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By:

Neha Hardikar

Support: Dr. Sudha Kashelikar

All India Institute of Local Self-Government for

Support to National Policies for Urban Poverty Reduction

CITY PROFILE Thane Municipal Corporation

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THANE CITY PROFILE

Regional Setting The city of Thane is located on the North-East of the Salsette Island and on the Northern extremity of Greater Mumbai. In fact boundaries of Greater Mumbai and Thane are contiguous. The city falls on latitude 72050' North with longitude 19010' East. The Central railways main and local lines pass through the city, which connect the city to north-north east and south -south east parts of the India. The Mumbai Agra road and the old Mumbai-Bangalore road, the two important national highways pass through the city which connects the city to all parts of India through road network. Because of this rail and road network, Thane city is well connected to Greater Mumbai. The important national port of Mumbai and Navi Mumbai are at about 25 -30 km from the city. The domestic as well as International airports are at the distance of about 15-20 km from Thane Administrative Status Thane Municipal Corporation came into existence on 1st October, 1982. The area of the Thane Municipal Corporation has been divided into 65 electoral wards. There are total 130 (65 male and 65 female representatives) Elected Representatives plus 5 Nominated representatives. There are total 9 Administrative wards which called Prabhag Samittees. All the works of the TMC are planned taking into consideration about these Prabhag’s namely Mumbra, Kalwa, Uthalsar, Kopri, Naupada, Majiwada, Vartaknagar, Waghle, Railadevi.

Climate

The Thane Climate is typically coastal, sultry and not very hot. It is observed that the mean maximum temperature varies from 35oC to 40oC during the whole year. The area receives average rainfall of 2500 mm to 3000 mm viz. in rainy season while the dry period is observed in the summer and winter seasons.

Table 1: FACT SHEET

Population (Census2011) 18,18,872 Lakh**

Area 147 Sq km

Density 12,373 persons/ sq.km.

Slums 252*

Slum Population 9,82,836*

Slum HH 2,45,709*

Literacy Rate (%) 91.36 %**

Urban Local Body Thane Municipal Corporation

*Thane Municipal Corporation Survey, 2011 -12

** Census 2011

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Economic Base The city of Thane has been the key center of industrial activities which are considered as the engines of the economic growth. The demographic profile shows continuous growth in the population of the city which mainly attributes to the industrial, commercial, administrative and strategic development of the city. The overall economy is versatile and the city does not have a predominant economic base.

Occupation Pattern Considering the pattern of economic generation, the contribution of tertiary sector is more that secondary and primary. The table below gives the contribution of these three sectors:

Table 2: District Income at constant prices (in Rs. crores) Years Primary % Secondary % Tertiary % 93-94 585 6.02 4424 45.36 4742 48.62 98-99 698 4.92 6294 44.32 7208 50.76

2003-04 889 4.42 7221 36.22 11552 58.75 The table above illustrates that there has been substantial growth in tertiary sector and it grew from 48.62 % to 58.75% in a decade. As per City Development Plan, the employment available in the Thane City is 1,76,893 and that available in the district is 7,56,656. Hence the employment available in the Thane City when compared with that of the Urban Thane District is about 23%. Demographic profile

The demographic characteristics i.e. the emerging trend in population growth, its characteristics, spatial distribution are sure to have profound influence on the structure and size of the city. It is therefore essential and interesting to study the dynamics of population growth and structure of city. The census data reveals that the population of Thane has increased continuously since 1931. The increase was 68.6% during the decade 1941-51 and by 59% during 1951-61. The rate of growth was noticed to be 50.1% during 1961 -71. The annual growth rate during the decade 1971-81 works out to be 8.12% which was the highest in the MMR. The rate of growth works out to be 6.78% during the decade 1981 -91 while the annual growth rate during the last decade was about 5.85%. As per provisional reports of Census India, population of Thane in 2011 is 1,818,872; of which male and female are 966,293 and 852,579 respectively. As per census 2011, it is seen that the average female to male ratio in the city stands at 882 females per 1000 males. Average literacy rate of Thane city is 91.36 percent (1,491,552) of which male and female literacy is 94.19 % (817,828) and 88.14 % (673,724). Total children (0-6) in Thane city are 186,259 as per figure from Census India report on 2011. There were 98,017 boys while 88,242 are girls. Child sex ratio of girls is 900 per 1000 boys.

