the abcd’s of texas education: assessing the benefits and costs of reducing the dropout rate

7/31/2019 The ABCD’s of Texas Education: Assessing the Benefits and Costs of Reducing the Dropout Rate

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1: Qmm Grrmoliz M4 \gnhm M/619 Qmm Grrmoliz M4 \gnhmq M/: gol M/9<2 Qmm Grrmoliz M4 \gnhm M/7



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<: Qmm Grrmoliz M4 \gnhmq M/: gol M/9<9 Qmm Grrmoliz M4 \gnhm M/7



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|jm m``ma|q rm~qkogh ajg~ga|m~iq|iaq gol k|jm~ pg~ignhmq cgy jgpm ko |jm k}|akcmq/ \jm~mf~mqqikoq }qml |k fmom~g|m |jmqm r~mlia|ikoq qjkv |jm m``ma|q |jm li``m~mo| ioliag|k~ pg~ignhmqjgpm ko mgaj k` |jm lmrmolmo| pg~ignhmq *mcrhkycmo|( jk}~hy vgfm( jk}~q vk~eml( vmh`g~m~mamipml)/

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\mzgq makokcy/

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Kom k` |jm cgdk~ g~mgq mzgcioml ny |jm g}|jk~q iq |jm li``m~moam nm|vmmo vji|mq gol nhgaeq io

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\jm omz| icrk~|go| gqrma|q mzgcioml g~m |jm |yrmq k` a~icmq |jg| vk}hl nm r~mpmo|ml i` |jmf~gl}g|iko ~g|m vm~m ioa~mgqml/ Hkajom~ gol Ck~m||i `k}ol |jg| i` |jm f~gl}g|iko ~g|m vgqioa~mgqml ny 72 rm~amo|gfm rkio|q( g~~mq| ~g|mq io fmom~gh vk}hl lma~mgqm ny gnk}| 6 rm~amo| *ghqkrkio|ml k}| |jg| qioam |jm~m g~m ck~m g~~mq|q |jgo a~icmq( |jm |k|gh a~icmq ~ml}aml vk}hl nm

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0> Gck}o| io >229 lkhhg~q akopm~|ml }qiof ARI01 \mcrk~g~y Gqqiq|goam `k~ Ommly @gcihimq *\GO@) hici|q |jm gck}o| k` |icm go iolipil}gh ago ~mamipm vmh`g~m |kìpm ymg~q/



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Vm }qml Hkajom~ gol Ck~m||i gq g cklmh vi|j vjiaj |k agha}hg|m |jm a~icm ~mhg|ml akq|q `k~\mzgq/ Grrhyiof |jm hkvm~ gol }rrm~ nk}ol r~mlia|ml o}cnm~ k` l~krk}|q `~kc >27>( vmagha}hg|ml vjg| |jm |k|gh rm~amo|gfm ioa~mgqm k` |jm f~gl}g|iko ~g|m vk}hl nm `k~ |jm q|g|m i` |jmqmq|}lmo|q vm~m |k f~gl}g|m/ \jm Amoq}q N}~mg} mq|icg|ml |jg| |jm~m vm~m 76(027(>21 \mzgoq kpm~|jm gfm k` 7: io >22:( gol gaak~liof |k |jm GAQ `k~ >226( 79/> rm~amo| k` |jm \mzgq rkr}hg|ikokpm~ 7: jgl ok lirhkcg *]/Q/ Amoq}q N}~mg})/ I` go glli|ikogh <2(=79 q|}lmo|q vm~m |kf~gl}g|m( |jm~m vk}hl nm g /11 rm~amo|gfm rkio| ioa~mgqm io |jm qjg~m k` |jm \mzgq rkr}hg|ikovi|j g lirhkcg( gol i` ghh 61(09> k` |jm }rrm~ nk}ol mq|icg|m vm~m |k f~gl}g|m( |jm~m vk}hl nm g/=6 rm~amo|gfm rkio| ioa~mgqm/ \jm \mzgq lg|g kn|gioml ~kc |jm @mlm~gh N}~mg} k` Iopmq|ifg|iko’q ]oi`k~c A~icm ^mrk~|q *]A^) r~kpilml }q vi|j |jm o}cnm~ k` g~~mq|q `k~ |jm

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0< Hkajom~ gol Ck~m||i \gnhm 77 rf 760



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IA@ io|m~pimvml emy \MG qmoik~ q|gemjkhlm~q0: |k fgio g ck~m gaa}~g|m ria|}~m k` |jm q|g|m’q‘l~krk}| hgolqagrm– *Rk~kvqei m| gh/( >22:( r/ 70=)/ \jmy }qml |jiq io`k~cg|iko gol |jm hi|m~g|}~m~mpimv |k akcrihm g hiq| k` r~mpmo|iko r~kf~gcq |k ~mpimv/ Koam |jm hiq| k` r~kf~gcq vgqilmo|iìml( IA@ qk~|ml |jmc io|k |j~mm |im~q ngqml ko gpgihgnhm mpilmoam/ R~kf~gcq vi|j |jmq|~kofmq| mpilmoam( jgpiof }olm~fkom c}h|irhm ~ifk~k}q q|}limq( vm~m ahgqqiìml gq \im~ 7/ \im~ >akoqiq|ml k` r~kf~gcq |jg| jgpm nmmo |mq|ml g| hmgq| koam5 r~kf~gcq |jg| jgpm cm| qmhma|ikoa~i|m~ig n}| ok| nmmo mcri~iaghhy mzgcioml `mhh io|k \im~ 1/ \jiq |im~ml ahgqqiìag|iko qyq|mcgaak}o|q ok| kohy `k~ |jm ~ifk~ gol o}cnm~ k` q|}limq akol}a|ml( n}| ghqk ioak~rk~g|mq |jmo}cnm~ k` k}|akcmq gol cgfoi|}lm k` ~mq}h|q gol m``ma|q/

