terrorism in libya - 16 april 2015
DESCRIPTION
Weekly reports on terrorism within Libya.TRANSCRIPT
16 April 2015
1
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Foreword
Terrorism and ISIS in particular is an existential threat not only to Libya but to the global
community. The murder of 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians in Sirte, Libya, the burning alive of
a Jordanian pilot in Syria, and the recent attacks in France and Copenhagen are only a small
portion of the heinous crimes committed by these criminals in the name of Islam.
The document you have in your hands lists the atrocities committed on a daily basis in Libya.
If these criminals are not dealt with, they will continue to murder, kidnap, extort, and
enslave innocent people with ever greater impunity.
LIAS will distribute these updates on a regular basis so that these crimes are widely reported
and these criminals exposed for what they really are.
Dr. Aref Ali Nayed
Chairman, Libyan Institute for Advanced Studies
2
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Table of Contents Glossary of Actors ...................................................................................................................... 4
Organizations ......................................................................................................................... 4
Individuals ............................................................................................................................. 4
Locations ................................................................................................................................ 4
Map of Libya and Provinces....................................................................................................... 6
Map of Libyan Population Density ............................................................................................ 7
Definition of Categorized Events ............................................................................................... 8
Violence in Libya ........................................................................................................................ 9
Libyan Body Count .................................................................................................................. 10
Islamic State Events over Time ............................................................................................... 10
ISIS Background, Situation, Expansion, and Strategy in Libya ............................................... 11
Overview ................................................................................................................................ 11
Situation ................................................................................................................................ 11
Expansion ............................................................................................................................. 12
Strategy ................................................................................................................................ 13
Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 14
Terrorist Events in Libya ......................................................................................................... 16
Week of 12 April 2015 .......................................................................................................... 16
Week of 5 April 2015 ............................................................................................................ 17
Week of 29 March 2015 ........................................................................................................ 22
Week of 22 March 2015 ........................................................................................................ 24
Week of 15 March 2015 ........................................................................................................ 27
Week of 8 March 2015 ......................................................................................................... 31
Week of 1 March 2015 .......................................................................................................... 34
Week of 22 February 2015 ................................................................................................... 37
Week of 15 February 2015 .................................................................................................... 39
Week of 8 February 2015 ..................................................................................................... 42
Week of 1 February 2015 ...................................................................................................... 45
Week of 25 January 2015 ..................................................................................................... 47
Week of 18 January 2015 ..................................................................................................... 49
Week of 11 January 2015 ...................................................................................................... 50
Week of 4 January 2015 ....................................................................................................... 51
Week of 28 December 2014 ................................................................................................. 52
3
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Week of 21 December 2014 .................................................................................................. 53
Week of 14 December 2014 .................................................................................................. 54
Week of 7 December 2014 .................................................................................................... 55
Week of 30 November 2014 ................................................................................................. 55
Week of 23 November 2014 ................................................................................................. 55
Week of 16 November 2014.................................................................................................. 56
Week of 9 November 2014 ................................................................................................... 57
Week of 2 November 2014 ................................................................................................... 59
Week of 19 October 2014 ..................................................................................................... 59
Week of 5 October 2014 ...................................................................................................... 60
Week of 7 September 2014 .................................................................................................. 60
Week of 17 August 2014 ...................................................................................................... 60
Week of 20 July 2014 ........................................................................................................... 61
Week of 15 June 2014 ........................................................................................................... 61
Week of 16 March 2014 ........................................................................................................ 61
Locations of ISIS and Affiliates’ Activites ................................................................................ 62
Photos of ISIS and Affiliates’ Activities ................................................................................... 63
Endnotes .................................................................................................................................. 72
4
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Glossary of Actors
Organizations Libya Dignity – The military operation led by General Khalifa Haftar commanding the
Libyan Army to rid Benghazi of Islamist militias, he is allied to the internationally recognized
House of Representatives in Tobruk.
Libya Dawn – A coalition of militias based in Tripoli and Misrata, currently under the
command of the now defunct General National Congress.
Libya Sunrise – A faction of Libya Dawn, they are the armed units operating in western
Libya, stationed in Bin Jawad. Currently, Operation Sunrise is attempting to seize the As Sidr
and Ras Lanuf oil terminals from the Libyan National Army.
Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi (AAS) aka Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries –
Islamic Militia
Islamic State in Cyrenaica (Barqa) - (MSSI) Majlis Shura Shabab al-Islam – Islamic
Militia in Derna, associated with ISIL, largest ISIL affiliate
Islamic State in Tripolitania – Islamic Militia, associated with ISIL
Islamic State in Fezzan – Islamic Militia, associated with ISIL
Individuals
Khalifa Haftar – Head of Operation Libya Dignity, allied to HoR, currently leading the
Libyan Army against Islamist militias in Benghazi
Wissam bin Humaid – Commander of Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries (AAS).
Now deceased.
Mohammed al-Zahawi – Former Commander of Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi, killed in
January 2015
Abu Habib al-Jazrawi – Saudi Arabian Emir of Islamic State in Derna
Locations
Tripolitania (aka Tarabulus) – NW province, capital is Tripoli
Cyrenaica (aka Barqa) – Eastern Province, capital is Benghazi
Fezzan – Southern Province, capital Sebha
5
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Derna – Eastern port city, IS headquarters and training center
Sirte – Central port city, IS in Tripolitania headquarters (Ouagadougou Conference Center)
Bayda – Eastern city, Home to Al-Thinni’s cabinet and Constitutional Drafting Assembly
Bin Jawad – Central city, frontline for the As Sidr and Ras Lanuf oil terminal battles
Sabratha – City west of Tripoli, stronghold for IS in Tripolitania
Sebha – Southwestern city, capital of Fezzan, likely the headquarters for IS in Fezzan
6
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Map of Libya and Provinces
MAP 1 - MAJOR CITIES AND PROVINCES OF LIBYA
7
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Map of Libyan Population Density
MAP 2 - LIBYAN POPULATION DENSITY MAP
8
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Definition of Categorized Events
Armed Clashes – Battles or skirmishes between two armed organizations using but not
limited to light, medium, and heavy weaponry.
Beheading – The act of execution by decapitation.
Human Rights Violations – Acts committed by a group or individual that deliberately
disregard moral principles or norms outlined in international laws such as the United
Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Kidnapping – The forceful abduction and detention of an individual or group.
Murder – The act of intentionally killing another human, this includes targeted killings and
assassinations.
Propaganda/Recruitment – The production of media to deliberately spread the
principles or doctrines of an organization in the attempt to further that organization’s
agenda.
9
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Violence in Libya
MAP 3 - VIOLENT DEATHS BY LOCATION
MAP 4 - IS EVENTS BY LOCATION
10
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Libyan Body Count
Islamic State Events over Time
050
100150200250300350400450500
Jan Feb Ma
r
Apr Ma
y
Jun Jul Au
g
Sep Oct No
v
De
c
Jan Feb Ma
r
2014 2015
Murder 20 1 14 7 12 14 77 98 81 79 33 11 38 11 14
Kidnapping 1 1 1
Human Rights Violation 1 7 36 10 73 30 87 13 1 1
Car Bomb 10 1 1 1 7 3 47 14
Beheading 1 1 6 2 21
Armed Clashes 99 4 91 45 355 381 322 357 214 220 123 139 90
Tota
l D
ea
ths
Number of Violent Deaths by Month
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Jul Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
2014 2015
Propaganda/Recruitment 4 5 1 14 18 2
Murder 3 2
Kidnapping 1 1 1 2
Human Rights Violation 1 2 4 1
Extortion 1
Car Bomb 4 3 1 3 3
Beheading 1 2 1 1
Armed Clashes 1 1 8 5 3
Nu
mb
er
of
Eve
nts
Islamic State in Libya - Events over Time
11
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
ISIS Background, Situation, Expansion, and Strategy in Libya
Overview
The launch of Operation Dawn in July 2014 by militias based in Tripoli and Mistrata,
provided the catalyst to sufficiently destabilize Libya’s already fragile political and security
situation. During this time, elements of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, long present
in eastern Libya, seized the opportunity to advance their own agenda. Over the past six
months, IS in Libya has grown from a small group of jihadists in Derna, allegedly sent in
mid-September 2014 by ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, to an increasingly dangerous
force, with bases of operation within all three of historical provinces in Libya.
Situation
The beheading of 21 Egyptian
Coptic Christians in a video
released on 15 February shows
that the Islamic State in Iraq and
Syria (ISIS) has considerable
influence outside areas originally
declared in their “caliphate.” The
video, released by ISIS’s al-Hayat
Media Center, shows the
execution and beheading of 21
Egyptians by militants belonging
to ISIS’s Wilayat al-Tarabulus, or Tripoli Province of the caliphate. Following the
beheadings, the leader of the group declares, in clear English, that Wilayat al-Tarbabulus will
be the base for ISIS’s planned advance on Rome.
In later videos, ISIS members announce their desire to use Libya as a platform for future
expansion and attacks against Europe, notably Italy. An essay written by a prominent ISIS
supporter outlines ISIS’s plans for Libya. The author calls Libya a “strategic gateway for the
Islamic State.” The essay states that “Libya, by the permission of God, is the key to Tunisia,
Sudan, Mali, Algeria, and Niger too. It is the anchor from which can be reached Africa and
the Islamic Maghreb. However, for this dream to become a reality we must move quickly.”
PHOTO 1 – IS LEADER ABU SULEIMAN AL-JAHBATHY
THREATENS ROME
12
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Finally the author states, “(Libya) has a long coastline and looks upon the southern Crusader
states, which can be reached with ease by even a rudimentary boat and note that the number
of ‘illegal immigration’ trips from this coast is massive, estimated to be as high as 500 people
a day, as a low estimate. “According to many [of these immigrants], it is easily possible to
pass through Maritime Security Checkpoints and arrive in cities. If this was even partially
exploited and developed strategically, pandemonium could be wrought in the southern
Europe. It is even possible that there could be a closure of shipping lines because of the
targeting of Crusader ships and tankers.”
Expansion
After the 2011 revolution, portions of the eastern city of Darnah, a city known for its
sympathies for fundamentalist religious groups, had been under the control of Majlis Shura
Shabab al-Islam (MSSI). Members of MSSI appear to have been the conduit for ISIS
representatives to enter eastern Libya. Reports on social media website began showing
members of MSSI implementing hisba (accountability patrols) throughout the city, in a
manner mirroring patrols by ISIS members in Mosul and Raqqa. These patrols were first
tendrils of ISIS’s presence in Libya. By mid-September 2014 photos posted to social media
sites showed several large ISIS parades throughout Darnah. On 3 October 2014, members of
MSSI held a large rally in the center of Darnah declaring baya (allegiance) to ISIS and its
leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. It was later noted by Atlantic Council research fellow
Mohamed Eljarh that a Saudi Arabian named Abu Habib Al-Jazrawi was declared emir of the
newly created Wilayat Darnah. This declaration has become the first substantial foothold for
ISIS outside of Iraq and Syria. ISIS representatives have used Darnah as a springboard to
spread its influence throughout the other provinces of Libya.
