note preposition
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/6/2019 Note Preposition
1/22
PREPOSITION
Definition: Prepositions are a class of words that indicate relationships between nouns, pronouns and oth
in a sentence. Most often they come before a noun. They never change their form, regardless of the case,etc. of the word they are referring to.
Some common prepositions are:
about
aboveacross
afteragainst
alongamong
aroundat
beforebehind
belowbeneath
besidebetween
beyondbut
by
despitedown
duringexcept
forfrom
ininside
intolike
nearof
offon
ontoout
outside
overpast
sincethrough
throughouttill
totoward
underunderneath
untilup
uponwith
withinwithout.
Prepositions typically come before a noun:
For example:
y after classy at homey before Tuesdayy in Londony on firey with pleasure
A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the
For example:
y The book is on the table.y The book is beside the table.y She read the book during class.
-
8/6/2019 Note Preposition
2/22
In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun "book" in space or in time.
Prepositions are classified as simple or compound.
Simple prepositions
Simple prepositions are single word prepositions. These are all showed above.
For example:
y The book is on the table.Compound prepositionsCompound prepositions are more than one word. in between andbecause ofare prepositions made up o
words - in front of, on behalf ofare prepositions made up of three words.
For example:
y The book is in between War and Peace and The Lord of the Rings.y The book is in front of the clock.
Examples:
y The children climbed the mountain without fear.y There was rejoicing throughout the land when the government was defeated.y The spider crawled slowly along the banister.
The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:
Prepositions of Time:
English Usage Example
y on y days of the week y on Monday
y iny months / seasonsy time of dayy yeary after a certain period of time (when?)
y in August / in wintery in the morningy in 2006y in an hour
y aty fornighty forweekendy a certain point of time(when?)
y at nighty at the weekendy at half past nine
y sincey from a certain point of time (past till y since 1980
-
8/6/2019 Note Preposition
3/22
now)
y for y over a certain period of time (past tillnow)
y for 2 years
y ago y a certain time in the past y 2 years agoy before y earlier than a certain point of time y before 2004y to y telling the time y ten to six (5:50)y past y telling the time y ten past six (6:10)
y to / till / until y marking the beginning and end of aperiod of time
y from Monday to/till Fr
y till / until y in the sense ofhow long something isgoing to last
y He is on holiday untilFriday.
y by y in the sense ofat the latesty up to a certain time
y I will be back by 6 ocly By 11 o'clock, I had re
five pages.
Prepositions ofPlace:
English Usage Example
y iny room, building, street, town, countryy book, paper etc.y car, taxiy picture, world
y in the kitchen, in Loy in the booky in the car, in a taxiy in the picture, in the
world
y aty meaning next to, by an objecty
fortabley for eventsy place where you are to do something
typical (watch a film, study, work)
y at the door, at the stay
at the tabley at a concert, at the py at the cinema, at sch
at work
y on y attachedy for a place with a rivery being on a surface
y the picture on the wy London lies on the
Thames.
-
8/6/2019 Note Preposition
4/22
y for a certain side (left, right)y for a floor in a housey for public transporty fortelevision, radio
y on the tabley on the lefty on the first floory on the bus, on a plany on TV, on the radio
y by, next to,beside
y left or right of somebody or something y Jane is standing by /to / beside the car.
y under y on the ground, lower than (or coveredby) something else
y the bag is under the
y below y lower than something else but aboveground
y the fish are below thsurface
y overy covered by something elsey meaning more thany getting to the other side (also across)y overcoming an obstacle
y put a jacket over youshirt
y over 16 years of agey walk over the bridgey climb over the wall
y above y higher than something else, but notdirectly over it
y a path above the lak
y across y getting to the other side (also over)y getting to the other side
y walk across the bridy swim across the lake
y through y something with limits on top, bottomand the sides
y drive through the tu
y toy movement to person or buildingy movement to a place or countryy forbed
y go to the cinemay go to London / Irelay go to bed
y into y enter a room / a building y go into the kitchen /house
y towards y movement in the direction of something(but not directly to it)
y go 5 steps towards thouse
y onto y movement to the top of something y jump onto the table
-
8/6/2019 Note Preposition
5/22
y from y in the sense ofwhere from y a flower from the ga
http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/preposition.asp
-
8/6/2019 Note Preposition
6/22
PREPOSITIONS
1 - PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
9.1 Usage: At, On, In:
These prepositions are used to show the time and date of events, activities and
situations:
e.g.at three o'clock. inJune. on Monday.
9.2Structure: At:
at + particular time: dawn, midday, noon, night, midnight, nine o'clock etc.. e.g. at
dawn.
at + the + a particular time in aweek/month/year: start/end of the
week/month/year, weekend. e.g. at the start ofJuly.
at + calendar festival season: Christmas, New Year, Easter etc.. e.g. at Easter.
at + meal: breakfast, lunch, mid-morning, tea, dinner, supper etc.. e.g. at breakfast.
-
8/6/2019 Note Preposition
7/22
9.3Structure: On:
on + day of the week: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday etc. e.g. on Thursday.
on + particular part ofa day: Friday morning, Saturday afternoon. e.g. on Sunday
evening.
on + particular date: 25 July 2001, 4 January.e.g. on 19 March.