@ioliofq¢AIQ gol OLRA+O ~mqmg~ajm~q akoah}lml |jg| ok kom ~iqe `ga|k~ ago r~mlia| vi|j am~|gio|yvjm|jm~ k~ ok| g q|}lmo| vihh l~kr k}|/ Gq |jmi~ q|}ly iq pimvml gq g vk~e io r~kf~mqq gol ok| gìoiqjml r~kl}a|( akcrhm|m ìoliofq vm~m ok| r~mqmo|ml/ I| lil ~mq}h| io g r~krkqml hiq| k` ~makccmolg|ikoq `k~ AIQ g`ìhig|mq ~mfg~liof qmhma|iko gol icrhmcmo|g|iko k` r~mpmo|ikor~ga|iamq gol q|~g|mfimq/ @k~ g akcrhm|m hiq| k` io|m~ogh AIQ ~makccmolg|ikoq( qmm Grrmoliz@/7/

IA@ gqqm~|q l~krk}| r~mpmo|iko r~kf~gcq |jg| |gem g c}h|i`gam|ml grr~kgaj g~m |jm ckq| m``ma|ipmgol( q}nqmw}mo|hy( ilmo|iìmq 7= q|~g|mfimq *qmm Grrmoliz @/>) |jg| r~kpilm |jm `k}olg|iko `k~ nmq|r~kf~gcq/ \jmy ghqk g~f}m |jg| ilmo|i`yiof nmq| r~kf~gcq iq ok| gnk}| ~makfoitiof r~kf~gcq |jg|jgpm q|g|iq|iagh qifoiìagoam( n}| |jkqm |jg| jgpm cmgoiof`}h m``ma|q/ Cmgoiof`}h m``ma|q vm~mlmìoml ny IA@ gq m``ma| qitmq f~mg|m~ |jgo 2/> q|golg~l lmpig|ikoq nm|vmmo |~mg|cmo| gol ako|~khf~k}rq/ Ako|~khhiof `k~ pghili|y gol ~mhmpgoam |j~k}fj ~g|iof gol akliof r~kamqqmq( nmq|

0: Qmoik~ q|gemjkhlm~q io|m~pimvml vm~m4 Hittm||m ^myokhlq *Lmr}|y Akcciqqikom~ k` \MG’q Q|g|mvilm Rkhiay golR~kf~gcq)( Ng~ng~g Eogffq *Gqqkaig|m Akcciqqikom~ k` |jm Lmrg~|cmo| k` Q|g|m Ioi|ig|ipmq)( Dgo Hiolqmy *Qmoik~Li~ma|k~ k` Akhhmfm gol Ag~mm~ ^mgliomqq Ioi|ig|ipmq)( Omhhim ^mymq *Qmoik~ Li~ma|k~ k` R~kf~gcq `k~ G|#îqe Yk}|j)( L~/ Dic Pgo Kpm~qajmhlm *Li~ma|k~ k` Ml}ag|ikogh ^mqmg~aj gol Rkhiay f~k}r)( M~|jg Rg|~iae *Cgogfm~ k` |jm Nmq| R~ga|iamq Ahmg~iofjk}qm)( gol Aj~iq Agmqg~ *R~kf~gc Cgogfm~ gol hmglm~ `k~ |jm Nmq| R~ga|iamq r~kdma|)/



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\mq|iof gol ^mrk~|iof *Q\G^) gol Qajkkh Ajg~ga|m~iq|ia Iolmz *QAI) lg|gngqmq/ Q\G^ r~kpilmqf~glm#hmpmh lg|g ko q|}lmo| rm~`k~cgoam ko |jm Q|go`k~l#9 |mq|q( glcioiq|m~ml goo}ghhy/ Q}ndma|q|mq|ml ioah}lm cg|j( hgof}gfm g~|q( ~mgliof( gol qrmhhiof/ \jm GRI r~kpilmq g ~g|iof `k~ mgajqajkkh( ngqml ko q|}lmo| |mq| rm~`k~cgoam/ \mq| qak~mq akhhma|ml `~kc Q\G^ g~m }qml gqcmgq}~mq k` q|}lmo| akhhmfm ~mgliomqq/ QAI }qmq akcrkqi|m lg|g k` qajkkh lmckf~grjiaajg~ga|m~iq|iaq |k a~mg|m g hiq| k` ‘qicihg~ qajkkhq– *\m~motioi m| gh/( >22=( 0) `k~ mpm~y r}nhiaqajkkh io Aghi`k~oig/ Qicihg~ qajkkhq g~m |jkqm |jg| g~m akcrg~gnhm io qitm( cgem}r( gollmckf~grjiaq |k k|jm~ qajkkhq/ L~mgc Lm`m~~ml R~kdma| ~mqmg~ajm~q akcrihml g hiq| k` 722qicihg~ qajkkhq io k~lm~ |k lm|m~ciom oko#FMG^ ]R ‘rmm~– qajkkhq `k~ mgaj FMG^ ]R qajkkh(ngqml ko QAI gol GRI lg|g *\m~motioi m| gh/( >22=( 0)/

]qiof ako|~kh cmgq}~mq vjmo grr~kr~ig|m |k gaak}o| `k~ li``m~moamq gckof q|}lmo|q ok| ~mhg|ml

|k FMG^ ]R |~mg|cmo| *`gcihy ioakcm( rm~amo|gfm k` hici|ml Mofhiqj r~kìaimoay q|}lmo|q(rm~amo|gfm k` ì~q| fmom~g|iko q|}lmo|q( m|a/)( ~mqmg~ajm~q akol}a|ml c}h|irhm goghyqmq k` FMG^]R/ \jmy }qml g |icm#qm~imq q|}ly |k mzgciom |jm icrga| k` FMG^ ]R |~mg|cmo|( akcrg~iofr~m#|~mg|cmo| lg|g ko q|}lmo|q vi|j rkq|#|~mg|cmo| ~mq}h|q `~kc |jm qgcm q|}lmo|q/ ^mqmg~ajm~qghqk mzgcioml r~m gol rkq|#|~mg|cmo| rg~mo| gvg~momqq hmpmhq/ ^mq}h|q q}ffmq| |~mg|cmo| jgqq|g|iq|iaghhy qifoiìago| gol rkqi|ipm m``ma|q ko q|}lmo|q’ akhhmfm io|mo|ikoq5 omg~hy lk}nhm |jmicrga| iq qmmo `k~ rg~mo|gh |~mg|cmo| *\m~motioi m| gh/( >22=( ii)/