The continued political and military chaos in Libya following the ouster of Muammar
Gaddafi in 2011 has provided an ideal situation for extremist organizations such as ISIS to
expand throughout Libya. In the months following MSSI’s declaration of allegiance to ISIS in
October, attacks attributed to other ISIS related groups have occurred across all regions of
Libya.
13
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
During the week of 9 November
2014, three car bombings and four
beheadings were carried out by
groups affiliated with ISIS in the
eastern province of Barqa.
In December 2014, IS affiliates of the
Tarabulus province took credit for
car bombings outside of the
Diplomatic Security Headquarters in
Tripoli, later detonating a car bomb
outside of the Embassy of Algeria. Later
that month, ISIS in Sirte kidnapped a
group of Egyptian Coptic Christians.
On 3 January, members of ISIS in Fezzan, Libya’s southern promise, attacked a Libyan Army
checkpoint in Sokhna, killing 14 soldiers and two cooks while they were sleeping.
Since then, ISIS affiliates have increased the diversity and lethality of their attacks. ISIS
members in Libya have taken credit for the attack on the Corinthia hotel in Tripoli, the
beheading of 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians, and the coordinated car bombing of three
locations in Qubbah. ISIS in Libya has repeatedly demonstrated a willingness to target both
civilians and government officials.
Strategy
Aaron Zelin, Richard Barrow Fellow for the Washington Institute for Near East Policy,
recently stated that ISIS in Libya seems to be attempting to follow the same tactics it so
effectively employed in Iraq and Syria last June. Unlike its predecessor al-Qaeda, ISIS has
effectively used media sharing websites such as JustPasteIt, Manbar, and Twitter to
continually update its supporters and potential recruits that it is active in the areas under its
control. These press releases not only show the results of attacks by ISIS affiliates
throughout Libya, but also show the same organizations distributing dawa (charity) to
children and the poor. Like in Iraq and Syria, the considerably well produced media
publications have been used a powerful tool to build both community support for the group
and attract new recruits.
PHOTO 2 - A MAP SHOWING THE THREE
PROVINCES TO BE GOVERNED BY ISIS IN
EASTERN, WESTERN, AND SOUTHERN LIBYA.
14
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
In regards to recruitment, ISIS
has recently launched a large
campaign to funnel fighters
from other extremist groups
within Libya. Again, this
follows a similar tactic
employed by ISIS in Syria,
attracting fighters from similar
organizations such as Jahbat al-
Nusra and recruiting them to fight
for the Islamic State. The Islamic
State in Libya’s largest target has been Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi. ISIS has released a series
of statements urging the seasoned fighters of Ansar al-Sharia to join ISIS’s ranks. This
campaign seems to have started following the announcement of the death of Ansar al-
Sharia’s leader, Mohammed al-Zahawi. A video released on 27 February 2015, shows an ISIS
fighter calling for supporters to travel to Libya and fight.
Other analysts note that ISIS is using Libya as a regional command center and a launching
point for further expansion. Large stockpiles of Gaddafi-era weapons can be found
throughout Libya. In addition, porous borders allow ISIS to easily smuggle fighters from
neighboring countries. On 25 February, Libya’s Tripoli based government abolished entry
visas for Algerian and Moroccan nationals. Over 2,000 Moroccans and Algerians are thought
to be currently fighting with ISIS.
Finally, ISIS attacks on Libyan oil facilities may suggest their desire to control portions of
Libya’s lucrative oil resources. It is estimated that ISIS in Iraq and Syria generated up to $2
million per day from illegal oil exports. A similar strategy in Libya would provide substantial
funding
Conclusions
As noted in the 5th edition of ISIS’s online magazine Dabiq, its largest foreign base of support
is Libya. The drastic increase in bombings, kidnappings, and beheadings throughout Libya
by organizations allied to ISIS seems to have proven these claims true. ISIS in Libya has been
able to take advantage of the nation’s post-revolutionary political turmoil to establish a base
of support, though to a lesser degree, using the same tactics as in Iraq and Syria. Like in Iraq
and Syria, ISIS in Libya has been able to recruit foreign fighters to join its ranks, as seen at
the Corinthia Hotel. Given heavy military setbacks in Kobane and Mosul, coupled with ISIS’s
PHOTO 3 - A PHOTO FROM AN ISIS PUBLICATION
URGING ANSAR AL-SHARIA MEMBERS TO PLEDGE
BAYA TO ABU BAKR AL-BAGHDADI. THE MEN ARE
SHOWN WEARING THE LOGO OF ANSAR AL-SHARIA
IN BENGHAZI.
15
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
heavy campaigning for immigration by ISIS officials, ISIS members have turned to Libya as
its next area of expansion. Without international cooperation with Libya’s recognized
government, ISIS will continue to flourish in Northern Africa.
16
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Terrorist Events in Libya
Week of 12 April 2015
Benghazi - On 15 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a video showcasing the
use of a wire-guided missile against the Libyan National Army. According to the uploaders of
the video, Byan Media, the operation was carried out from the University of Benghazi.i
PHOTO 4 - AAS EMPLOYS WIRE-GUIDED MISSILE
Benghazi – On 13 April 2015, the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries (SCBR)
released a video interview with Mohammed Drissi. In the video, Drissi denies rumors of his
death. In 2014, Drissi was released from a Jordanian prison in exchange for then-kidnapped
Ambasassador Fawaz Al-Etan.ii
PHOTO 5 - MOHAMMED DRISSI PROMOTES SHURA COUNCIL
17
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Tripoli – On 13 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed responsibility for the
VBIED attack on the Morrocan embassy and the drive-by shooting at the South Korean
embassy.iii
PHOTO 6 - IS CLAIMS ATTACK ON SOUTH KOREA'S EMBASSY
Week of 5 April 2015
Sirte – On 9 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of its military
activities in and around Sirte.iv
PHOTO 7 - IS MILITANTS CONVENE IN SIRTE
18
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Unspecified – On 8 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing the
destruction of CDs that contained haram material.v The photos were most likely taken in
Derna.
PHOTO 8 - IS BURNS CDS AND OTHER HARAM ITEMS
Unspecified – On 8 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video in which a
member threatens Tunisia. In the video, the IS militant stated that once their work is done in
Libya, the Islamic State would then move to Tunisia and free their brothers and sisters from
jail.vi The end of the video shows heretofore unreleased footage of the VBIED attack on the
Iranian embassy.
PHOTO 9 - IS MILITANT THREATENS TUNISIA
19
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Derna - On 8 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showing a
youth recruitment rally in Derna.vii
PHOTO 10 - IS MILITANT RECRUITS CHILD IN DERNA
Derna – On 7 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia released photos showing a convoy of fuel trucks
allegedly delivering fuel to citizens in Derna. The group claims that they were able to bypass
the blockade put into place by the Libyan Army.viii
PHOTO 11 - ANSAR AL-SHARIA SUPPLIES FUEL TO DERNA
20
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Benghazi - On 6 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi posted photos of its troops
engaged in battle against the Libyan National Army. The photos highlight Ansar al-Sharia's
use of snipers, heavy artillery, and mobile anti-aircraft.ix
PHOTO 12 - AAS MILITANT TARGETS LIBYAN ARMY
Benghazi – On 6 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posted photos showing their
most recent military operations near Airport Road in Benghazi.x
PHOTO 13 - IS MILITARY ACTIVITY IN BENGHAZI
21
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Tripoli – On 5 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a video showing a VBIED
attack carried out in Benghazi. The attack was carried out by an Egyptian man named Abu
Musaab Al-Muhajir.xi
PHOTO 14 - EGYPTIAN CARRIES OUT VBIED ATTACK IN BENGHAZI
Misrata – On 5 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed reasonability for the
VBIED attack on the Sdada Checkpoint in Misrata.xii According to reports from social media,
a Sudanese man named Abu Dujana Al-Sudani carried out the attack with a truck laden with
four tons of explosives.xiii
PHOTO 15 - SUDANESE IS MILITANT IN LIBYA
22
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Sirte – On 5 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of a vegetable
market in Sirte.xiv
PHOTO 16 - IS VEGETABLE MARKET IN SIRTE
Week of 29 March 2015
Benghazi – On 4 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos of a raid on a
Christian church. The set of photos show the collection and destruction of instruments and
books.xv In February 2015, the Islamic State in Derna carried out similar activities.
PHOTO 17 - ANSAR AL-SHARIA DESTROYS CHURCH'S INSTRUMENTS
23
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Derna – On 3 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a statement calling Derna’s
Abu Salim Martyrs’ Brigade an infidel and apostate.xvi The Abu Salim Martyrs’ Brigade – led
by former Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG) member Salem Derby – also seeks to
implement Sharia in Derna.
Unspecified – On 30 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos
showing their most recent hisba activities somewhere in western Libya. The set of photos
shows IS militants collecting and burning items they believe to be associated with magic. The
photos are most likely from Sirte or Sabratha.xvii
PHOTO 18 - IS DESTROYS MUNKARAT (PROHIBITED ITEMS)
Unspecified – On 29 March 2015, the Islamic State in Libya eulogized Ansar al-Sharia’s
Mohammed “Buka” Oraibi. The eulogy also chastised the “Libya Dawn Government” for
holding a funeral for Oraibi. According to the Islamic State, Oraibi did not die fighting for
democracy, but rather for the implementation of Sharia.xviii
24
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 19 - IS EULOGIZES MOHAMMED ORAIBI
Derna – On 29 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out an IED attack on
Derna’s Higher Careers Institute, killing three people. The attack is said to have been carried
out because the institute was not abiding by the strict gender segregation policies
implemented by the Islamic State.xix
Week of 22 March 2015
Benghazi – On 25 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a photo showing the
dismembered remains of Bashir Mustafa Agha, a retired member of the military.xx The photo
was most likely taken in the Laithi district of Benghazi – an Ansar al-Sharia and IS
stronghold.
PHOTO 20 - IS DISMEMBERS EX-MILITARY MEMBER
25
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Unspecified – On 25 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing
their most recent hisba activities somewhere in eastern Libya. The set of photos shows IS
militants collecting and burning items they believe to be associated with magic. The photos
are most likely from Derna.xxi
PHOTO 21 - IS COLLECTS AND BURNS PROHIBITED ITEMS
Sirte – On 25 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a VBIED attack on
an Operation Sunrise checkpoint near the steam power station in Sirte. The attack left five
dead.xxii
Benghazi – On 24 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica claimed responsibility for
one of the two VBIED attacks carried out in Benghazi. According to the Associated Press, 12
people were killed in the attack.xxiii Photos from social media show that the Islamic State
used a drone equipped with a camera to capture the aftermath of their attack – a first for the
group.xxiv The attack was carried out by a Tunisian man named Abu Yaqeen al-Tunisi.