Table 3: Demography Particular 2001 2011 Area 128.23 km2 147 km2 Population 12,61,517 18,18,872 Decadal Growth Rate 58.52% 51.23%

No. of HHs 2,83,486 ****

HH Size 4.45 ****

Source: Census 2001 and 2011

Table 4: Population Year 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Population 261615 474170 795833 1361517 1818872

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Development Pattern

Thane Municipal Corporation had a population of 7,90,000 as per the 1990 Census. The Thane Municipal Corporation has undertaken many developmental projects and schemes since its establishment in 1982 for balanced development of the city. One of major projects is the Integrated Road Development Project. Taking in view the all round infrastructural development which has taken place in Thane, the Government of India conferred the prestigious ‘Clean City Award’ to Thane in the year 2000.

Post Independence, the city attained the status of industrial city, with a corresponding growth in trade, transport and construction activities. The city population and area increased several fold due to the trans- creek industrial area, one of the biggest industrial zones in India at that time.

With growth in area of the city, the Municipal Council was upgraded to a Municipal Corporation in 1982 by merging areas of Kalwa, Mumbra, Diva and other fringe villages. The areas under the Thane Municipal Corporation (TMC) can be broadly categorized as:

1. Limits of the original Thane Municipal Council 2. Northern areas, bounded by the Sanjay Gandhi National Park and Ulhas River 3. Eastern regions beyond Thane Creek – Kalwa, Mumbra and Diva, merged into the

Thane municipal limits.

Slums Profile: Slums are an unavoidable outfall of the rapid urbanization of cities, as more people migrate in search of livelihood. The estimated slum population in year 2005 was about 5.49 lakh. The overall percentage of slum population is consistent @30% to 35% over the last 4 decades. This reveals that 40% population increase of every decadal growth can be considered as realistic in-migrant population in the city.

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In year 2005, there were about 210 slums in TMC which occupied area of about 275 hectares.

Source: CDP, Census 2001, Thane Municipal Corporation Survey 2011-12

The table below gives the ward wise slum population for year 2005.

Table 6: Ward wise Distribution of Slum Population and HHs, Year 2005 Ward Name

Kopari Kalwa Railadevi Vartak Nagar

Mumbra Man-pada

Wagle Estate

Uthalsar Naupada Total

No. of HHs in slum

7479 21828 24998 10253 11717 21804 3430 3306 5140 109955

Population in slums

37395 109140

124900 51355 58920 109010 17125 16430 25500 549775

Source: CDP 2005

The surveys in the slums have been carried out by the TMC’s own initiative. The table below shows the present status of the surveys in the slums at TMC. The table 8 below summarises the slum profile of the Thane city.

Table 8: Slums in Thane (TMC Survey (2010)

Table 5: Growth of Slums over Decades

Year 1981 1991 2001 2005 2011

No. of slums 68 159 210 210 252

Slum dwelling units 32871 56508 89914 109955 ***

Slum Population 141395 254290 420027 549775 982836

Table 7: Slums Profile of Thane, Year 2011 Particulars 2011 Total Slum Settlements 252

Total Notified slum settlements 34

Total Non-Notified slum settlements 218

Slum population 9,82,836

Slum Households 2,45,709

Slum HH size 4

Source: TMC Survey 2010

Mumbra Kalwa Uthalsar Kopri Naupada Majiwada Vartaknagar Waghle Railadevi Total

Total No of Slums

52 42 38 18 18 23 29 13 19 252

Total No of hutments

50179 58596 16388 8450 10967 29356 17328 6904 47541 245709

Total Area (Sq mt)

1073568 1215345 515512 299215 403110 99900 526983 219375 1295449 5648457

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Access to Basic Services in Slums:

All the basic services like water, sanitation etc. have been provided to all notified and non- notified slum settlements by TMC. As part of reforms under JNNURM-BSUP, out of total budget of 2158.87 crores, 644.30 crores earmarked for urban poor under P budget. Resolution is passed for earmarking 25 per cent of developed land in all housing projects for EWS/LIG. The basic services of water supply, sanitation, education, health, social security are also achieved through the BSUP project.

The table below illustrates information regarding basic services for year 2010-2011.

Table 9: Access to Basic Services in Slums

Water Supply % of slum settlements having internal water supply network 100% Household coverage of individual water supply connections in slums 40.2%

Sanitation Household coverage of individual toilets in slums 2.0% Sewerage % of slum settlements having internal wastewater network 58.7%

Solid Waste Management

Household level coverage of solid waste management services in slums

99.6%

Source: Performance Assessment Systems in Urban Water Supply and Sanitation, 2011

Institutional Mechanism for Urban Poverty Alleviation Thane Municipal Corporation has a special department called Slum Improvement and Social Welfare Department through which it is running various schemes for the slum dwellers.