\jm qmakol w}mq|iko *G~m FMG^ ]R q|}lmo|q nm||m~ r~mrg~ml `k~ akhhmfm glciqqikoq |jgo |jmi~oko#FMG^ ]R rmm~q;) vgq gll~mqqml |j~k}fj goghyqmq }qiof ALM lg|g( rg~|ia}hg~hy q|}lmo|q’~mgliof gol cg|j qeihhq( gq cmgq}~ml |j~k}fj |mq| qak~mq/ ^mqmg~ajm~q ako|~khhml `k~ r~m#|mq|

qak~mq *io |jm ngqmhiom 0|j

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Ny }qiof MZRHK^M gol RHGO lg|g( ~mqmg~ajm~q vm~m gnhm |k ilmo|i`y |jm hmpmh k` ajgofm |jg|kaa}~~ml `k~ qrmaiìa akjk~|q k` q|}lmo|q nm|vmmo :|j gol 72|j f~glm/ GA\ gol OAAMR~mqmg~ajm~q cglm m``k~|q |k cg|aj oko#FMG^ ]R gol FMG^ ]R qajkkhq gq ahkqmhy gq rkqqinhm}qiof |jm `khhkviof ajg~ga|m~iq|iaq4 |jm cmgo MZRHK^M akcrkqi|m qak~m( |jm f~glm hmpmh iovjiaj MZRHK^M vgq glcioiq|m~ml( g ako|~kh `k~ r}nhia pq/ r~ipg|m qajkkhq( mo~khhcmo| qitm( |jmo}cnm~ k` MZRHK^M#|mq|ml q|}lmo|q( gol ioliag|k~q `k~ akcc}oi|y |yrm *}~ngo( ~}~gh( k~q}n}~ngo)/ GA\ gol OAAMR ioliag|m |jg| |jm r~icg~y ‘a~i|m~ig `k~ cg|ajiof qajkkhq vgq |k emmr|jm li``m~moam io cmgo MZRHK^M Akcrkqi|m qak~m vi|jio kom rkio|– *>226( r/ >)/ \jiq `k~c k` akcrg|inihi|y cg|ajiof ghhkvq ~mqmg~ajm~q |k mhiciog|m ckq| k` |jm li``m~moamq io qajkkhmopi~kocmo|q ‑ cmgoiof q|}lmo|q g||moliof |jm oko#FMG^ ]R qajkkh g~m akoqilm~ml |jm ako|~khf~k}r gol lil ok| akcm io ako|ga| vi|j |jm FMG^ ]R r~kf~gc( ym| mzrm~imoaml g qicihg~ qajkkhmopi~kocmo|/

^mqmg~ajm~q q|}liml |jm `khhkviof k}|akcm pg~ignhmq |k `ka}q g||mo|iko ko hmpmhq k` akhhmfm~mgliomqq gol akhhmfm io|mo| k` FMG^ ]R q|}lmo|q gol |jmi~ cg|ajml ak}o|m~rg~|q4 ajgofmq ioMZRHK^M gol RHGO Akcrkqi|m ^mgliomqq( ajgofmq io cmm|iof MZRHK^M gol RHGO akhhmfm~mgliomqq q|golg~lq `k~ mgaj q}ndma| g~mg( ajgofmq io cmm|iof MZRHK^M gol RHGO akhhmfm~mgliomqq q|golg~lq `k~ mgaj q}ndma| g~mg( gol rhgoq `k~ |geiof ak~m jifj qajkkh a}~~ia}h}c g|f~glm 72 gol ajgofmq io rhgoq `k~ akhhmfm `~kc : |k f~glm 72 *GA\ gol OAAMR( >226( r/ <)/

@ioliofq¢\jm g}|jk~q’ goghyqmq ioliag|m rkqi|ipm ìoliofq `k~ |jm FMG^ ]R r~kf~gc( |jk}fj |jm m``ma|qitmq vm~m fmom~ghhy qcghh gol |jm qifoiìago| ~mq}h|q vm~m ok| akoqiq|mo| `k~ |jm |vk akjk~|q

q|}liml *GA\ gol OAAMR( >226( r/ >1)/ Jkvmpm~( gq |jm g}|jk~q liqa}qq( ~mqmg~aj lmqifohici|g|ikoq c}q| nm |gemo io|k gaak}o| vjmo akoqilm~iof |jm qcghh( ym| rkqi|ipm ìoliofq `k~ |jmFMG^ ]R r~kf~gc/ Ngqiaghhy( |jm ~mqmg~aj gq r~mqmo|ml qjk}hl ok| nm lmmcml akoah}qipm k` goyrkqi|ipm k~ omfg|ipm om| m``ma| ko |jm q|}lmo| rg~|iairgo|q’ akhhmfm ~mgliomqq k~ akhhmfm g||molgoam~g|mq/ Hici|g|ikoq vi|j |jm ~mqmg~aj lmqifo ioah}lm |jm hgae k` io`k~cg|iko ~mfg~liof |jm o}cnm~k` q|}lmo|q vjk rg~|iairg|ml io |jm FMG^ ]R r~kf~gc( vjk g~m a}~~mo|hy mo~khhml io akhhmfm gollmf~mm akcrhm|iko ~g|mq/ G qmakol hici|g|iko k` |jm q|}ly ioah}lml |jm `ga| |jg| |jm rg~|iairg|iofqajkkhq lil ok| r~kpilm g ~mak~l ilmo|i`yiof vjiaj q|}lmo|q ~mamipml io|m~pmo|iko( gq vmhh gq |jmhgae k` io`k~cg|iko ko |jm io|moqi|y k` mgaj q|}lmo|’q io|m~pmo|iko |~mg|cmo|/ \ji~l( |jmio`k~cg|iko akhhma|ml lkmq ok| ioah}lm q|}lmo|q vjk cgy jgpm ckpml k~ |~goq`m~~ml qajkkhq( golvjk cgy jgpm k~ cgy ok| jgpm ~mamipml FMG^ ]R r~kf~gc q}rrk~|/ GA\ gol OAAMR r~kf~gc

