the abstract titles of computer workshop
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In the name of GOD. The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop. S.M.Mirzababaei 1388-89. History. 2000 BC - Abacuses 1614 AD - Slide Rules 1640 AD - Adding Machine 1671 AD - Calculating Machine 1745 AD - Jacquard Machine 1812 AD - Differential Machine - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
S.M.Mirzababaei
1388-89
Tehran University
In the name of GOD
History
• 2000 BC - Abacuses • 1614 AD - Slide Rules• 1640 AD - Adding Machine• 1671 AD - Calculating Machine• 1745 AD - Jacquard Machine• 1812 AD - Differential Machine• 1822 AD - Analytic Machine (Charles Babbage)• 1937 AD - Mark-1• 1944 AD - ENIAC• 1949 AD - EDVAC• 1951 AD - UNIVAC• 1953 AD - IBM
2The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Computer Generations
• 1st: Electro Mechanical– 103 Instruction Per Second
• 2nd: Transistor Based– 106 Instruction Per Second
• 3rd: IC Based– 109 Instruction Per Second
• 4th: VLSI Based– 1012Instruction Per Second
• 5th: Artificial Intelligence, Optical Systems, Wireless Communications, …
3The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Essential Parts
• Vacuum Tubes• Resistor• Capacitor• Relay• Transistor• ICs• Diode• Crystals• Some Sensors• LEDs & LCDs• …
4The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Bytes & Gates• Wire States:
– Analog– Digital
• Multi States: 0,1, 2, 3, 4, …– Binary Digital
• One (1), Zero (0), High Impedance (Z)• Important Gates are:
– AND, OR, NAND, NOR, NOT, XOR, XNOR• 1 bit = one binary digit• 4 bits = 1 Nibble• 8 bits = 1 Byte• 16 bits = 1 Word• 32 bits = a double word• 64 bits = a quad word
5The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Intels 80x86 Family µProcessors
• 4004• 8008• 8080• 8085 Z80• 8086 8088 , 8087• 80186 80188 (µControllers)• 80286 (Protected Mode) 80287• 80386 (Full Protected Mode) 80387
– 80386DX, SX• i486 (80386+387) OverDrive
– i486DX,SX, i487SX, DX/2, DX/4, DX/5• Pentium
– MMX• Pentium Pro• Pentium II • Celeron/ Xeon• Pentium III
– Processor Unique ID• Pentium IV• Pentium D• Dual Core/Core Duo/Core 2 Duo/Centrino/ Intel M Tech• Quad Core/Hex Core/Oct Core (Westmere,Nehalem)• Multi Cores• Many Cores
6The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Other µProcessor Families• FreeScale PPC401
– Apple/Motorola/IBM
• IBM Cell Engine– Dual Hammer Mode
• FreeScale/STI Cell Engine / Play Station 3• GPGPUs / 2.1 Billion Tr/Chip• Single Precision/ Dual Precision
– Catrina /Rita 2006
• Super Computers– Blue Gene/L/C/P/Q– Earth Simulator– Road Runner– IRIMO
• Software– Google’s Map/Reduce Model– Cooperative Parallelism
• MPI, PVM, Charm++
7The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Parallel Processing• Micro Computers• Workstations• Mini Computers• Computers & Main Frames• IDCs vs. HPCs• Super Computers
– Clusters– MPPs– Constellations
• Grid Computing– Volunteer Computing– SETI@Home– BOINC
• Cloud Computing– Google App Engine
• Pervasive Computing– Aura / Aura@Home– Sixth Sense– …
8The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
PC Family
• IBM– PC – XT– AT ISA– PS/2 (Micro Channel Architecture)
• …– EISA
• VESA– Local Bus
• Intel– PCI
• Multi voltage, Multi Bus Width, Multi Speed
– PCI –X– PCI Express– AGP
9The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Memories
• ROM
• RAM
• RAM Buffering
• ECC/FEC– 64/72/80 Bits Data Bus,
10The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
ROM
• MROM• PROM(27xx)
– EPROM (OTP)
• EPROM (UV)(27xx)• EEPROM (E2PROM)(28xx)• FE2PROM(28Fxx, 29xx)
– Charge Pump– SD/ MMC/ Sony’s Magic Gate/ …– Solid State HardDisks
• Size, Price, Life Time, …
11The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
ROM Contents
• POST• INIT• Configuration
– Ascii Table & font– Plug & Play
• Boot Strap• Setup Program• BIOS
• Dual Bios12The Abstract Titles of Computer
Workshop
RAM• SRAM (61xx,62xx)
– Cache Memory (L1/L2/L3)– NVRAM– VRAM (Dual Port RAM) (Samsung’s WRAM)