Reports from social media and the Libya Herald claim that the Shura Council of Benghazi
Revolutionaries (SCBR) carried out a separate attack in the Masakel neighborhood. Twitter
26
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
accounts tied to both the SCBR and the Islamic State claim that the attacks were carried out
as revenge for the death of SCBR commander Mohammed Oraibi.
PHOTO 22 - IS EMPLOYS DRONE FOR PROPAGANDA
Misrata – On 22 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a remote VBIED
attack in the Zarouk area of Misrata. According to reports from social media, the Islamic
State targeted the barracks of a Misratan militia.xxv
PHOTO 23 - IS VBIED ATTACK IN MISRATA
27
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Week of 15 March 2015
Benghazi – On 19 March 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a set of photos
showing a graduating class from one of its training camps. According to the Long War
Journal, the photographs are captioned thus:
“This is the latest class of the protectors of the Shariah and the opposers of injustice
graduating from the mujahideen training camps to join their brothers in the battlefronts in
order to complete the journey of jihad.”xxvi
PHOTO 24 - ANSAR AL-SHARIA GRADUATES
Unspecified - On 18 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released video and text
that threatened Misratan politicians, Misratan militias, and the current UNSMIL dialogues
taking place in Morocco.xxvii According to Al Wasat, an Islamic State leader by the name of
Abu Mohammed Ferjani threatened to turn Misrata into a city like Mosul or Fallujah.xxviii
PHOTO 25 - THE ISLAMIC STATE THREATENS UNSMIL
28
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
An Nawfaliyah – On 18 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a surprise
attack on members of Battalion 166. According to reports from social media, the Islamic
State first distracted sleeping soldiers, then murdered them with suppressed weapons.xxix
The Associated Press reports that 10 members of the 166 Brigade were killed.xxx
Sirte – On 17 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released 20 foreign medical
workers they had kidnapped one day prior in Sirte. According to Reuters, IS militants told
the medical staff that they would remain safe as long as they treated any wounded
fighters.xxxi
Derna – On 16 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing their
most recent hisba activities in Derna.xxxii IS militants were photographed collecting and
destroying water pipes.
PHOTO 26 - IS MILITANTS DESTROY WATER PIPES IN DERNA
Sirte – On 16 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video showing the
destruction of Sufi tombs in Sirte.xxxiii According to reports from social media, the man who
appears in the first half of the video is named Hussein Al-Karamy.xxxiv Prior to his
appearances in Sirte, Al-Karamy was photographed in Derna.xxxv
29
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 27 - IS MILITANTS DESTROY SUFI TOMBS
Sirte – On 16 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released images armed vehicles
that were destroyed in the armed clashes against Battalion 166 in and around Sirte.xxxvi
PHOTO 28 - BATTALION 166 VEHICLE DESTROYED BY THE IS
Sirte – On 15 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos showing its
troops patrolling the streets of Sirte.xxxvii
30
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 29 - IS CHECKPOINT IN SIRTE
Sirte/Harawa – On 15 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania eulogized the recently
deceased Ahmed Al-Rwaisy.xxxviii Known also as Abu Zakaria al-Tunisi, Al-Rwaisy was killed
during clashes between the Islamic State and Battalion 166. According to the New York
Times, Al-Rwaisy was the mastermind behind the assassination of Tunisian politicians
Chokri Belaid and Mohamed Brahmi.xxxix Prior to joining the Islamic State, Al-Rwaisy helped
lead Ansar al-Sharia in Tunisia.
PHOTO 30 - ABU ZAKARIA AL-TUNISI MEMORIALIZED BY IS
31
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Misrata – On 15 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out VBIED attacks on
the barracks of Battalion 166 and an unknown target in the Qasr Ahmed neighborhood of
Misrata.xl According to reports from social media, the VBIED attack on Battalion 166’s
barracks was carried out remotely.xli
Tripoli – On 15 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a VBIED attack on
a security headquarters in the Janzour district of Tripoli. According to Reuters, five
policemen were injured and another was killed.xlii
PHOTO 31 - IS VBIED IN TRIPOLI CRITICALLY INJURES POLICEMEN
Week of 8 March 2015
Sirte/Harawa – On 14 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania engaged in armed
clashes with pro-GNC Battalion 166 – a contributor to Operation Sunrise. Battles took place
outside of Sirte in the western area known as Daheera and the eastern city of Harawa.
According to Reuters, 17 Islamic State fighters were killed, while others were taken back to
Misrata for questioning.xliii
32
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Ras Al-Hilal – On 14 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posted photos of militants
operating in the vicinity of Ras Al-Hilal, Libya.xliv In the past, extremist militias like Ansar al-
Sharia used Ras Al-Hilal as a staging ground for their GRAD missile attacks against Labraq
International Airport.
PHOTO 32 - IS MILITANTS OPERATING IN RAS AL-HILAL
Derna – On 12 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos titled,
"Missionary Tour in Derna." The photos show citizens of Derna carrying out every-day
activities under the protection of the Islamic State.xlv
PHOTO 33 - IS ACTIVITIES IN DERNA
33
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Unspecified – On 12 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video in
which a man speaking Tebu calls for more Toubou tribesmen to join.xlvi This was the first
time the Islamic State in Libya released a video in the Tebu language.
PHOTO 34 - IS MILITANT CALLS FOR MORE TOUBOU TO JOIN
Tripoli – On 12 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a VBIED attack on
the Dahmani Police Station in the Zawiyat Dahmani neighborhood.xlvii
PHOTO 35 - IS CARRIES OUT VBIED ATTACK IN TRIPOLI
34
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Benghazi – On 11 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos
promoting their military activities throughout Benghazi. IS militants are photographed using
81mm mortars, 120mm mortars, and a 155mm howitzer. xlviii
PHOTO 36 - IS MILITANTS USE 155MM HOWITZERS
Week of 1 March 2015
Ghani Oilfield – On 6 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out an attack on
the Ghani Oilfield in central Libya, killing 11 guards and kidnapping at least 10 foreigners.
Reports suggest that seven guards were beheadedxlix, while another three foreign workers
remain unaccounted for.l
Derna – On 5 March 2015, The Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a video a member of the
Shahhat Security Directorate and a Colonel in the Al Jaweifi Brigade were executed at
pointblank.li While the video does feature the Islamic State’s black standard and a “nasheed”,
it does not contain extensive post-production work like many other IS videos.
35
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 37 - IS EXECUTES TWO LIBYAN ARMY MEMBERS
Benghazi – On 5 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a video showing their
recent activity in Benghazi. The video begins with an Egyptian man calling for youth around
the world to join the jihad in Libya. The video ends with Islamic State militants carrying out
drive-by shootings on civilians whom they call “sahawat”, or supporters of the Libyan
Army.lii
PHOTO 38 - IS CARRIES OUT DRIVE-BY SHOOTING IN BENGHAZI
36
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Derna – On 3 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showing
residents of Derna pledging allegiance to the Islamic State. The outdoor event appears to
have gathered hundreds of attendants.liii
PHOTO 39 - IS EVENT IN DERNA GATHERS HUNDREDS OF ATTENDANTS
Mabruk Oilfield – On 2 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out
coordinated attacks on the Mabruk, Bahi, and Dahra oilfields in central Libya.liv Islamic State
militants shelled the oilfields, engaged in armed clashes, and subsequently captured at least
two of the three oilfields.lv
The Islamic State also carried out an attack on the Mabruk Oilfield on in early February
2015, which left at least 12 dead.
Benghazi – On 2 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a video showing a
VBIED attack carried out in Benghazi.lvi The attack was carried out by a foreign fighter –
most likely a man from Tunisia.
37
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 40 - TUNISIAN FOREIGN FIGHTER CARRIES OUT
SUICIDE BOMBING IN BENGHAZI
Week of 22 February 2015
Benghazi – On 28 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a video calling for
foreign fighters to come to Libya.lvii The video was recorded in the Leithi neighborhood of
Benghazi – an Ansar al-Sharia stronghold. The promotional video concludes with a drive-by
assassination. According to reports from social media, the man assassinated is Saiqa Special
Forces member Ibrahim Mitri.lviii
PHOTO 41 - IS MILITANTS CALL FOR FOREIGN FIGHTERS IN BENGHAZI
38
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Unspecified – On 27 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video
named, “A Message to the Brothers in Tawheed.” In the video, a non-Libyan man calls for
foreign fighters to come to Libya and fight against General Khalifa Haftar.lix
PHOTO 42 - IS MILITANT CALLS FOR FOREIGN FIGHTERS IN TRIPOLITANIA
Unspecified – On 24 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a
promotional video of the two foreigners involved in the attack on the Corinthia Hotel in
Tripoli.lx According to SITE Intel Group, the video is titled, “Convoys of the Martyrdom-
Seekers” and is the first of more to come.lxi
PHOTO 43 - IS FOREIGN FIGHTER DELIVERS SPEECH PRIOR TO CORINTHIA ATTACK
39
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Benghazi – On 23 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos
displaying their recent military action throughout Benghazi.lxii
PHOTO 44 - A MEMBER OF THE ISLAMIC STATE ENGAGES IN BATTLE
Tripoli – On 22 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed responsibility for
the double-IED attack on the Iranian Embassy in the Ben Ashour neighborhood of Tripoli.lxiii
Week of 15 February 2015
Unspecified – On 21 February 2015, the Islamic State in Libya released a video message
that threatened politicians and businessmen from Misrata.