mpgh}g|k~q q}ffmq| |jg| gok|jm~ q|}ly nm akol}a|ml io `k}~ ymg~q( koam q|}ly rg~|iairgo|q jgpmf~gl}g|ml `~kc jifj qajkkh( ghhkviof `k~ |jm q}aamqq k` |jm r~kf~gc |k nm cmgq}~ml ny |jmo}cnm~ k` rg~|iairgo|q mo~khhml io akhhmfm( ~m|mo|iko gol lmf~mm akcrhm|iko ~g|mq/

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ompm~ nm hkag|ml gol |jm |~}m m``ma|q k~ hgae k` m``ma|q k` |jm FMG^ ]R r~kf~gc agook| nmm``ma|ipmhy cmgq}~ml/ \jm }qm k` ~mf~mqqiko cklmhiof( jkvmpm~( vgq }qml |k |~y gol kpm~akcm|jiq liqa~mrgoay/ I` |jm lg|g qm| }qml |k goghytm |jm q}aamqq k` |jm r~kf~gc ioah}lml cmgq}~mq k` io|m~pmo|iko iopkhpmcmo| `k~ mgaj q|}lmo|( ~mqmg~ajm~q ak}hl nm||m~ gqqmqq |jm m``ma|q k` FMG^]R/ \k jmhr mhiciog|m |jm o}cnm~ k` hici|g|ikoq liqa}qqml io |jm r~mpik}q qma|iko( `}|}~m~mqmg~ajm~q omml |k akoqilm~ |jm |yrm k` io|m~pmo|iko r~kf~gc q|}lmo|’q ~mamipm( gol |k vjg|lmf~mm io|m~pmo|iko iq icrhmcmo|ml( |~gae q|}lmo|q gol |jmi~ gaglmcia r~kf~mqq kpm~ |icm iok~lm~ |k cmgq}~m hmpmh k` icr~kpmcmo|( gol `ioghhy |~gae gol cmgq}~m |jm hmpmh k` q|}lmo|iopkhpmcmo| vi|j FMG^ ]R r~kf~gcq/

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gq vmhh gq ioa~mgqm |jm o}cnm~ k` q|}lmo|q `~kc rkr}hg|ikoq |jg| liqr~krk~|ikog|mhy l~kr#k}| k` jifj qajkkh k~ ok| fk ko |k rkq|#qmakolg~y ml}ag|iko |k lk d}q| |jm krrkqi|m( f~gl}g|m jifjqajkkh gol kn|gio rkq|#qmakolg~y ml}ag|iko/ \jm~m`k~m( r~kf~gc mpgh}g|ikoq |jg| cgem~makccmolg|ikoq vi|jk}| |jm mol ~mq}h|q k` |jm r~kf~gc *i/m/ nm`k~m |jm |icm |jmy g~m mzrma|ml|k f~gl}g|m `~kc jifj qajkkh gol g||mol akhhmfm) g~m ok| r~kpiliof |jm omamqqg~y io`k~cg|ikoommlml `k~ g |jk~k}fj( m``ma|ipm gqqmqqcmo|/ Io k|jm~ vk~lq( q|}lyiof |jm m` ma|q k` FMG^ ]Rko cillhm qajkkh q|}lmo|q gol jifj qajkkh q|}lmo|q |jg| g~m ok| io |jmi~ hgq| ymg~ k` q|}ly lkmqok| cmgq}~m |jm ga|}gh q}aamqq k` |jm r~kf~gc’q io|mo|ikoq/ Ghqk( }qiof q|}lmo| ~mqrkoqmq gq i|~mhg|mq |k |jmi~ `}|}~m rhgoq gq g cmgq}~m k` q|}lmo| k}|akcmq k~ kpm~ghh r~kf~gc q}aamqq lkmq ok|r~kpilm |jm qgcm hmpmh k` cmgq}~mcmo| pghili|y gq vk}hl g rkq|# FMG^ ]R akcrhm|iko q}~pmy|jg| gqeq q|}lmo|q i` |jmy jgpm k~ jgpm ok| mo~khhml io akhhmfm/ Ghqk( |jiq mpgh}g|iko `gihml |k

cmo|iko |jm hkag|iko k` |jm q|}lmo| rg~|iairgo|q+qajkkhq vjiaj vm~m ~mpimvml/

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\jm \GEQ rm~`k~cgoam akcrg~iqko nm|vmmo |jm FMG^ ]R q|}lmo| rg~|iairgo|q gol |jmoko#FMG^ ]R q|}lmo| rg~|iairgo|q jgl cizml ~mq}h|q( mqrmaighhy io |jm g~mg k` cg|j golqaimoam( |jm Mofhiqj+Hgof}gfm G~|q gol Qkaigh Q|}limq gol ga~kqq ymg~ akcrg~iqkoq |mq|qak~m akcrg~iqkoq jkvmpm~ vm~m ok| qifoiìago|hy li``m~mo|/

Jifjhy iopkhpml FMG^ ]R q|}lmo|q akoqiq|mo|hy rm~`k~cml nm||m~ ko ghh k` |jm cgdk~g~mgq }qml |k agha}hg|m |jm q|}lmo| mofgfmcmo| ~g|iof *glpgoaml ak}~qm mo~khhcmo|(\GEQ rm~`k~cgoam( f~glm hmpmh r~kck|iko( gol gpkiliof qifoiìago| liqairhiom iqq}mq)/

