TEXT NOTES

Soon after the US entered WWII, the Allies agreed that the 1st goal was to defeat the Germans. If the Germans won in Europe, the US would be left to face the aggressor nations alone!

WOLF PACK

• Groups of German submarines attacked ships in the Atlantic.

• This type of battle proved costly for the Allies.

In May 1942, 120 ships were sunk. This cost the allies food & weapons.

RADAR

• Airplanes could locate & destroy submarines or direct armed ships to attack.

• Invented by ‘good research & good luck.’

SONAR

• ‘sound navigation ranging’

• Navy ships could hear distant propeller noises from subs or use ‘echo-ranging’ sending ‘pings’ out to rebound off sub hulls.

SUCCESS IN NORTH AFRICA•with the Battle of the Atlantic underway, the Allies began their 1st moves in North Africa.

DESERT FOX!

•Erwin Rommel led Axis forces in North Africa.

AFRIKA KORPS

• Rommel’s forces threatened the Suez Canal & oil fields of the Middle East.

• The British secret decoding machine, ULTRA, revealed Rommel’s plans.

‘RAT PATROL’

•The Allies decided in July 1942 to clear Africa by invading North Africa from the West.

BERNARD MONTGOMERY

led the British 8th Army.

Monty’s armies finally broke through on Nov 4, 1942 & left Rommel’s North Afrika Korps in ‘disarray.’

LANDING IN AFRICA

• On Nov 8 1942 a huge Allied force landed on the west & north coast of Africa.

• 101 of the ship transports carrying 35,000 GIs came from the USA.

CASABLANCA JAN 1943

•Allied strategy to defeat Italy & Germany in Europe & North Africa first!

CHURCHILL SAID:

• ‘It is not the end, it is not even the beginning of the end, but it is perhaps the end of the beginning!’

TEXT NOTES

At Casablanca, FDR argued for an invasion of France in 1943, but the British wanted to free the Mediterranean by taking Sicily & Italy out of the war. Their view finally prevailed.

IN TUNISIA

• an Axis army of 250,000 was trapped, in North Africa & when some tried to escape their transport planes were destroyed.

ROMMEL WAS RECALLED TO GERMANY

• on March 7, 1943 & asked Hitler if total victory was possible.

‘I know it is necessary to make peace….but no one will make peace with me.’ A. Hitler

GENERAL JURGEN VON ARNIM

•surrendered the Axis forces in Tunisia on May 7, 1943.

• He & 16 other generals were taken prisoner.

JULY 10, 1943

•250,000 British & American troops landed in Sicily.

• It was the greatest amphibious operation of all time.

FAULTY PLAN!

•Axis forces escaped to the mainland of Italy but the Italians forced Mussolini to resign.

ARMISTICE WITH ITALY• signed an armistice on Sept 3, 1943 with Italy.

• So Hitler rushed reinforcements to hold Italy for the Axis.

ON JUNE 4, 1944…

the Allies entered

Rome but the Germans held on.

70,000 Americans died in the invasion.

SATURATION BOMBING

• In 1941, the RAF dropped 46,000 tons of bombs.• The British Lancaster

bomber had a payload capacity of 14,000 pounds.

•whole areas were destroyed.

• Incendiary bombs set fire to entire cities & were intended to demoralize the Nazis & force their early surrender.

ARMY AIR CORPS

made its’ 1st raid on Germany in 1942.

They used ‘pinpoint’ attacks to focus on crucial factories.

B-17…….bombers were called ‘Flying Fortresses’

because they bristled with so many machine guns.

V-2•was the world’s 1st ballistic missile!

• It made no warning & dropped suddenly from the sky carrying one-ton bombs.

WERNER VON BRAUN•was the “driving force” behind development of the “V2.”

• Von Braun & JFK watched the launch of a NASA rocket in the early 60s

BY 1944….•Nazi offense gave way to defense.

• Allied planes killed thousands & destroyed 5 million homes.

“OPERATION OVERLORD”

The Allied invasion designed to liberate France.

Nazi held Europe was called ‘Fortress Europa.’

DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER

• Supreme Allied Commander in Western Europe!• Allied Expeditionary Force

• Before D Day, ‘Ike’ gave a ‘pep talk’ to a group of paratroopers.

HITLER SENT 58 GERMAN DIVISIONS

• to France because he thought the Allies would attack Calais, the closest point to Great Britain & because the Allies made him think so!

THE MOST IMPORTANT….

• & best kept secret of the war was where & when the Allied invasion of France would be.

• The cross-channel invasion was dangerous because the Germans had 4 years to build coastal defenses.

JUNE 5, 1944

•A force of 600 warships, 4000 supporting craft & 176,000 men moved toward the Normandy coast protected by an air cover of 11,000 planes. The Allies achieved tactical surprise & the landings were a success.

D-DAY!

June 6, 1944 The largest

amphibious invasion in history!

GIs packed in LCIs prepared to hit one of Normandy’s beaches.

PANZERS• German generals had

wanted to use their armored divisions but Hitler said no.

• He still feared the main attack would come at Calais.

THE BATTLE OF NORMANDY

• from June 6 to July 24, 1944. More than a million men controlled 1500 square miles of Normandy & Brittany.

GEORGE PATTON• led the 3rd Army in

the Battle for France on July 25, 1944.

• “He was known for his pearl handled revolvers & profuse profanity!”

FRENCH FORCES (OF THE) INTERIOR

•The French Resistance or ‘Underground’ came out into the open to aid the Allies.