• DRAM(41xx)• FPM• EDO• SDRAM/PBSRAM/RDRAM/SGRAM• DDR/DDR2/DDR3/
– Double Data Rate-Double Pumped-Dual Pumped-Double Transition
• QDR/GDDR2/GDDR3/GDDR4/GDDR5• PS3’s XDR = DDR2 = GDDR4• MDDR• CAS Latency/t RAS to CAS Delay/t RAS Precharge/t Row Access Stroke
• Packaging– DIP/SIP– SIMM/DIMM/EBDIMM
13The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Interface Parts
• Direct Memory Access (8237)• Programmable Interval Timer (8253,8254)• Programmable Interrupt Controller (8259)
– IRQs• Real Time Clock (M48T86PC1)• Programmable Peripheral Interface (8255)• USART, UART (8250/8251/16450/16550)• Floppy Controller (8271)• ChipSet (82284, … , 82371,82439, PC87306B)
– Above Chips + Glue Circuits + Appropriate Buffers + Bridges• PCI Chipsets
– 430HX, TX, …
14The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Peripheral Devices
• Keyboard• Mouse• Joy-Sticks• Printers
– Laser Jet/ Bubble Jet/ Ink Jet
• Plotters• Digitizers• Scanners• Touch Screens• …
The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
15
Peripheral Devices
• Serial Port– Start Bit– Stop Bit (1, 1.5, 2)– Parity Bit– Speed– Byte Wide
• Example– 8n1, 7e2, …
16The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Peripheral Devices
• Parallel Port
• IEEE1284– SPP– PS/2– EPP– ECP
• DMA
• Hand Shaking
17The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Peripheral Devices
• RS232C– Carrier Detect– Rxd– Txd– Data Terminal Ready– Ground– Data Set Ready– Request To Send– Clear To Send– Ring Indicator
• 0,1 +12v, -12v• D type connector
18The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Peripheral Devices
• Modems– Half Duplex, Full Duplex– MNP1,2,3,4,5
• Error Correction Codes and Error Detection Codes• Data Compression
– Asymmetric Transition in 56.7Kbps Modems• E1 Lines
– ADSL– ITU: V standards
19The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Peripheral Devices
• Fax– V.17 14400bps, V.29, V.27, V21– Fax Groups I, II, III, IV– Class I, Class II (binary file transfers, and
unattended fax transmission)
• Voice Modems• AT Commands Summary
– ATZ, ATH, ATL, ATS, ATD, ATX, ATU, ATO, +Fclass, +++, …
20The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Peripheral Devices
• Sound Card– Frequency Modulation Synthesizer– DSP– Mixer– Wave Tables– PCM, ADPCM– Sound Parameters
• Mono, Stereo• Sampling Rate• Sampling Size• Sampling Time
– Sound Volume on Disk– File Formats
• MID, Wav, MP3, …
21The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Peripheral Devices
• Microphones– Piezo Electric– Electro Magnetic– Carbon
• Speakers– Tweeters– Ordinaries– Sub Woofers
22The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Peripheral Devices
• Cathodic Ray Tubes (CRTs)
• Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
• Plasma Display Panel (PDPs)
• Electro Luminescence Display (ELDs)
• Vacuum Fluorescence Displays (VFDs)
• Field Emission Displays (FEDs)
23The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Peripheral Devices
• Cathodic Ray Tubes (CRTs)– Horizontal Signal and Vertical Signal– Interlacing and non Interlacing– Coloring– Canonic Rays– Calibrated Colors– X-Ray– Dot Pitch– Refresh Rate, …– Resolution– Flat Screens
24The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Peripheral Devices
• Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)– Active and Passive– Polarization– Coloring– View Angle– Speed– Power Consumption– Weight
25The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Peripheral Devices
• Graphic Card– Controller– DDC Line and PnP– α Channel– Text and Graphic Modes (AN, APA)– Screen Size and its Memory Requirement– Accelerators (MPEG,3D, …)– MultiMonitoring
26The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
USB• Half Duplex• USB 1, 1.1, 2, 3
– Transfer Rate, 1.5 (Low Speed,1K5D-), 12(Full Speed, 1K5D+), 480(High Speed), 4800 Mbps (Super Speed, 2010)
• Host/Device/OTG– OHCI/ UHCI/ EHCI
• Classes– MSD, CDC, Style Image, Printer, HID, HUB, . . .