FMG^ ]R q|}lmo| gol FMG^ ]R q|g`` ~mhg|ikoqjirq vm~m akoqilm~ml icrk~|go| `ga|k~qio q|}lmo| mofgfmcmo|( ckpiof |jmc ahkqm~ |k gajimpiof |jm r~kf~gcq’ fkghq k` q|}lmo|

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^mqmg~aj¢¢R~kf~gcq ~mq}h|iof `~kc mzrma|g|iko4 F~gl}g|iko g~m ~mhg|ipmhy omv/ Akoqmw}mo|hy( |jm~m iq ghgae k` mpilmo|ig~y ~mqmg~aj/ \jm QKQ q}ccm~ r~kf~gc iq |jm kom mzamr|iko l}m |k |jm `ga| |jg|i| vgq lmpmhkrml gq g omg~ ~mrhiag|iko k` |jm r~kf~gc cklmh r~kl}aml `~kc @i`m~ gol E~}mfm~’qJgcih|ko R~kdma| ~mqmg~aj gq go m``k~| |k akcng| q|}lmo| qeihhq g|~krjy l}~iof q}ccm~ pgag|iko/\jm QKQ r~kf~gc icrhmcmo|ml |j~k}fj JIQL iq qm| }r qicihg~hy |k |jm k~ifiogh r~kf~gc cklmh~makccmolml ny |jm Jgcih|ko R~kdma|( vi|j |jm mzamr|iko k` |j~mm rkio|q *JIQL( >226)/ @i~q|(|jm Jgcih|ko R~kdma| r~kf~gc cklmh ~makccmolq |jg| ,7( 022 nm qrmo| rm~ ajihl5 |jm JIQL QKQr~kf~gc qrmolq ,7(=11 rm~ q|}lmo| *JIQL >226)/ Qmakol( |jm Jgcih|ko r~kdma| cklmh~makccmolq q|}lmo|q g||mol g 0 vmme mo~iajcmo| r~kf~gc vjm~mgq |jm JIQL QKQ r~kf~gc iqjmhl kpm~ g < vmme rm~ikl *JIQL( >22:n)/ @ioghhy( |jm Jgcih|ko R~kf~gc cklmh |g~fm|q q|}lmo|qio |jm =|j f~glm5 |jm JIQL r~kf~gc ioi|ighhy |g~fm|ml q|}lmo|q io |jm >ol f~glm gol jgq mzrgolml|k ioah}lm glli|ikogh mhmcmo|g~y f~glm hmpmhq *JIQL( >22:n)/

\~glm#k``q kaa}~ vi|j |jm JIQL QKQ cklmh vjmo akcrg~ml |k |jm Jgcih|ko R~kdma| cklmh/Vjmo akoqilm~iof |jm f~glm hmpmhq |g~fm|ml( JIQL jgq akcci||ml i|qmh` |k mg~him~ io|m~pmo|iko

|jgo |jm Jgcih|ko R~kdma| cklmh gol io lkiof qk rhgamq i|qmh` io g rkqi|iko |k nm||m~ qjgrmq|}lmo|q’ `}olgcmo|gh hmg~oiof a}h|}~m/ Jkvmpm~( |jm lma~mgqm io |jm gck}o| k` vmmeq |jm JIQLQKQ r~kf~gc iq akol}a|ml vjmo akcrg~ml |k |jm Jgcih|ko R~kdma| cklmh cioicitmq |jm gck}o|k` `gam |icm |jm r~kf~gc gaihi|g|k~q gol |jm gqqkaig|ml a}~~ia}h}c jgpm vi|j |jm rg~|iairgo|q/ I` |jm r~knhmc vi|j q}ccm~ pgag|ikoq `k~ hkv#ioakcm q|}lmo|q iq |jm hgae k` gaglmcia gaw}iqi|ikok` go mz|molml rm~ikl( vjiaj iq grr~kzicg|mhy |vk # |j~mm cko|jq vjy vk}hl g kom cko|jr~kf~gc cioicitm |jm m``ma|q k` |jiq hkqq( |jm~mny a}||iof |jm hkqq k` ahgqq |icm ny kom |ji~lqpm~q}q |jm k~ifiogh r~kf~gc a}||iof |jm hkqq k` ahgqq |icm ny kom jgh`/ @ioghhy( |jm pg~ig|iko io |jmgck}o| k` `}oliof qrmo| ko mgaj q|}lmo| lkmq ok| ~giqm ag}qm `k~ ghg~c/ Io `ga|( g `k}~ vmme r~kf~gc |jg| iq kohy ,01 lkhhg~q hmqq k~ 90 rm~amo| k` |jm akq| k` |jm k~ifiogh 0 vmme r~kf~gcgrrmg~q |k cgzicitm |jm r~kf~gc kndma|ipmq io g hici|ml gck}o| k` |icm/ \jm akq| pg~ig|iko

cgy( io `ga|( nm ioliag|ipm k` lma~mgqml q|g`` vgfmq nmag}qm k` g qjk~|m~ r~kf~gc( cmgh( k~ }|ihi|yakq|q/ \jm rgyk``q `k~ |jiq mg~hy k}|~mgaj iopmq|cmo| jgq |jm rk|mo|igh |k nm ~g|jm~ icr~mqqipm( i` |jm ioliag|ikoq k` |jm Jgcih|ko Cklmh g~m io `ga| grrhiagnhm |k |jm q|}lmo|q’ qm~piaml ny JIQL’qQKQ r~kf~gc/