Functions of the Slum Improvement and Social Welfare Department

§ To conduct survey and prepare detailed list of the beneficiaries under the slum redevelopment scheme

§ To prepare a list of all slum dwellers on final plots. § To implement various schemes through the Women and Child Welfare Committee. § To implement the Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rojgar Yojana. § To issue photopass to eligible slum dwellers and collect taxes from them. § To declare slums. § To establish public service centres and urban service centres.

There is a Social Development Officer under which one Project Officer and a Community Organizer (samuhasanghatak) is working for the SJSRY. There is other staff also working on various other schemes.

Slum Improvement and Social Welfare Department and the schemes:-

§ Various training to backward class persons like motor driving, MS-CIT, turner, fitter, two/four wheeler repairing mechanic etc.

§ Various schemes under SJSRY training to BPL groups, SHGs of BPL, self- employment for the BPL families etc.

§ Various programme under Women and Child Welfare schemes attendance allowance for parents of the girls of 1st to 10th standard, scholarships, Mid Day Meal scheme, assistance for the marriages of girls, SHGs, seed money for the self-employment etc.

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§ Various schemes for differently abled who are the residents of TMC for more than years

Special wing dedicated for the implementation of the BSUP and RAY schemes

Apart from the Slum Improvement and Social Welfare Department, TMC has set up a special wing dedicated for the implementation of the BSUP and RAY schemes of Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MHUPA), Government of India which consists of the TMC officials, Engineers along with the experts appointed by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation through MHADA, Mumbai.

Existing CBOs, NGOs working in the slums

There are various CBOs like Mahilamandal, Youth groups, etc are exists in the community at TMC. These groups works as for the purpose of the development and other cultural activities in the slums. As and when require, the Slum Improvement and Social Welfare Department also takes help of these groups for making awareness in the community for the schemes of the said department. The NGOs too plays an important role at TMC. The NGOs working in the field of education, health, awareness like abortion of female fetus, dowry, rights and schemes for the minorities and vulnerable group etc. TMC now is in process for tendering for the appointment of lead NGO. They also planning for the engagement of the community residents in the process of RAY.

Overview of Poverty Alleviation/ Slum Improvement Programmes One of the major problems faced by Thane is push factor of migration of population from rural areas of not only from Maharashtra, but from various parts of country. Majority of this influx is settled in the city for earning bread and butter. Considering types of employment available and wages paid in the city, the shelters available in the city, is cost-wise unaffordable.

To reduce the poverty, TMC is undertaking many poverty alleviation schemes, under which housing and basic services are provided for slum dwellers. Few of these schemes are mentioned below: · National Slum Development Programme (NSDP) · S.R.D. schemes (Slum Redevelopment Scheme) · VAMBAY Scheme · BSUP Scheme · RAY Scheme

N.S.D.P. / Backward Class Development Fund / Dalit Vasti Sudharana Yojana Various funds available from GOI / GOM and Municipal budget have been utilized for betterment of slum dwellers and backward class community. Amenities like provision of pathways, toilet blocks, community centers, drainage systems, water supply distribution, well repairing, bore wells, electric polls, etc. have been provided through this funds.

Slum Redevelopment Scheme (S.R.D. Scheme) This scheme was introduced in the year 1996 by Thane Municipal Corporation. Under this scheme a provision is made in Appendix ‘S’ of Sanctioned Development Control Regulations for redevelopment of slums.

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· Under this scheme slum dwellers are actually residing on slum plot prior to 01.01.95 are eligible for free alternative accommodation of 20.90 Sq. Mt.

· Consents of minimum 70% of eligible slum dwellers is essential for implementation of SRD scheme.

· Personal contribution of Rs.15000/- is taken from each eligible hutment owner slum dweller has to contribute Rs.5000/-.

· The remaining expenses are borne by developers as his personal contribution and he has to arrange to pay Rs.10,000/- by taking loan from financial institution for this developer is entitled to have additional FSI up to 2.50. It is expected of society of slum dwellers to utilize the additional potential of FSI to sell in open market to recover the cost of construction of tenements of slum dwellers.

Till 2005, total 58 nos. of proposals were received and 43 schemes are sanctioned by the competent committee. From this 16 nos. of schemes completed and 27 are in progress. Since introduction of S.R.D. schemes Thane Municipal Corporation could rehabilitate 45,000 nos. of slum dwellers. VAMBAY Scheme The scheme is operated in Thane Municipal Corporation area, with the help of non-governmental organizations. At present prime locations such as area reserved for B.M.C.’s water mains, D.P. Roads are targeted for implementation. This scheme includes construction of new houses up to minimum area of 15 sq.mt., up-gradation of houses etc. Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan Construction of toilet blocks was implemented under “Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan” to make city Open Defecation Free city. With the help of MMRDA under “Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan”, in the first phase 2345 seats were constructed at 114 locations and in second phase 4791 seats were constructed in as many as 248 places accounting to a total number of 7136 seats. These toilets have been provided with all amenities such as separate seats for gents and ladies as well as children’s and handicapped people. These 7136 toilets were made available to slum citizens having water supply and electrical facilities with additionally caretaker structures all these toilets were run through CBOs.