‘VICHY’

• French who were helping the Nazis & ruling North Africa quickly sided with the Allies.

• All North Africa to the borders of Tunisia was now in Allied hands.

THE US 7TH ARMY

led by General Patch joined the eastward moving troops.

AUGUST 25, 1944

•PARIS WAS LIBERATED BY THE ALLIES!

• Within 6 weeks all of France was cleared of Germans who lost tons of men & material.

SEPTEMBER 12, 1944

•Units of the US 1st Army under Courtney Hodges moved onto the ‘sacred soil’ of Hitler’s ‘3rd Reich.’

SIEGFRIED LINE• A line of fortifications

extending the whole length of the German border.

• Six allied armies with 3 million men faced this line.

TO RUSSIA, WITH LOVE!

• In Nov 1942, the Russians broke the siege of Stalingrad.

• Then captured the German army in Feb 1943.

SOVIET ARMIES…•headed west toward the German border & Romania & Bulgaria surrendered on Oct 20, 1944.

’BRIDGE TOO FAR!’• The Allies failed to

‘jump’ the river-barriers: the Meuse, Waal & lower Rhine.

• A British officer called it “a bridge too far” & the Allies settled for a ‘slower strategy.”

HITLER’S FINAL GAMBLE

In December 1944, 2 German armies struck in the Ardennes intending to sweep through & seize Antwerp, the main Allied base.

BATTLE OF THE BULGE DEC 1944

•Largest and bloodiest battle of the war

• Germans advanced 60 miles into Belgium creating a large ‘bulge’ in the Allied line.

GENERAL MCAULIFFE 101ST AIRBORNE

• was surrounded & asked to surrender by the German commander. He sent a one word reply: “Nuts!”

THE US 3RD ARMY• relieved the 101st & by the end of January 1945

the Germans were forced back to the Siegfried Line.

YALTA CONFERENCE

•Churchill, FDR & Stalin met in Feb 1945 & agreed on plans of Nazi surrender.

• Germany was to be taken apart & forced to pay enormous “reparations.”

JOSEF STALIN• made the Allies

agree to give him half of all German reparations, & promised to declare war on Japan soon after the defeat of Germany.

STALIN PROMISED…• not to interfere in the

countries in Eastern Europe & said he would let Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania & Bulgaria elect their own governments.

ON MARCH 7, 1945…the U.S. 1st Army

crossed the Rhine Bridge at Remagen & by the 1st week of April all the Allied armies were across the river.

EISENHOWER….

• stopped 50 miles west of Berlin at the Elbe to avoid more losses in a needless campaign since Russia was to be awarded the Eastern part of Germany after the war.

3/8 BELL RINGER

• SOAPS the following illustration.

• Objective: Students will be able to identify the countries of WWII in Europe and analyze the influence of the Hitler Youth.

WWII IN EUROPE MAP

•Belgium•Czechoslovakia• France•Germany•Great Britain• Italy

• Label the following countries/regions and denote whether they are Allied, Axis, or Neutral by creating a map key.

•Poland• Soviet Union• Spain• Switzerland• Tunisia•Vichy France

• Turn it in when you are finished, we will work on the Pacific side next week.

HITLER YOUTH

• Create the chart below and fill it out as you read the source on the Hitler Youth. Do this on a separate sheet of paper to turn in. We will add the exit ticket to it at the end of class.

Hitler Youth – Secondary Source

Purpose of the Hitler Youth

How did the Nazis indoctrinate the Youth?

How were kids prepared for the SS?

3/8 EXIT TICKET

•How influential was the Hitler Youth program on the children involved? •What kind of lasting effects did it have on

these children?

• Objective: Students will be able to identify the countries of WWII in Europe and analyze the influence of the Hitler Youth.

TEXT NOTES

Although we were not prepared for World War II, we were in much better shape in 1941 than 1917. Our army had grown to over 1 & a half million men & a huge defense program was launched.

FDR

•was unanimously nominated in 1944 for a 4th term.

• The strains of the Presidency in wartime had taken their toll on FDR.

ELECTION OF 1944

•FDR 432•Dewey 99• “ I say we should

continue to support our president, even if one has never been elected to 4 terms…”

A NEW VICE-PRESIDENT!

•FDR chose Senator Harry Truman of Missouri in 1944.

THE USA

•was threatened by enemies on both oceans for the 1st time in our history.

’ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY’

•agencies were created to focus on war production!

• Including the work of factories, farms & mines, & industrial & collegiate research.

RATIONING

• The government used rationing to provide more resources for the military

SWING SHIFT!

• 258,000 women served in the armed services as non-combatants.

• There were 5 million working in the labor force on the home front.

WOMEN’S AIR FORCES

• performed the hazardous job of ferrying military planes to Britain & other war theatres.

• This is a 1944 photo of pilot Betty Jo Reed.

DORIE MILLER

untrained mess man who shot down 4 Japanese planes at Pearl Harbor.

He received the Navy Cross for his heroism.

DR. CHARLES DREW

• developed the blood bank for collecting & storing plasma.

• Ironically, the plasma of whites & blacks were kept separate ‘for no scientific reason.’

‘WE WERE ALL A FOX HOLE TOGETHER!’

• WWII helped break down segregation.

• After the war, ‘racial equality’ was brought to the armed services.

EXECUTIVE ORDER #8802

•outlawed discrimination

in government

or defense factories!

JAPANESE AMERICANS

were relocated to “detention centers” because they were seen as a security threat.

KOREMATSU V. US (1944)

•Supreme Court ruled wartime conditions justified limitations placed on civil liberties.