of English what.
3. SL text. medical faculty
TL text. fakultas kedokteran
In example (3), it occurs when translation equivalent of SL is a member of
different class from the original item, e.g., medical faculty is translated as fakultas
kedokteran (Indonesia). The translation equivalent of the adjective medical is
translated into kedokteran which function as noun. There is lexical equivalent of
the adjective medical is the noun kedokteran. (1965:79).
4. SL text. I am looking for scissors
TL text. Saya mencari gunting
It occurs internally within a system, especially for the SL and TL which almost
formally equivalent to the structure, the example (4) I am looking for scissors is
25
translated as saya mencari gunting. The translation is a non-corresponding term in
the TL system which the equivalent of English plural scissors is translated
singular in Indonesian gunting. (1965:80).
a. Theory Accuracy of Translation
Historically, translation was introduced as fidelity (word-for-word) referring
to how accurately a translation translates the meaning of the source text. (Munday,
2001:24). But the judgment is vague and subjective because it sets standards to
translate the text. In the process of translating, the original text should be written
clearly and communicate the same message as the original text within the
linguistic (i.e. context, rules of grammar, idioms). Translation should reach both
clear and succinct in order to convey the message correctly in the target language.
Thus the translator must have a sufficient knowledge of the field being translated
to have a full understanding of the subject matter to produce both accurate and
easy translation to read. Nida, in the theory and practice of translation, states that
the new focus in translating should be the in form of response of receptor rather
than in the form of message. Correctness makes certain that the reader in target
language understand it correctly. Hence, the translators often need to change their
view of the languages to produce texts which achieve the equivalent response.
There is a shift of attitudes with respect to receptor language:
1. Each language has its own genius; it has different characteristics which
give a special character. Some languages are rich in figurative language,
but others are rich in modal particles. For example word-building
26
capacities, unique patterns of phrase orders, techniques for linking clauses
into sentences, etc. Rather than force the formal structure of one language,
it would be better to reproduce the message in the different structural
forms of the receptor language. (1974:4).
2. To preserve the content of the message the form must be changed. All
languages differ in forms, and then the forms must be altered to preserve
the content. The changes depend on the linguistic and cultural distance
between languages, for example, white as snow. The word snow is not
familiar to people who do not know snow, so it is translated as egret
feather, in another language. (1974:5).
For Nida, the success of the translation depends on achieving equivalent
response which are making sense; conveying the spirit and manner of the original.
It should have a natural and easy form of expression and produces a similar
response. Nida’s principle of equivalent effect emphasizes the relationship
between receptor and message. The relationship should be significantly the same
as between the original receptors and message (Munday, 2001:42). It aims at
complete naturalness of expression. Naturalness is a key requirement for Nida.
This receptor-oriented approach considers adaptations of grammar, of lexicon, and
of cultural references to be essential in order to achieve naturalness.
C. Theoritical Framework
This part explains the contribution of the theories and studies to solve the
problems of study. Basically, preposition is divided into two kinds: simple and
27
complex prepositions. Preposition of is classified as simple preposition. The
problem formulation is to find the meanings of of phrases in the magazine and
identify the accuracy of the translations in Indonesian. To answer the first
problem, the writer uses the theory of noun phrase, English prepositional phrase
and Indonesian preposition noun phrase. The noun phrase is divided into head,
premodification, and postmodification. The categorization is used to identify the
structure of the phrase. Furthermore, the noun phrase theory is conducted by
another theory of preposition of, taken from various dictionaries, to explain the
meaning of the phrases. Those theories help the writer to find out the meanings in
selected phrases. In some cases, the translations change in target language. To
explain the occurrences, theory on Bahasa Indonesia is required. The last problem
uses the theory of accuracy to analyze the accuracy of translation. The theory of
shifts is used to analyze the change in translation. The shift includes structural
strategies to find accurate and inaccurate phrases in the translation. All theories
and reviews are required and have big contribution in solving the problems of the
study.
28
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The object of the study is preposition of taken from the National Geographic
Magazine: Gold January 2009. The study of language is based upon linguistics to
see the language as “descriptive of the phenomenon” to say how language is
actually used (Roger, 1991:4). The discussion gives comparison of two languages,
English and Indonesian, through observation of linguistic facts. The research
examined preposition of-phrases in the magazine originally presented in English
and their translation version in Indonesian. The writer chooses the National
Geographic because the articles are readable and contains updated information of
the science and natural environment. The edition, chosen by the writer, was
published on January 2009 which had six articles. The articles which are selected
in the magazine: science, gold, the sparrows of Merrit Island are no more,
Indonesia-harmony in diversity, and flashback. These articles will be compared to
Indonesian National Geographic. The comparison will be analyzed in the latter
findings.
B. Approach of the Study
The approach of the study is based on the theory of language and the theory of
translation. The theory of language discusses noun phrase which acts as a subject,
object or complement of a clause and has component: premodifier, head and
postmidifier (Leech and Svartvik, 1975:251). The writer uses theory of noun
29
phrase functions as the prepositional complement in of-phrases. Preposition of is
important role to connect the head and modifiers. Preposition of has a number of
different meanings. The writer took all the meanings from various dictionaries.
The meanings as for example: partitive, origin, material, possession, distance,
relationship, cause and deprivation.
The writer took theory on Bahasa Indonesia to conduct the study. Theory on
Bahasa Indonesia included theory noun phrase and theory of prepositions. Similar
to English, the theory of noun phrase is composed by head, premodifer and
postmodifier (Moeliono, 1988:203-207). Theory on Bahasa Indonesia was used to
translate the English preposition. The Indonesian preposition were various, such
as: dari, untuk, pada, tentang, and the likes (Chaer, 1990:7-8). Theory of
translations was used to give explanation of the changes in translation. The writer
took theory accuracy of translation in order to find the accuracy in translation.
Theory of accuracy became the basic of analyzing the phrase and maintaining the
accuracy. Since the study dealed with the grammatical and structural differences,
the writer used translation strategies such as shifts and translation equivalences by
Catford (1965), and Nida and Taber (1969).
C. Method of the Study
1. Population and Sample
Population is defined as entire group of persons, things or events that share at
least one common trait (Sprinthall, 1991:27). The writer examined the population
in the magazine: Gold on January 2009. Instead of examining the entire
population, the writer observed the small group that is called a sample. Sample is
30
a smaller number of observations taken from the total number which is combined
in a given population (1991:28). The writer took a number of phrases of noun
phrases which have preposition of in the magazine and included them in a smaller
sample as a random sampling. Random sampling is the representative of the
defined population, which has been selected before. Simple random sampling is
an appropriate way to select a sample, it is reasonable to generalize the results
from the sample back to the population.
2. Data Collection
This study is descriptive research, which is designed to obtain information
concerning the current status of phenomena (1990:381). It describes to” what
exists” with respect to conditions. This study was done by investigating and
reporting the preposition of in the magazine. The sources were taken variously
from internet and library by using some dictionaries, grammar and translation
books of two languages, English and Indonesian. The writer has collected two
hundred and twenty phrases containing of-phrases, but it was impossible for the
writer to analyze entire prepositional phrases. The data collection was restricted to
smaller amount of numbers. Of the numbers, the writer only took one or two
examples to analyze. For the analysis, the writer classified data into some
classifications. First, accurate translation is divided into word-for-word, literal,
and free translation. Second, the writer classified the inaccurate translations. The
last, the writer counted all data by making a table. This table is purposed to
analyze the accuracy of preposition of. For the result, the writer identified the
accuracy maintained in translations and drew a conclusion.
31
3. Data analysis
The writer took some steps to analyze the data which was based on the
research problems. There were two problems discussed in the study. The first
problem was the translation of the preposition of and the second problem was the
translation strategy applied in the magazine. There were several steps to answer
the problems in the study. First, the writer identified the phrases in the articles
which contained preposition of. Then the writer classified the preposition of based
on their meaning.
In the processing activities, data collection took four steps. First the writer
determined the sample to analyze and selected the noun phrases which contained
the preposition of based on the pages and articles in the magazines. Secondly, the
writer identified all the data in preposition of and searched the meanings of the
preposition of in the theory. Thirdly, the writer classified the data into two parts:
accurate and inaccurate translations. The writer specified all data by using theory
on prepositions, both in English and Indonesian. The writer classified the
preposition of into their types and analyzed the data effectively and practically by
putting them in a table constructed. Lastly, the writer took the most accurate
article. The selected article was for analyzing the accuracy of preposition of.