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Io |jm `ghh k` >22=( \mzgq Q|g|m Qmog|k~ ^kyam Vmq| cm| vi|j akoam~oml ai|itmoq( hkaghq}rm~io|molmo|q( n}qiomqq hmglm~q( gol hgv mo`k~amcmo| ~mr~mqmo|g|ipmq |k gll~mqq |jm `mg~q k` ioa~mgqiof yk}|j pikhmoam io Lghhgq( \Z( qajkkhq gol akcc}oi|imq/ L}~iof |jmqm ioi|igh cmm|iofq(‘rg~|iairgo|q qmg~ajml `k~ g jkhiq|ia grr~kgaj |k qjk~m }r |jm akhhma|ipm m``k~|q k` hgvmo`k~amcmo| gol |k nk|j r~k|ma| gol o}~|}~m Uk}~S yk}of rmkrhm– *LmQk|k IQL( >229)/ @khhkviof|jm akoah}qiko k` |jmqm cmm|iofq( Qmog|k~ Vmq| q|g~|ml |jm I|’q Gnk}| K}~ Akcc}oi|y *IGKA)Ioi|ig|ipm/ \jm fkgh k` |jiq ioi|ig|ipm iq |k ‘mofgfm q|}lmo|q gol |jmi~ `gcihimq io cgeiof g li~ma|icrga| ko |jm qg`m|y k` |jmi~ akcc}oi|imq gol qajkkhq |j~k}fj q}ccm~ krrk~|}oi|imq `k~q|}lmo|q( gfml 70#7: ymg~q– *Gcm~iag’q R~kciqm Ghhigoam( >229)/

R~mqmo|hy( IGKA q|}lmo|q g~m qmhma|ml `~kc `k}~ Lghhgq jifj qajkkhq *Glgcqko( Ag~|m~( Cgliqkogol Ok~|j Lghhgq)/ \jm yk}|j qmhma|ml |k |gem rg~| io |jm r~kf~gc g~m moak}~gfml |k ga|ipmhyrg~|iairg|m io ako|io}k}q hmg~oiof krrk~|}oi|imq( piqi| ioq|i|}|ikoq k` jifjm~ hmg~oiof( |ghe vi|jakhhmfm q|}lmo|q gol g||mol qrmaighitml |~gioiof qmqqikoq/ Q}ccm~ r~kf~gcq k``m~ml ny IGKA

r~kpilm q|}lmo|q vi|j |jm ajgoam |k mofgfm io dkn ~mgliomqq |~gioiof( gaglmcia molmgpk~q( dknqjglkviof( gol q}ccm~ mcrhkycmo| *LmQk|k IQL( >229)/ Q|}lmo|q }olm~ |jm gfm k` 70 g~mmoak}~gfml |k qifo q|}lmo| g`ì~cg|ikoq rhmlfiof |k jmhr cgem |jmi~ jkcm( qajkkh( golakcc}oi|y g qg`m~ rhgam/ \jm g`ì~cg|iko iq g akcci|cmo| q|g|mcmo| |jm q|}lmo| qifoq vi|j gakcc}oi|y k~ n}qiomqq rg~|om~( `gi|j#ngqml k~fgoitg|iko( rg~mo|( k~ |jmi~ qajkkh *mhmcmo|g~yf~glm rhmlfm k~ qmakolg~y q|}lmo|)/ \jm q|}lmo| g`ì~cg|iko q|g|mq |jg| q|}lmo|q vihh lk |jmi~ rg~||k jmhr moq}~m f~kv|j gol rkqi|ipm k}|akcmq `k~ hkagh g~mg yk}|j *L}oagopihhm IQL( >22:)/Q|}lmo|q vjk gljm~m |k |jm g`ì~cg|iko g~m mhifinhm |k rg~|iairg|m io |jm dkio| qajkkh+akcc}oi|y dkn `gi~ `k~ q}ccm~ mcrhkycmo| akoqilm~g|iko nm|vmmo |jmi~ d}oik~ gol qmoik~ ymg~q k` jifjqajkkh/ \jm g`ì~cg|iko qm~pmq gq g `k~c k` gaak}o|gnihi|y `k~ nk|j akcc}oi|y rg~|iairgo|q golq|}lmo|q gol q}rrk~|q g ako|io}k}q mcrjgqiq nm rhgaml ko lma~mgqiof yk}|j pikhmoam/ A}~~mo|hy(

|jm~m iq ok cmajgoiqc io rhgam |k cmgq}~m |jm o}cnm~ k` q|}lmo|q vjk `khhkv |j~k}fj ko |jmi~akcci|cmo| |k |jm qifoml g`ì~cg|iko/ \jm akcc}oi|y( ioah}liof ‘Liq|~ia| q|g``( rg~mo|q(n}qiomqqmq( aj}~ajmq( gol k|jm~UqS– jmhrq q|}lmo|q `}hìhh |jmqm r~kciqmq *Lghhgq IQL( >229)/

^mqmg~aj¢IGKA vgq qmhma|ml ny Gcm~iag’q R~kciqm Ghhigoam gq g nmq| r~ga|iam io mpilmoam#ngqml l~krk}|r~mpmo|iko r~kf~gcq5 jkvmpm~( vm lk ok| eokv vjg| mpilmoam vgq }qml |k mpgh}g|m |jiqr~kf~gc/ R~mqmo|hy( |jm~m iq ok gpgihgnhm ~mqmg~aj |jg| ~mhg|mq IGKA r~ga|iamq |k l~krk}|r~mpmo|iko hi|m~g|}~m gol cm|jklq/ Ck~mkpm~( qioam |jm r~kf~gc’q ioamr|iko io >22=( ok grrg~mo|w}ghi|g|ipm k~ w}go|i|g|ipm ~mqmg~aj jgq nmmo akhhma|ml |k lm|m~ciom i|q q}aamqq ~g|m io ~mhg|iko |kl~krk}| r~mpmo|iko/ Io qri|m k` |jiq io`k~cg|iko( l}~iof |jm >220 ‑ 26 qajkkh ymg~ >(291 q|}lmo|qqifoml g`ì~cg|ikoq( gol k` |jkqm q|}lmo|q 717 vm~m ji~ml ny hkagh n}qiomqq rg~|om~q *Vmq|(>226)/

