terms and definitions, disaster

8/16/2019 Terms and Definitions, Disaster

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Terms and Definitions

| A-C | D-F| G-I | J-M | N-P | R-T |U-W | References |

A

Acceptable Risk: That level of risk that is sfficientl! lo" that societ! isco#forta$le "ith it% &ociet! 'oes not (enerall! consi'er e)*en'itre in frther re'cin( sch risks +stifia$le% ,Astralian National ../0

Acceptable Risk: De(ree of h#ans an' #aterial loss that is *erceive' astolera$le in actions to #ini#i1e 'isaster risk% ,Ni#*no ..20

Acceptable Risk: Risk tolerance%

Given that the *rovision of a$solte safet! is i#*ossi$le3 there is (reat sense intr!in( to 'eter#ine the level of risk "hich is acce*ta$le for an! activit! or sitation%Ths3 "hen a ha1ar' is $ein( #ana(e'3 the financial an' other resorcesallocate' to the task shol' theoreticall! #atch the 'e(ree of threat *ose' $! theha1ar'3 as in'icate' $! the rank of the risk% % % %

4ne #st al"a!s s*ecif! acce*ta$le to "ho# an' that i#*lies a conscios'ecision $ase' on all the availa$le infor#ation% % %%

The ..5 floo's in the **er Mississi**i river $asin ha' an esti#ate' retrn *erio'of #ore than one in 677 !ears3 !et so#e *eo*le "ho "ere floo'e' asserte' thatthis event shol' no" $e re(ar'e' as an nacce*ta$le risk% &ch ar(#ents

i(nore $oth the econo#ic an' social $enefits 'erive' $! those co##nities fro#their floo'*lain location over the *revios 77 !ears or so3 "hen fe" floo' lossesoccrre'3 an' the cost to the ta)*a!er i#*lie' in *rotectin( floo'*lain $asinsa(ainst a floo' of the ..5 #a(nit'e% ,ith ..83 9:0

Acceptable Risk: De(ree of h#an an' #aterial loss that is *erceive' $! theco##nit! or relevant athorities as tolera$le in actions to #ini#i1e 'isaster risk%,U%N% ..63 50

Accident: ;The "or'


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Accident: ;An ne)*ecte' or n'esira$le event3 es*eciall! one casin( in+r! to as#all n#$er of in'ivi'als an'>or #o'est 'a#a(e to *h!sical strctres%=)a#*les "ol' $e ato#otive acci'ents or 'a#a(e fro# li(htnin( strikin( ahose%; ,Dra$ek ..83 &ession 63 *% 50

Accident: ;% % %sitations in "hich an occasion can $e han'le' $!% % %e#er(enc!

or(ani1ations% The 'e#an's that are #a'e on the co##nit! are "ithin the sco*eof 'o#ain res*onsi$ilit! of the sal e#er(enc! or(ani1ations sch as *olice3 fire3#e'ical an' health *ersonnel% &ch acci'ents create nee's ,an' 'a#a(e0 "hichare li#ite' to the acci'ent scene an' so fe" other co##nit! facilities are'a#a(e'% Ths3 the e#er(enc! res*onse is 'eli#ite' in $oth location an' to theran(e of e#er(enc! activities% The *ri#ar! $r'en of e#er(enc! res*onse falls onthose or(ani1ations that incor*orate clearl! 'eferre' e#er(enc! res*onsi$ilit! intotheir 'o#ains% When the e#er(enc! tasks are co#*lete'3 there are fe" vesti(es of the acci'ent or lastin( effects on the co##nit! strctre; ,D!nes ..23 :0%

Accident? ;The ver! lan(a(e se' to 'escri$e the @TMI acci'ent reveale' thever! 'iverse *erce*tions that enter sch inter*retations% Was it an acci'ent or aninci'entB A catastro*he or a #isha*B A 'isaster or an eventB A technical failre or a si#*le #echanical $reak'o"nB; ,Nelkin .23 590%

Accident: An event "hich onl! reires the res*onse of esta$lishe' or(ani1ations- e)*ansion or actions sch as (oin( to e)tra shifts is not calle' for% ,arantelli.2:3 690

Accident: ;The evi'ence% % %s((ests that acci'ents are not the *ro'ct of 'ivineca*rice3 nor of a set of ran'o# chance events "hich are not likel! to recr3 $t thatthe! are inci'ents3 create' $! *eo*le3 "hich can $e anal!1e'3 an' that the lessonslearne' fro# that anal!sis3 if i#*le#ente'3 "ill hel* to *revent si#ilar events fro#takin( *lace a(ain%; ,Toft ..63 920

Accident, Technological: ;Technolo(ical acci'ents% % %are al#ost never n'erstoo' as the "a! the "orl' of chance sorts itself ot% The! *rovoke otra(erather than acce*tance or resi(nation% The! (enerate a feelin( that the thin( o(htnot have ha**ene'3 that so#eone is at falt3 that victi#s 'eserve not onl!co#*assion an' co#*ensation $t so#ethin( akin to "hat la"!ers call *nitive'a#a(es%; ,=rikson3 .2.3 /50

Acts of God: Natral 'isasters or freak acci'ents% ,Eirklan' ..:3 6%0

;When societ! see#s to have for#e' a consenss that the event "as an


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,Reference Center ..20

Bliard: Hiolent "inter stor#3 lastin( at least 5 hors3 "hich co#$ines $elo"free1in( te#*eratres an' ver! stron( "in' la'en "ith $lo"in( sno" that re'cesvisi$ilit! to less than k#% ,WM4 ..63 280


C

!alamit": ;A #assive or e)tre#e catastro*hic 'isaster that e)ten's over ti#e an's*ace%; Notes the Elack Death of the /th centr! as an e)a#*le% ,Dra$ek ..83&ession 63 *%/0

!atastrophe: ;An event in "hich a societ! incrs3 or is threatene' to incr3 schlosses to *ersons an'>or *ro*ert! that the entire societ! is affecte' an'e)traor'inar! resorces an' skills are reire'3 so#e of "hich #st co#e fro#other nations%

An e)a#*le "ol' $e the .29 =arthakes in Me)ico Cit! an' other Me)icancities% Thosan's of *eo*le-esti#ates var! #arke'l!-'ie' an' tens of thosan's"ere in+re'% At least 773777 $il'in( nits "ere 'a#a(e' reconstrction costse)cee'e' five $illion 'ollars ,"ith so#e esti#ates rnnin( as hi(h as 7 $illion0%4ver si)t! 'onor nations contri$te' to the recover! thro(h *ro(ra#s coor'inate'$! the ea(e of Re' Cross an' Re' Crescent &ocieties%; ,Dra$ek..83 &ession63 *% / citin( Rssell R% D!nes3 =%% arantelli3 an' Dennis Wen(er% ..7%In'ivi'al an' 4r(ani1ational Res*onse to the .29 =arthake in Me)ico Cit!3Me)ico% Ne"ark3 Dela"are? Disaster Research Center3 Universit! of Dela"are0

!atastrophe: ;% % %an event that cases 69 #illion or #ore in insre' *ro*ert!losses an' affects a si(nificant n#$er of *ro*ert!-casalt! *olic!hol'ers an'insrers%; ,Insrance &ervices 4ffice 67773 60

!atastrophe: An event of sch i#*act *on a co##nit! that ne" or(ani1ations#st $e create' in or'er to 'eal "ith the sitation% ,arantelli .2:3 690

!atastrophe: ;% % %for a (iven societ! #i(ht $e 'efine' as an event lea'in( to 977'eaths or 7 #illion in 'a#a(es% These fi(res3 ho"ever3 are ar$itrar! sincelevels of i#*act #ean 'ifferent thin(s to 'ifferent *eo*le in 'ifferent sitations%Frther#ore3 "e cannot i(nore the ele#ent of scale% It "ol' $e a catastro*he for a s#all co##nit! if ever! $il'in( "ere totall! 'estro!e' $! floo'in( ,as occrre'in ..5 in Hal#e!er3 Illinois03 $t at the (lo$al scale3 it "ol' $e an insi(nificantevent if onl! 597 hoses "ere involve'% % %&i#ilarl!3 7 #illion in 'a#a(e to so#eco##nities "ol' $e 'evastatin(% % %3 es*eciall! in less "ealth! societies3 $tothers "ol' $e a$le to co*e relativel! easil!; ,To$in an' Mont1 ..:3 :0%