32
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
In this part, the writer will discuss the problem formulations based on the
previous chapter. This part contains of two parts. The first part discusses the
translations of preposition of into Indonesian. The second part discusses the
accuracy of preposition of in the translation.
A. The Translation of Preposition of Phrase into Indonesian
The first problem discusses the preposition of, which is translated into
Indonesian. The writer translates the phrases based on the meaning of preposition
of in dictionary, both English and Indonesian. The meanings are analyzed
according to translation types and accuracy. Translation types are classified into
word-for-word, literal, and free translations, while the accuracy is divided into
accurate and inaccurate translation.
In the process of translating, the of-phrases have some changes. The
changes may in form of substitutes. Substitutes replaces preposition of in the
target language (such as, dari, dengan, pada). Another change is called structural
shifts explaining the change of grammatical structure. All the changes are not
always correct therefore it needs an evaluation. The criterion of evaluation is
called accuracy. Accuracy may occur when achieving equivalent response
proposed by Nida, which are making sense; conveying the spirit and manner of
the original, having a natural and easy form of expression and producing a similar
response. (2001:42)
33
I. Accurate Translation
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
1. II Many of hisInca
Ancestors(p. 41)
Sejumlah besar(Ø) leluhurnyadari suku Inca
(p.33)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
The example (1), the of-phrase indicates partition to include one or more group
(of similar ones). The target language sejumlah besar leluhurnya dari suku Inca is
accurate. The word many of is already quantifier thus it is translated as sejumlah
besar. The preposition of is not translated. Based on context, the writer uses literal
translation to give natural equivalence. Literal translation may add some words,
such as, dari suku Inca to show the origin of the people.
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
2. II A wad ofCoca
leaves (p.41)
Segumpal (Ø)daun Koka
(p.33)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
The English prepositional phrase in example (2) a wad of coca leaves here is a
partition, as in example (1), but it has different meaning. The premodifier a wad of
is partition which indicates a part of thing considered as a whole. The noun phrase
a wad of coca leaves is typical partitive and regarded as one unit (Quirk,
et.al.,1973:67). Segumpal (Ø) daun koka is literally translated without any
substitutes in TL. There is no shift occurs. The difference only occurs in the
34
structure. The change occurs in plural leaves but in the target languages the
number is translated to be singular daun.
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
3. II This countryof billionpeople(p.53)
Negara (Ø)berpenduduk
satu milyar jiwaini(p.44)
LiteralTranslation
Accurate
In example (3) the of-phrase in this country of billion people indicates the country
which consists of billion people. (Collins Cobuild Essential Dictionary,
1995:543). The phrase this country of billion people is translated into negara
berpenduduk satu milyar jiwa ini. There is a category shift translating a source
language item into a different class of a target language. The translator changes
the word of into another equivalent translation berpenduduk which functions as
verb. (1965:79). The phrase is modified by demonstratives ini or itu. (1988:204).
Although English demonstrative determiners have singular this/that and plural
these/those. Indonesian demonstrative ini or itu can be used both singular and
plural after the head.
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
4. II The mines ofLa Rinconada
(p.58)
Tambang (Ø)La Rinconada
(p.50)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
The example (4) the mines of La Rinconada is translated tambang La Rinconada.
The meaning of preposition of indicates location where the mines are. The phrase
is translatedby word-for-word but makes changes accord to the TL grammar. The
35
preposition of is not translated or Ø. The deletion is adjusted to fulfill the
requirement in the target language. The mines is translated as tambang and La
Rinconada is not translated since it is already a name of place. There is no shift,
only a change in the structure in the word the mines translated from plural mines
(SL) into singular tambang (TL).
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
5. V A fair rate ofinterest(p.154)
Tingkat bungayang ringan
(p.14)
Literaltranslation
accurate
The example (5) a fair rate of interest is translated into tingkat bunga yang
ringan. The of-phrase indicates partition showing a fixed of amount of money that
is charged. The preposition of is not translated and adjusted to keep the phrase
natural. The phrase is literally translated and has level shift which SL item has a
TL translation equivalent at a different linguistic level. (1965:73). The adjective
fair is changed into a clause yang ringan to achieve the equivalence. The addition
of yang is obligatory to explain the adjective ringan.
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
6. II The town ofChickmagalur
(p.53)
Kota (Ø)Chickmagalur
(p.44)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
The English noun phrase (6) the town of Chickmagalur indicates the names of a
geographical location or institution. (Celce-Muria et. al.,1999:410). The phrase is
translated literally, which starts word-for-word, but makes changes to follow the
36
rules in TL. The preposition of is not translated as a consequence of the structure
in TL (Catford, 1965:25) The word Chickmagalur is not translated for it already
indicates name of a place. The translation is accurate since it reaches both clear
and succinct translation. The phrase has reached equivalence in the target
language.
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
7. II The west ofthe country
(p.156)
Bagian barat(Ø) negara
(p.16)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
The English noun phrase (7) the west of the country indicates distance or direction
which is used to show the position of the country. The translation is translated
literally without substitution, to replace the words in the target language (Catford,
1965:25). The phrase is translated by adding some words. There is only additional
information bagian to modify the direction barat. Then preposition of is not
translated to keep the linearity of the phrase.
Most of the given examples are acceptable in the target language. They are
translated without substitutes. Substitute basically means words serve for another
meaning in the target language. The preposition of is not translated as a
consequence of adjustment in the target language. The adjustment occurs to
maintain the linearity of the phrase so that the translation would be acceptable.
Next, there is another classification of the of-phrases using substitutes. The
translations are accurate but also change to fulfill the requirement of TL grammar.
The substitutions replace English preposition of in Indonesian words, such as dari,
37
dengan, pada. The substitutes help the writer to find the closest equivalence in
the translation. The first substitute is preposition dari preceding noun or noun
phrase. There are many functions of preposition dari. it indicates place as a
source, origin of place, indicates time, the points from which something starts,
indicates possession of having something, and indicates the material or substance
which a substance that things can be made from. (1990:35-36). The second
substitute pada indicates time to explain period of time that happened. The third,
dengan, indicates tools or instrument. On the other hand, in some cases, dengan
functions as an accompany, the quality, or the way things are mentioned.
(1990:44). The last one, tentang or mengenai which indicates a topic or a subject
matter before noun phrase. to denote the subject of something. (1990:35).
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
8. I DouglasWiens of
WashingtonUniversity
(p. 32)
Douglas Wiensdari
WashingtonUniversity
(p. 17)
Word-for-word
Accurate
The first example (8) Douglas Wiens of Washington University is translated into
Douglas Wiens dari Washington University. The of phrase indicates Douglas
Wiens is associated to Washington University where he used to study (Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, (2005:1051). The translator uses word-for-word
translation. The preposition of can be translated into dari. The word dari is to
explain a certain place, not seen geographically but an institution or a university
38
where Douglas Wiens studied. The phrase in source language is equivalent to the
target language.
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
9. III The sparrowsof Merrit
Island(p.90)
Pipit dari pulauMerrit(p.68)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
Next example (9) the sparrows and postmodifier Merrit island. The of phrase
indicates origin of the sparrows which come from Merrit island (2005:1051).
Literal translation is used as the translation strategy by adding some words to
follow the structure in TL. There is substitution dari as a consequence of of
meaning in the target language. In Bahasa Indonesia, the preposition dari also
indicates a place as a source. (Chaer, 1990:35). Another change occurs in the
plural sparrows (SL) is translated into singular burung pipit (TL).
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
10. V The first offour steps(p.155)
Pertama dariempat langkah
(p.14)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
Another example prepositional phrase (10) indicates partition, to introduce the
first steps before other similar steps (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,
2005:1051). The preposition of is translated into dari to show the start of the step.
There is no shift, only the plural steps in the source language is translated into
singular langkah in the target language. The quantifier empat denotes plurality. If
the quantifier is already plural therefore the noun should be in the singular form.
39
On the other hand, if noun does not have quantifier, it may use repetition, e.g.,
langkah-langkah.
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
11. II The deadlyeffects of the
mercury(p. 44)
Efek mematikandari merkuri
(p. 46)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
The example in the deadly effects of mercury (11) indicates the mercury which has
deadly effects on the small-scale miners. (Random House Webster’s College
Dictionary, 2003:919). The translator uses literal translation which tends to
translate word-for-word but also makes an additional word such as dari. The
translator substitutes of into dari as additional word to explain the effect of
mercury. There is no shift, only the word effects is translated from plural in source
language into singular efek in the target language.