PHOTO 45 - IS THREATENS MISRATAN POLITICIANS
40
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Al-Qubbah – On 20 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out at least two
simultaneous VBIED attacks in the eastern city of Al-Qubbah. In their official statement, the
Islamc State called the VBIED attacks revenge for the recent Egyptian airstrikes carried out
in the eastern city of Derna.lxiv The attacks targeted the local Security Directorate building,
the house of Speaker of the House Agila Saleh Issa, and a nearby fuel station. At least 45
people were killed as a result. According to The National, the attacks were carried out Bitar
Al Libi and Abu Abdullah Al Jazrawi.lxv
PHOTO 46 - BITAR AL LIBI AND ABU ABDULLAH AL JAZRAWI PRIOR TO THE VBIED
ATTACKS
Unspecified – On 19 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos
showing the distribution of medical aide somewhere in eastern Libya.lxvi
Derna – On 18 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out Hisba
(accountability) activities by burning instruments in Derna.lxvii
41
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 47 - IS CARRYING OUT BURNING INSTRUMENTS IN DERNA
Sirte – On 18 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos
showing off a parade they held in the city of Sirte.lxviii A video later appeared on YouTube in
which at least 25 IS trucks can be seen.lxix
Unspecified – On 17 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of their
recent activities in eastern Libya. This most recent release shows boxes of cigarettes being
destroyed by men wearing black masks and driving what appear to be newly acquired police
vehicles.lxx
Sirte – On 15 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video confirming
the beheadings of 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians.lxxi The video was released by the Islamic
State’s Al-Hayat media division.lxxii According to the Washington Post:
“In the video, Islamic State fighters marched the Egyptians onto a stretch of coastline
before forcing them to kneel and severing their heads. The brutal murders were
portrayed as retaliation against what a masked fighter described as “the hostile
Egyptian church.”lxxiii
Later reporting indicates that a large portion of ISIS members in Sirte are from Misrata.lxxiv
42
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 48 - IS IN TRIPOLITANIA BEHEADS EGYPTIANS
Week of 8 February 2015
Sarir Oilfield – On 14 February 2015, El Sarir oilfield in southern Libya was attacked by
unnamed perpetrators. The Sarir oilfield provides crude oil to the Hariga port in Tobruk,
Libya.lxxv Although unconfirmed, a Twitter account linked to IS in Libya posted pictures of a
vehicle approaching an oilfield in Libya.lxxvi
Benghazi – On 13 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos
that appear to confirm their involvement in the VBIED attack on 6 February 2015.lxxvii
PHOTO 49 - COLLAGE GLORIFYING AN IS SUICIDE BOMBER IN BENGHAZI
43
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Derna – On 13 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of their most
recent floggings carried out in Derna. In this instance, at least seven youths were publically
flogged for consuming alcohol.lxxviii
PHOTO 50 - YOUTH PUBLICALLY FLOGGED IN DERNA
Sirte – On 13 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos in
which they claim to have received the repentance of 42 employees of the Ministry of Interior
in Sirte.lxxix
PHOTO 51 - IS FORCES MAN TO OFFICIALLY REPENT
44
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Sirte – On 13 February 2015, in addition to capturing a number of radio stations, the
Islamic State in Tripolitania seized the Ibn Sina Hospital in Sirte. According to the Libya
Herald, “A military convoy carrying IS flags reportedly surrounded the hospital this morning
and ordered Misrata-based Central Libya Shield which has been providing security there to
leave.”lxxx
Sirte – On 13 February 2015, gunmen claiming to be members of the Islamic State jihadist
group have seized control of a state-run radio station in Libya's coastal city of Sirte, residents
said on Friday.lxxxi
Jihadist websites also posted pictures showing armed men sitting in front of microphones in
a broadcasting studio and brandishing Kalashnikov assault rifles.lxxxii
PHOTO 52 - IS TAKES OVER RADIO STATION IN SIRTE
Unspecified – On 12 February 2015, ISIS released the newest edition of its Dabiq
magazine. The following is a passage taken from the magazine in which the recently
kidnapped Egyptians in Libya are referenced:
“This month, the soldiers of the Khilāfah in Wilāyat Tarābulus captured 21 Coptic crusaders, almost
five years after the blessed operation against the Baghdad church executed in revenge for Kamilia
45
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Shehata, Wafa Constantine, and other sisters who were tortured and murdered by the Coptic Church
of Egypt. The operation was planned by Hudhayfah al-Battāwī (rahimahullāh), wālī of Wilāyat
Baghdad at the time, alongside the senior military commander, Abū Ibrāhīm azZaydī (rahimahullāh),
both of whom played a crucial role – through their passion and zealousness – in preserving the morale
of the Islamic State mujāhidīn after the martyrdom of Abū ‘Umar al-Baghdādī and Abū Hamzah al-
Muhājir (rahimahumallāh).”lxxxiii
Benghazi – On 11 February 2015, the hospital of Benghazi received, “40 human heads with
no bodies” after a training camp in the Buatni Neighborhood was recaptured by the Libyan
National Army. The training camp was previously occupied by the Shura Council of Benghazi
Revolutionaries.lxxxiv
Unspecified – On 10 February 2015, the Islamic State released a statement calling for
Operation Libya Dawn fighters to repent to God.lxxxv
An Nawfaliyah – On 9 February 2015, the Islamic State was photographed arriving in An
Nawfaliyah, a city located southwest of Bin Jawad.lxxxvi Initials reports suggest that there
were clashes between Libya Dawn forces and ISIS forces.lxxxvii
Week of 1 February 2015
Benghazi – On 7 February 2015, a Palestinian man was reported to have died fighting for
the Islamic State in Libya.lxxxviii
According to SkyNews Arabia, the man entered Libya via a tunnel somewhere along the
Egyptian border.lxxxix
Benghazi – On 6 February 2015, two people were killed and 20 were injured after a car
bomb exploded in the Al Leithi Neighborhood of Benghazi.xc xci
Mabruk Oilfield – On 4 February 2015, reports emerged stating that “extremists” attacked
the Mabruk Oilfield, approximately 170km south of Sirte.xcii The Mabruk Oilfield is operated
by Total Oil and produces roughly 70,000 bbl/d.xciii
46
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Initial reports suggested that three foreigners were kidnapped, one of whom was French.
France denied that any French citizens were kidnapped, while the Philippines confirmed that
three of their oversea foreign workers went missing.xciv Twelve people will killed overall.
Ain Marah - On 4 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos
showings its recent troop activity in Ain Marah.
The photos were released just days after clashes occurred between Islamic State forces and
Libyan National Army Forces.xcv
Unspecified - On 4 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos
showing their recent promotional activities somewhere in their self-declared state.
Many of the photos in this release show attendants enjoying themselves at IS-led events.xcvi
Unspecified - On 4 February 2015, a Twitter account associated with the Islamic State in
Libya tweeted:
[W]e the #Mujahideen of #IslamicState in #Libya ask #Muslims in #Tunisia,
#Algeria #Morroco what are u waiting for Join #Ummah #Muhammad!xcvii
Tripoli – On 3 February 2015, the Information Office of the Islamic State in Tripolitania
released photos claiming an attack on a checkpoint in Tripoli’s Souq al-Jumaa.xcviii
According to the Libya Herald, the bomb detonated near a building used by the Tripoli
Revolutionaries’ Brigade.xcix Although unconfirmed, the Herald and Al Wasat suggest that
the attack was revenge for the Brigade’s involvement during the attack on the Corinthia
Hotel.c
47
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 53 - PHOTOS OF AN IS VBIED ATTACK ON THE TRIPOLI SECURITY
DIRECTORATE
Sirte – According to reports from social media, the Islamic State in Tripolitania turned
Qadhafi's Ouagadougou Conference Center in Sirte into a “command center.”ci
Week of 25 January 2015
Benghazi - On 29 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of updated
photos of its recent troop activity throughout Benghazi.cii
Benghazi - On 28 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of updated
photos of its recent activity throughout Benghazi.
This set of photos does not show any fighters, but instead displays the effects of the fighting
in the city. Many of the photographed buildings are riddled with bullet holes and are overall
dilapidated.ciii
Sirte - On 28 January 2015, the Information Office of the Islamic State in Tripolitania
released photos showing new members in Sirte swearing allegiance to the Islamic State.
According to the Islamic State, the men shown in the photographs are recent Christian
converts.civ
48
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 54 - CONVERTS OF THE ISLAMIC STATE
Tripoli – On 27 January at approximately 0953 (UDT +2) a VBIED detonated outside of
Tripoli’s Corinthia Hotel. No casualties were reported as a result of the explosion.
Immediately following the blast five gunmen entered the hotel and engaged in a shootout
with local security, leaving at least three guards dead. Witnesses claim that three other hotel
staff members were injured. The Associated Press reported that the gunmen had taken three
to five hostages on the hotel’s twentieth floor.cv
According to the BBC’s Rana Jawad, security officials of the Corinthia Hotel have been aware
of possible threats for several days.cvi A tweet posted by an account linked to the Islamic State
in Tripolitania claims that the attack was revenge for the death of Abu Anas al-Libi.cvii The
user claims that the attack was directed at the Corinthia Hotel because of its popularity
among foreigners. However, hotel staff have stated that the hotel was “approximately 90%
empty.” A security guard told the Associated Press that Omar al-Hassi usually stays at the
hotel with security guards, but that they were not present at the time of the bombing and
subsequent attack.
Twitter users began posting images that allegedly show some of the gunmen who
participated in the attack on the hotel.cviii
The attack on the Corinthia Hotel left at least nine dead.
49
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Benghazi - On 26 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos of
its recent troop activity in the Buhidima Neighborhood of Benghazi.
IS troops can be seen climbing houses, viewing videos, and firing upon their opponents.cix
Week of 18 January 2015
Benghazi - On 20 January 2015, IS in Cyrenaica released photos of the distribution of aid in
what they allege to be Benghazi.cx
PHOTO 55 - IS PASSES OUT SWEETS TO CHILDREN
Unspecified - On 20 January 2015, the Islamic State in Libya released an open letter to
Sheikh Abdullah and Sheikh Mamoon.cxi
Unspecified - On 20 January 2015, IS in Cyrenaica released a statement showing their
most recent Hisba activities in eastern Libya.cxii
Benghazi – On 18 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing
their most recent military activity in Benghazi.cxiii
Unspecified - On 18 January 2015, The Islamic State in Libya released a statement dividing
Libya into three distinct regions. The statement also calls for foreign members of the Islamic
State to travel to Libya.cxiv
50
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 56 - IS DIVISION OF LIBYA – TARABULUS, FEZZAN, AND BARQA
Week of 11 January 2015
Tripoli – On 17 January a VBIED exploded Saturday in front of the Embassy of Algeria in
Tripoli, injuring two security personnel.
According to a Libyan security source, the two injured workers, whose condition is not
alarming, were quickly transported to the hospital of the capital.cxv
Sabratha - On 17 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing
members distributing clothing and financial aid.cxvi
Sirte - On 12 January 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed responsibility for the
kidnapping of 21 Christians.cxvii According to The Telegraph:
“On January 3rd, Christian activists in Egypt had reported thirteen of their countrymen
kidnapped in the Libyan town of Sirte, and that seven others had been kidnapped a week
earlier.”cxviii
51
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 57 - PHOTOS OF THE KIDNAPPED EGYPTIANS
Sabratha - On 11 January 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos allegedly
showing their Hisba activities somewhere in western Libya. The photos were most likely
taken in Sabratha.cxix
Week of 4 January 2015
Unspecified - On 8 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos allegedly
showing the execution of two Tunisian journalists.cxx
PHOTO 58 - TUNISIANS ALLEGEDLY EXECUTED BY IS IN LIBYA
Benghazi – On 7 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of recent
troop activity throughout Benghazi.cxxi
52
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Unspecified – On 4 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing
the execution of a man they labeled as an apostate.cxxii
PHOTO 59 - "APOSTATE" EXECUTED BY THE IS
Week of 28 December 2014
Benghazi – On 3 January 2014, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posted photos of their recent
destruction to civilian homes throughout Benghazi.