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;% % %a catastro*he not onl! 'isr*ts societ!3 $t #a! case a total $reak'o"n in'a!-to-'a! fnctionin(% 4ne as*ect of catastro*hes3 is that #ost co##nit!fnctions 'isa**ear there is no i##e'iate lea'ershi*3 hos*itals #a! $e 'a#a(e'or 'estro!e'3 an' the 'a#a(e #a! $e so (reat an' so e)tensive that srvivorshave no"here to trn for hel* ,arantelli3 ../0% In 'isaster sitations3 it is notnsal for srvivors to seek hel* fro# frien's an' nei(h$ors3 $t this cannot

ha**en in catastro*hes% In a 'isaster3 societ! contines to o*erate an' it isco##on to see sche'le' events contine% % %; To$in an' Mont1 ..:3 50%

!atastrophic Disaster: An event that reslts in lar(e n#$ers of 'eaths an'in+ries cases e)tensive 'a#a(e or 'estrction of facilities that *rovi'e an'sstain h#an nee's *ro'ces an over"hel#in( 'e#an' on &tate an' localres*onse resorces an' #echanis#s cases a severe lon(-ter# effect on (eneralecono#ic activit! an' severel! affects &tate3 local3 an' *rivate-sector ca*a$ilitiesto $e(in an' sstain res*onse activities% Note? the &taffor' Act *rovi'es no'efinition for this ter#% ,F=MA ..63 FRP A**en'i) E0

!ategor" # hurricane: The lo"est of five levels of relative hrricane intensit! onthe &affir>&i#*son hrricane scale% A Cate(or! hrricane is 'efine' $! "in's of :/ to .9 MPK3 or a stor# sr(e of / to 9 feet a$ove nor#al% This cate(or! nor#all!'oes not case real 'a#a(e to *er#anent strctres3 altho(h 'a#a(e tonanchore' #o$ile ho#es3 shr$$er!3 an' trees can $e e)*ecte'% Also so#ecoastal roa' floo'in( an' #inor *ier 'a#a(e% ,Notification Manal0

!ategor" $ hurricane: The secon' of five levels of relative hrricane intensit! onthe &affir>&i#*son hrricane scale% A Cate(or! 6 hrricane is 'efine' $! "in's of .8 to 7 MPK3 or a stor# sr(e of 8 to 2 feet a$ove nor#al% This cate(or!nor#all! cases so#e roofin( #aterial3 'oor3 an' "in'o" 'a#a(e to $il'in(s%Consi'era$le 'a#a(e to ve(etation3 #o$ile ho#es3 an' *iers can $e e)*ecte'%Coastal an' lo" l!in( esca*e rotes can $e e)*ecte' to floo' 6 to / hors $eforearrival of stor# center% all craft in n*rotecte' anchora(es "ill $rea' #oorin(%,Notification Manal0

!ategor" % hurricane: The thir' of five levels of relative hrricane intensit! on the&affir>&i#*son hrricane scale% A Cate(or! 5 hrricane is 'efine' $! "in's of to 57 MPK3 or a stor# sr(e of . to 6 feet a$ove nor#al% This cate(or! nor#all!'oes so#e strctral 'a#a(e to s#all resi'ences an' tilit! $il'in(s3 "ith a #inor a#ont of crtain "all failres% Mo$ile ho#es are 'estro!e'% Floo'in( near thecoast can $e e)*ecte' to 'estro! s#aller strctres3 "ith lar(er strctres'a#a(e' $! floatin( 'e$ris% Terrain continosl! lo"er than 9 feet a$ove sea level#a! $e floo'e' inlan' as far as 8 #iles% ,Notification Manal0

!ategor" & hurricane: The forth of five levels of relative hrricane intensit! onthe &affir>&i#*son hrricane scale% A Cate(or! / hrricane is 'efine' $! "in's of 5 to 99 MPK3 or a stor# sr(e of 5 to 2 feet a$ove nor#al% This cate(or!nor#all! cases #ore e)tensive crtain "all failres3 "ith so#e co#*lete roof strctre failre on s#all resi'ences% Ma+or erosion "ill occr at $each areas%Ma+or 'a#a(e to lo"er floors of strctres near the shore can $e e)*ecte'% Terrain


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continosl! lo"er than 7 feet a$ove sea level #a! $e floo'e'3 reirin( #assiveevacation of resi'ential areas inlan' as far as 8 #iles% ,Notification Manal0

!ategor" ' hurricane: The severest of five levels of relative hrricane intensit! onthe &affir>&i#*son hrricane scale% A Cate(or! 9 hrricane is 'efine' $! "in's(reater than 99 MPK3 or a stor# sr(e (reater than 2 feet a$ove nor#al% This

cate(or! nor#all! cases co#*lete roof failre on #an! resi'ential an' in'strial$il'in(s so#e are $lo"n over or a"a!% Ma+or 'a#a(e to lo"er floors of allstrctres locate' less than 9 feet a$ove sea level an' "ithin 977 !ar's of theshoreline can $e e)*ecte'% Massive evacation of resi'ential areas on lo" (ron'"ithin 9 to 7 #iles of the shoreline #a! $e reire'% ,Notification Manal0

!()*TR)!: The Che#ical Trans*ortation =#er(enc! Center3 6/-hor contactn#$er -277-/6/-.577 in C4NU&3 676-/25-:88 otsi'e the continental Unite'&tates% A service3 s*onsore' $! the che#ical in'str!3 "hich *rovi'es t"o sta(esof assistance to res*on'ers 'ealin( "ith *otentiall! ha1ar'os #aterials% First3 onrecei*t of a call *rovi'in( the na#e of a che#ical +'(e' $! the res*on'er to $e a*otentiall! ha1ar'os #aterial3 CK=MTR=C *rovi'es i##e'iate a'vice on thenatre of the che#ical *ro'ct an' the ste*s to $e taken in han'lin( it% &econ'3CK=MTR=C *ro#*tl! contacts the shi**er of the #aterial involve' for #ore'etaile' infor#ation an' on-scene assistance "hen feasi$le% ,D4T ..50

!ivil Defense +!D: All activities an' #easres 'esi(ne' or n'ertaken for thefollo"in( reasons? ,a0 to #ini#i1e the effects *on the civilian *o*lation case'$!3 or "hich "ol' $e case' $!3 an attach *on the Unite' &tates or $! a natral'isaster ,$0 to 'eal "ith the i##e'iate e#er(enc! con'itions "hich "ol' $ecreate' $! an! sch attack or natral 'isaster an' ,c0 to effectate e#er(enc!re*airs to3 or the e#er(enc! restoration of3 vital tilities an' facilities 'estro!e' or 'a#a(e' $! an! sch attack or natral 'isaster% ,F=MA ..70

!ivil Defense: The s!ste# of #easres3 sall! rn $! a (overn#ental a(enc!3 to*rotect the civilian *o*lation in "arti#e3 to res*on' to 'isasters3 an' to *reventan' #iti(ate the conseences of #a+or e#er(encies in *eaceti#e% The ter# ;civil'efense; is no" se' increasin(l!% ,UN ..63 :0

!ivil Disturbances: Gro* acts of violence an' 'isor'ers *re+'icial to *$lic la"an' or'er "ithin the 97 &tates3 District of Col#$ia3 Co##on"ealth of PertoRico3 U%&% *ossessions an' territories3 or an! *olitical s$'ivision thereof% As #ores*ecificall! 'efine' in DoD Directive 5769%6 ,Militar! &**ort to Civil Athorities03;civil 'istr$ance; incl'es all 'o#estic con'itions reirin( the se of Fe'eral

Ar#e' Forces% ,Title 56 CFR 290

!ivil )mergenc": An! natral or #an#a'e 'isaster or e#er(enc! that cases or col' case s$stantial har# to the *o*lation or infrastrctre% This ter# canincl'e a ;#a+or 'isaster; or ;e#er(enc!; as those ter#s are 'efine' in the&taffor' Act3 as a#en'e'3 as "ell as conseences of an attack or a nationalsecrit! e#er(enc!% Un'er /6 U%&%C% 963 the ter#s ;#a+or 'isaster; an';e#er(enc!; are 'efine' s$stantiall! $! action of the Presi'ent in 'eclarin( that


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e)tant circ#stances an' risks +stif! his i#*le#entation of the le(al *o"ers*rovi'e' $! those stattes% ,Title 56 CFR 290

!ivil -rotection: ;The *hrase


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!onse0uence *anagement: ;Relative to terroris# inci'ent o*erations3 #easresto *rotect *$lic health an' safet!3 restore essential (overn#ent services3 an'*rovi'e e#er(enc! relief to (overn#ents3 $sinesses an' in'ivi'als affecte' $!the conseences of terroris#%; ,F=MA Disaster Dictionar! 6773 66 cites Fe'eralRes*onse Plan3 ;Terroris# Inci'ent Anne)%;0

!ontingenc" -lanning: ;Askin( a$ot all the


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#otion a n#$er of i#*ortant chan(es in *$lic *olicies%; ,Nice an' Grosse 6773990

!risis: ;% % %a har' an' co#*licate' sitation% % %or a trnin( *oint-a 'ecisive crcialti#e>event3 or a ti#e of (reat 'an(er or tro$le "ith the *ossi$ilities of $oth (oo'an' $a' otco#es; ,Porfiriev ..93 6.-6.60%

!risis: ;A collective crisis can $e conce*tali1e' as havin( three interrelate'featres? ,0 a threat of so#e kin'3 involvin( so#ethin( that the (ro* vales ,60"hen the occasion occrs it is relativel! ne)*ecte'3 $ein( a$r*t3 at least in socialti#e an' ,50 the nee' to collectivel! react for other"ise the effects are seen aslikel! to $e even #ore ne(ative if nothin( is 'one sooner or later%%%; ,arantelli..23 69:0%

!risis: ;% % %a sitation that3 left na''resse'3 "ill +eo*ar'i1e the or(ani1ation


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the#selves $! *la!in( a $reacratic (a#e an' hi'in( $ehin' or(ani1ational an'le(al shelters% A sense of r(enc! (ives "a! to inertia an' or(ani1ational shelterin(an' self-*rotection $! #ana(ers an' staff alike% % %%&ccessfl crisis #ana(e#entreires? ,0 sensin( the r(enc! of the #atter ,60 thinkin( creativel! an'strate(icall! to solvin( the crisis ,50 takin( $ol' actions an' actin( cora(eosl!an' sincerel! ,/0 $reakin( a"a! fro# the self-*rotective or(ani1ational cltre $!

takin( risks an' actions that #a! *ro'ce o*ti## soltions in "hich there "ol'$e no si(nificant losers an' ,90 #aintainin( a continos *resence in the ra*i'l!chan(in( sitation "ith nfol'in( 'ra#atic events% ,Fara1#an' 6773 /0

!risis *anagement+!R*: Involves #easres to resolve the hostile sitation3investi(ate3 an' *re*are a cri#inal case for *rosection n'er fe'eral la"% ,F=MA..20

!risis *anagement: ;Measres to i'entif!3 acire3 an' *lan the se of resorcesnee'e' to antici*ate3 *revent3 an'>or resolve a threat or act of terroris#%; ,F=MADisaster Dictionar!3 6773 68 citin( F=MA FRP3 ;Terroris# Inci'ent Anne);0

Retrn to to*


D

Damage Assessment: The *rocess tili1e' to 'eter#ine the #a(nit'e of

'a#a(e an' the n#et nee's of in'ivi'als3 $sinesses3 the *$lic sector3 an' theco##nit! case' $! a 'isaster or e#er(enc! event%

Damage !lassification: =valation an' recor'in( of 'a#a(e to strctres3facilities3 or o$+ects accor'in( to three ,or #ore0 cate(ories?

% ;&evere Da#a(e; - "hich *recl'es frther se of the strctre3 facilit!3 or a$+ectfor its inten'e' *r*ose%6% ;Mo'erate Da#a(e; - or the 'e(ree of 'a#a(e to *rinci*al #e#$ers3 "hich*recl'es effective se of the strctre3 facilit!3 or o$+ect for its inten'e' *r*ose3nless #a+or re*airs are #a'e short of co#*lete reconstrction%

5% ;i(ht Da#a(e; - sch as $roken "in'o"s3 sli(ht 'a#a(e to roofin( an' si'in(3interior *artitions $lo"n 'o"n3 an' cracke' "alls the 'a#a(e is not severeeno(h to *recl'e se of the installation for the *r*ose for "hich it "as inten'e'%,U%N% ..63 .0

Declaration: The for#al action $! the Presi'ent to #ake a &tate eli(i$le for #a+or 'isaster or e#er(enc! assistance n'er the Ro$ert T% &taffor' Relief an'=#er(enc! Assistance Act3 P$lic a" .5-6223 as a#en'e'%

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Defense )mergenc" Response Fund: =sta$lishe' $! P$lic a" 7-89,.2.0% That la" *rovi'es that3 ;The Fn' shall $e availa$le for *rovi'in(rei#$rse#ent to crrentl! a**lica$le a**ro*riations of the De*art#ent of Defensefor s**lies an' services *rovi'e' in antici*ation of reests fro# other Fe'eral'e*art#ents an' a(encies an' fro# &tate an' local (overn#ents for assistance ona rei#$rsa$le $asis to res*on' to natral or #an#a'e 'isasters% The Fn' #a!

$e se' *on a 'eter#ination $! the &ecretar! of Defense that i##e'iate action isnecessar! $efore a for#al reest for assistance on a rei#$rsa$le $asis isreceive'%; The Fn' is a**lica$le to #ilitar! s**ort to civil athorities ,M&CA0n'er DoD Directive 5769% an' to forei(n 'isaster assistance n'er DoD Directive977%/8% ,56 CFR 290

Disaster: An event that reires resorces $e!on' the ca*a$ilit! of a co##nit!an' reires a #lti*le a(enc! res*onse% ,Unkno"n sorce0

Disaster: The reslt of a ha1ar' i#*actin( a co##nit!% ,Unkno"n sorce0

Disaster: ;For insrance *r*oses a 'isaster is 'efine' internationall! as an eventthat cases at least U&9 #illion in rei#$rsa$le losses%; ,Ale)an'er3 no 'ate3 /0

Disaster: ;The 'istinction $et"een natral ha1ar's or 'isasters an' their #an#a'e ,or technolo(ical0 conter*arts is often 'ifficlt to sstain% % %"e are'ealin( "ith a *h!sical event "hich #akes an i#*act on h#an $ein(s an' their environ#ent% % %a natral 'isaster can $e 'efine' as so#e ra*i'3 instantaneos or *rofon' i#*act of the natral environ#ent *on the socio-econo#ic s!ste#;,Ale)an'er ..53 /0%

Disaster: ;The la$el


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;The 'isr*tions of a 'isaster can n#ask social inealities an' the in+stices thatacco#*an! the#% % %Too often% % %'isasters $eco#e the $asis for re$il'in( socialinealities an' *erha*s 'ee*enin( the#3 ths settin( the sta(e for the ne)t'isaster; ,Eolin "ith &tanfor' ..23 60%

;Disasters3 fro# a vlnera$ilit! *ers*ective3 are n'erstoo' as $on' * in the

s*ecific histories an' socio-cltral *ractices of the affecte' *eo*le taken in theconte)t of their *olitical an' econo#ic s!ste#s; ,Eolin "ith &tanfor' ..23 20%

;The vale of a vlnera$ilit! a**roach @to the st'! of ha1ar's an' 'isasters lies inits o*enness to cltral s*ecificit!3 social varia$ilit!3 'iversit!3 contin(enc!3 an' locala(enc!; ,Eolin "ith &tanfor' ..23 670%

;A vlnera$ilit! a**roach @to ha1ar's an' 'isasters 'irects attention $ack to *eo*lean' the co##on ever!'a! as*ects of their lives that #ake the# #ore or less likel!to $e ca(ht * in a 'isaster; ,Eolin "ith &tanfor' ..23 670%

;It is the local str((les an' strate(ies that can *rovi'e lessons for 'ealin( "ith'isaster across a ran(e of societal conte)ts% % %%Too often 'isaster research*rocee's "ith the


13/62

natral or s*ranatral forces% Disasters are si#*l! the colla*se of cltral*rotections ths3 the! are *rinci*all! #an-#a'e% De'ctivel!3 #ankin' isres*onsi$le for the conseences of his actions as "ell as of his o#issions;,Do#$ro"sk! ..23 6/-690%

Disaster: ;A 'isaster is an e#er(enc! consi'ere' severe eno(h $! local

(overn#ent to "arrant the res*onse an' 'e'ication of resorces $e!on' thenor#al sco*e of a sin(le +ris'iction or $ranch of local (overn#ent%; ,Carroll 6773/8:0

Disaster: ;An event3 natral or #an-#a'e3 s''en or *ro(ressive3 "hich i#*acts"ith sch severit! that the affecte' co##nit! has to res*on' $! takin(e)ce*tional #easres%; ,Carter ..0

Disaster: ;% % %a 'isaster is a sin(lar event that reslts in "i'es*rea' losses to*eo*le3 infrastrctre3 or the environ#ent% Disasters ori(inate fro# #an! sorces3

+st as ha1ar's 'o ,natral s!ste#s3 social s!ste#s3 technolo(! failres0% ,Ctter

6773 50

Disaster: Cala#it! $e!on' the co*in( ca*acit! of the effecte' *o*lation3tri((ere' $! natral or technolo(ical ha1ar's or $! h#an action% ,DL= ReferenceCenter ..20

Disaster: ;Disasters 'o not case effects% The effects are "hat "e call a 'isaster;,Do#$ro"sk! ..23 60%

Disaster: ;An event in "hich a co##nit! n'er(oes severe 'an(er an' incrs3 or is threatene' to incr3 sch losses to *ersons an'>or *ro*ert! that the resorcesavaila$le "ithin the co##nit! are e)cee'e'% In 'isasters3 resorces fro# $e!on'the local +ris'iction3 that is &tate or Fe'eral level3 are reire' to #eet the 'isaster 'e#an's%; ,Dra$ek ..83 6-/0

Disaster: ;I ar(e that 'isaster is a social3 rather than a


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for coor'ination of activit! an' for ne" *atterns of co##nication a#on( *arts of the co##nit! that *reviosl! ha' no reason to co##nicate; ,D!nes ..23 .0%

Disaster: ;What is a 'isaster an!"a!B In social science sa(e as "ell as inever!'a! s*eech% % %it is a shar* an' frios er*tion of so#e kin' that s*linters thesilence for one terri$le #o#ent an' then (oes a"a!% A Disaster is an or loss of lives $e!on' one #illionGer#an #arks an'>or 3777 *erson kille'%; ,Ger#an insrance in'str!%Do#$rosk!


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Disaster: ;% % %'isasters arise fro# the e)*osre of vlnera$le *o*lations to hostileenviron#ents (enerate' $! the failre of co#*le) s!ste#s% % %sch s!ste#s are#a'e vlnera$le to failre $! the co#*le) inter*la! of factors incl'in( ele#ents of the *olitical econo#! environ#ent in "hich the s!ste# is e#$e''e'%; ,Korlick-Jones an' Peters ..$3 /0

Disaster: =vents that ;% % %release re*resse' an)iet! @an' constitte a loss of control of social or'er; ,Korlick-Jones ..93 5790%

Disaster: A 'isaster is an event concentrate' in ti#e an' s*ace3 in "hich a societ!or one of its s$'ivisions n'er(oes *h!sical har# an' social 'isr*tion3 sch thatall or so#e essential fnctions of the societ! or s$'ivision are i#*aire' ,re*s..93 6980%

Disaster: ;Disasters are non-rotine events in societies or their lar(er s$'ivisions,e%(% re(ions3 co##nities0 that involve social 'isr*tion an' *h!sical har#%

A#on( the ke! 'efinin( *ro*erties of sch events are ,0 len(th of fore"arnin(3 ,60

#a(nit'e of i#*act3 ,50 sco*e of i#*act3 an' ,/0 'ration of i#*act; ,re*s ..235/0%

Disasters:;% % %'isasters are con+nctions of historical ha**enin(s an' social'efinitions of *h!sical har# an' social 'isr*tion; ,re*s ..23 5/0%

Disaster:;% % %consenss-t!*e social crisis occasions "herein 'e#an's aree)cee'in( resorces an' e#er(ent res*onses #a! (enerate social chan(e% % %%thei'ea of social chan(e is intro'ce' to correct "hat is i'entifie' as a *re'is*ositionto focs on 'isasters as necessaril! '!sfnctional; @"hen there are ;"inners; as"ell% ,&##ar! of ;the (eneric *ers*ective; $! roll-ith an' Coch ..3 59:%0

Disaster:;When vie"e' fro# an ecolo(ical-s!#$olic *ers*ective3 the real isse isnot the alit! of the 'isaster a(ent *er se3 $t "hether or not it si(nificantl! altersthe relationshi* $et"een a co##nit!3 its $ilt3 #o'ifie' or $io*h!sicalenviron#ents3 an' ho" *eo*le inter*ret an' e)*erience the chan(es in thoseenviron#ents; ,roll-ith an' Coch ..3 580%

Disaster:;% % %'isaster #st not $e seen like the #eteorite that falls ot of the sk!on an innocent "orl' the 'isaster3 #ost often3 is antici*ate'3 an' on #lti*leoccasions%; ,a(a'ec .263 /.90

Disaster:;An occrrence or threat of "i'es*rea' or severe 'a#a(e3 in+r!3 or lossof *ro*ert! resltin( fro# a natral or h#an-#a'e case3 incl'in(3 $t notli#ite' to3 fire3 floo'3 sno"stor#3 ice stor#3 torna'o3 "in'stor#3 "ave action3 oils*ill3 "ater conta#ination3 tilit! failre3 ha1ar'os *eaceti#e ra'iolo(ical inci'ent3#a+or trans*ortation acci'ent3 ha1ar'os #aterials inci'ent3 e*i'e#ic3 air conta#ination3 $li(ht3 'ro(ht3 infestation3 e)*losion3 or hostile #ilitar! action3 or *ara#ilitar! action3 or si#ilar occrrences resltin( fro# terrorist activities3 riots3 or civil 'isor'ers%; ,Michi(an =MD ..23 90


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Disaster:;Disasters3 in contrast to risks an' ha1ar's3 are sin(lar or interactiveha1ar' events% % %that have a *rofon' i#*act on local *eo*le or *laces either inter#s of in+ries3 *ro*ert! 'a#a(es3 loss of life3 or environ#ental i#*acts; ,Mitchellan' Ctter ..:3 70%

Disaster:;Disasters are the interface $et"een an e)tre#e *h!sical event an' a

vlnera$le *o*lation%; ,4keefe et al .:83 9880

Disaster:;In (ra*hic "a!s3 'isasters si(nal the failre of a societ! to a'a*tsccessfll! to certain featres of its natral an' sociall! constrcte' environ#entsin a sstaina$le fashion; ,4liver-ith ..83 5750%

Disaster:;% % %a *rocess involvin( the co#$ination of a *otentiall! 'estrctivea(ent,s0 fro# the natral3 #o'ifie' an'>or constrcte' environ#ent an' a*o*lation in a sociall! an' econo#icall! *ro'ce' con'ition of vlnera$ilit!3resltin( in a *erceive' 'isr*tion of the csto#ar! relative satisfactions of in'ivi'al an' social nee's for *h!sical srvival3 social or'er an' #eanin(; ,4liver-

ith ..23 280

;A 'isaster is #a'e inevita$le $! the historicall! *ro'ce' *attern of vlnera$ilit!3evi'ence' in the location3 infrastrctre3 socio*olitical strctre3 *ro'ction*atterns3 an' i'eolo(!3 that characteri1e a societ!% The societ!con'ition 'esta$ili1in( the social s!ste# that #anifests itself in a #alfnctionin( or 'isr*tion of connections an' co##nications $et"een itsele#ents or social nits ,co##nities3 social (ro*s an' in'ivi'als0 *artial or total 'estrction>'e#olition *h!sical an' *s!cholo(ical overloa's sffere' $!


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so#e of these ele#ents ths #akin( it necessar! to take e)traor'inar! or e#er(enc! conter#easres to reesta$lish sta$ilit!; ,Porfiriev ..93 6.0

Disaster:;Disasters occr "hen the 'e#an's for action e)cee' the ca*a$ilities for res*onse in a crisis sitation; ,arantelli .293 970%

Disaster: An event in "hich e#er(enc! or(ani1ations nee' to e)*an' an' e)ten'the#selves ,sch as (oin( to e)tra shifts0 in or'er to co*e% ,arantelli .2:3 690

Disaster:;A**arentl! the "or' et!#olo(icall! entere' the =n(lish lan(a(e fro# a"ork in French ,'esastre03 "hich in trn "as a 'erivation fro# t"o atin "or's ,'is3astro03 "hich co#$ine' #eant3 ro(hl!3 for#e' on a star% &o3 in its earl! sa(e3 the"or' 'isaster ha' reference to nfavora$le or ne(ative effects3 sall! of a*ersonal natre3 resltin( fro# a star or a *lanet% % %%In ti#e3 the "or' 'isaster "asa**lie' #ore to #a+or *h!sical 'istr$ances sch as earthakes an' floo's3 or "hat ca#e to $e tra'itionall! kno"n as Acts of Go'% With the s*rea' of #oreseclar an' non-reli(ios i'eolo(ies3 natre "as increasin(l! s$stitte' for the

s*ernatral an' the tern natral 'isaster ca#e to the fore; ,arantelli .2:3 20%

Disaster: ;% % %earthakes are ite har#less ntil !o 'eci'e to *t #illions of *eo*le an' t"o trillion 'ollars in real estate ato* scissile falt 1ones; ,Riesner ..53 970%

Disaster:;A sitation create' $! natral an' or #an-#a'e events3 other than "ar or internal strife "hich 'e#an's total inte(ration an' co-or'ination3 $! thoseres*onsi$le for a'#inistration of the affecte' re(ion incl'in(? % all resce3 relief an' life s**ort s!ste#s reire' to #eet the nee's of the victi#s3 essentialtrans*ortation an' co##nication s!ste#s% 6% re*airs to the infrastrctre% 5% *ost-'isaster reha$ilitation an' recover!%; ,Ritchie3 et al% 6773 60

Disaster:;In the tra'itional vie" of 'isasters3 t"o cate(ories of con'itions a**ear to$e 'o#inant% &elf-evi'entl!3 the scor(e of Go' to(ether "ith social or *oliticalne(li(ence have tra'itionall! serve' as the *rinci*le con'itions of natral 'isasters%Gra'all!3 ne(li(ence has (iven "a! to #ore s*ecific con'itions sch as'eficiencies in #iti(ator! *olicies an' *re*arator! #easres; ,Rosenthal ..23/20%

;% % %a (reat #an! official investi(ations as "ell as *$lic o*inion still clin( totechnical failre or h#an error as the n#$er one case of #an-#a'e 'isaster% In'eter#inin( the con'itions of 'isaster3 technical failres often take its *lace as ana**ro*riate s$stitte for the act of Go'3 "hereas h#an error reflects the inherent"eaknesses of #ankin'% % %; ,Rosenthal ..23 /.0%

;% % %#e'ia1ation% % %@creates a ne" cate(or! of 'isasters an' crises "hich ischaracteri1e' $! e)tre#e collective stress rather than fatal casalties or si(nificant*h!sical 'a#a(e; ,Rosenthal ..23 9:0%

Disaster: A Con'ition or sitation of si(nificant 'estrction3 'isr*tion an'>or 'istress to a co##nit!% ,&alter ..:-.23 6:0


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Disaster: All events "hich case at least 77 h#an 'eaths3 77 h#an in+ries3or U& #illion econo#ic 'a#a(es% ,&heehan an' Ke"itt .8.3 *% 670

Disaster: The occrrence of a s''en or #a+or #isfortne "hich 'isr*ts the $asicfa$ric an' nor#al fnctionin( of a societ! ,or co##nit!0% An event or series of events "hich (ives rise to casalties an'>or 'a#a(e or loss of *ro*ert!3

infrastrctre3 essential services or #eans of livelihoo' on a scale "hich is $e!on'the nor#al ca*acit! of the affecte' co##nities to co*e "ith nai'e'% Disaster isso#eti#es also se' to 'escri$e a catastro*hic sitation in "hich the nor#al*atterns of life ,or eco-s!ste#s0 have $een 'isr*te' an' e)traor'inar!3e#er(enc! interventions are reire' to save an' *reserve h#an lives an'>or theenviron#ent% Disasters are freentl! cate(ori1e' accor'in( to their *erceive'cases an' s*ee' of i#*act% A 'isaster occrs "hen a 'isr*tion reaches sch*ro*ortions that there are in+ries3 'eaths3 or *ro*ert! 'a#a(e3 an' "hen a'isr*tion affects #an! or all of the co##nit!


19/62

;% % %in *ractice the 'efinition @of 'isaster "ill al"a!s have a *h!sical co#*onent%The *h!sical *ro*erties of events are tri((ers for 'isaster researchers% % %;,&tallin(s ..23 560%

Disaster:;Disasters are the interface $et"een an e)tre#e *h!sical event an' avlnera$le h#an *o*lation%; ,&s#an et al3 .250

Disaster:;catastro*hic events that ,a0 interfere severel! "ith ever!'a! life3 'isr*tco##nities3 an' often case e)tensive loss of life an' *ro*ert!3 ,$0 overta) localresorces3 an' ,c0 create *ro$le#s that contine far lon(er than those that arisefro# the nor#al vicissit'es of life; ,Ta!lor .2.3 70%

Disaster:;Disasters ori(inate in the fact that all societies re(larl! face(eo*h!sical3 cli#atolo(ical3 an' technolo(ical events that reveal their *h!sical an'social vlnera$ilities%; ,Tierne!3 in'ell an' Perr! 6773 /0

Disaster:;A 'isaster is sall! 'efine' as an event that has a lar(e i#*act on

societ!; ,To$in an' Mont1 ..:3 80%

Disaster: An event3 concentrate' in ti#e an' s*ace "hich threatens a societ! or arelativel! self-sfficient s$'ivision of a societ! "ith #a+or n"ante' conseencesas a reslt of the colla*se of *recations "hich ha' hitherto $een acce*te' asa'eate% ,Trner0

Disaster: A serios 'isr*tion of the fnctionin( of societ!3 casin( "i'es*rea'h#an3 #aterial3 or environ#ental losses "hich e)cee' the a$ilit! of affecte'societ! to co*e sin( onl! its o"n resorces% ,U%N% Glossar!3 ..60

Disaster:;A serios 'isr*tion of the fnctionin( of a co##nit! or a societ!casin( "i'es*rea' h#an3 #aterial3 econo#ic or environ#ental losses "hiche)cee' the a$ilit! of the affecte' co##nit!>societ! to co*e sin( its o"nresorces%; ,U%N% I&DR 67763 6/0

Disaster: A ;s''en an' e)traor'inar! #isfortne; to si(nif! the actal onset of acala#it! ,Allinson ..53 .5 referrin( to We$ster


20/62

Disaster, )cological: =vents ;that are case' *rinci*all! $! h#an $ein(s an'that initiall! affect3 in a #a+or "a!3 the earth3 its at#os*here3 an' its flora an'fana%; ,Dra$ek an' Koet#er ..3 ))i0

Disaster )pidemiolog": The #e'ical 'isci*line that st'ies the inflence of schfactors as the life st!le3 $iolo(ical constittion an' other *ersonal or social

'eter#inants on the inci'ence an' 'istri$tion of 'isease as it concerns 'isasters%,U%N% ..63 660

Disaster *anagement: The entire *rocess of *lannin( an' intervention to re'ce'isasters as "ell as the res*onse an' recover! #easres% It is a ne(lecte'ele#ent of 'evelo*#ent *lannin(% ,DL= Reference Center ..20

Disaster *anagement: ;Disaster #ana(e#ent is the *rocess of for#in( co##ono$+ectives an' co##on vales in or'er to encora(e *artici*ants to *lan for an''eal "ith *otential an' actal 'isasters%; ,Pearce3 67773 Cha*ter 63 0

;A *rocess that assists co##nities to res*on'3 $oth *re- an' *ost-'isaster3 insch a "a! as to save lives3 to *reserve *ro*ert! an' to #aintain the ecolo(ical3econo#ic3 an' *olitical sta$ilit! of the i#*acte' re(ion%; ,Pearce 67773 Cha*ter 93*% 80

Disaster *anagement: The $o'! of *olic! an' a'#inistrative 'ecisions an'o*erational activities "hich *ertain to the varios sta(es of a 'isaster at all levels%,UN ..63 660

Disaster, 2atural: ;


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n'erl!in( cases of 'isaster are to $e fon' not in natre3 $t in the or(ani1ationof h#an societies ,Harle! ../ 0; ,Eolin "ith &tanfor' ..23 90%

Disaster -reparedness 3mprovement Grant -rogram +D-3G: Athori1e' n'er &ection 67 of the &taffor' Act% Annal #atchin( a"ar's are *rovi'e' to &tates toi#*rove or *'ate their 'isaster assistance *lans an' ca*a$ilities%

Disaster Relief Act of #45&: A Fe'eral statte 'esi(ne' to s**le#ent the effortsof the affecte' &tates an' local (overn#ents in e)*e'itin( the ren'erin( of assistance3 e#er(enc! services3 an' the reconstrction an' reha$ilitation of 'evastate' areas ,P .5-62203 as a#en'e'% ,F=MA Instrction 9777%60

Disaster Response: A s# of 'ecisions an' actions taken 'rin( an' after 'isaster3 incl'in( i##e'iate relief3 reha$ilitation3 an' reconstrction% ,U%N% ..6350

Disaster Risk *anagement: ;Disaster risk #ana(e#ent an' re'ction are a$ot

lookin( $e!on' ha1ar's alone to consi'erin( *revailin( con'itions of vlnera$ilit!%It is the social3 cltral3 econo#ic3 an' *olitical settin( in a contr! that #akes*eo*le vlnera$le to nfortnate events% The $asis of this n'erstan'in( is si#*le?the national character an' chosen for# of (overnance can $e as #ch of a'eter#inant in n'erstan'in( the risks in a (iven contr!3 as are the varios social3econo#ic an' environ#ental 'eter#inants%; ,U%N% I&DR 67763 6:0

Disaster Risk Reduction: ;The s!ste#atic 'evelo*#ent an' a**lication of *olicies3 strate(ies an' *ractices to #ini#i1e vlnera$ilities an' 'isaster risksthro(hot a societ!3 to avoi' ,*revention0 or to li#it ,#iti(ation an' *re*are'ness0a'verse i#*act of ha1ar's3 "ithin the $roa' conte)t of sstaina$le 'evelo*#ent%;,U%N% I&DR 67763 690

Disaster, Technological: ;% % %technolo(ical 'isasters - #eanin( ever!thin( thatcan (o "ron( "hen s!ste#s fail3 h#ans err3 'esi(ns *rove falt!3 en(ines #isfire3an' so on%; ,=rikson3 .2.3 /0

Disaster, Technological: ;Miller an' Fo"lkes ,.2/0 have ar(e' that the ter#


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*rovi'e e)*ert a'vice an' assistance to the FEI 4n-&cene Co##an'er ,4&C0relate' to the ca*a$ilities of the D=&T a(encies an' to coor'inate follo"-onres*onse assets% When 'e*lo!e'3 the D=&T #er(es into the e)istin( Joint4*erations Center ,J4C0 strctre%; ,F=MA Disaster Dictionar! 6773 58 citesF=MA FRP3 ;Terroris# Inci'ent Anne);0

Drought: ,0 Prolon(e' a$sence or #arke' 'eficienc! of *reci*itation% ,60 *erio'of a$nor#all! 'r! "eather sfficientl! *rolon(e' for the lack of *reci*itation tocase a serios h!'rolo(ical i#$alance% ,WM4 ..63 .20


E

)cological Disaster: &ee3 ;Disaster3 =colo(ical;

)l 2i6o: An ano#alos "ar#in( of ocean "ater resltin( fro# the oscillation of acrrent in the &oth Pacific3 sall! acco#*anie' $! heav! rain fall in the coastalre(ion of Per an' Chile3 an' re'ction of rainfall in eatorial Africa an' Astralia%,U%N% ..63 680

)mergenc": ;An ne)*ecte' event "hich *laces life an'>or *ro*ert! in 'an(er an'reires an i##e'iate res*onse thro(h the se of rotine co##nit! resorcesan' *roce'res% =)a#*les "ol' $e a #lti-ato#o$ile "reck3 es*eciall! involvin(in+r! or 'eath3 an' a fire case' $! li(htnin( strike "hich s*rea's to other $il'in(s%; =#er(encies can $e han'le' "ith local resorces% ,Dra$ek ..83&ession 63 *% 50

)mergenc": An! hrricane3 torna'o3 stor#3 floo'3 hi(h"ater3 "in'-'riven "ater3ti'al "ave3 tsna#i3 earthake3 volcanic er*tion3 lan'sli'e3 #'sli'e3sno"stor#3 'ro(ht3 fire3 e)*losion3 nclear acci'ent3 or other natral or #an#a'ecatastro*he in an! *art of the Unite' &tates% An! occasion or instance for "hich3 inthe 'eter#ination of the Presi'ent3 Fe'eral assistance is nee'e' to s**le#ent&tate an' local efforts an' ca*a$ilities to save lives an' to *rotect *ro*ert! an'*$lic health an' safet! or to lessen the threat of a catastro*he in an! *art of theUnite' &tates% ,F=MA ..70

)mergenc": ;An! occasion or instance for "hich3 in the 'eter#ination of thePresi'ent3 Fe'eral assistance is nee'e' to s**le#ent &tate an' local efforts tosave lives an' to *rotect *ro*ert! an' *$lic health an' safet!3 or to lessen or avertthe threat of a catastro*he in an! *art of the Unite' &tates% The Governor of a&tate3 or the Actin( Governor in his>her a$sence3 #a! reest that the Presi'ent'eclare an e#er(enc! "hen an inci'ent occrs or threatens to occr in a &tate"hich "ol' not alif! n'er the 'efinition of a #a+or 'isaster% Assistanceathori1e' $! an e#er(enc! 'eclaration is li#ite' to i##e'iate an' short-ter#



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assistance3 an' #a! not e)cee' 9 #illion3 e)ce*t "hen athori1e' $! the F=MA Associate Director for Res*onse an' Recover! n'er certain con'itions%; ,F=MADisaster Dictionar! 6773 5. cites Ro$ert T &taffor' Act 76 // CFR 678%63678%59 678%853 678%883 an' 9750

)mergenc": ;An! event reirin( increase' coor'ination or res*onse $e!on' the

rotine in or'er to save lives3 *rotect *ro*ert!3 *rotect the *$lic health an' safet!3or lessen or avert the threat of a 'isaster%; ,Michi(an =MD ..23 80

)mergenc": A #ore serios sitation than an inci'ent3 $t less serios than a'isaster% ,4)for' Cana'ian Dictionar!3 ..2 note' $! Pearce 67773 Cha*ter 63 60

)mergenc": ;% % %an ne)*ecte' occrrence or s''en sitation that reiresi##e'iate action% % %It #a! involve co##nities ,as a 'isaster 'oes0 or in'ivi'als,"hich a 'isaster 'oes not0% % %; ,Porfiriev ..93 6.0%

)mergenc": An event in "hich esta$lishe' e#er(enc! or(ani1ations ,sch as the

A#erican Re' Cross or tilities0 nee' to e)*an' their activities% ,arantelli .2:369%0

)mergenc": An e)traor'inar! sitation in "hich *eo*le are na$le to #eet their $asic srvival nee's3 or there are serios an' i##e'iate threats to h#an life an'"ell $ein(% An e#er(enc! sitation #a! arise as a reslt of a 'isaster3 a c#lative*rocess of ne(lect or environ#ental 'e(ra'ation3 or "hen a 'isaster threatens an'e#er(enc! #easres have to $e taken to *revent or at least li#it the effects of theevental i#*act% ,&i#eon Institte ..20

)mergenc": ;% % %a s''en critical +nctre 'e#an'in( i##e'iate re#e'ial action%;,Terr! 6773 56:0

)mergenc": A s''en an' sall! nforeseen event that calls for i##e'iate#easres to #ini#i1e its a'verse conseences% ,U%N% ..63 680

)mergenc" Assistance: Assistance "hich #a! $e #a'e availa$le n'er ane#er(enc! 'eclaration% In (eneral3 Fe'eral s**ort to &tate an' local efforts tosave lives3 *rotect *ro*ert! an' *$lic health an' safet!3 an' lessen or avert thethreat of a catastro*he% Fe'eral e#er(enc! assistance #a! take the for# of coor'inatin( all 'isaster relief assistance ,incl'in( volntar! assistance0 *rovi'e'$! Fe'eral a(encies3 *rivate or(ani1ations3 an' &tate an' local (overn#ents% 4r 3the Fe'eral (overn#ent #a! *rovi'e technical an' a'visor! assistance to affecte'&tate an' local (overn#ents for? the *erfor#ance of essential co##nit! servicesissance of "arnin(s of risks or ha1ar's *$lic health an' safet! infor#ation3incl'in( 'isse#ination of sch infor#ation *rovision of health an' safet!#easres #ana(e#ent3 control3 an' re'ction of i##e'iate threats to *$lichealth an' safet! 'e$ris re#oval te#*orar! hosin( an' 'istri$tion of #e'icine3foo'3 an' other cons#a$le s**lies% ,&taffor' Act 0

)mergenc" *anagement: The entire *rocess of *lannin( an' intervention for resce an' relief to re'ce i#*act of e#er(encies as "ell as the res*onse an'


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recover! #easres3 to #iti(ate the si(nificant social3 econo#ic an' environ#entalconseences to co##nities an' lti#atel! to the contr!3 sall! thro(h ane#er(enc! o*eration center3 =4C% ,Disaster an' =#er(enc! Reference Center ..20

)mergenc" *anagement: The *rocess $! "hich the ncertainties that e)ist in

*otentiall! ha1ar'os sitations can $e #ini#i1e' an' *$lic safet! #a)i#i1e'%The (oal is to li#it the costs of e#er(encies or 'isasters thro(h thei#*le#entation of a series of strate(ies an' tactics reflectin( the fll life c!cle of 'isaster3 i%e%3 *re*are'ness3 res*onse3 recover!3 an' #iti(ation% ,Dra$ek..:0

)mergenc" *anagement:;=#er(enc! #ana(e#ent is the 'isci*line an'*rofession of a**l!in( science3 technolo(!3 *lannin(3 an' #ana(e#ent to 'eal "ithe)tre#e events that can in+re or kill lar(e n#$ers of *eo*le3 'o e)tensive'a#a(e to *ro*ert!3 an' 'isr*t co##nit! life%; ,Dra$ek an' Koet#er ..3 )vii0%

)mergenc" *anagement: 4r(ani1e' anal!sis3 *lannin(3 'ecision-#akin(3 an'

assi(n#ent of availa$le resorces to #iti(ate ,lessen the effect of or *revent0*re*are for3 res*on' to3 an' recover fro# the effects of all ha1ar's% The (oal of e#er(enc! #ana(e#ent is to save lives3 *revent in+ries3 an' *rotect *ro*ert! an'the environ#ent if an e#er(enc! occrs% ,F=MA ..93 I-80%

)mergenc" *anagement:;The *rocess thro(h "hich A#erica *re*ares for e#er(encies an' 'isasters3 res*on's to the#3 recovers fro# the#3 re$il's3 an'#iti(ates their ftre effects%; ,F=MA Disaster Dictionar! 6773 /73 citin( F=MA&trate(ic Plan0

)mergenc" *anagement:;A Co#*rehensive s!ste# of *olicies3 *ractices3 an'*roce'res 'esi(ne' to *rotect *eo*le an' *ro*ert! fro# the effects of e#er(encies or 'isasters% It incl'es *ro(ra#s3 resorces3 an' ca*a$ilities to#iti(ate a(ainst3 *re*are for3 res*on' to3 an' recover fro# effects of all ha1ar's%;,Michi(an D=M ..23 80

)mergenc" *anagement: A ran(e of #easres to #ana(e risks to co##nitiesan' the environ#ent% It involves the 'evelo*#ent an' #aintenance of arran(e#ents to *revent the effect of3 *re*are for3 res*on' to or recover fro#events casin( si(nificant co##nit! 'isr*tion or environ#ental 'a#a(e% ,&alter ..:-.23 620

)mergenc" *anagement: The or(ani1ation an' #ana(e#ent of resorces for 'ealin( "ith all as*ects of e#er(encies% =#er(enc! #ana(e#ent involves the*lans3 strctres an' arran(e#ents "hich are esta$lishe' to $rin( to(ether thenor#al en'eavors of (overn#ent3 volntar! an' *rivate a(encies in aco#*rehensive an' coor'inate' "a! to 'eal "ith the "hole s*ectr# of e#er(enc! nee's incl'in( *revention3 res*onse an' recover!% ,HictorianDe*art#ent of Jstice ..:0

)mergenc" *anager: The *erson "ho has the 'a!-to-'a! res*onsi$ilit! for e#er(enc! #ana(e#ent *ro(ra#s an' activities% The role is one of coor'inatin(


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all as*ects of a +ris'iction


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)7treme )vents: An e)tre#e event in the conte)t of the natral "orl' is an act of natre3 ;sch as a li(htnin( stroke or a floo' @that #a! $e a *ro'ctive resorcean' a ha1ar' at the sa#e ti#e% i(htnin( #a! kill an ani#al $t also start a fireessential to the *reservation of a forest ecos!ste#% A floo' #a! 'estro! afar#stea' "hile fertili1in( the fiel's; ,Erton et al% ..53 5/0%


F

Federal Radiological )mergenc" Response -lan +FR)R-: The *lan se' $!Fe'eral a(encies to res*on' to a ra'iolo(ical e#er(enc!3 "ith or "ithot a &taffor'

Act 'eclaration% Withot a &taffor' Act 'eclaration3 Fe'eral a(encies res*on' tora'iolo(ical e#er(encies sin( the FR=RP3 each a(enc! in accor'ance "ithe)istin( stattor! athorities an' fn'in( resorces% The ea' Fe'eral A(enc! hasres*onsi$ilit! for coor'ination of the overall Fe'eral res*onse to the e#er(enc!%F=MA is res*onsi$le for coor'inatin( non-ra'iolo(ical s**ort sin( the strctreof the Fe'eral Res*onse Plan% When a #a+or 'isaster or e#er(enc! is 'eclare'n'er the &taffor' Act an' an associate' ra'iolo(ical e#er(enc! e)ists3 thefnctions an' res*onsi$ilities of the FR=RP re#ain the sa#e% The ea' Fe'eral

A(enc! coor'inates the #ana(e#ent of the ra'iolo(ical res*onse "ith the Fe'eralCoor'inatin( 4fficer% Altho(h the 'irection of the ra'iolo(ical res*onse re#ainsthe sa#e "ith the ea' Fe'eral A(enc!3 the FC4 has the overall res*onsi$ilit! for coor'ination of Fe'eral assistance in s**ort of &tate an' local (overn#ents sin(the Fe'eral Res*onse Plan% ,FR=RP0

Federal Response -lan +FR-: 0 The *lan 'esi(ne' to a''ress theconseences of an! 'isaster or e#er(enc! sitation in "hich there is a nee' for Fe'eral assistance n'er the athorities of the Ro$ert T% &taffor' Disaster Relief an' =#er(enc! Assistance Act3 /6 U%&%C% 96 et se% 60 The FRP is the Fe'eral(overn#ent


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Forecast: &tate#ent or statistical esti#ate of the occrrence of a ftre event%This ter# is se' "ith 'ifferent #eanin(s in 'ifferent 'isci*lines3 as "ell as;*re'iction;% ,U%N% ..63 /0

The Four -hases: Miti(ation3 Pre*are'ness3 Res*onse an' Recover!%

Fu


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%%Ko"ever3 $! concentratin( on the *h!sical risks3 *ro+ecte' e)tre#e events3 an'"orst case scenarios3 #ch is i(nore'; ,Eolin "ith &tanfor' ..23 670%