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
12. V Landmassesof various
sizes (p.154)
Wilayah denganukuran yangberbeda-beda
(p. 14)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
The English noun phrase (12) landmasses of various sizes is translated into
wilayah dengan ukuran yang berbeda-beda. Then the meaning of of-phrase
describes different sizes of landmasses (Random House Webster’s College
Dictionary, 2003:919). The translator uses literal translation by adding the word
dengan to substitute the preposition of. The word various is an adjective therefore
40
it is translated into an adjective in the target language. The translation various
sizes becomes ukuran yang berbeda-beda to describe the landmasses. There are
some changes adjusted to target language. It occurs in the plural landmasses (TL)
into singular wilayah and another plural sizes into singular ukuran (SL).
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
13. V The Asianfinancial
crisis of 1998(p.153)
Krisis keuanganAsia padatahun 1998
(p. 14)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
The example (13), the of phrase indicates time showing the year when the
financial crisis happened. (Collins Cobuild Essential Dictionary, 1995:543). The
translator uses literal translation which starts word-for-word but also has addition
word pada. The translation is acceptable to use pada as the substitute to show the
time of the event (Chaer, 1990:35). There is also a change in the category shift
when the category of the SL is translated into TL. (1965:73), for instance in the
word financial as adjective changes into noun keuangan.
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
14. V The seat ofthe revolution
(p.152)
Tempat yangakan membawakemajuan pesat
(p.13)
Freetranslation
Accurate
The example (14) the seat of the revolution indicates the seat which connects to
the revolution era. The phrase is assumed as free translation since it is unbounded
and may have a larger unit than sentences (1975:25). It makes equivalences shunt
down and changes the meaning. The change involves level shift. Level shift
41
occurs when source language, at one linguistic level, is translated into a target
language and it is equivalent at a different level (1965:73). The change occurs in
noun the revolution into clause yang akan membawa kemajuan pesat in order to
describe the seat, as the head (1988:206). Free translation can be used to make the
translation more comprehensible. Therefore, the translator attempts to give closest
equivalence to maintain the accuracy.
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
15. IV The memoryof two famous
explorers(p.122)
Kenangantentang duapenjelajahterkenal(p.88)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
The English noun phrase (15) the memory of two famous explorers indicates the
memory which concerned with two famous explorers. The translator uses the
literal translation and translates preposition of into tentang. Grammatically, the
word tentang is used to denote somebody (1990:35). The phrase tentang in
kenangan tentang dua penjelajah terkenal is accurate for it is equivalent to the
preposition of. There is no shift, but there is a change in the structure of language.
The plural explorers (SL) is changed into singular penjelajah (TL).
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
16. II The price ofgold (p.34)
Harga yangdituntut emas
(p.27)
Freetranslation
Accurate
The example (16) the price of gold is translated into harga yang dituntut emas.
The translator translates the price of gold into harga yang dituntut emas which
42
idiomatically means the unpleasant things to do to achieve gold. Structurally, the
phrase can be changed into harga emas. It is translated out of the structure, the
translation tends to be free because it shunts down and ranks down the rank scale.
II. Inaccurate Translation
In this part the writer analyzes the inaccurate translations. The inaccurate
translation may happen because it does not achieve the equivalent response. The
translation does not convey the spirit and manner of original setting, and it also
does not have a natural and easy form of expression. After analyzing the
inaccurate translations, the translation may involve some changes and substitutes.
The changes are adjusted to the structure, while the substitutes are used to replace
words from source language into target language. All the changes are intended to
maintain the linearity of the translation. These are the following examples:
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
17. II Dozens of barsstone (p.36)
Belasan batubatang (p.28)
Literaltranslation
Inaccurate
The English prepositional phrase (17) dozens of bar is translated as belasan batu
batang. Seeing the meaning of the of-phrase, dozens of bars indicates quantities of
bars measured. ((Encarta Webster’s College Dictionary, p.1007). The preposition
of is not translated because it has no equivalent in TL. The translation dozen of
into belasan is not accurate since the quantifier dozens of should be translated as
lusin. The measurement of lusin in (TL) is 12 kilograms, while belasan is not
clear because it might be 11 until 19. The word dozens is translated as berlusin-
43
lusin instead of belasan, since prefix ber- in Bahasa Indonesia indicates amount,
number or measurement of something, such as bermeter-meter,berpuluh-
puluh.(Keraf, 1984:97). Thus it would be translated as berlusin-lusin batu batang.
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
18. II Flecks ofoverlooked
gold(p.58)
Emas yangmungkin luput
dari penglihatan(p.50)
- Inaccurate
In the example (18) flecks of overlooked gold is translated as emas yang mungkin
luput dari penglihatan. The preposition of indicates partition, which refers to
quantities. It measures gold as very small pieces (Encarta Webster’s College
Dictionary, p.1007). The word overlooked functions as postmodifer. It is
equivalent to -ed participle (1975:269). Thus the word overlooked is translated as
yang mungkin luput dari penglihatan in TL. But the translation is not complete
since the word flecks of is not translated. It should to be clear therefore that it
would be translated as serpihan kecil emas yang mungkin luput dari penglihatan.
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
19. III The idealismof 1973(p.93)
Idealisme()1973
(p.71)
- Inaccurate
In the example (19) the idealism of 1973 indicates time when the act is firmed
(Collins Cobuild Essential Dictionary, 1995:543). Seeing the TL phrase, the
translator tends to translate it structurally. The phrase should be translated
coherently. The word idealism leaves question, thus it should be connected to
44
some events in 1973. Since 1973 was about the act to preserve endangered
species, the translation should be clear. The phrase is translated literally by adding
some words, pada tahun 1973 (1990:35). The writer adds undang-undang to
make the phrase more understandable in the target language. Therefore the
translation would be idealisme dari undang-undang pada tahun 1973.
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
20. V SBY's visionof a modernIndonesia(p.152)
Visi SBYadalah
Indonesia yangmodern(p.12)
- Inaccurate
The English noun phrase (20) SBY’s vision of a modern Indonesia indicates the
vision to build a modern Indonesia (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,
2005:1051). The translation is literally translated by adding word mengenai. The
word mengenai concerns to the vision of SBY (Chaer, 1990:35). The word
modern (SL) is adjective, thus it is translated as adjective (TL) yang modern. In
Indonesian structure noun phrase can be modified by yang to give specific
explanation to the noun head. The translation would be visi SBY mengenai
Indonesia yang modern
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
21. II Part of a 111-vehicle fleet
(p.45)
Bagian darisebuah armada
111 wahana(p.37)
- Inaccurate
45
The example (21) shows of as specifies a particular part of 111-vehicle fleet. The
TL phrase bagian dari sebuah armada 111 wahana is not clear. The translator
does not choose the appropriate vocabulary in translating the TL. The word
sebuah armada 111 wahana is not clear because it does not reach closer meaning
in the target language. (2001:30-31). The words 111-vehicle fleet are a kind of
armies which have 111 (truck) vehicles, thus it should be translated as termasuk
dalam armada yang yang memiliki 111 kendaraan.
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
22. III Some ofinherent
difficulties(p.92)
Contoh sulitnyaproses tersebut
(p.69)
- Inaccurate
The example (22) some of inherent difficulties indicates partition, showing a
number of difficulties which have existed in the list. The translator uses free
translation to give natural expression. (1965:25) by changing noun difficulties into
sulitnya adjective, which is, as the matter, could be changed to beberapa
kesulitan. The writer changes translation to be beberapa kesulitan yang sudah ada
as the closest equivalence.
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
23. III A fewsurvivingpatches of
saline marsh(p.93)
Sejumlah petakrawa air asin
(p.71)
- Inaccurate
46
The English noun phrase (23) indicates the patches which are part of the saline
marsh. The SL phrase a few surviving patches of saline marsh translated to be
sejumlah petak rawa air asin is not accurate since the phrase is not complete. It is
because there is a loss of word surviving. The word surviving should be translated
so it would give correct information in the target language. Therefore the writer
changes the translation into sejumlah petak rawa air asin yang masih tersisa as
the closest equivalence.
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
24. IV The distantcoast of Eva-
liv island(p.123)
Di kejauhanadalah pantaiPulau Eva-liv
(p.89)
- Inaccurate
The prepositional phrase in example (24) the distant coast of Eva-liv can be
paraphrased as a remote Eva-liv coast. There is category shift because the
category in SL changes when translated into TL. The phrase di kejauhan adalah
pantai pulau Eva-liv directly describes the coast. It should translate the coast first.