N.B. Onthe nineteenth of March is how this date is read aloud or said in
conversation.
on + calendar festival day: Christmas Day, Palm Sunday. e.g. on Easter Sunday.
9.4Structure: In:
in + the + a part ofa day: the morning, the afternoon, evening. e.g. in the afternoon.
in + month: January, February, March, April, May etc.. e.g. in June.
in + season of the year: Spring, Summer, Autumn. e.g. in Winter.
-
8/6/2019 Note Preposition
8/22
in + specific year: 1988, 1989, 1990 etc.. e.g. in 1999.
in + the + a specific century: nineteenth century. e. g. in the twentieth century.
in + historical period of time: the Dark Ages, Pre-historic Times. e.g. in the Middle
Ages.
N.B. No preposition is used if the day/year has each, every, last, next, this before it:
e.g. I go to England every Christmas ( notat every Christmas )
I'll see you next Monday afternoon. ( noton Monday afternoon )
Martin left home last evening. (notin the evening )
9.5 Usage: For and Since:
These prepositions explain how long an event, activity, situation has continued:
e.g. for three days since last Thursday
9.6Structure: For:
-
8/6/2019 Note Preposition
9/22
for + a period of time: two days, one week, three months, four years e.g. for the
weekend.
This phrase can be used with all verb tenses.
e.g. Michael went to Latvia last yearforthree weeks. - past
I am in Poznan for ten days. - present
My cousin will be visiting the West Indies for two months next February. - future
9.7Structure: Since:
since + a point of time + past tense: last week, the war ended, 1990, yesterday.
The point of time does not have to be accurate.
e.g. My sister and her husband have worked in India since 1991.
Arek has been very ill since yesterday evening.
9.8 Usage: During and While:
These prepositions explain a period of time in which an event, activity or situation
took place:
-
8/6/2019 Note Preposition
10/22
e.g. during the next monthwhileI was swimming.
9.9Structure: During:
during + a noun or phrase: the war, the nineteenth century: e.g. during my
schooldays.This phrase can be used with all verb tenses: past, present, future.
e.g. Magda received many telephone messages during the last week. - past
I am seeing Simon during the morning. - present
Winston will return to England during the Christmas Holiday. - future
9.10Structure: While:
while + subject + verb: to eat, talk, swim, walk etc.... This clause can be used
with all verb tenses: past, present, future
e.g. We will take you to the theatre while we are in London.
While Joannawas in Spain, she didn't go to a bull fight.
N.B.In English, While can often be replaced by when and retain the same meaning.
while + infinitive + -ing (Present Participle): thinking, running, driving etc..
-
8/6/2019 Note Preposition
11/22
e.g. While swimming in the sea, Hania was attacked by a shark.
Ela met Andrew while studying English at Oxford.
9.11 Usage: Before and After:
These prepositions explain accurately the timing of an event, activity or situation:
e.g.before the weekendafter the holiday
9.12Structure: Before:
before + a noun: Monday, Christmas, examinations etc.. e.g. before the weekend.
before + subject + verb: to eat, study, swim, talk. etc.. All verb tenses can be used.
e.g. He spoke to his teacherbefore the examination began.
Before you say anything, I must explain why I am here.
before + infinitive + -ing (Present Participle): to read, write etc.. e.g. before eating.
-
8/6/2019 Note Preposition
12/22
9.13Structure: After:
after + noun: the lesson, the meal etc. e.g. after the journey
after + subject + verb: to draw, sit, read etc.. All verb tenses can be used:
e.g. Patricia was very happy after she won the tennis match.
Why did the Queen smile after the President shookher hand?
After she finishes her studies, Ann will work in Poland.
after + infinitive + -ing(Present Participle): to decide, say, report etc.. e.g. after
crying.
9.14 Usage: By, until, till:
These prepositions describe a time limit for commencement/completion of an activity.
e.g.by Sunday until April 1995 till next week
By means not later than and can be used with all verb tenses.
-
8/6/2019 Note Preposition
13/22
-
8/6/2019 Note Preposition
14/22
9.17 Usage: From - - - - to/until:
From ..... to/until defines the beginning and end of a period of time, present, past
or future:
e.g. from April 1989 to July fromNovemberuntil March
9.18Structure: From - - - - - to/until/till:
From + time/day/date/year to + time/day/date/year and can be used with all verb
tenses.
e.g. From 1987 until 1991, Mary was at university in Leeds.
Each day, Arthur works in the bankfrom nine till five thirty.
My shop will be closed from 1st July to 31st August
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE - 2
10.1 Usage: At, on, in:
At, on and in are prepositions of place and show the position of people, places and
things:
-
8/6/2019 Note Preposition
15/22
e.g.at the cinema on the wall in the shop
10.2Structure: At:
at + the + place: the cinema, theatre, school, cross roads etc.. e.g. at the bank.
at + specific place: Heathrow Airport, Buckingham Palace: e.g. at Notre Dame
Cathedral.
at + specific address including the house number/name: e.g. at 33 rue de La
Fayette, Paris.