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Ajmae ¢&¢Akooma| ¢

\jm Ajmae & Akooma| r~kf~gc gicq |k r~mpmo| q|}lmo|q `~kc l~krriof k}| k` qajkkh nyr~kck|iof mofgfmcmo| io qajkkh gol hmg~oiof ga|ipi|imq/ Ajmae & Akooma| vgq nk~o k}| k` m``k~|q ny |jm Ioq|i|}|m ko Akcc}oi|y Io|mf~g|iko g| |jm ]oipm~qi|y k` Cioomqk|g iopkhpiof~mqmg~ajm~q( |mgajm~q gol ml}ag|iko glcioiq|~g|k~q( rg~mo|q( gol q|}lmo|q *]/Q/ Lmrg~|cmo| k` Ml}ag|iko( >220)/ I| vgq lmqifoml |k ~mgaj k}| |k ‘}~ngo cillhm qajkkh q|}lmo|q vi|j hmg~oiofgol nmjgpik~gh r~knhmcq– *Ajmae & Akooma|( >22:)( q}rrk~|iof ml}ag|ikogh mofgfmcmo|( golhkvm~iof l~krk}| ~g|mq/ \jm r~kf~gc gicq |k jgpm lmckoq|~g|ml icrga|q ko |~}goay( l~krk}|~g|mq( qajkkh akcrhm|iko( gaglmcia a~mli| gaa~}gh( gol hi|m~gay *Ajmae & Akooma|( >22:)/Q|}lmo|q g~m ~m`m~~ml |k |jm r~kf~gc nmag}qm |jmy mzjini| ‘gh|m~gnhm vg~oiof qifoq– k` liqmofgfmcmo| gol cgy qjkv hmg~oiof k~ nmjgpik~gh r~knhmcq *Ajmae & Akooma|( >22:)/Vg~oiof qifoq k`|mo cgoi`mq| |jmcqmhpmq |j~k}fj g||molgoam r~knhmcq( q}aj gq |g~liomqq(mzamqqipm gnqmoamq( gol qeirriof ahgqqmq/

Ajmae & Akooma| `ka}qmq ko |jm |vk akcrkomo|q k` ‘Ajmae– vjiaj ioak~rk~g|mq q|~g|mfimq |k

mofgfm q|}lmo|q( gol ‘Akooma|– moakcrgqqiof m``k~|q |k akooma| q|}lmo|q vi|j ~mqk}~amqomamqqg~y `k~ |jmi~ ml}ag|ikogh q}aamqq/ \jm~m g~m qiz emy `mg|}~mq |k |jm Ajmae & Akooma|cklmh4

^mhg|ikoqjir N}ihliof(

^k}|iom Ckoi|k~iof k` Gh|m~gnhm Ioliag|k~q(

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*Ajmae & Akooma|( >22:)/

Gh|m~gnhm ioliag|k~q g~m |jkqm vjiaj ago nm io`h}moaml gol ~mpm~qml ny qajkkh gol `gcihyiopkhpmcmo|/ G hkof |m~c akcci|cmo| ~m`m~q |k |jm cioic}c |vk#ymg~ |icm rm~ikl g ckoi|k~ iqgqqifoml |k g q|}lmo|( vjiaj ghhkvq `k~ |~gaeiof q|}lmo|q ga~kqq r~kf~gcq gol qajkkhq/ \jmg||mo|iko |k r~knhmc qkhpiof iq lmqifoml |k |mgaj gol lmpmhkr akoq|~}a|ipm ako`hia| ~mqkh}|ikoqeihhq gol hmg~o |k hkke `k~ qkh}|ikoq( ~g|jm~ |jgo gqqifo nhgcm `k~ g r~knhmc/ Q|}lmo|q g~mmoak}~gfml |k rg~|iairg|m io qajkkh gol ~mhg|ml ga|ipi|imq |k `k~fm g q|~kofm~ g`ìhig|iko vi|jqajkkh gol hmg~oiof/

Koam ilmo|iìml k~ ~m`m~~ml |k |jm r~kf~gc( q|}lmo|q g~m rgi~ml vi|j g cmo|k~( k`|mo aghhml gckoi|k~( vjk ~mf}hg~hy ‘ajmaeq– |jmi~ gaglmcia r~kf~mqq gol hmpmhq k` mofgfmcmo|/ Ckoi|k~qqm~pm gq cmo|k~q( glpkag|mq( gol qm~piam akk~liog|k~q `k~ q|}lmo|q |k ‘emmr ml}ag|iko g qghimo|iqq}m `k~ liqmofgfml q|}lmo|q gol |jmi~ |mgajm~q gol `gcihimq– *Ajmae & Akooma|( >22:)/ \jmyvk~e vi|j `gcihimq gol q|}lmo|q hkof |m~c( `k~ g| hmgq| |vk ymg~q( gol q|~ipm |k cgio|gio |jmgnihi|y |k `khhkv jifjhy cknihm q|}lmo|q ga~kqq r~kf~gcq gol qajkkhq/ Ckoi|k~q }qm io`k~cg|ikofhmgoml `~kc ajmaeiof ko |jmi~ q|}lmo|q |k lmpmhkr grr~kr~ig|m m``k~|q |k akooma| q|}lmo|q vi|jqajkkh gol qajkkh#~mhg|ml ga|ipi|imq/



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k~ ok mpgh}g|ipm ~mqmg~aj io rhgam/ \k nm am~|gio |jg| a}~~mo| ~mq}h|q g~m ok| gokcghimq golq|}limq g~m mz|m~oghhy pghil gol ~mhmpgo|( ck~m hkofi|}liogh ~mqmg~aj iq ommlml/