This set of photos contains a photograph showing a civilian who died as a result of the
bulldozing.cxxiii
Sokhna – On 3 January 2014, the Islamic State in Fezzan claimed responsibilitycxxiv for an
attack on a Sokhna checkpoint in southern Libya.cxxv
According to the Libya Herald, nineteen people were killed in the attack.cxxvi
53
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 60 - IS IN FEZZAN ATTACKS SOKHNA
Tobruk – On 30 December at approximately 1315 (UDT +2) an explosion occurred outside
the headquarters of the House of Representatives.cxxvii At the time the House of
Representatives met in the Dar Al Salam hotel. According to the spokesman for the General
Chief of Staff, Ahmed Al-Mismari, the vehicle exploded in the hotel car park and was not a
suicide attack as initially suggested.cxxviii The most current reports state that a total of 19
people were injured as a result of the explosion.cxxix
Week of 21 December 2014
Tripoli – According to multiple sources, a VBIED detonated outside of the Diplomatic
Security Headquarters in Tripoli on the morning of 27 December. cxxxThe Diplomatic Security
Headquarters is located in the Sidi al-Masry district of Tripoli.cxxxi
The jihadist Islamic State (IS) organisation said it carried out the bombing, according to the
US-based monitoring group SITE Intelligence.
"The provincial division of the Islamic State (IS) for Tripoli, Libya, claimed a car bombing at
the diplomatic security building in the capital, and provided a photo of the blast," SITE
said.cxxxii
54
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Ajdabiya – On 26 December 2014, a perfume company was damaged by a VBIED early
Friday morning in Ajdabiya. There were no reported casualties.cxxxiii
Benghazi – On 25 December 2015, an Al Wasat article reported that IS in Cyrenaica
published a video in which an "apostate" is burned alive. The video supposedly takes place in
the Al Leithi Neighborhood of Benghazi. The group claiming responsibility is led by
Mohammed Nus Idrissi. Idrissi was recently released by Jordanian authorities in exchange
for captured Jordanian diplomats.cxxxiv
PHOTO 61 - A LIBYAN ARMY MEMBER BURNED BY ISIS
Week of 14 December 2014
Tripoli - At approximately 1200 (UDT +2) on 16 December 2014 social media users began
circulating a photo alleging to show a car bomb that exploded near the Security Directorate
Headquarters in Tripoli. According to accounts from social media no casualties were
reported.cxxxv On 17 December 2014, the original source claimed that ISIS claimed
responsibility for the car bomb via a Twitter page.cxxxvi
Ajdabiya - On 15 December 2014, a military police building near the eastern gate entrance
to Ajdabiya was targeted and subsequently damaged by an explosive device. Witnesses said
that an explosive device was placed under one of the building’s windows and caused damage
to the building while injuring no one.cxxxvii
55
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Week of 7 December 2014
Benghazi – On 8 December 2014, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posed photos allegedly
showing their military progress throughout Benghazi.cxxxviii
Week of 30 November 2014
Ajdabiya - At approximately 1125 (UDT +2) on 1 December 2014, a car bomb exploded
outside the Ajdabiya Security Directorate.cxxxix The security directorate is located near the
Ajdabiya city center on al-Modoryia Road.cxl Initial reports suggest that three to seven people
were wounded.cxli Eyewitnesses reported that the vehicle that exploded was a white
Hyundai.cxlii
Week of 23 November 2014
Unspecified - The Islamic State (IS) released the fifth issue of its English magazine
“Dabiq,” focusing on the coordinated pledges from jihadi groups in Algeria, Libya, Sinai,
Saudi Arabia, and Yemen, and featuring a message attributed to British captive John Cantile
discussing the recent attacks in Australia, Canada, and the U.S., as well as musing what he
would do as American President.
In the newest edition, ISIS claims Libya has its strongest presence outside of Iraq and Syria.
It continues to state that “an abundance of arms and the condition of mayhem after Gaddafi
was ideal for jihad.”cxliii
Derna – On 23 November 2014, The Islamic Army, a militia in Derna, released photos of its
recent publicity campaign in Derna. Photos show groups of children meeting with Islamic
Army members. In addition, Islamic Army members passed out pamphlets to young men in
Derna’s vegetable market. The photos are similar to those released by ISIS members
conducting “charity” campaigns in Iraq and Syria.
The Islamic Army is one of the strongest militias present in Derna. Last week they were
among many foreign groups from across the Middle East to pledge allegiance to ISIS and
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. The ISIS magazine Dabiq claims its strongest foreign following is in
Derna.cxliv
56
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Week of 16 November 2014
Yemen – On 22 November 2014, a statement was released by spokesmen for Al-Qaida in
the Arabian Peninsula has acknowledged Libyan extremists in Derna pledge to ISIS and its
leader Abu Bakr al Baghdadi.
The statement also called for all Libyan “Mujahideen” such as Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi to
pledge their support for ISIS and Abu Bakr al Baghdadi.cxlv
Benghazi – On 16 November 2014, the Islamic State in Libya has released photos of nine
suicide bombers who died in Benghazi. According to the photos, five were Tunisian, two were
Egyptian, and two were Libyans.cxlvi
The Islamic State in Cyrenaica also released a statement taking credit for the series of VBIED
attacks on 12 November 2014cxlvii, men pledging allegiance to the IScxlviii, and photos of a
convoy in Derna.cxlix
PHOTO 62 - IS CONVOY NEAR DERNA
Tripoli - A group in Tripoli claimed responsibility for the bombings of the UAE and
Egyptian embassies.cl The group also posted photos declaring their allegiance to the Islamic
State.cli clii
57
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Week of 9 November 2014
Tripoli - At approximately 06:45 (UDT +2) on 13 November 2014, two car bombs exploded
near the Egyptian and UAE embassies in the Al-Seyaheyya and Zawiyat Al-Dahmani
neighborhoods of Tripoli.cliii No casualties have been reported, though photoscliv show
significant damage to vehicles and buildings near the embassies. Both embassies have been
vacant since the inception of Operation Libya Dawn.clv
Marj - On 13 November 2014, two Libyan National Army (LNA) soldiers and one other were
slightly injured as a result of a bomb attack on a checkpoint in Marj.clvi
Mohamed Hejazi, a spokesman for Operation Dignity, told the Libya Herald that a gelatina
bomb had been thrown at the checkpoint at the Saha Al-Karima roundabout, close to the
town’s main Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq mosque.clvii The car from which the bomb was thrown then
drove away at speed.clviii
Ajdabiya – On 12 November 2014, a car bomb was discovered in Ajdabiya and subsequently
dismantled by the Libyan National Army.clix
Al Bayda - At approximately 11:57 (UDT +2) on 12 November 2014, a vehicle carrying
explosives detonated at the military checkpoint outside Labraq International Airport.clx
Eyewitnesses report that after stopping to be searched by security officials, the driver of the
vehicle detonated explosives. Current reports state that four members of the military have
been confirmed killed.clxi
Benghazi - At approximately 12:07 (UDT
+2) on 12 November 2014, Twitter users
reported the detonation of a car bomb
outside of the Al Shalal cafe, located in the Al
Majuri neighborhood in central Benghazi.
Eye witnesses report that a vehicle loaded
with explosives was parked on the street
outside the café. Reports indicate that there
were no casualties as a result of the bombing,
however the café and surrounding shops were destroyed. No indication if the café was the
PHOTO 63 - VBIED IN BENGHAZI
58
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
intended target, neighborhoods in central Benghazi have been mostly abandoned due to
continued fighting.clxii
At approximately 17:01 (UDT +2) another car bomb was discovered in the Ras Obeida
neighborhood of Benghazi.clxiii
Tobruk - At approximately 11:00 (UDT +2) on 12 November 2014, a large car bomb
exploded at a crowded intersection, near the Intelligence Headquarters, in Tobruk. Eye
witnesses report the driver of the vehicle refused to stop at a military checkpoint, continuing
on to a crowded intersection.clxiv
At approximately, 11:40 (UDT +2) vehicles damaged by the initial blast exploded at the site
of the car bombing. Initial reports suggested a second vehicle was involved in the attack,
however later reports proved that there was not a second vehicle involved.clxv
Final reports confirm two people have been killed and at least an additional 20 had been
taken for medical treatment.clxvi
Derna – On 11 November 2014, three young activists were found beheaded in Derna,
eastern Libya. The three, who had relayed information about the city through social media,
had been kidnapped earlier in the month. The activists have been named as Siraj Ghatish,
Mohamed Battu and Mohamed al-Mesmari.clxvii
Two of the three activists in Derna had been kidnapped three months earlier.clxviii
Benghazi – On 11 November 2014, a Libyan Army soldier stationed at Benina Airport was
captured, forced to appear on videoclxix, and then beheaded.clxx According to Al Wasat, the
group responsible calls itself the “Father of Injustice Battalion”.clxxi
PHOTO 64 - SOLDIER BEHEADED IN BENGHAZI
59
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Shahat – On 9 November 2014, unidentified persons set off three car bombs in the city of
Shahat in eastern Libya near the building where the Libyan Prime Minister Abdullah al-
Thinni held talks with special UN envoy to Libya Bernardino Leon. clxxii Eye witnesses
claimed the perpetrators parked vehicle packed with explosives and detonated them
remotely. Though there was significant material damage, no deaths or injuries were
reported. The intended target was the Security Directorate Building.clxxiii
Days later two suspects from Derna were arrested in connection to the car bombings.clxxiv
Week of 2 November 2014
Sirte – On 4 November 2014, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of lectures
given by Turki al-Bin’ali.clxxv
The original release also contains links to Turki al-Bin’ali’s lectures on YouTube.clxxvi
PHOTO 65 - TURKI AL-BIN'ALI DELIVERS LECTURE
Week of 19 October 2014
Derna - After pledging allegiance to ISIS, Darnah's Islamic Youth Shura Council (MSSI)clxxvii
launched an 'Islamic Court'.clxxviii The group announced that its leader is a Saudi Arabian
60
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
named Abu Habib Al-Jazrawi.clxxix According to Al Wasat, Al-Jazrawi moved to Derna in
mid-September with a number of senior ISIS members.clxxx
PHOTO 66 - MSSI LAUNCHES ISLAMIC COURT IN DERNA
Week of 5 October 2014
Benghazi – On 10 October 2014, a car bomb exploded near the Tibesti Hotel, killing one
and injuring two others.clxxxi
Week of 7 September 2014
Benghazi – On 12 September 2014, Tareq Ramadan Misrati was killed by an IED in the Al
Majori Neighborhood of Benghazi. Tareq Misrati was the brother of former intelligence
officer Colonel Juma Misrati who was assassinated in June 2013.clxxxii
Week of 17 August 2014
Derna – Released on 20 August 2014, a video shows an execution-style killing by an armed
group at a football stadium in eastern Libya. clxxxiiiAn amateur video published on social
media sites shows the purported execution of an Egyptian man apparently organized by an
armed group called the Shura Council of Islamic Youth in the eastern city of Derna.clxxxiv
61
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 67 - PUBLIC EXECUTION IN DERNA
Week of 20 July 2014
Benghazi – On 21 July 2014, a militia in Benghazi beheaded a Filipino construction worker,
allegedly for being a non-Muslim.