The translator used free translation and changed preposition of into clause Pantai
Eva-liv yang jauh terpisah so it would be comprehensible and sound natural in
target language.
B. The Accuracy Maintained in the Translation
The writer has collected data and analyzed the accuracy of the preposition of
among six articles in the magazine. The first table is the translation occurrence of
47
of-phrases. The writer divided the accuracy into two classifications: accurate and
inaccurate translations. Here is the following table:
Table 1Translation accuracy
No. Name of article Data ofoccurrence
Accuracy Inaccuracy
I Science 2 1 1
II Gold 133 117 16
III The Sparrows of MerritIslands are no more
26 20 6
IV Chasing Nansen 11 6 5
V Indonesia-Harmony inDiversity
45 41 4
VI Flashback 3 1 2
Total 220 186 34
Table 1 consists of 220 data of preposition of. The accurate number is 186
and the inaccurate number is 34. Article I has 2 data: 1 accurate and 1 inaccurate
translation. Article II has 133 data: 117 accurate and 16 inaccurate translations.
Article III has 26 data: 20 accurate and 6 inaccurate translations. Article IV has 11
data: 6 accurate and 5 inaccurate translations. Article V has 45 data: 41 accurate
and 4 inaccurate translations. The last one, article VI has 3 data: 1 accurate and 2
48
inaccurate translation. It can be summarized that most of the translations are
accurate. Then the next table explains the accuracy related to translation type:
Table 2Accuracy in Relation to Translation Type
Accuracy in Translation
AccurateNo. Name of article
Data ofOccurrences
Word-for-
wordLiteral Free Inaccurate
I Science 2 1 - - 1
II Gold 133 - 114 3 16
III The Sparrows ofMerrit Islands areno more
26 - 20 - 6
IV Chasing Nansen 11 - 6 - 5
V Indonesia -Harmony inDiversity
45 - 41 - 4
VI Flashback 3 - 1 - 2
Total 220 1 182 3 34
Table 2 shows the accuracy in relation to translation type. Table 2 is the
combination of the first table which gives more specific data on accuracy. The
accuracy is divided into three parts: word-for-word, literal and free translation.
49
Meanwhile, the inaccurate part is not classified since it is already inaccurate and
has no type of translation.
The writer summarizes 6 articles and counts the accurate and inaccurate
data. Article I has 2 occurrences. There is 1 word-for-word, no literal and free
translation. It has 1 inaccurate data (table 2.Inaccurate). Article II has 133
occurrences. There are no word-for-word, 114 literal, and 3 free translations. It
has 16 inaccurate data. Article III has 26 occurrences. There are no word-for-
word, 20 literal, and no free translation. It has 6 inaccurate data. Article IV has 11
occurrences. There are no word-for word, 6 literal, and no free translation. It has 5
inaccurate data. Article V has 45 occurrences. There are no word-for-word, 41
literal, and no free translation. It has 4 inaccurate data. Article VI has 3
occurrences. There are no word-for-word, 1 literal, and no free translation. It has 2
inaccurate data. The total number of accuracy in all articles is 220 occurrences.
Based on data accuracy (table 1) and translation type (table 2), there are
two articles which have the most accurate translations: article II and article V. In
translating the phrases, the translator tends to use literal translation. But the
translator also uses free and word-for-word translations in smaller numbers. Here
is the following data:
Literal strategy is found dominantly in article II and V. Article II has 114
accurate numbers and article V has 41 accurate numbers. Meanwhile, the second
place is free translation in article II. It has 3 free translations of 133 occurrences.
The third place is article I. It has 1 word-for-word translation of 2 occurrences.
The total number of accurate translation (word-for-word, literal, and free) is 186
50
data. After analyzing the number of accuracy in table 1 and 2, then the writer
discusses the accuracy by giving some examples in the following discussion.
a. Accurate Translation
Accuracy, in modern linguistics is called as ‘truth’, ‘faithfulness’. In the
translation text there is a closer definition of accuracy which is called as correct
transfer and complete comprehension. Accuracy is needed to give evaluation of
good and error translations. There are some criterions in determining accuracy.
The accuracy occur when there is an equivalent response which makes sense,
conveys the spirit and manner of the source language, also it has a natural and
easy form of expression and produces a similar response. When conveying the
message, it should give a complete naturalness of expression. (Munday, 2001:42).
To achieve naturalness, the translation may need adaptations of grammar, of
lexicon, and of cultural references. The adaptations are intended to make the
reader understand the message in the target language.
The accuracy and translation types are divided into accurate and inaccurate
translation. In this part the writer collects some examples based on the translation
types and accuracy. The translator used literal translation to maintain the
accuracy. The translation starts word-for-word but also makes changes to follow
the accepted rules in the target language. (Catford,1965:25). The changes may add
and delete some words. In most of the phrases, of is not translated because there is
adjustment to fulfill the requirement of structure, for instance preposition of is not
translated since it does not have corresponding in Indonesian structure. Some
relations may need adjustment, for instance partition and measurement, for
51
example (131) two grams of gold is translated dua gram emas. Secondly, the
relation is related to the of-meaning as possession that someone or some belongs
to, for example (33) the trunk of the SUV. Thirdly, the relation is related to
direction or location, for example south of Cochin is translated as selatan Cochin.
Meanwhile, there is also word-for-word translation if the translation is
already clear and need no change at all, for example (92) one-third of merkuri
translated sepertiga dari merkuri. The other strategy is free translation which is
not concerned with matching to the SL message. It is accurate if reaching the
natural equivalence to target language, for example (no.146) one thirtieth of an
ounce is translated 1,1 gram. There are differences for every culture to measure
weight, in Bahasa Indonesia, gram is more recognized rather than ounce, and then
free translation is required to give the same message in TL.
In the process of translating, addition of words is needed. The addition of
words may in form of substitutions and structural shifts. The changes relate to the
meaning of the of-phrases, for instance, if the of- phrase means origin it may use
dari to explain the place where the person lives. There are some examples of-
phrases (by adding some words) to follow the rules in the target language. First,
the of-phrase is related to possession, which somebody or something belongs to,
for example (56), the eldest daughter of a coffee plantation owner translated into
anak perempuan tertua dari pemilik perkebunan kopi. The example previously is
the translation of substituted into dari. The substitute is necessary to help the
translator explain the possession. Secondly, the of-phrase is related to origin,
somebody or something comes from, for example (13) most inhabitants of
52
Sumbawa is translated into kebanyakan penduduk sumbawa to explain the people
who come from Sumbawa. Thirdly, the of-phrase is related to cause or reason, for
example (24) the financial burden of that million tones of imports translated into
beban financial dari 2 juta ton impor. The of-phrase is paraphrased million tones
of imports that make a financial burden. of is translated into dari because it is
related to meaning as a cause or reason. There are still many other substitutes
such as untuk, pada, etc. The changes are acceptable as long as they convey the
message naturally in target language.
Noun phrase can be translated in a wider context when there are modifiers
explaining the head, for example (19) the shame of an unmarried daughter
translated as rasa malu karena anak perempuan yang tak menikah, it is clear that
an unmarried daughter is a daughter who is not married yet, thus it needs literal
translation. The other example (18), the financial burden of a daughter translated
beban keuangan jika anak yang dilahirkan perempuan. The second example tends
to be free because it is unbounded. There is a change in the translation. The units
become larger and make equivalences shunt down. It changes of a daughter to be
jika anak yang dilahirkan perempuan. The translation is based on the
comprehension of the text. When translated into target language, it needs to see
the area of discourse analysis. The discourse explains in India where most families
have a financial burden if they have a daughter. When the daughter grows up, her
parents can not afford for her expensive marriage. Thus the message is connected
to the text which explains the burden, if one family has a daughter.
53
b. Inaccurate Translation
Besides the good translation, there is an error translation which does not
convey the message naturally in the target language. The error might occur
because the message is not comprehensible. Therefore it needs to have correct
transfer and complete comprehension. The aim of accuracy is to reach clear and
succinct translations. Translation does not reach the accuracy when it does not
achieve the equivalent response in the target language. It means that the message
does not have a natural and easy form of expression and produce a similar
response.
After analyzing the inaccurate translations, the writer corrects the words.
Inaccurate translation occurs in the magazine. The reason of the inaccurate
translation caused by an incomplete message, for example (143) several pounds of
liquid mercury is translated into merkuri cair. The translation does not produce
the same response in the target language since the word several pounds is omitted.
