the 1960s & early 1970s chapters 31 & 32
DESCRIPTION
The 1960s & Early 1970s Chapters 31 & 32. “Each time you stand up for an ideal, you send forth a tiny ripple of hope. - Robert Kennedy Mrs. Price / APUSH. The Sixties. THE SIXTIES. LIVING WITH GREAT TURMOIL. Election of 1960. R: Nixon D: Kennedy Importance of TV: Debates - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
THE 1960S & EARLY 1970SCHAPTERS 31 & 32
“Each time you stand up for an ideal, you send forth a tiny ripple of hope.
- Robert Kennedy
Mrs. Price / APUSH
JFK’S DOMESTIC POLICY
New Frontier Promised end to racial discrimination Federal aid to farmers Federal aid to education Medical care for elderly
Difficulty getting proposals passed
JFK’S FOREIGN POLICY
Flexible Response Expanded Green Berets
Expanding US influence in peaceful ways Alliance for Progress Agency for International Development Peace Corps
BERLIN WALL
Aug 13, 1961: East German govt begins construction of wall separating East & West Berlin
To stop flow of East Germans
BAY OF PIGS
Project began by Eisenhower CIA trained Cuban exiles in Central America April 17, 1961: exiles land at Bay of Pigs,
Cuba No US air support, no support from locals failure
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
Oct 1962 Oct 14: US learned USSR was building sites on
Cuba for nuclear weapons Oct 22: JFK orders blockade & to prepare for air
attacks Oct 26: Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles in
exchange for US not invading Cuba
COLD WAR TENSIONS
Kennedy and Khrushchev establish a telephone hot line.
The US and USSR sign the Limited Test Ban Treaty-barring nuclear testing in the atmosphere, this eased Cold War tensions
IMPACT OF JFK
Forced integration of colleges Inspired idealism Space program Death allowed LBJ to accomplish his goals
TRAGEDY IN DALLAS
JFK is assassinated on Nov. 22, 1963
Vice President Lyndon Baines Johnson is sworn in aboard Air Force One.
TRAGEDY IN DALLAS
Lee Harvey Oswald is arrested and charged with the murder of the President.
The Warren Commission concludes that Oswald acted alone.
LBJ’S PATH TO POWER:
Johnson's imitates FDR’s leadership style.
LBJ’s connection in Congress and Southern Protestant background secure him a slot with JFK.
The “Johnson Treatment”
JOHNSON’S DOMESTIC AGENDA: THE GREAT SOCIETY
Civil Rights Act of 1964: banned discrimination based on race, religion, national origin and gender.
Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC): to try to eliminate discriminatory hiring
WAR ON POVERTY
LBJ declares an “unconditional war on poverty.”
Economic Opportunity Act (1964): provided $1 billion for youth programs, antipoverty measures, small business loans and job training (Job Corps)
VISTA (volunteers in Service to America) and Head Start are formed to help the poor.
Food Stamps Aid to Families with Dependent
Children
ELECTION OF 1964
LBJ vs. Barry Goldwater LBJ plays to American fears of
nuclear war. LBJ wins by a landside, the
Democrats increased the majority in the Congress.
http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/peace-little-girl-daisy
BUILDING THE GREAT SOCIETY Medicare: hospital insurance and low cost
medical insurance for over 65. Medicaid: health insurance to welfare
recipients 24th Amendment: eliminated poll taxes
THE WARREN COURT
The Supreme Court decisions become more liberal
Baker v. Carr – one person, one vote Engel v. Vitale – outlawed required prayers in
public schools Griswold v. Wainwright – declared a state law
that outlawed the use of birth control by married persons unconstitutional
RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED
Mapp v. Ohio - evidence seized illegally cannot be used in court.
Gideon v. Wainwright - free legal counsel. Miranda v. Arizona – suspects must be read
their rights.
IMPACT OF THE GREAT SOCIETY
Extends the power of the federal government
New awareness of social problems. Debates over the effectiveness of the
Great Society programs result in a conservative backlash.
In 1966 Ronald Reagan a conservative wins the California governorship.