The beheading marks the first Filipino death in Libya since the 2011 revolution, according to
the Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs. It is also the first reported beheading in the
country since 2011. The construction worker was kidnapped July 15 at a checkpoint in the
Gwarsha district of Benghazi.
A department spokesperson told media that the kidnappers demanded a ransom of
$160,000. clxxxv
Week of 15 June 2014
Benghazi – On 19 June 2014, a bodyguard for former National Transitional chairman
Mustafa Abdul-Jalil was killed by an IED.clxxxvi
Week of 16 March 2014
Benghazi – On 17 March 2014, a car bomb targeting a military academy in Benghazi killed
eight soldiers and wounded another 12.clxxxvii
62
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Locations of ISIS and Affiliates’ Activites
MAP 5 - LOCATIONS OF MAJOR IS ACTIVITIES FROM WEST TO EAST: SABRATHA, TRIPOLI, SUKNAH,
SIRTE, AN NAWFALIYAH, BENGHAZI, DERNA.
63
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Photos of ISIS and Affiliates’ Activities
PHOTO 68 - THE BEHEADING OF A LIBYAN ARMY SOLDIER BY IS
PHOTO 69 - THE CORPSE OF A LIBYAN ARMY SOLDIER BURNED BY IS
64
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 70 - PHOTOS RELEASED BY IS AFTER A VBIED EXPLOSION
OUTSIDE THE TRIPOLI SECURITY DIRECTORATE
PHOTO 71 - THE DESTRUCTION OF TOMBS BY IS
65
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 72 - THE DESTRUCTION OF A STATUE IN DERNA BY IS
PHOTO 73 - COMMANDERS OF IS AFFILIATES IN BENGHAZI. FROM RIGHT
TO LEFT - MOHAMMED AL-ZAHAWI (ANSAR AL-SHARIA), WISSAM BIN
HUMAID (LIBYA SHIELD ONE), AND JALAL MAKHZOUM (RAFALLAH AL-SAHATI BRIGADE)
66
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 74 - IS AFFILIATES FIGHTING THE LIBYAN NATIONAL ARMY IN
AIN MARAH
PHOTO 75 - IS FIGHTERS IN BENGHAZI
67
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 76 - IS FIGHTERS IN AIN MARAH
PHOTO 77 - AN IS FIGHTER PLANTING A FLAG OVER IS CONTROLLED
TERRITORY IN BENGHAZI
68
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 78 - A BANNER IN BENGHAZI DECLARING IS'S OBJECTIVE TO
ESTABLISH SHARIA LAW ACROSS LIBYA
PHOTO 79 - A CONVOY OF NEW IS HISBA (MORALITY POLICE) VEHICLES
IN BENGHAZI
69
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 80 - A CONVOY OF IS FIGHTERS AND VEHICLES IN DERNA
PHOTO 81 - A RALLY AMONG FIGHTERS AND RESIDENTS IN DERNA
70
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 82 - AN AFRICAN CHRISTIAN CONVERTING TO ISLAM AND
PLEDGING ALLEGIANCE TO IS IN SIRTE
PHOTO 83 - A RALLY OF YOUNG MEN PLEDGING ALLEGIANCE TO IS IN
SIRTE
71
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 84 - AN IS FIGHTER GIVING DAWA (CHARITY) TO A CHILD IN
DERNA
PHOTO 85 - A CHILD IN DERNA SHOWING SUPPORT FOR IS
72
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Endnotes
i Facebook.com,. 2015. 'Facebook | تدمير عربة لكتيبة 21 صاعقة - مؤسسة بيان لإلنتاج اإلعالمي'. Accessed April 15 2015. https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=662003573906115&set=vb.658826377557168&type=2&theater. ii The Big Story,. 2015. 'Jordan's Ambassador, Freed In Libya, Returns Home'. Accessed April 15 2015. http://bigstory.ap.org/article/jordanian-ambassador-released-captors-libya. iii Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed April 15 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/587419806271430656. iv Dump.to,. 2015. 'بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 15 2015. https://dump.to/rebatsirt. v Twitter,. 2015. 'A. Ibrahim On Twitter'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://twitter.com/jihadi24/status/585732584253952000 vi Facebook.com,. 2015. 'Facebook | احمد محمد الطرابلسي'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=1615019678730352. vii Dump.to,. 2015. 'بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://dump.to/moltaqa3. viii Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/585464559160397825 ix Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور ربـاط المجاهـدين بمحـور بنيـ... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed April 15 2015. https://justpaste.it/kcts. x بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك... - Dump.To - Dump and share text & images easily and anonymously! Dump.to,. 2015. 'بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://dump.to/malahem2. xi أبـــو خـطـــاب on Twitter Twitter,. 2015. 'أبـــو خـطـــاب On Twitter'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://twitter.com/k8h5a2t6a2b/status/584676842814091264 xii Twitter,. 2015. '6 عقل ادرك الصواب On Twitter'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://twitter.com/66kkq/status/584959234942599168 xiii Pbs.twimg.com,. 2015. Accessed April 8 2015. https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CB0Cg9HUEAA15Px.jpg xiv بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك... - Dump.To - Dump and share text & images easily and anonymously! Dump.to,. 2015. 'بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://dump.to/sooqsirt. xvxv تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور عمال بقوله تعالى } كنتم... - justpaste.it Justpaste.it,. 2015. ' تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور عمال بقوله تعالى } كنتم... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://justpaste.it/kbz0. xvi [ فتح العليم بحكم كتيبة "أبو ... - Dump.To - Dump and share text & images easily and anonymously! Dump.to,. 2015. '[ فتح العليم بحكم كتيبة "أبو ... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://dump.to/aQd. xvii Pbs.twimg.com,. 2015. Accessed April 8 2015. https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CBV5A44WsAAYKje.jpg
73
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
xviii بوكا العريبي في سبيل هللا ، ال في سبيل الديمقراطية ... - justpaste.it Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'بوكا العريبي في سبيل هللا ، ال في سبيل الديمقراطية ... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://justpaste.it/boka. xix "Two Injured in Derna Bomb Blast." Libya Herald. March 29, 2015. Accessed April 8, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/03/29/two-injured-in-derna-bomb-blast/#axzz3VpVFLdMP. xx Pbs.twimg.com,. 2015. Accessed March 26 2015. https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CA9UZuSXEAAYtda.jpg:large. xxi Nasher.me,. 2015. 'إتالف أسحار وجدت في بيت ساحرة كانت تؤذي المسلمين بسحر العطف والصرف | ناشر'. Accessed March 26 2015. http://nasher.me/ashar/. xxii "Suicide Bomber Kills 5 Operation Sunrise Members in Sirte Power Station Attack: Report." Libya Herald. March 25, 2015. Accessed March 26, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/03/25/suicide-bomber-kills-5-operation-sunrise-members-in-sirte-power-station-attack-report/. xxiii Hosted.ap.org,. 2015. 'News From The Associated Press'. Accessed March 26 2015. http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_LIBYA?SITE=AP. xxiv Twitter,. 2015. 'Libya Al Hurra On Twitter'. Accessed March 25 2015. https://twitter.com/LibyaAlHurraTV/status/580525588928159745. xxv Twitter,. 2015. 'James Wheeler On Twitter'. Accessed March 25 2015. https://twitter.com/wheelertweets/status/580422699396165632. xxvi Roggio, Bill. 2015. 'Ansar Al Sharia In Libya Releases Photos Of Graduates From Its ‘Mujahideen Training Camps’ | The Long War Journal'. Longwarjournal.Org. Accessed March 19 2015. http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/03/ansar-al-sharia-in-libya-releases-photos-of-graduates-from-its-mujahideen-training-camps.php. xxvii Nasher.me,. 2015. ' كلمة للشيخ المجاهد أبومحمد الفرجاني , عن غدر مرتدي كتيبة 166 بجنود الدوله اإلسالمية في سرت – والية ./Accessed March 19 2015. http://nasher.me/kalema1 .'طرابلس | ناشر xxviii بوابة الوسط,. 2015. 'العثور على رأس سائق في منطقة الفتائح جنوب شرق درنة'. Accessed March 19 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/66437/. xxix Twitter,. 2015. 'James Wheeler On Twitter'. Accessed March 19 2015. https://twitter.com/wheelertweets/status/578364699798081536. xxx News, ABC. 2015. 'IS In Libya Kills 12 Fighters Loyal To Tripoli Government'. ABC News. Accessed March 19 2015. http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/libya-clash-islamic-state-militants-kills-10-troops-29719012. xxxi Greg Botelho and Ayman Kekly, CNN. 2015. 'Official: ISIS Attacks Libyan Hospital, Kidnaps -- Then Frees -- 20 Foreigners - CNN.Com'. CNN. Accessed March 19 2015. http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/17/world/isis-libya-kidnapped-medical-workers/index.html. xxxii Nasher.me,. 2015. 'ضمن نشاطات رجال الحسبة “إتالف ممنوعات مصادرة من المقاهي” | ناشر'. Accessed March 17 2015. http://nasher.me/hisba8/. xxxiii Facebook.com,. 2015. 'Facebook'. Accessed March 17 2015. https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=913349838716944&set=vb.894756380576290&type=2&theater. xxxiv Twitter,. 2015. 'Themaghrebinote On Twitter'. Accessed March 17 2015. https://twitter.com/MaghrebiNote/status/577596591462309889. xxxv Twitter,. 2015. 'Themaghrebinote On Twitter'. Accessed March 17 2015. https://twitter.com/MaghrebiNote/status/577596790272311296.