R~kf~gcq lmckoq|~g|iof ckq| m``ma|ipm mpilmoam ngqm ~mqmg~aj lmqm~pm |k ~mamipm glli|ikogh`}oliof/ Ngqml ko r~mhiciog~y ~mq}h|q( AIQ k` \mzgq jgq |jm rk|mo|igh |k nm g `hgfqjir l~krk}|r~mpmo|iko r~kf~gc `k~ |jm q|g|m( fipmo i|q q|~kof og|ikogh ~mr}|g|iko/ \jm mpilmoam q}ffmq|q |jg|r~kf~gc q|~}a|}~m emmrq q|}lmo|q io qajkkh gol cmm|q g|#~iqe q|}lmo|’q ommlq/ G rk|mo|ighakoam~o iq g hgae k` ajmaeq gol nghgoamq |k moq}~m |jg| mgaj g`ìhig|m iq gaa}~g|mhy icrhmcmo|iof|jm AIQ cklmh/ G c}h|iymg~ hkofi|}liogh q|}ly ommlq |k nm akol}a|ml |k nm ck~m akopioaiof golr~kpm |jm pghili|y k` |jm AIQ r~kf~gc/

\jm Og|ikogh F}g~l’q Yk}|j AjghhmOFm ako|io}mq |k f~kv gol q|~mof|jmo i|qmh` io |m~cq k`

mo~khhcmo| gol akcrhm|iko ~g|mq/ \jm r~kf~gc iq fgioiof q|~mof|j ga~kqq |jm og|iko gq ck~mq|}lmo|q g~m cglm gvg~m k` i|q nmomì|q gol hkof |m~c icrga|q ko |jmi~ hipmq/ G }oiw}m gqrma| k` Yk}|j AjghhmOFm iq i|’q |g~fm|iof k` l~krk}|q gol mzrmhhml q|}lmo|q( gq krrkqml |k q|}lmo|qhgnmhml g|#~iqe gol q|ihh io qajkkh/ Jkvmpm~( |jm hgae k` rm~`k~cgoam cmgq}~mcmo|q gol gnqmoamk` akcrg~iqko |k k|jm~ cihi|g~y#q|yhm r~kf~gcq hmgpmq hici|ml gnihi|y |k d}lfm i|q m``ma|ipmomqq/Mpgh}g|ipm q|}limq q}ffmq| |jm Og|ikogh F}g~l ommlq |k lmpmhkr rm~`k~cgoam cmgq}~mcmo|qnm`k~m goy q}nq|go|ipm m`ìagay mpilmoam vihh nm gpgihgnhm/ Akoqilm~iof i|q qmh`#qmhma|mlrkr}hg|iko gol }h|icg|m ~ma~}i|cmo| fkghq( |jiq r~kf~gc cgy ok| nm g pignhm kr|iko `k~ |jm q|g|mk` \mzgq/

Ajmae gol Akooma| lkmq ok| a}~~mo|hy krm~g|m io \mzgq5 jkvmpm~( m`ìaimoay q|}limq r~kpilm

q|~kof mpilmoam k` i|q m``ma|ipmomqq io i|q krm~g|ikogh g~mgq/ I| iq kom k` `mv r~kf~gcq |jg| jgpmnmmo mpgh}g|ml c}h|irhm |icmq( ckq|hy kpm~ rm~iklq k` qmpm~gh ymg~q/ Mgaj mpgh}g|iko qjkvqrkqi|ipm rm~`k~cgoam io g| hmgq| kom g~mg k` l~krk}| r~mpmo|iko/ Glli|ikoghhy( |jm OLRA+O golIA@ ~mqmg~ajm~q ilmo|iìml Ajmae gol Akooma| gq rk|mo|ighhy pignhm io \mzgq/ Fipmo Ajmae golAkooma|’q q}aamqq io Cioomqk|g( \mzgq qjk}hl akoqilm~ icrhmcmo|iof |jm r~kf~gc gq rg~| k` i|qkpm~ghh l~krk}| r~mpmo|iko q|~g|mfy/

FMG^ ]R f~go|q g~m lmqifoml |k jmhr g qajkkh liq|~ia| icrhmcmo| |jm r~kf~gc `k~ |jm ioi|igh qizymg~q/ L}~iof |jg| |icm( |jm liq|~ia| qjk}hl nm gnhm |k qma}~m `}oliof |k ako|io}m |jm r~kf~gc/Qiz ymg~q iq glmw}g|m |icm |k gaw}i~m k|jm~ f~go|q gol ngaeiof5 i` liq|~ia|q g~m }ognhm k~ }ovihhiof|k r}| `k~|j |jm m``k~|( i| qmolq |jm qifogh |jg| |jmy g~m ok| |~}hy lmliag|ml |k cgeiof |jm r~kf~gcvk~e `k~ i|q q|}lmo|q k~ |jg| |jmy jgpm ~mgqko |k nmhimpm i| vihh ok| nm m``ma|ipm/

Vjihm |jm ~mqmg~aj cklmh `k~ Gn~imolk R}m~|gq jgq q|~kof mpilmoam k` m``ma|ipmomqq io jmgh|j~mhg|ml ìmhlq( ok mpilmo|ig~y ngqiq mziq|q ko vjiaj |k ~makccmol `}oliof/ ]o`k~|}og|mhy(Gn~imolk R}m~|gq jgq jgl ok mpgh}g|iko akol}a|ml |k lm|m~ciom vjm|jm~ k~ ok| i| iq go m``ma|ipmgrr~kgaj `k~ ml}ag|iko ~mhg|ml |kriaq q}aj gq l~krk}| r~mpmo|iko/ I| qk}olq hiem |jm r~kf~gcqjk}hl nm m``ma|ipm/ Jkvmpm~( Gn~imolk R}m~|gq ommlq |k mofgfm io r~mhiciog~y r~kf~gcmpgh}g|iko nm`k~m vm ago ~makccmol |jg| i| ~mamipm goy q|g|m `}oliof/



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the abcd’s of texas education: assessing the benefits and costs of reducing the dropout rate

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