N.B.In English, at is not normally used with names of villages, towns and cities.
10.3Structure: On:
on + a/the + surface ofa place or object: shelf, wall, floor, ceiling etc.. e.g. on the
table.
on + the directions: left/right/other side/nearside/far side: e.g. on the left.
-
8/6/2019 Note Preposition
16/22
on + levels ofabuilding: first floor, second floor, top floor etc.. e.g. on the ground
floor.
on + the + parts ofa ship: port side/ starboard side/bow/stern.
on + parts of the body: his foot, her leg, our heads etc.. e.g. on his left arm.
on + a/the + types of transport:horse, bicycle, train, foot etc.. e.g. on the ferry, on a
horse.
N.B. English people say in a car( noton a car).
10.4Structure: In:
in + names of countries: France, England, Poland etc.. e.g. in Belgium.
in + names of towns, villages, cities: Warsaw, London etc.. e.g. in Brussels.
in + named places: Buckingham Palace, the Louvre etc.. e.g. in Windsor Castle.
in + the + geographical regions: Auvergne, Lake District etc.. e.g. in the Alps.
-
8/6/2019 Note Preposition
17/22
in + streets, roads, avenues: Moniuszki, Fish Street etc.. e.g. in Stratford Avenue.
in + the + rooms and places: kitchen, bedroom, foyer, auditorium etc.. e.g. in the
bathroom.
in + the + weather: sun, rain, hail, snow etc.. e.g. in the fog.
in + parts of the body: his foot, her leg, our heads etc.. e.g. in his foot.
in + a/the + types of transport: car, train, van, lorry, aeroplane, shipe.g. in a train.
10.5Prepositions: Exceptions:
A:In English, certain expressions are different, so must be learnt!
at the moment on holiday in a loud/angry/quiet/low voice
at this/that moment on the radio in a good/bad mood
at the same time on television in a bad temper
at no time on the menu in a suit
at present on the agenda in a new dress
at the end/beginning in clean/dirty/new shoes
-
8/6/2019 Note Preposition
18/22
B: Some expressions are used without a/the, here are some common examples:
at school in bed
at home in business
at school in hospital
at school in prison
at work
at university
at 37 k.p.h.
C: Both on and in can be used for types of transport and parts of the body:
On is used when the part of the body/type of transport is the most important detail.
In is used when position is the most important piece of information.
e.g. Peter travelled to London on the train. - type
John sat in the last carriage of the London train. - position
Joanna has a cut on her left arm. - part of the body
Ania has broken a bone in her wrist. - position in the body
-
8/6/2019 Note Preposition
19/22
D: At and in can be used with places which can contain large numbers of people:
cinema, theatre, church, stadium etc..
At is used when the activity is the most important piece of information.
In is used when the place/position is the most important detail.
e.g. I will meet you for a meal at the usual restaurant.
Richard and Magda met in the foyer of the Royal Theatre.
E:Both at and to can be used with places:
At is used when there is no active movement in the phrase/sentence.
To is used when there is movement in the phrase/sentence
e.g. At school, there are forty teachers and four hundred pupils. - no movement
Marcin is cycling to London to visit his friends. - movement
F:Both at and to can follow certain verbs: the meaning of the verb is different in each
case: to throw, run, shout.
e.g. Bill threw a stone to me. ( a friendly action )
Bill threw a stone at me. ( a hostile action: intending to hurt someone )
-
8/6/2019 Note Preposition
20/22
Maria ran to me. ( a friendly action )
Maria ran at me ( a hostile action: intending to attack )
Eric shouted to me. ( a friendly action )
Eric shouted at me ( a hostile action: intending to express anger )
G: The preposition by is often used with transport when the type of transport is very
important: the common examples are: by aeroplane, bicycle, horse, car, ferry, horse,
lorry, ship, train
e.g. The businessmen travelled to Africa byaeroplane and in Africa, they
travelled by car.
N.B. Walking is travel on foot ( not by foot )
http://www.world-english.org/prepositions.htm
-
8/6/2019 Note Preposition
21/22
Lesson 8- Prepositions
( 8) PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions are words placed before Nouns and Pronouns. They are used to
show time, position and direction.
Examples of Prepositions showing time:
My birthday falls in September.
Most shops are closed on Sunday.
I have an appointment at 9 o'clock.
Examples of Prepositions showing position:
He is standing at the door.
The glass is onthe table.
The cat is sleeping under the chair.
Examples of Prepositions showing direction:
She got into the taxi.
The girl is walking towards her mother.
I have to goto town.
Other examples of expressions using prepositions:
The picture was drawn by his brother.
She likes to go out with her friends.
They say I walklike my father.
Her parents give her a boxofsweets.
-
8/6/2019 Note Preposition
22/22
Expressions using Prepositions:
good at get up fall off interested in
clever at wake up get off involved in
bad at look up set off send inpoint at clean up break off work in
stare at add up finish off fill in
fight against get into turn on made of
speak against cash into switch on built of
vote against ump into get on a box of
hit against turn into carry on half of
lean against dive into put it on many of
http://www.myenglishgrammar.com/english/lesson-8-prepositions.html