It makes the equivalences shunt down, as the word several pounds of mercury into
merkuri cair. The word several pound is important to explain the unit for
measuring weight. The quantifier is to make the reader understand the message.
The translation would be translated, literally, sedikit merkuri cair to show the
measurement of the mercury.
The second inaccuracy occurs when the lexicon is inaccurately translated,
for example (154) a huge channel of black water translated into sebuah kanal
raksasa yang berwarna hitam. The misunderstanding occurs in yang berwarna
hitam which says that the huge channel has black color. The translator does not
54
reproduce the meaning of a passage as understood by the writer in the source
language. The translation is translated without seeing the of-phrase meaning,
which should be paraphrased as the huge channel consisting of black water. The
black color does not belong to the channel, but instead belongs to the water.
The other inaccuracy occurs when the translation is structurally translated
but losing some necessary meaning, as for example (42), the final resting of place
of the last dusky seaside sparrows translated into tempat persitirahatan terakhir
pipit pantai bulu gelap. The translation is not complete since the word last is
actually is not translated. (Munday, 2001:30). The word last should modify the
dusky seaside sparrows to describe the sparrows which are almost extinct. So the
writer tries to translate it as tempat peristirahatan terakhir pipit pantai bulu gelap
yang hampir punah in order to have the natural form of expression in the target
language.
The other inaccuracy occurs when the choice of vocabulary does not achieve
the equivalent response in the target language (Munday, 2001:42). The message
may be conveyed differently in the target language. The incorrect use of lexicon
can cause an incomplete comprehension:
“The Coral Triangle Initiative supported by the World Wildlife Fund…. aims tobalance the needs of the environment with the need to preserve commercial fishstocks, and thus the livelihoods of locals.”
The example (55), the livelihoods of the locals is translated into kehidupan
penduduk lokal. Since the main living in Tual, eastern Indonesia, is fishermen.
Thus the Initiative tries to preserve the livelihood of local people by making a
fishery industry. The word livelihoods refers to a means of earning to live, but the
55
translation does not show the work of the locals. It shows the life of locals, which
lead to different meaning. Thus livelihoods should be translated as mata
pencharian or penghidupan penduduk lokal to approach the closest meaning in
the target language. Another example (219) the lack of ice sea is translated into
ketiadaan es laut in he following sentence:
“The only other residents were thousands of seabirds nesting on cliffs and ahungry polar bear and cub, stranded by the lack of ice --- a consequence of recentclimate change. “
Structurally, it is correct, but it is not accurate since the word lack does not
mean having no ice at all. The translation does not make sense because of the
word lack translated as ketiadaan (2001:42). There is still little ice remaining. The
translation is suggested to change lack into berkurangnya es laut. The translation
would be Penghuni lainnya hanyalah ribuan burung laut yang bersarang di
tebing dan seekor beruang kutub lapar dan anaknya, yang terdampar karena
semakin berkurangnya es laut.
The last example of inaccuracy (186) in the forefront of the debate is translated
as barisan terdepan. The inaccuracy is caused by the incoherence of the
translation. The incoherence does not produce similar response. Therefore, the
choice of vocabulary is important to give equal meaning as in the target language.
Before translating, there must be a context, or discourse because the translation is
connected to the situation (2001:31). There is an incorrect choice of word debate
translated as barisan. The situation, if it is related to the whole sentence, is
different, as stated below:
56
“It also addresses international concerns. Indonesia has at times been ranked theworld’s largest carbon emitter, behind the US and China. This is not because ofits industry or transport but because deforestation and forest fires which can causemassive spikes in global levels of the greenhouse gas, carbondioxide. In generalthe emissions are very low, but the phenomenon draws attention to the importanceof tackling climate from both ends-limiting human impacts while protectingnature’s own solutions. SBY launched the Bali Summit on the climate change in2007 to position Indonesia at the forefront of the debate.”
The sentence explains Indonesia becomes the main topic of the discussion in
Bali Summit on the climate change. Forefront means the most forward part; a
leading position in a particular group or activity (Hornby, 2005:606), which in
target language translated as utama. (Shadily,1965:253). The word debate means
a formal discussion of an issue at public meeting, which in target language is
translated as perbincangan or pembahasan. (1965:176). The translation barisan
terdepan is not appropriate to show Indonesia as the main topic of the discussion.
The translation pembahasan utama is more coherent to the text. The whole
sentence is comprehended as SBY meluncurkan pertemuan puncak Bali mengenai
perubahan iklim tahun 2007 menempatkan Indonesia sebagai pembahasan utama.
57
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
The writer has collected data and analyzed the preposition of among six
articles in the magazine. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that the
translation of preposition of are changed into substitutes, structure shifts operating
at grammatical and structural level. In some conditions, of is not translated to
fulfill the requirement of target language. All changes follow the rules and
adjustments in the target language.
Similar to English, preposition of has different meanings in Bahasa
Indonesia. The writer has collected the meanings of preposition of based on the
analysis. These are translations of preposition of in Indonesian:
1. Dari,e.g., the eldest daughter of a coffee plantation owner. Anak
perempuan tertua dari pemilik perkebunan kopi.
2. Disebabkan oleh, e.g., the brutal calculus of gold mining. Bahaya besar
yang diakibatkan oleh kegiatan penambangan emas.
3. Di antara, e.g,. the concerted effort of scientists. Kerjasama di antara para
ilmuwan.
4. Dengan, e.g,. a place of such startling contradictions. Tempat dengan
kontradiksi yang mengejutkan.
5. Berupa,e.g.,. gifts of jewelry. Hadiah berupa emas.
6. Pada,e.g., any other day of the year. Di hari lain pada tahun itu.
7. (Merupakan) bagian dari,e.g., a share of the mine. Bagian dari tambang
58
8. Tentang, e.g., the memory of two famous explorers. Kenangan tentang
dua penjelajah terkenal.
9. Untuk,e.g., a love of extravagance. Kesukaan untuk bermewah-mewah.
10. Yang, e.g., the sleeve of his waterproof. Lengan bajunya yang tahan air.
Yang menjadi, e.g. object of desire. Benda yang menjadi dambaan.
Based on the analysis of accuracy, the frequent use of of-phrases is 220
occurrences while the accuracy is 186 and the inaccuracy is 34. Article I has 1
accuracy of 2 occurrences, article II has 114 accuracies of 133 occurrences, article
III has 20 accuracies of 26 occurrences, article IV has 6 accuracies of 11
occurrences, article V has 41 accuracies of 45 occurrences, and article VI has 1
accuracy of 3 occurrences. Most of the articles are accurate, some are not. There
are two articles which represent the accurate translations: the first article V
entitled Indonesia-Harmony in Diversity (V) and article II entitled Gold.
Based on the analysis (table 1 and 2), it is assumed that literal translation
is commonly applied in the translation. It has the largest occurrences. However,
the other translation types such as free and word-for-word are also used in the
accuracy. The accuracy is maintained by making some changes and strategies. It
is purposed to produce a similar response and convey a natural form of expression
in the target language.
59
Bibliography
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Bell, T. Roger. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. New York:Longman, 1991.
Catford, J.C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford UniversityPress, 1965.
Celce-Murria, Marriane and Diane Larsen Freeman. The Grammar BookESL/EFL Teacher’s Course, 1999.
Chaer, Abdul. Tata Bahasa Praktis Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Bharata KaryaAksara, 1988.
Chaer, Abdul. Penggunaan Preposisi dan Konjungsi Bahasa Indonesia. Flores:Nusa Indah, 1990.
Chaer, Abdul. Tata Bahasa Praktis Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta,1998.
Collins Cobuild English Dictionary for Advanced Learners. Harper CollinsPublishers, 2001.
Echols, M. John and Hassan Shadily. Kamus Inggris-Indonesia. Jakarta: PTGramedia Pustaka Utama.1976.
Encarta Webster’s College Dictionary, second edition.
Hatim, Basil. Teaching and Researching Translation. London: Pearson Education,2001.
Hatim, Basil and Jeremy Munday. Translation: An Advanced Resource Book.New York: Routledge, 2004.
House C. Homer and Susan Emolyn Harman. Descriptive English Grammar.Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall., Inc, 1950.
60
Intelligent Investor. “Indonesia – Harmony in Diversity”. National Geographic.January 2009, pp.151-156.