Status housing provided under slum development programme: The main projects of housing for the poor at TMC are as follows:

1. SRD (Slum Redevelopment Programme ) * SRD, VAMBAY Constructed units - 11070 DUs * SRD in Progress Units - 6000 DUs

2. PPP (Public Private Partnership) * Completed Housing units - 388 DUs * In Progress Housing Units - 228 DUs

3. TMC has prepared Slum Rehabilitation Programme for 25000 DU’s . As a part of this programme TMC has prepared DPRs of BSUP

Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP):

BSUP scheme under JnNURM is introduced by the central government. Thane is the one of the mission city out of 65 cities of JNNURM. Under the BSUP, main focus areas in TMC are Mumbra, Wagle, Kalwa. Salient features of the scheme are as follows.

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· Construction of new houses · Provision of community toilets · Provision of physical amenities like water supply, storm water drains, community bath,

widening and paving of existing lanes, community latrines, street lights, etc · Community infrastructure like provision of community centers to be used for pre-school

education, non-formal education adult education, recreational activities etc. · Community primary health care center buildings can be provided. · Convergence of social amenities like per-school education, non formal education, adult

education, maternity child health and primary health care including immunization etc.

A significant feature of the work done by the TMC team in BSUP is that the team catalysed community participation on their own eventhough it was not as emphasised and mandatory theme in BSUP as it is in RAY now. Moreover, it retained (in BSUP and now in RAY as well) a significant degrees of responsbilities vis-à-vis community mobilisation and participation to self.

Table 9: The status of the DPRs and progress of the work of BSUP at TMC

Sr.No. DPRs Total Dus

Status of work in progress :-

Period of Completion

of work

Current status of no.

of DU's Completed

No. of DU's in progress

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DPR-I

MMRDA 2134 31/12/2013 1330 857

Sidharth Nagar 688 31/12/2013 260 428

Mahatma Phule Nagar 527 31/12/2013 .- 153

Khartan 160 31/12/2013 .- 160

Final Plot 70 270 31-03-2014 .- .-

Vartak Nagar 270 31-03-2014 .- .-

Majiwade 572 31-03-2014 .- .-

2 DPR-II

Completed MMRDA 295

Kausa 527 3

DPR-III

NaupadaS.N..983 1160 31-03-2014 .- .- 4

DPR-IV

Daighar(Betwade) 720 31-03-2014 .- .-

Kausa(Shill) 422 31-03-2014 .- .-

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Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) at Thane Municipal Corporation

Thane Municipal Corporation is one of the pilot cities under RAY. Thane Municipal Corporation has taken up initiative for the surveys in the slums in the year 2007 to 2009. As the RAY initiated, as per the guidelines the first step was surveys in the slums in the area of Thane Municipal Corporation. It is also described in the guidelines that the survey should be in the NBO format. So the first step taken up by the TMC officials was to study and find out the gaps in the previous survey format and the NBO format. Gap finding activity done and it was decided to update the information of the previous survey and fill the gap fields.

Table 10: The status of the survey at TMC (2010)

Mumbra Kalwa Uthalsar Kopri Naupada Majiwada Vartaknagar Waghle Railadevi Total

Total No of Slums 52 42 38 18 18 23 29 13 19 252

Total No of hutments

50179 58596 16388 8450 10967 29356 17328 6904 47541 245709

Total Area (Sq mt)

1073568 1215345 515512 299215 403110 99900 526983 219375 1295449 5648457

Surveyed Households

28735 41832 16388 8450 10992 25120 12704 5904 35619 185744

Husband Wife Biometric + Photo

113289 34195 10200 1000 7605 99590 48416 5742 16290 336327

Family Photo

149827 209160 60560 8020 21915 99590 49216 5748 16290 620326

Forms Scanned

15629 41220 17000 8100 9995 15980 9800 1870 10150 129744

Initial stage of slum Transit shelter The new building under BSUP

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Figure 1: The status of RAY at TMC

References:

· BSUP Cell, Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority (MHADA) · Census 2001, 2011 · Performance Assessment Systems for Urban Water Supply and Sanitation in Maharashtra

Project data, All India Institute of Local Self-Government, Mumbai · http://www.thanemahapalika.com/