• SCSI Stack• Hot Plug• Plug & Play• Power Consumption• Cable Length, D+/D-, Vcc, GND
– NRZ, JK States
• 126 Devices• Signaling
– Enumeration, Configuration
– Transactions: Control, Isochronous, Interrupt, Bulk
– End Points, Pipes, Frames
27The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
FireWire
• iLink, IEEE 1394• 400 Mbps, 800 Mbps, 3.2 Gbps• Master/Slave• Read
– 5000 files, 300 MB 30% better than USB– 160 files, 650 MB 70% better than USB
• Write– 5000 files, 300 MB 16% better than USB– 160 files, 650 MB 48% better than USB
28The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Wireless Technologies
• Infra Red (Line of Sight)
• Blue Tooth 802.15
• GSM, UMTS, EUMTS(Mobile 4G)
• WiFi/WLAN 802.11
• WiMAX 802.16
29The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Infra Red
• Straight• P2P• Remote Control• Far (10um, warm), Near (0.5 um, cold)• IrdA• Serial Port Stack• TxD & RxD• SIR up to 115kbps• MIR up to 1.152 mbps• FIR up to 4mbps• VFIR up to 16 mbps• XP Support: IrLPT, IrOBEX, ImageIrTran_P, IrCOMM, IrNET
30The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Blue Tooth• Ericson Company, Sony, IBM, Nokia, Intel, Toshiba, …• Peer To Peer• Spread spectrum 2.402 to 2.480• Piconet PAN• Dane King• Privacy Issues• Classes:
– 100 m, 10m, 1m
• 768 kbps• Security
– W/O– Before Connection– After Connection– Symmetric Encryption by 128 bits key
• 48 bits address• IEEE 802.15
31The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
WiMAX
• Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access 802.16.d
• IEEE 802.11 a,b,g• Up to 70 Mbps • Up to 70 miles• Line of Sight 10 - 66 GHz• Non Line of Sight 2-11 GHz• Video on LAN• Wireless MAN• Ad hoc Networks
32The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Storage Devices
• Floppy Disk– 5¼ , 3½ – FAT
• Hard Disk– ESDI, ST506– Drive Geometry CHS
• Large / LBA
– Zone Bit/ Landing Zone/ Interleaving/ Pre Comp/ Auto Park– One Sided Buffer/2 Sided Buffers– ANSI X396.2 Committee– IDE/ EIDE
• Access Time, Data Transfer Rate
– SCSI• SCSI2,WideSCSI, Fast SCSI, Ultra SCSI, Ultra 2
– PCB Assembly, HAD, Clean Room
33The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Optical Drives
• AT Attachment– PATA, SATA
– SATA, SATA II, SATA III• Hot Plug, Driver, RAID, Low Cost, Air Cond., Cable Length
• CD Silver/Gold• Double Sided/Single Sided• WORM• Super CD• DVD +/-• DVD Ram• Blu Ray• M/O Disks
– Magnetism / Polarization / Warm Laser34The Abstract Titles of Computer
Workshop
Disk Partitioning
• FDISK
• Format /S /U
• Active Partitioning
• Disk Assignment
35The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Network
• Topologies– Start, Bus, Ring
• IP vs X.25• Telnet, Ftp, Web, Gopher, Mail, Trackle, …• VRML• RFS, NFS,IPC, RPC• File Servers, Print Servers• Daemons• PPP
36The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Operating Systems
• Script Programming
• History– Unix, VMS, DOS, PCMOS, Windows, NT, Linux
• Important Commands– Help, CD, Mkdir, Cat, Time, …
• Protected Mode
• OS Installation
• Script Programming
• Multi Task, Multi User, Real Time OS
• Remote Control– Windows, Linux, DOS
• Multi Boot• Hypervisors
– Type I, Type II
37The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop
Script Porgramming
• Linux Shell Script
• Windows Script Programming
• DOS Batch Files
38The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop