September 11, 2001 Lessons Learned

Terrorism

Citizen CorpsCitizen Corps Areas of Emphasis:CrimeNatural disastersTerrorism

2Citizen Corpsis a program under the Department of Homeland Security that provides training for the population of the United States to assist in the recovery after a disaster or terrorist attack.

Unit ObjectivesDefine terrorismIdentify potential targets in the communityIdentify operating procedures for a terrorist incidentDescribe the actions to take following a suspected terrorist incident

3What Is Terrorism?Premeditated, politically motivated violence that is perpetrated against non-combatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents and is usually intended to influence an audience

--U.S. State Department

4To be considered terrorism an act must be aimed at a goal that sets it apart from a common law crime which are often committed because of greed and egotism. Although it is stated in the definition terrorism isnt always politically motivatedSome acts of terrorism are driven by the desire for social and economical change Who is the terrorist? Psychological View- majority of terrorists suffer from a psychological deficitSocialization View- these terrorists have been raised to hate their opponents Ideological View- terrorists hold extreme ideological beliefs that prompt their behaviorAlienation View- these terrorists may be motivated b the feelings of alienation

In order to fight and control terrorism it is important to have an understanding of the individuals who commit these crimes.It is often difficult to set a profile of an ideal terrorist because they tend to all have different personalities, mental stabilities and motives.There are four compelling visions that frame the ideal terrorist. 1. Psychological View- majority of terrorists suffer from a psychological deficit. Many terrorists act out on their own psychoses through the confines of a group. The terroristic acts performed by this group of people generally arent politically driven but are the result of compulsion or psychopathology 2.Socialization View- These terrorists have been raised to hate their opponents. These individuals were brought up in a household with a distant or absent father figure. As a result of absent father these individuals seek an alternative father figure in groups such as cults and gangs.3. Ideological View- terrorists hold extreme ideological beliefs that prompt their behavior. Through their environment they have been conditioned to believe that certain groups and governments are truly their enemy. They believe that they can cause reform and change by means of violence which will eventually generate a sequence of events. Often these terrorists believe that self sacrifice is the only way to successfully wage an attack. 4. Alienation View- a lack of economic opportunity and recessionary economies are positively correlated with terrorism. These terrorists may be motivated b the feelings of alienation

5Terrorist GoalsFearRecognition Harass, weaken, or embarrass the government Money and equipment Destroy facilities or disrupt lines of communication

6There are many reasons why terrorist choose to conduct their attacks. One reason is they want to produce widespread fear which helps them control the area they inflicted terror on. Many terrorists want to obtain worldwide, national or local recognition for their cause by attracting the attention of the media. They want to harass, weaken, or embarrass government security forces so that the government overreacts and appears repressive. A lot of terrorists desire to steal or extort money and equipment, especially weapons and ammunition vital to the operation of their group. Lastly terrorists aim to destroy facilities or disrupt lines of communication in order to create doubt that the government can provide for and protect its citizens

Types of Terrorism State Sponsored TerrorismReligious TerrorismRight Wing TerrorismLeft Wing Terrorism

State sponsored terrorism involves the government of that country. The government uses terror to control the nations population. A great example of this would be when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party took control over the Jewish population in Germany. Religious terrorism is often motivated by religious ideologies and the feeling of being superior to other races, beliefs and nations. This type of terrorism is extremely dangerous because individuals are generally willing to die for their religious cause and they believe that their actions are justified. Religious terrorists tend to use suicide bombs and other lethal weapons when committing attacks. ISIS, Boko Haram and Al-Qaeda are three of the most prominent religious based terroristic organizations.Right Wing terrorism targets liberal governments in order to maintain traditional social order. Many of these groups are racially motivated and focus the majority of their terror attacks on minorities in the community. The Ku Klux Klan and Neo-Fascists are to examples of modern Right Wing terrorist groups.Left Wing terrorism are groups who desire to overthrow capitalists democracies in order to establish a socialist or communist government. The Revolutionary Peoples Liberation Party-Front in Turkey, Revolutionary Organization 17 November in Greece, and The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (FARC) are all current examples of left wing terrorist groups.(Both left and right wing terrorism can be grouped in the category of political terrorism.)7Types of Terrorism Pathological TerrorismIssue Oriented TerrorismSeparatist or Nationalist TerrorismNarco-Terrorism

Pathological terrorism is committed by individuals who terrorize simply for the joy of it. They often operate alone and are defined as true terrorists because they have no underlying motive. An example of pathological terrorism are school shootings such as the Sandy Hook massacre. Issue Oriented terrorism is stemmed from a specific issue. Generally these issues are social and deal with the environment. Some of the best examples of this type of terrorism would be the bombing of abortion clinics and the assault of whaling ships. The Environmental Liberation Front is one the most well known eco-terror group.Separatist or Nationalist Terrorism involves individuals who seek to cause fragmentation within a country and establish a new state that upholds their beliefs and desires. This form of terrorism often involves minority ethnic or religious group and people who are subject to a lot of discrimination. Narco-Terrorism refers to organizations that gain funds through the sale of drugs. It can also deal with the violence of these groups or gangs and their control over the community. The drug cartel in Mexico is a prime example of Narco-terrorism. 8Types of terrorismRevolutionary TerrorismRetributive TerrorismCult TerrorismCriminal Terrorism

Revolutionary Terrorists often utilize assassinations, bombings and kidnapping in order to elicit a response from the government. Their main goal is to replace the existing government with a regime that holds political or religious views acceptable to them. These terrorists tend to instigate the government to respond in malicious ways in order to paint the government as inhumane.Retributive terrorists are mainly fighting for a cause. Their enemies consists of people anywhere whose ideology and religion do not coincide with theirs. These groups tend to not have specific location in which they are fighting from but instead can launch attacks from anywhere. They have various methods in which they choose to attack their enemy ranging from cyber attacks to violent attacks. Cult terrorism is when a groups leader demands its followers to commit violent acts in order to show their loyalty for the cult. These groups often have a dangerous fear of the government and tend to have a doomsday mentality. Criminal Terrorism is when terrorists groups become involved in common-law crimes such as drug dealing, kidnapping or selling nuclear materials.

9Terrorist WeaponsBiologicalNuclearIncendiaryChemicalExplosive

10Biological, Nuclear and Chemical are considered conventional weapons and generally refer to weapons that are in relatively wide use and are not weapons of mass of destruction.The weapons form the acronym BNICE.A new weapon terrorists are starting to use often involves computer hacking, network disruptions, and identity thefts from hacking and the distribution of personal and business information. Types of Biological WeaponsBacteriaRickettsiaViruses Toxins Fungi

Types of Biological

More information about these weapons will be discussed in a future class activity. 11

Nuclear WeaponsMuch different than conventional weapons:Many casualtiesVery large area affectedLong-term health effectsConsidered relatively low risk

12Nuclear weapons are defined as abomb or missile that uses nuclear energy to cause an explosion. These weapons when used cause many casualties, affect a very large area, and result in long term health effects. Some researchers consider the risk of terrorist using a nuclear weapon to be a relatively low risk. Radiation Dispersal DevicesConventional explosive with radioactive elementRadiological materials are readily availableConsidered moderate to high risk

13Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD)is any device that causes the purposeful dissemination of radioactive materialwithout a nuclear detonation. These weapons are considered a conventional explosive with a radioactive element. a Dirty Bomb is an example of a radiation dispersal methodThe explosion from the devices produce radioactive and nonradioactive shrapnel and radioactive dustExplosions cause generally Radiationcontamination, Radiationexposureonly in certain circumstances Physical injuryBurnsPanic, fearThe risk of these weapons being used is considered moderate to high.

Incendiary DevicesUsed to initiate combustionEasy to makeEasy to useConsidered high risk/low impact

14An incendiary device is any firebomb, and any device designed or specially adapted to cause physical harm to persons or property by means of fire, and consisting of an incendiary substance or agent. Because these devices are easy to make and use they are considered high risk however their impact is low.Types of Incendiary Devices AccelerantArsonFlamethrowerFuel-air explosiveGreek fireMolotov cocktail

More information about these weapons will be discussed in a future class activity.

15Chemical AgentsAre the toxic component of a chemical weaponChemical agents are categorized based off their mode of transmissionOnset of symptoms from immediate to 18 hoursConsidered moderate risk

16Chemical Agent CategoriesChoking AgentsBlister AgentsBlood AgentsNerve agentsRiot Control AgentsPotential CW AgentsPsychotomimetic AgentsToxins

Choking agents inflict injury mainly on the respiratory tract. Victims typically inhale these agents, which cause the alveoli to secrete a constant flow of fluid into the lungs, essentially drowning the victimBlister agents operate through inhalation. When the agents are inhaled they affect the eyes, respiratory tract and skin. The name of the agent identifies its most severe side effect. After contact with a blistering agent the skin blisters to the point that they resemble severe burns.Blood agents are distributed through the blood and also enter the body through inhalation. These agents prohibit the cells from using and transferring oxygen eventually causing the person to suffocate.Nerve agents act like a poison to the body, the symptoms can be as little as a runny nose to a big as a lost of consciousness. Riot control agents arent created to cause long term effects. They are simply meant to disperse the crowd and to keep it from becoming unruly. Potential Chemical Weapon Agents includes agents that have the ability to penetrate a protective mask. Also these are any biotechnological weapons that have yet to me developed. Psychotomimetic weapons when administered cause symptoms that resemble some psychotic disorders. Toxins are agents that are produced by biological organisms. There are two types of toxins plant and bacterial.17Conventional ExplosivesTerrorists weapons of choiceCan be:Military munitionsImprovised explosive devicesConsidered high risk

18Conventional explosives are generally bombs that explode after being triggered.

These weapons are generally the terrorists weapon of choice and are high risk because of ease of access.

The weapons can be anything ranging from military grade to homemade. These weapons are considered high risk. Preparing for TerrorismAssemble a disaster supply kit.Identify a safe room and meeting place outside of the home or workplace.Develop a family or business communication plan.Learn shelter-in-place procedures.

19Shelter-in-Place ProceduresShut off ventilation system. Go to safe room with disaster supply kit.Duct tape plastic sheeting over openings where outside air can come in.Seal with duct tape other areas where air can come in.Listen to battery-powered radio for all clear.

20What to Do if ExposedTake action immediatelyLeave the area immediatelyFollow basic decontamination procedures4. Report for decontamination

21Basic Decontamination ProceduresLeave the contaminated areaTake decontamination actionRemove everythingWash hands before using them to showerShower or flush with cool waterBlot dry

22a minimum 5-minute flushing time is recommended for mildly irritating chemicals,at least 20 minutes for moderate-to-severe irritants,20 minutes for non-penetrating corrosives, andat least 60 minutes for penetrating corrosives

Terrorism in the CourtsCategory 1 Category 2

Terrorists cases are generally put into two different categories.Category 1; these cases are direct violations of federal statues that are directly related to international terrorism and are used regularly in international terrorism matters. Any attacks abroad that are against the United States fall into this category. It prohibits the use of weapons of mass destruction , the conspiracy to murder individuals overseas, providing material support to terrorists or foreign terrorist organizations , receiving military style training from foreign terrorist organizations and bombings of public or government facilities.Category 2: Involve any other case that can be linked to international terrorism. These cases include fraud, immigration, firearms, drugs, false statements, perjury, and obstruction of justice as well a general conspiracy charges.23PowerPoint Sourceswww.citizencorps.gov/cert/training_downloads.shtmwww.terrorism-research.com/goals/ handofreason.com/2011/featured/types-of-terrorismwww.remm.nlm.gov/rdd.htm

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