74
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
xxxvi Twitter,. 2015. 'Matog Saleh On Twitter'. Accessed March 16 2015. https://twitter.com/MatogSaleh/status/577373796815917056. xxxvii Twitter,. 2015. '3 Thinker On Twitter'. Accessed March 16 2015. https://twitter.com/GLA_____/status/577349563461214209. xxxviii Twitter,. 2015. 'James Wheeler On Twitter'. Accessed March 16 2015. https://twitter.com/wheelertweets/status/577325795154198528. xxxix Press, The. 2015. 'Islamic State Group Reports Tunisian Leader Killed In Libya'. Nytimes.Com. Accessed March 19 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/17/world/middleeast/ap-ml-libya-islamic-state.html. xl Twitter,. 2015. 'Libya Al Hurra On Twitter'. Accessed March 16 2015. https://twitter.com/LibyaAlHurraTV/status/577293959812222977. xli Twitter,. 2015. 'James Wheeler On Twitter'. Accessed March 16 2015. https://twitter.com/wheelertweets/status/577264171424870400. xlii In.reuters.com,. 2015. 'Islamic State Militants Claim Attack On Security Building In Libya's Capital'. Accessed March 16 2015. http://in.reuters.com/article/2015/03/15/libya-security-idINL6N0WH0WT20150315. xliii Reuters,. 2015. 'UPDATE 1-Islamic State Fighters And Force Allied With Tripoli Clash In Central Libya'. Accessed March 16 2015. http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/14/libya-security-idUSL6N0WG0QP20150314 xliv Nasher.me,. 2015. 'صور من خط الرباط “الرباط في الجهة الغربية من مدينة درنة – منطقة رأس الهالل” | ناشر'. Accessed March 16 2015. http://nasher.me/raashelal/. xlv Nasher.me,. 2015. 'ضمن نشاطات المكتب الدعوي “جولة دعوية في مدينة درنة” | ناشر'. Accessed March 16 2015. http://nasher.me/jawla-darna/. xlvi MediaFire,. 2015. '2 رسالة إلى إخوة التوحيد.Mp4'. Accessed March 16 2015. http://www.mediafire.com/watch/jbswk71i8x4bq12/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF_2.mp4 xlvii Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed March 12 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/575946130929876992. xlviii Nasher.me,. 2015. ' ضمن مالحم الخالفة في بنغازي ]دك معاقل الصحوات وجند الطاغوت في منطقة المساكن بقنابر الهاون ./Accessed March 12 2015. http://nasher.me/haw-zer .'والهاوزر[ | ناشر xlix Twitter,. 2015. '10 الغريب الليبي On Twitter'. Accessed March 8 2015. https://twitter.com/ramk00012/status/574436417490849792 l Nytimes.com,. 2015. 'Foreign Workers Missing After Militants Attack Libyan Oil Field'. Accessed March 8 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/08/world/foreign-workers-missing-after-militants-attack-libyan-oil-field.html. li YouTube,. 2015. '1جاهز'. Accessed March 5 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxLRvE8Vykk&t=14. lii Twitter,. 2015. 'عبدالحميد القصيمي On Twitter'. Accessed March 5 2015. https://twitter.com/abdulhameed_91/status/573368323754340352. liii Nasher.me,. 2015. 'إقامة ملتقى دعوي في مدينة درنة | ناشر'. Accessed March 5 2015. http://nasher.me/moltaqa-darna/.
75
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
liv Af.reuters.com,. 2015. ' UPDATE 1-Islamist Militants Shell Two Libyan Oilfields, Port Pipeline Damaged | News By Country | Reuters '. Accessed March 4 2015. http://af.reuters.com/article/libyaNews/idAFL5N0W451A20150302 lv Middle East Eye,. 2015. 'Militants Take Control Of Oil Fields In Central Libya'. Accessed March 4 2015. http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/militants-take-control-oil-fields-central-libya-1103126308. lvi YouTube,. 2015. 'مالحم الخالفة في بنغازي عملية استشهادية على تجمع لجند الطاغوت'. Accessed March 2 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=430xyARAYOQ&feature=youtu.be. lvii https://www.sendspace.com/file/db8xxd lviii Twitter. February 28, 2015. Accessed March 1, 2015. https://twitter.com/wheelertweets/status/571773752708612097. lix "والية طرابلس رسالة إلى إخوة التوحيد." YouTube. February 27, 2015. Accessed March 1, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMXjX-zbH7Y&feature=youtu.be. lx Facebook.com,. 2015. 'Elizabeth Henderson | Facebook'. Accessed February 25 2015. https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=1422141928079423. lxi News.siteintelgroup.com,. 2015. 'IS Video Shows Corinthia Hotel Suicide Bombers In First Installment Of “Convoys Of The Martyrdom-Seekers” Series | Jihadist News'. Accessed February 25 2015. https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/is-video-shows-corinthia-hotel-suicide-bombers-in-first-installment-of-convoys-of-the-martyrdom-seekers-series.html. lxii Nasher.me,. 2015. 'ضمن مالحم بنغازي .. اإلغارة على تمركز لجند الطاغوت قرب مديرية المساكن | ناشر'. Accessed February 23 2015. http://nasher.me/egara1/. lxiii Twitter,. 2015. 'أخبار مجاهدي ليبيا On Twitter'. Accessed February 23 2015. https://twitter.com/akhbar_m_libya_/status/569492000157728769 lxiv Nasher.me,. 2015. 'تنفيذ عمليتين استشهاديتين على استهدفتا غرفة الطاغوت حفتر في المنطقة الشرقية والجبل األخضر | ناشر'. Accessed February 22 2015. http://nasher.me/qoppa/. lxv Libya, ISIL. 2015. 'ISIL Suicide Bombings Kill At Least 45 In Libya | The National'. Thenational.Ae. Accessed February 22 2015. http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/isil-suicide-bombings-kill-at-least-45-in-libya. lxvi Twitter,. 2015. 'Toyota Witness On Twitter'. Accessed February 19 2015. https://twitter.com/ToyotaWitness/status/568351774240714752. lxvii Dump.to,. 2015. 'بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed February 19 2015. https://dump.to/hesba11. lxviii Twitter,. 2015. 'أخبار مجاهدي ليبيا On Twitter'. Accessed February 19 2015. https://twitter.com/akhbar_m_libya_/status/568164496297951232. lxix YouTube,. 2015. 'جنود الدولة في سرت قبل قليل " دولة اإلسالم باقية"'. Accessed February 19 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOSXs6NsAog&feature=youtu.be. lxx Dump.to,. 2015. 'بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed February 17 2015. https://dump.to/shorta10. lxxi بوابة الفجر,. 2015. 'بالفيديو والصور.. 'داعش' يذبح األقباط المصريين المختطفين في ليبيا'. Accessed February 16 2015. https://www.elfagr.org/1654270. lxxii Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم مركز الحياة لإلعالم يقدم Al-Hay... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 16 2015. http://justpaste.it/jfg4.
76
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
lxxiii Washington Post,. 2015. 'Video Shows Purported Beheading Of Egyptian Christians In Libya'. Accessed February 16 2015. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/video-shows-purported-beheading-of-egyptian-christians-in-libya/2015/02/15/b8d0f092-b548-11e4-bc30-a4e75503948a_story.html. lxxiv Nytimes.Com. Accessed March 11 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/11/world/africa/isis-seizes-opportunity-in-libyas-turmoil.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=photo-spot-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=1. lxxv Reuters,. 2015. 'UPDATE 3-Libyan Oil Pipeline Sabotaged, Gunmen Storm Sirte Offices'. Accessed February 15 2015. http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/14/libya-security-idUSL5N0VO08120150214. lxxvi Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 15 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/566623961266814977. lxxvii Nasher.me,. 2015. 'ضمن مالحم بنغازي .. عملية استشهادية استهدفت نقطة عسكرية لجند الطاغوت في منطقة الليثي | ناشر'. Accessed February 17 2015. http://nasher.me/bingazi8/. lxxviii Ansamed.info,. 2015. 'Libya: Isis Flogs Youths For Alcohol Consumption In Derna - General News - Ansamed.It'. Accessed February 15 2015. http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/generalnews/2015/02/13/libya-isis-flogs-youths-for-alcohol-consumption-in-derna_ed20e04e-4a56-4cec-a2bf-2802f7370166.html. lxxix Nasher.me,. 2015. 'توبة 42 عنصرا يعملون في وزارة الداخلية | ناشر'. Accessed February 17 2015. http://nasher.me/tawba4/. lxxx "IS Seizes Sirte Hospital: Report." Libya Herald. February 13, 2015. Accessed February 15, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/02/13/is-seizes-sirte-hospital-report/. lxxxi Telegraph.co.uk,. 2015. 'Alleged Isil Gunmen In Libya 'Seize Radio Station' - Telegraph'. Accessed February 15 2015. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/11412386/Alleged-Isil-gunmen-in-Libya-seize-radio-station.html. lxxxii Twitter,. 2015. 'Rida On Twitter'. Accessed February 15 2015. https://twitter.com/libyanproud/status/566150811387166720. lxxxiii "Dabiq 7." February 12, 2015. Accessed February 12, 2015. http://ia601506.us.archive.org/27/items/Dabiq7/Dabiq_7.pdf. lxxxiv Ansamed.info,. 2015. 'Libya; Sources, 40 Severed Heads Found In Bengasi - General News - Ansamed.It'. Accessed February 12 2015. http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/generalnews/2015/02/11/libya-sources-40-severed-heads-found-in-bengasi_23764bf5-d466-44e2-97a8-fab567f1168c.html. lxxxv Nasher.me,. 2015. 'فجر ليبيا .. قتال في سبيل الديمقراطية | ناشر'. Accessed February 12 2015. http://nasher.me/fajrlibya/. lxxxvi Twitter,. 2015. 'Islamuntiltheend On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/zholimun_anti/status/564617602828222464 lxxxvii Twitter,. 2015. 'Ahmed Sanalla On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/ASanalla/status/564537410831515648 lxxxviii Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/564078582558097408 lxxxix مئات األجانب والعرب بصفوف "داعش" في ليبيا
77
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Sky News Arabia,. 2015. 'مئات األجانب والعرب بصفوف "داعش" في ليبيا'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.skynewsarabia.com/web/article/722649/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%94%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%94%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%88%D9%81-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4-%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7 xc Louisa Loveluck, Cairo. 2015. 'Benghazi Faces 'Medical Diasaster' As Libyan City Cut Off By Heavy Fighting - Telegraph'. Telegraph.Co.Uk. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/11396855/Benghazi-faces-medical-diasaster-as-Libyan-city-cut-off-by-heavy-fighting.html. xci Reuters,. 2015. 'Car Bomber Kills Two, Wounds Around 20 In Libya's Benghazi: Medics'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/06/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0LA0PH20150206. xcii Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/562756943664914434. xciii Twitter,. 2015. 'James Wheeler On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/wheelertweets/status/562784888987070464. xciv "Five Oil Workers Still Missing from Mabruk Oil Field Attack." Libya Herald. February 7, 2015. Accessed February 11, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/02/07/five-oil-workers-still-missing-from-mabruk-oil-field-attack/. xcv اإلغارة على ثكنات المرتدين في منطقة عين مارة | ناشر Nasher.me,. 2015. 'اإلغارة على ثكنات المرتدين في منطقة عين مارة | ناشر'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://nasher.me/marah6/. xcvi جانب من نشاطات المكتب الدعوي في والية طرابلس | ناشر Nasher.me,. 2015. 'جانب من نشاطات المكتب الدعوي في والية طرابلس | ناشر'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://nasher.me/daawi3/. xcvii Islam4libya2. February 4, 2015. Accessed February 15, 2015. https://twitter.com/islam4libya2/status/563171801279516672. xcviii Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/562681055585792002/photo/1. xcix "Tripoli Revolutionaries Brigade Again Attacked: Report." Libya Herald. February 3, 2015. Accessed February 11, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/02/03/tripoli-revolutionaries-brigade-again-attacked-report/. c مقتل شرطي وجرح اثنين في تفجير طرابلس .Accessed February 11 2015 .'بوابة الوسط,. 2015. 'مقتل شرطي وجرح اثنين في تفجير طرابلسhttp://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/59320/. ci Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/561793439940243456. cii Manbar.me,. 2015. ' 2 ضمن مالحم بنغازي .. صور من خط الرباط'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/rebat2. ciii Manbar.me,. 2015. ' "صحوات بنغازي .. وآثار الدمار"'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/sahawa4. civ Nasher.me,. 2015. 'خير لك من حمر النعم( اعتناق ثالثة من نصارى إفريقيا الدين اإلسالمي | ناشر('. Accessed February 11 2015. http://nasher.me/trablos2/.