Hornby, A.S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.Hongkong: Oxford University Press. 1974.
___________. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford University Press,2005.
Lapowila, Hans. Frasa Preposisi Dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: DepartemenPendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1992.
Larmer, Brook. “Gold”. National Geographic. January 2009, pp.34-61.
Leech, Geoffrey and Jan Startvik. A Communicative Grammar of English.London: Longman Group Ltd., 1975.
Leech, Geoffrey and Jan Startvik. A Communicative Grammar of English.London: Longman Group Ltd., 1994.
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Klinkenborg, Verlyn. “The Sparrows of Merrit Islands Are No More”. NationalGeographic. January 2009, pp.90-107.
Miller, Peter. “Chasing Nansen’s Ghost”. National Geographic. January 2009,pp.122-128.
Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications.London: Routlege, 2001.
Moeliono, Anton M. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka,1988.
Nida. Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation.Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1965.
Newmark, Peter. Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1981.
O’Neill, Tom. “Science”. National Geographic. January 2009, pp.32.
Quirk, Radolph and Sidney Greenbaum. A Student’s Grammar of the EnglishLanguage. Hongkong: Longman Group, 1973.
61
_________________________________. A Comprehensive Grammar of theEnglish Language. . London: Longman, 1985.
________________________________. A Student’s Grammar of the EnglishLanguage. Pearson Educated, 1990.
Random House Webster’s College Dictionary. Random House., Inc, 2003.
Sprinthall, C. Richard. Understanding Educational Research. New Jersey:Prentice Hall, 1979.
Salim, Peter. Advanced English-Indonesia Dictionary. Jakarta: Modern EnglishPress. 1989.
__________. The Contemporer English-Indonesia Dictionary. Jakarta: ModernEnglish Press. 2002.
Suryawinata, Zuchridin and Sugeng Hariyanto. Bahasan Teori dan PenuntunPraktis Menerjemahkan. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2003.
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Zackowitz, G. Margaret. “Flashback”. National Geographic. January 2009,pp.160.
62
APPENDICES
A. DATA
1. Indicate Space : Location/Direction
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
1. II the town ofChickmagalur(p.53)
kota Chikmagalur(p.44)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
2. II the southwesterncity of Cochin(p.53)
di barat daya kotaCochin(p.45)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
3. II south of couchin(p.58)
selatan Cochin(p.45)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
4. II the outskirts ofCochin (p.58)
di luar kotaCochin (p.50)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
5. V the island ofeastern Indonesia(p.155)
pulau-pulau diIndonesia bagiantimur (p.15)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
6. IV the northern coastof Franz Josef(p.122)
pantai utaradaratan FranzJosef (p.88)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
7. IV northern part ofthe archipelago(p.127)
di utara kepulauan(p.93)
- Inaccurate
8. V the west of thecountry(p.156)
bagian baratnegara ini (p.16)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
9. II the mines of LaRinconada (p.58)
tambang LaRinconada(p.50)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
63
10. IV the distant coastof Eva-liv island(p.123)
di kejauhan adalahpantai pulau Eva-liv (p.89)
- Inaccurate
11. II the springtimefestival ofAkshaya(p.53)
pesta musim semidi Akshaya(p.45)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
12. II the coast of LakeTiticaca(p.60)
pantai danauTiticaca (p.52)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
2. Indicate Derivation/Origin
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
13. II most inhabitantsof Sumbawa(p.51)
kebanyakanpenduduksumbawa(p.43)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
14. III the sparrows ofMerrit island(p.90)
pipit dari pulauMerrit (p.68)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
15. VI the thirdpresident of theUnited States(p.160)
presiden AmerikaSerikat ketiga(p.128)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
16. V the southern tipof Sumatra(p.156)
ujung selatanSumatra (p.16)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
64
3. Indicate Cause/Reason
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
17. II the brutalcalculus of goldmining(p.44)
bahaya besar yangdiakibatkan olehkegiatanpenambanganemas (p.36)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
18. II the financialburden of adaughter (p.58)
beban keuanganjika anak yangdilahirkanperempuan (p.50)
Freetranslation
Accurate
19. II the shame of anunmarrieddaughter (p.58)
rasa malu karenaanak perempuanyang tak menikah(p.50)
- Inaccurate
20. II the convergenceof rising goldprices (p.59)
perpaduan antaranaiknya hargaemas (p.51)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
21. II the dull certaintyof low wages(p.59)
kepastian surammendapatkanupah kecil (p.51)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
22. III the unintendedconsequences ofour actions(p.93)
imbas dariperbuatan kita(p.71)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
23. IV consequence ofrecent climatechange(p.127)
akibat perubahaniklim yang terjadibelakangan ini(p.93)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
24. V the financialburden of thatmillion tones ofimports (p.152)
beban finansialdari 2 juta tonimpor (p.13)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
65
25. II the deadly effectsof the mercury(p.44)
efek mematikandari merkuri(p.36)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
4. Indicate Possession
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
26. II the price of gold(p.41)
harga yangdituntut emas(p.27)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
27. II armadas ofsupersizemachines (p.44)
sejumlah armadamesin berukuranraksasa(p.36)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
28. II the cab of acaterpillar 793(p.45)
kabin Caterpillar793 (p.37)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
29. II the first cut ofmine itself (p.45)
galian pertama dipertambangan itu(p.37)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
30. II profitably minemicroscopicflecks of gold(p.51)
menambang emasdalam bentukbercakmikroskopiksecaramenguntungkan(p.43)
- Inaccurate
31. II batu hijau'smountains ofwaste rock(p.51)
timbunan limbahbatu hijau yangmenggunung(p.43)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
66
32. II the only son ofanother coffeeplantation family(p.52)
putra tunggalkeluarga pemilikperkebunan kopilainnya (p.44)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
33. II the trunk of theSUV(p.53)
bagasi mobil SUV(p.44)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
34. II the risingprosperity of anemergingmiddle's class(p.53)
meningkatnyakemakmuranmasyarakat kelasmenengah yangsedang muncul(p.44)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
35. II any other day ofthe yearthoroughly theworld (p.53)
di hari lain padatahun itu diseluruh dunia(p.45)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
36. II the price of themetal (p.58)
harga logam mulia(p.45)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
37. II the families ofbride and groom(p.58)
antara keluargapengantin wanitadan pengantin pria(p.45)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
38. II the neighboringstate of TamilNadu (p.58)
negara bagiantetangga TamilNadu (p.45)
- Inaccurate
39. II the uncertainty ofthe mine'slottery-system(p.59)
ketidakpastiansistem loteretambanglah (p.50)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
40. II the glint ofrooftops(p.59)
bubungan atap(p.50)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
67
41. II the floor of thefamily's stone hut(p.60)
lantai batu digubuk keluarga(p.52)
- Inaccurate
42. III the final restingplace of the lastdusky seasidesparrow (p.90)
tempatperistirahatanterakhir pipitpantai bulu gelap(p.68)
- Inaccurate
43. III the salt marshesof Florida'sMerrit (p.90)
rawa air payaupulau Merrit diFlorida (p.68)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
44. III the purpose of thelaw (p.90)
tujuan undang-undang tersebut(p.68)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
45. III the status ofspecies (p.92)
status spesies(p.69)
- Accurate
46. III the concertedeffort of scientists(p.93)
kerjasama diantara parailmuwan (p.71)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
47. III the needs of therest of the lives(p.93)
kebutuhanmahkluk hiduplainnya (p.71)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
48. V the needs of end-users(p.154)
kebutuhan parapetani (p.14)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
49. V landmasses ofvarious sizes andpopulations(p.154)
wilayah denganukuran danproduksi (p.14)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
50. V people's qualityof life (p.155)
kualitas hidupmasyarakat(p.15)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
68
51. V the sense ofbelonging (p.155)
rasa memiliki(p.15)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
52. V the risks of life(p.155)
resiko kehidupan(p.15)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
53. V the Pasific's ringof fire (p.155)
lingkaran gunungberapi pasifik(p.15)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
54. V the needs of theenvironment(p.156)
kebutuhanlingkungan (p.16)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
55. V the livelihoods ofthe locals(p.156)
kehidupanpenduduk lokal(p.16)
- Inaccurate
56. II the eldestdaughter of acoffee plantationowner (p.52)
anak perempuantertua dari pemilikperkebunan kopi(p.44)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
57. III indicators ofecosystem health(p.104)
indikatorkesehatanekosistem (p.83)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
58. II the deadly effectsof the mercury(p.44)
efek mematikandari merkuri(p.36)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