Costs of the programs have skyrocketed.
FREEDOM RIDERS
CORE attempts to test the Supreme Court decisions banning segregated seating on interstate buses
College Students rode the buses
Exposes Southern resistance to federal desegregation rulings.
INTEGRATION OF COLLEGES
Federal troops are needed to get James Meredith into all white University of Mississippi.
BIRMINGHAM 1963
From 1957-1963: 18 bombings in Birmingham.
MLK Jr. came to town to test methods
King led small band of marchers on April 12, 1963
MLK Jr. is arrested by Bull Conner
BIRMINGHAM 1963
King writes, “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”
On May 2nd, King plans a children’s march, Conner arrests 959 of them.
Press coverage shocks nation
Boycotts & protests convinces Birmingham to end segregation
MARCH ON WASHINGTON
To pressure Congress into passing the civil rights bill.
August 28, 1963: Martin Luther King Jr. delivered the "I Have a Dream" speech at the March on Washington
MORE VIOLENCE
September 1963: a bomb exploded in the 16th Street Baptist Church killing four young girls.
FREEDOM SUMMER (1964)
Violence and intimidation prevent millions of African-Americans in the South from registering to vote.
CORE and SNCC planned a voter registration drive in Mississippi
Three civil rights workers are killed because of their work involving voter registration
SELMA MARCH
In 1965 the SCLC decided to march on Selma
King hopes for violent white response to the march to push through a voting rights act.
Over 2000 African –Americans were arrested, Selma sheriff Jim Clark and his men attacked civil rights demonstrators.
VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965
enabled federal officials to register voters and outlawed voter literacy tests.
AFRICAN-AMERICANS SEEK GREATER EQUALITY
Divisions in the civil rights movement over tactics
De jure segregation: segregation by law. (In the South)
De facto segregation: segregation from habit and tradition (the North)
URBAN VIOLENCE
July 1964: race riot in New York
Aug 11, 1965: riot in Watts (Los Angeles)
1967: riots in over 100 cities
MALCOM X
Became a member of the Nation of Islam
1st advocated separatism; later moderated views
Insisted blacks had a right to defend themselves
Assassinated in 1965 by rivals in the Nation of Islam
1968-A TURNING POINT
Martin Luther King, Jr. Tries to organize a Poor People’s Campaign to counter the angry rhetoric of Black Power.
On April 4, 1968 , King is assassinated by James Earl Ray.
REACTION TO KING’S DEATH
Worst wave of race riots in the nation’s history.
June 4, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy is assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan.
LEGACY OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT.
Civil Rights Act of 1968: banned discrimination in housing.
The number of African – Americans elected increased
Affirmative Action: the government passed laws requiring companies and colleges to hire or enroll groups that suffered from past discrimination.
ELECTION OF 1968
D: Humphrey R: Nixon American Independent Party: G. Wallace Violence at Democratic Convention in
Chicago Nixon wins
MOBILIZATION OF MINORITIES
Native Americans (AIM: American Indian Movement)
Hispanics (United Farm Workers – Cesar Chavez)
Women (NOW)
COUNTER CULTURE
Youth reject traditional values of middle class Long hair, shabby clothes Hippies Drug use
NIXON’S FOREIGN POLICY
Nixon Doctrine: US would honor its existing defense commitments but in future countries would have to fight their own wars
Period of Détente with China & Russia 1972: Nixon visits China 1972: SALT I Treaty with USSR
NIXON’S DOMESTIC POLICY
Economically conservative New Federalism: shifting responsibilities back
to states Active on the Environment:
EPA (1970) Clean Air Act (1970) Clean Water Act (1972)
THE BURGER COURT
Nixon appoints Warren Burger, Harry Blackmun, Lewis Powell, William Rehnquist
Was supposed to move court in a more conservative direction
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg BOE (1971): forced busing to integrate schools
Furman v. Georgia (1972): ruled current practice of capital punishment unconstitutional
Roe v. Wade (1973): struck down laws forbidding abortions
Bakke v. Board of Regents of CA (1978):banned quotas in admissions but race can be considered