78
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
cv Times of Malta,. 2015. 'New Video, Pictures - At Least Nine Killed In Corinthia Tripoli Hotel Attack, Assailants Killed By Grenade - PM To Make Statement In Parliament '. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150127/local/new-video-pictures-at-least-nine-killed-in-corinthia-tripoli-hotel-attack-assailants-killed-by-grenade-pm-to-make-statement-in-parliament.553624. cvi Twitter,. 2015. 'Rana Jawad On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Rana_J01/status/560027880546377729. cvii "Fulaan_akh." Twitter. Accessed February 11, 2015. https://twitter.com/fulaan_akh/status/559982490434027521. cviii Twitter,. 2015. 'Libyan™ On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/dovenews/status/560054173946093569. cix Manbar.me,. 2015. ' بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم دولة الخالفة اإلسالمية...'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/urnft. cx Manbar.me,. 2015. ' توزيع الهدايا والحلوى على أطفال بنغازي'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/atfalben. cxi Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'بسم هللا والصالة والسالم على رسول هللا رسالة مفتوحة إلى... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/izmy. cxii Nasher.me,. 2015. 'ضمن نشاطات رجال الحسبة إزالة أحد التماثيل وهدم إحدى األضرحة الشركية | ناشر'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://nasher.me/hesba4/. cxiii Manbar.me,. 2015. ' تقرير مصور اشتباكات مع جند الطاغوت في عين مارة'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/ma3barqa. cxiv Manbar.me,. 2015. ' حيم) قصة هجرة من الر ح .Accessed February 11 2015 .'...بس م هللا الرhttps://manbar.me/grmmz. cxv allAfrica.com,. 2015. 'Libya: Ramtane Lamamra Condemns Car Bomb Attack Outside Algeria's Embassy In Tripoli'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://allafrica.com/stories/201501191785.html. cxvi Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم توزيع كسوة الشتاء ومساعدات مالية... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/sadaqat_2. cxvii Justpaste.it,. 2015. ' بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المكتب اإلعالمي لوالية طرابلس يقد... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/iv5h. cxviii Cairo, Louisa. 2015. 'Isil Group In Libya Claims Mass Kidnap Of Christians - Telegraph'.Telegraph.Co.Uk. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/11341195/Isil-group-in-Libya-claims-mass-kidnap-of-Christians.html. cxix Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'Content Has Been Removed - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/Nsha9hesba. cxx Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'Content Has Been Removed - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/2jornalest. cxxi Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'Content Has Been Removed - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/rebat1. cxxii Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المكتب اإلعالمي في والية برقة يقدم... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://justpaste.it/estyad. cxxiii Manbar.me,. 2015. ' بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم تقرير مصور عن...'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/taqnasf.
79
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
cxxiv Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/551429333483790337 cxxv Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'Content Has Been Removed - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/GazAoth. cxxvi "Massacre in Sukna: Report." Libya Herald. January 2, 2015. Accessed February 11, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/01/02/massacre-in-sukna-report/. cxxvii Twitter,. 2015. 'بنغازي ستنتصر On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/LIBYA_BREAKNEWS/status/549890839594688512 cxxviii Twitter,. 2015. 'ANADOLU AGENCY (AR) On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/aa_arabic/status/549891835209199616 cxxix "Car Bomb outside House of Representatives Hotel in Tobruk." Libya Herald. December 30, 2014. Accessed February 11, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/12/30/car-bomb-outside-house-of-representatives-hotel-in-tobruk/. cxxx Twitter,. 2015. 'Egypt Speaks On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/egypt_speaks/status/548792251930124289. cxxxi Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/548789172744765440. cxxxii Au.news.yahoo.com,. 2015. 'Car Bomb Hits Diplomatic Security Building In Libyan Capital'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/25864172/car-bomb-hits-diplomatic-security-building-in-libyan-capital/. cxxxiii Libya-al-mostakbal.org,. 2015. '«Libya Al-Mostakbal»'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.libya-al-mostakbal.org/news/clicked/60647. cxxxiv بوابة الوسط,. 2014. '»داعش« ينشر تقريرا مصورا لحرق »المرتدين« ببنغازي'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/53674/. cxxxv Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/544794684670087168. cxxxvi Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/545340546676695040. cxxxvii العسكرية بمدخل إجدابيا الشرقي'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/52065/. cxxxviii Manbar.me,. 2015. ' بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم صولة لألسود على...'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/saolaa. cxxxix Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/539350913136484352. cxl Twitter,. 2015. 'لؤي عمران On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/loayomran/status/539354251647283201. cxli Twitter,. 2015. 'لؤي عمران On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/loayomran/status/539356734486487040. cxlii بوابة الوسط,. 2014. 'انفجار سيارة مفخخة أمام مديرية أمن أجدابيا'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/50045/.
80
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
cxliii News.siteintelgroup.com,. 2014. 'IS Releases 5Th Issue Of English Magazine “Dabiq” | Jihadist News'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/is-releases-5th-issue-of-english-magazine-dabiq.html. cxliv Manbar.me,. 2015. ' تقرير مصور عن ديوان الحسبة في والية برقة'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/alhsbah. cxlv Justpaste.it,. 2015. ' من ليبيا الرد : على ما ذكره الشيخ حارث النظاري بالدقيق... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/libyarad. cxlvi Manbar.me,. 2015. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/isteshhade. cxlvii Manbar.me,. 2015. ' بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيمالحد هلل معز جند ، وناصر...'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/baeanbarqa. cxlviii Manbar.me,. 2015. ' بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيمبيعة العشرات من أهالي والية برقة...'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/baeaat. cxlix Manbar.me,. 2015. ' بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم استعراض جيش الخالفة في والية برقة '. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/isteraad. cl https://www.alplatformmedia.com/vb/showthread.php?t=69352 cli بوابة الوسط,. 2014. '»داعش« ينشر صورا لمقاتليه في طرابلس'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/48232/. clii Manbar.me,. 2015. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/aasaad. cliii Twitter,. 2015. 'Nizar Elennabi.نـزار On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/NizarElannabi/status/532763879869521920. cliv witter,. 2015. 'Nizar Elennabi.نـزار On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/NizarElannabi/status/532765253449547777. clv English.alarabiya.net,. 2015. Accessed February 11 2015. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/11/13/Car-explodes-near-Egypt-embassy-in-Libya-.html?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=twitter. clvi "Bomb Attack on Marj Checkpoint Injures Three." Libya Herald. November 14, 2014. Accessed February 11, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/11/14/bomb-attack-on-marj-checkpoint-injures-three/. clvii Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohanid Elghadi مهند On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/MElghadi/status/533228558165237760. clviii بوابة الوسط,. 2014. 'إصابة عنصري أمن في انفجار عبوة ناسفة في مدينة المرج'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/47428/. clix Twitter,. 2015. 'Majed On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/alwahieshi/status/532617411485523969. clx Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/532472048682299392. clxi Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/532479247726968832. clxii Twitter,. 2015. 'لؤي عمران On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/loayomran/status/532474754629107712.
81
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
clxiii Twitter,. 2015. 'Libyaalhurra On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/LibyaAlHurraTV/status/532699654291734529. clxiv Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/532457775918764032. clxv Twitter,. 2015. 'Libyaalhurra On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/LibyaAlHurraTV/status/532485635047956480. clxvi Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/532466468248907776. clxvii BBC News,. 2014. 'Activists Beheaded In Eastern Libya'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30011640. clxviii Twitter,. 2015. 'Military Studies On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/ArmedResearch/status/532215243356000256/photo/1. clxix Facebook.com,. 2015. 'Facebook'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=378181275681301&set=vb.100004682946200&type=2&theater. clxx Twitter,. 2015. 'Mutaz Gedalla On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/mutaz20042000/status/532310833863610368. clxxi بوابة الوسط,. 2014. 'ذبح متطوع بقاعدة بنينا الجوية'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/46923/. clxxii Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/531447615452631041. clxxiii Reuters,. 2015. 'Bomb Explodes In Libyan Town As U.N. Envoy Meets PM Thinni'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/09/us-libya-security-idUSKCN0IT0K920141109?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews. clxxiv Mail Online,. (2014). 2 arrested in bombings near Libya-UN meeting. Retrieved 11 February 2015, from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-2828396/2-arrested-bombings-near-Libya-UN-meeting.html clxxv Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/551484415382409217. clxxvi Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'قناة التوحيد تقدم الدورة العلمية لفضيلة الشيخ تركي البنعل... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/huch. clxxvii Washingtoninstitute.org,. 2015. 'The Islamic State's First Colony In Libya'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-islamic-states-first-colony-in-libya. clxxviii Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/524356201535270912. clxxix بوابة الوسط,. 2014. '»داعش« في ليبيا: يمني أميرا على درنة وسعودي يتلقى البيعة للبغدادي'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/45321/. clxxx YouTube,. 2015. 'بيعة البغدادي في ملتقى مد االيادي - درنة ليبيا'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nttnpy1UcrE. clxxxi بوابة الوسط,. 2014. 'قتيل وجريحين جراء انفجار سيارة في بنغازي'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/41051/.
82
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
clxxxii بوابة الوسط,. 2014. 'اغتيال شقيق العقيد جمعة المصراتي في بنغازي'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/36397/. clxxxiii Amnesty.org,. 2015. '‘Public Execution’ In Football Stadium Shows Libya’S Descent Into Lawlessness | Amnesty International'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/public-execution-football-stadium-shows-libya-s-descent-lawlessness-2014-08-21. clxxxiv YouTube,. 2015. 'Libyan Islamists Hold Public Execution At Soccer Field'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlpA182B7cU. clxxxv Banco, Erin. 2015. 'In Libya's First Known Beheading, Militia Kills Filipino Construction Worker '. International Business Times. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.ibtimes.com/libyas-first-known-beheading-militia-kills-filipino-construction-worker-1634354. clxxxvi "Abdel Jalil Bodyguard Dies after Bomb Attack." Tripoli. June 19, 2014. Accessed February 11, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/06/19/abdel-jalil-bodyguard-dies-following-bomb-attack/. clxxxvii Aljazeera.com,. 2014. 'Deadly Bomb Blast Hits Libya Army Camp'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/03/libya-army-camp-blast-2014317111142983333.html.