5. Indicate Relationship/Association/Connection
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
59. I Douglas Wiens ofWashingtonUniversity (p.32)
Douglas Wiensdari washingtonUniversity (p.17)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
69
60. I the study of howglaciers move(p.32)
mempelajaribagaimana gletsermembuat gempa(p.17)
- Inaccurate
61. II the Democraticrepublic ofCongo (p.41)
Republikdemokrasi Kongo(p.33)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
62. II the morning ofher arrangedwedding (p.52)
pada pagi hari dipernikahannyayang diatur olehkeluarga(p.44)
- Inaccurate
63. II the epicenter ofgold consumption(p.53)
pusat konsumsiemas (p.45)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
64. II object of desire(p.59)
benda yangmenjadi dambaan(p.50)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
65. II Peru's ministry ofenergy and mines(p.59)
kementrian energidan pertambanganPeru (p.51)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
66. II the drumbeat ofdeath (p.60)
genderangkematian (p.51)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
67. IV the memory oftwo famousexplorers(p.122)
kenangan tentangdua penjelajahterkenal(p.88)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
68. V the minister ofagriculture(p.153)
Menteri pertanian(p.13)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
69. V a symbol ofprosperity(p.152)
lambangkemakmuran(p.13)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
70
70. V the seat of therevolution(p.152)
tempat yang akanmembawakemajuan pesat(p.13)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
71. V minister ofinformation andcommunication(p.155)
menteri informasidan komunikasi(p.15)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
72. V times of crisis(p.156)
keadaan krisis(p.15)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
73. V the role ofinternationalagencies(p.155)
peran badan-badaninternasional(p.15)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
74. V a fleet of mobileeducation centre(p.155)
armada pusatpendidikanbergerak (p.15)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
75. V global levels ofthe green housegas(p.155)
tingkatan globaldari gas rumahkaca (p.16)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
76. V SBY's vision of amodern Indonesia(p.152)
visi SBY adalahIndonesia yangmodern (p.12)
- Inaccurate
6. Indicate Partition
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
77. II dozens of barsstone(p.34)
belasan batang(p.28)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
71
78. II sacks of moneystone (p.35)
Berkarung-karung"batu uang" (p.28)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
79. II many of his Incaancestors (p.38)
sejumlah besarleluhurnya darisuku inca(p.33)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
80. II a wad of cocaleaves (p.41)
segumpal dauncoca (p.33)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
81. II many of hisfellow miners(p.41)
banyak rekansesamapenambang (p.33)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
82. II a sack of rock(p.41)
sekarung batu(p.33)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
83. II a stroke of luck(p.41)
keberuntungan(p.33)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
84. II thousands ofyears (p.42)
ribuan tahun(p.34)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
85. II one of the world'smost covetedcommodities(p.42)
salah satukomoditas yangpaling diidam-idamkan di dunia(p.34)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
86. II two-thirds of thedemand (p.42)
dua pertigapermintaan (p.34)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
87. II millions of smallscale miners(p.43)
jutaan penambangberskala kecil diseluruh dunia(p.35)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
88. II part of thechallenge(p.43)
sebagian daritantangan (p.35)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
72
89. II 161.000 tons ofgold (p.43)
161,000 ton emas(p.35)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
90. II one end of thespectrum(p.43)
ujung spektrumyang satu (p.35) - Inaccurate
91. II 25 percent of theworld'sgold(p.44)
25 persen emasdunia (p.35)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
92. II one-third of themercury(p.44)
sepertiga darimerkuri(p.36)
Word-for-word
Accurate
93. II the other hand ofspectrum(p.44)
ujung lain darispektrum(p.36)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
94. II three-quarters ofthe world's gold(p.44)
tiga perempatemas dunia (p.36)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
95. II massive amountsof waste rock(p.44)
sejumlah besarlimbah batu (p.36)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
96. II the head of pin(p.44)
kepala jarumpentol (p.36)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
97. II a single ounce ofgold (p.44)
satu ounce(31gram) emas(p.36)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
98. II vast quantities ofgold(p.44)
sejumlah besaremas (p.36)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
99. II one of the world'slargest truck(p.45)
salah satu trukterbesar di dunia(p.37)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
73
100. II part of that forceitself(p.45)
bagian daridaya itu(p.37)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
101. II part of a 111-vehicle fleet(p.45)
bagian darisebuah armada111 wahana (p.37)
- Inaccurate
102. II million of years(p.45)
jutaan tahun (p.42) Literaltranslation
Accurate
103. II a speck of thegold(p.50)
sedikitpun emas(p.42) - Inaccurate
104. II the ends of theearth(p.50)
ujung bumi (p.42) Literaltranslation
Accurate
105. II tens of thousandsof jobs (p.50)
puluhan ribulapangan kerja(p.42)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
106. II thousands ofvillagers(p.50)
ribuan warga(p.43)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
107. II 25 percent ofworld's gold(p.50)
25 persen emasdunia (p.43)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
108. II some 2,000 of themines's 8,000employees (p.51)
sekitar 2,000 daritotal 8,000pegawai tambang(p.43)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
109. II the bottom of thesea (p.51)
dasar laut (p.43) Literaltranslation
Accurate
110. II the heaps ofdiscarded rock(p.52)
timbunan batubuangan itu (p.43)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
74
111. II ten feet of soil(p.52)
tanah setebal 3meter (p.43)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
112. II another 79 acresof rain forest(p.52)
32 hektar lagihutan hujan (p.43) - Inaccurate
113. II a share of themine (p.52)
bagian daritambang (p.44)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
114. II the merger of twowealthy indianfamilies (p.52)
perpaduan duakeluarga kaya diIndia (p.44)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
115. II this circle ofcoffee growers(p.53)
di kalanganperkebunan kopi(p.44)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
116. II the millions ofdollars of goldjewelry (p.53)
jutaan dolar dalambentuk perhiasanemas (p.44)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
117. II this country ofbillion people(p.53)
negaraberpenduduk satumiliar jiwa ini(p.44)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
118. II 773,6 tons ofgold(53)
773,6 ton emas(p.44)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
119. II 20 percent of theworld goldmarket(p.53)
20 persen pasaremas (p.44)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
120. II 18,000 tons of theyellow metal(p.53)
18,000 ton logamkuning(p.44)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
121. II a gram of gold(p.43)
satu gram emas(p.35)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
75
122. II the quantity ofgold jewelryIndians purchase(p.53)
jumlah perhiasanemas yang dibeliorang India(p.45)
- Accurate
123. II 3 percent of thecountrypopulation(p.53)
3 persen daripopulasi negeri(p.45)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
124. II subsequent wavesof colonizers(p.53)
arus para penjajah(p.45) - Inaccurate
125. II the largestportion of thedowry (p.53)
bagian terbesardari mas kawin(p.45)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
126. II a drop of theliquid (p.58)
setetes cairan(p.45)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
127. II gifts of goldjewelry (p.58)
hadiah berupaperhiasan emas(p.45)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
128. II the best form ofsecurity (p.58)
alat pengamanterbaik (p.45)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
129. II the backs of herhands (p.58)
punggungtangannya (p.50)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
130. II flecks ofoverlooked gold(p.58)
(serpihan kecil)emas yangmungkin luput daripenglihatan (p.50)
- Inaccurate
131. II two grams ofgold (p.59)
dua gram emas(p.50)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
132. II piles of discardedrock(p.59)
tumpukan batubuangan(p.50)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
76
133. II the six or eightgrams of gold(p.59)
6 atau 8 gramemas (p.50)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
134. II the number ofmines (p.59)
jumlah tambang(p.50)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
135. II a handful of cops(p.59)
beberapa petugas(p.51)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
136. II the 1,9 grams ofgold (p.59)
1,9 gram emas(p.51)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
137. II the highest formof offering (p.60)
bentuk tertinggipersembahan(p.51)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
138. II the tons ofmercury (p.60)
berton-ton merkuri(p.52)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
139. II every gram ofgold (p.60)
setiap gram emas(p.52)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
140. II five grams ofmercury (p.60)
lima gram merkuri(p.52)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
141. II part of theendless routine(p.60)
bagian darikegiatan rutinyang tak pernahberakhir(p.52)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
142. II two sacks of ore(p.60)
dua karung bijih(p.52)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
143. II several pounds ofliquid mercury(p.61)
merkuri cair(p.52) - Inaccurate
144. II one of severalhundred (p.61)
salah satu dariratusan (p.53)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
77
145. II a tiny kernel ofgold (p.61)
sebuah inti emassangat kecil (p.53)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
146. II one-thirtieth of anounce (p.61)
1,1 gram (p.53) Freetranslation
Accurate
147. III a bill of rights(p.90)
undang-undanghak asasi (p.68)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
148. III the rest ofcreation (p.90)
semua mahklukhidup (p.68)
- Inaccurate
149. III some of inherentdifficulties (p.92)
(beberapa) contohsulitnya prosestersebut(p.69)
- Inaccurate
150. III the best measureof the act's value(p.93)
cara pengukuranterbaik terhadapnilai undang-undang tersebut(p.71)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
151. III the thousands ofspecies (p.93)
ribuan spesies(p.71)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
152. III many of thesescavengers (p.94)
banyak di antarapemakan bangkaiini (p.72)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
153. IV one of 14 visits(p.122)
salah satu dari 14kunjungannya(p.88)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
154. IV a huge channel ofblack water(p.126)
sebuah kanalraksasa yangberwarna hitam(p.92)
- Inaccurate
155. IV thousands ofseabirds(p.127)
ribuan burung laut(p.93)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
78
156. V the size ofwestern Europe(p.151)
seukuran Eropabarat (p.11)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
157. V a quilt of fields(p.152)
di tengah lahanpertanian (p.13)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
158. V 35 million tonesof rice(p.152)
35 juta ton beras(p.13)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
159. V 2 percent ofIndonesianfarmers(p.153)
2 persen petaniIndonesia (p.13)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
160. V two other typesof institution(p.154)
dua lembagalainnya (p.14)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
161. V another of thefirst lady's socialprograms(p.154)
beberapa programsosial ibu negaralainnya (p.14)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
162. V a number ofambitious plans(p.154)
sejumlah rencanaambisius (p.14)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
163. V 80 percent of thecountrypopulation(p.154)
80 persen daripopulasi Indonesia(p.14)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
164. V the first of foursteps(p.155)
pertama dariempat langkah(p.15)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
165. V 20 percent of itsspending(p.155)
20 persenpengeluaran (p.15)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
79
166. V a number ofcomplementaryeducationinitiatives(p.155)
sejumlah inisiatifpendidikantambahan(p.15)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
167. V half the size ofthe United States(p.156)
setengah kaliAmerika Serikat(p.16)
- Inaccurate
168. VI The side of SouthDakota MountRushmore(p.160)
Gunung RushmoreDakota Selatan(p.128)
- Inaccurate
169. V 66 percent ofIndonesians(p.156)
66 persenpendudukIndonesia (p.16)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
7. Indicate Quality/ Attribute/
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
170. II a transcendentsymbol of beauty(p.42)
lambangkecantikan yangmemukau(p.34)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
171. II the mine's mind-bendingdisparities ofscales(p.44)
skala disparitastambang yangmemerihatinkan(p.36)
- Inaccurate
172. II a two-mile stretchof Cochin's mainthoroughfare(p.53)
jalan utama cochinsepanjang 3 km(p.45)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
80
173. II the speed andeasy accessof"privatefinanciers" (p.58)
kecepatan dankemudahanmenghubungirentenir (p.45)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
174. II a place of suchstartlingcontradictions(p.59)
tempat dengankontradiksi yangmengejutkan(p.50)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
175. II the nearbymining town ofAnanea (p.60)
kota tambang didekatnya (Ananea)(p.52)
- Inaccurate
176. II an unknownquantity of gold(p.61)
emas yang takdiketahuijumlahnya (p.53)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
177. III a few survivingpatches of salinemarsh (p.93)
yang hidup disejumlah petakrawa air asin(p.71)
- Inaccurate
178. III the test ofpriorities (p.93)
ujian prioritas(p.71)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
179. IV the sleeve of hiswaterproof(p.125)
lengan bajunyayang tahan air(p.91)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
180. IV the ruins of themiserable stonehut (p.126)
puing-puing gubukbatumenggenaskan(p.93)
- Inaccurate
181. V the production offood(p.153)
produksi pangan(p.13)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
182. V different types ofrice (p.153)
berbagai tipe padi(p.13)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
81
183. V a valuable sourceof foreignexchange(p.152)
sumber devisayang berharga(p.13)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
184. V a fair rate ofinterest (p.154)
tingkat bunga yangringan (p.14)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
185. V efficientmovement ofpeople (p.154)
pergerakanmanusia menjadiefisien (p.14)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
186. V the forefront ofthe debate(p.156)
barisan terdepan(p.16) - Inaccurate
187. VI 14 years ofconstruction(p.160)
Konstruksinyamemakan waktu14 tahun (p.128)
- Inaccurate
188. III reduced use oflead ammunition(p.94)
penguranganpemakaianamunisi timbal(p.72)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
8. Genitive: Subjective
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
189. II the allure of gold(p.38)
daya pikat emas(p.33)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
190. II sweat of the sun(p.41)
keringat matahari(p.33)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
191. II the neardisappearance ofyellow-crestedcockatoo (p.52)
nyaris punahnyaburung kakaktuajambul kuning(p.43)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
82
192. II the rising price ofgold(p.58)
kenaikan hargaemas (p.45)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
193. II the rest of her life(p.58)
sisa hidupnya(p.50)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
194. II the perfidy ofmany men(p.59)
pengkhianatanbanyak pria (p.50)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
195. II the arrival ofelectricity(p.59)
masuknya aliranlistrik (p.51)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
196. II the dust of thecity streets(p.60)
debu jalanan kota(p.52)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
197. III the plummetingof migratory birdpopulations(p.91)
berkurangnyapopulasi burungmigrant (p.68)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
198. III one population ofthe grizzly bear(p.93)
satu populasiberuang grizzly(p.71)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
199. III the protection ofthe law(p.93)
perlindunganhukum (p.71)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
200. III the protection ofthe 1973 (p.106)
perlindungan dariundang-undangtahun 1973(p.84)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
201. V clusters of human(p.154)
kelompok-kelompokmasyarakat(p.14)
Literaltranslation Accurate
83
202. V the backing ofresidents(p.156)
dukunganpenduduknya(p.16)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
203. V the breaking upof national unity(p.156)
pecahnyakesatuan nasional(p.16)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
9. Genitive: Objective
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
204. II the conquest ofthe new world(p.41)
penaklukan dunia(p.33)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
205. II buyers of goldjewelry (p.43)
pembeli perhiasanemas (p.34)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
206. II control of goldmines (p.44)
menguasaitambang emas(p.36)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
207. II the depletion ofdeposits (p.50)
menipisnyacadangan emas(p.42)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
208. II the forcedrelocation ofvillagers (p.50)
merelokasipenduduk desadengan paksa(p.43)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
209. II first ingestion ofsolid food(p.58)
pertama kalimenyantapmakanan padat(p.45)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
210. II the brunt ofdestruction(p.60)
akibat kerusakan(p.52)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
84
211. III the pillaging ofocean fishingstocks(p.91)
penjarahan ikanlaut secara besar-besaran(p.68)
- Inaccurate
212. IV the chances ofsurvival(p.127)
kesempatanuntuk bertahanhidup(p.93)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
213. II a love ofextravagance(p.53)
kesukaan untukbermewah-mewah(p.44)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
10. Indicate Amount, Value
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
214. II a total of 100million people(p.44)
kehidupan sekitar100 juta orang(p.36)
- Inaccurate
11. Indicate Time
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
215. V the Asianfinancial crisis of1998 (p.154)
krisis keuanganpada tahun 1998(p.14)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
216. III the directness andidealism of 1973(p.93)
ketegasan danidealisme 1973(p.71)
- Inaccurate
85
12. Complex Preposition
No. Article SL Phrase TL Phrase Translationtypes
Accuracy
217. III a kind ofprotective legalcustody (p.90)
semacam statusperlindunganhukum(p.68)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
218. III at risk ofextinction(p.93)
terancam punah(p.70)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
219. IV the lack of ice sea(p.127)
ketiadaan es laut(p.93) - Inaccurate
220. V a sort of botanicalspeed-dating(p.152)
semacampersilangan cepatbotanical (p.13)
Literaltranslation
Accurate
Articles:I. Science (p.32)II. Gold (p.34)III. The Sparrows of Merrit Islands are No More (p.90)IV. Chasing Nansen (p.122)V. Indonesia-Harmony in Diversity (p.151)VI. Flashback (p.128)