(aard:;% % %natral an' social s!ste#s interact to *ro'ce a ha1ar'% % %; ,Erton etal% ..53 6/0%

;Ka1ar's al"a!s reslt fro# interaction of *h!sical an' h#an s!ste#s% To treatthe# as tho(h the! "ere "holl! cli#atic or (eolo(ic or *olitical or econo#ic is torisk o#ission of co#*onents that #st $e taken into accont if son' soltions for the# are to $e fon'; ,Erton et al% ..53 220%

;% % %natre is netral3 an'% % %the environ#ent event $eco#es ha1ar'os onl! "henit intersects "ith #an% The event lea's to 'isaster "hen ,0 it is e)tre#e in#a(nit'e3 ,60 the *o*lation is ver! (reat3 or ,50 the h#an-se s!ste# is*articlarl! vlnera$le; ,Erton et al% ..53 6560%

(aard:;is a sorce of risk an' refers to a s$stance or action that can case

har#%;,Cohrssen L Covello .2.0

(aard: A $roa' conce*t ;that incor*orates the *ro$a$ilit! of the event ha**enin(3$t also incl'es the i#*act or #a(nit'e of the event on societ! an' theenviron#ent3 as "ell as the socio*olitical conte)ts "ithin "hich these take *lace%Ka1ar's are the threats to *eo*le an' the thin(s the! vale3 "hereas risks are#easres of the threat of the ha1ar's% % %; ,Ctter ..53 60%

(aard:;A ha1ar'3 in the $roa'est ter#3 is a threat to *eo*le an' the thin(s the!vale% Ka1ar's have a *otentialit! to the# ,the! col' ha**en03 $t the! alsoincl'e the actal i#*act of an event on *eo*le or *laces% Ka1ar's arise fro# theinteraction $et"een social3 technolo(ical3 an' natral s!ste#s%; ,Ctter 6773 60

(aard:;Ka1ar' refers to an e)tre#e natral event that *oses risks to h#ansettle#ents;,De!le3 French3 4lshansk!3 an' Paterson ..23 60%

(aard: Dan(eros natral or #an #a'e *heno#enon that e)*ose a vlnera$lelocation to 'isastros events% Hlnera$ilit! re'ction ai#s at netrali1in( the'an(ers *ose' $! the ha1ar'% ,DL= Reference Center ..20

(aard: A con'ition "ith the *otential for har# to the co##nit! or environ#ent%Man! se the ter#s ;ha1ar'; an' ;'isaster a(ent; interchan(ea$l!% Kence3 the!"ill refer to ;the hrricane ha1ar'; or even #ore $roa'l! to ;natral ha1ar's; "hichincl'es hrricanes3 torna'oes3 earthakes an' other natral *heno#ena thathave the *otential for har#% The ha1ar' is the *otential3 the 'isaster is the actalevent% ,Dra$ek ..:0

(aard:;Ka1ar' #eans an event or *h!sical con'ition that has the *otential tocase fatalities3 in+ries3 *ro*ert! 'a#a(e3 infrastrctre 'a#a(e3 a(ricltral loss3'a#a(e to the environ#ent3 interr*tion of $siness3 or other t!*es of har# or loss; ,F=MA ..:3 ))i0%


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(aard:;Relevant to e#er(enc! *re*are'ness3 a ha1ar' is an e#er(enc! or 'isaster resltin( fro# a natral 'isaster3 or an acci'ental or #an-case' event%;,F=MA Disaster Dictionar! 6773 923 citin( Ro$ert T% &taffor' Act3 8760

(aard: Ka1ar's ;are threats to h#ans an' "hat the! vale? life3 "ell-$ein(3#aterial (oo's3 an' environ#ent%; ,Karriss et al3 .:20

(aard: Ka1ar' is the *ro$a$ilit! that in a (iven *erio' in a (iven area3 an e)tre#e*otentiall! 'a#a(in( natral *heno#ena occrs that in'ces air3 earth or "ater #ove#ents3 "hich affect a (iven 1one% The #a(nit'e of the *heno#enon3 the*ro$a$ilit! of its occrrence an' the e)tent of its #a(nit'e can var! an'3 in so#ecases3 $e 'eter#ine'% ,Maskre! .2.3 0

(aard:;A 'an(eros event or circ#stance that has the *otential to lea' to ane#er(enc! or 'isaster% An! *h!sical *heno#enon that has the *otential to *ro'cehar# or other n'esira$le conseences to so#e *erson or thin(%; ,Ma!3 *% 90

(aard:;Ka1ar'% % %reflects a *otential threat to h#ans as "ell as the i#*act of anevent on societ! an' the environ#ent% % %%ha1ar's are% % %in *art sociall! constrcte'$! *eo*le


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#ch (reater for the *erson in the ro"in( $oat% Ths "hile an earthake ha1ar'can e)ist in an ninha$ite' re(ion3 an earthake risk can occr onl! in an area"here *eo*le an' their *ossessions e)ist% Peo*le3 an' "hat the! vale3 are theessential *oint of reference for all risk assess#ent an' for all 'isasters; ,ith..83 90%

(aard: A threatenin( event3 or the *ro$a$ilit! of occrrence of a *otentiall!'a#a(in( *heno#enon "ithin a (iven ti#e *erio' an' area% ,U%N% ..63 /0

(aard:;A *otentiall! 'a#a(in( *h!sical event3 *heno#enon or h#an activit!3"hich #a! case the loss of life or in+r!3 *ro*ert! 'a#a(e3 social an' econo#ic'isr*tion or environ#ental 'e(ra'ation%; ,U%N% I&DR 67763 6/0

(aard: Involves i'entif!in( all of the ha1ar's that *otentiall! threaten a +ris'ictionan' anal!1in( the# in the conte)t of the +ris'iction to 'eter#ine the 'e(ree of threat that is *ose' $! each% ,F=MA ..:0

(aard:;A ha1ar's anal!sis consists of t"o *arts% The first involves kno"le'(e of the kin's of ha1ar's that #i(ht threaten the co##nit!% This kno"le'(e incl'esthe *ro$a$ilit! of the event occrrin( at var!in( levels of intensit! an' at var!in(locations thro(hot the co##nit!% Deter#inations of *ro$a$ilit!3 intensit!3 an'location can $e #a'e on the $asis of historical evi'ence3 e#*irical research3 or co##nit! *erce*tion%; ,Mco(hlin .293 820

(aard Anal"sis: ;The i'entification an' evalation of all ha1ar's that *otentiall!threaten a +ris'iction to 'eter#ine the 'e(ree of threat that is *ose' $! each%;,Michi(an D=M ..23 80

(aard Anal"sis: That *art of the overall *lannin( *rocess "hich i'entifies an''escri$es ha1ar's an' their effects *on the co##nit!% ,ND4 ..60

(aard Assessment: I'entification of ha1ar's in (iven location% ,DL= ReferenceCenter ..20

(aard Assessment: ,&o#eti#es Ka1ar' Anal!sis>=valation0 The *rocess of esti#atin(3 for 'efine' areas3 the *ro$a$ilities of the occrrence of *otentiall!-'a#a(in( *heno#enon of (iven #a(nit'es "ithin a s*ecifie' *erio' of ti#e%Ka1ar' assess#ent involves anal!sis of for#al an' infor#al historical recor's3 an'skille' inter*retation of e)istin( to*o(ra*hical (ra*hical3 (eolo(ical(eo#or*holo(ical3 h!'rolo(ical3 an' lan'-se #a*s% ,&i#eon Institte ..20

(aard, )nvironmental: ;% % %the threat *otential *ose' to #an or natre $! eventsori(inatin( in3 or trans#itte' $!3 the natral or $ilt environ#ent; ,ates .:23 /0%

eith ith


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volntar! an' *ersonal ha1ar's ,'r( a$se3 #ontain cli#$in(0% These ha1ar'shave sch 'ifferent ori(ins an' i#*acts that a #ore focse' 'efinition is reire'%;

(aard, )nvironmental: ;events "hich 'irectl! threaten h#an life an' *ro*ert!$! #eans of acte *h!sical or che#ical tra#a% % %An! #ana(ea$le 'efinition of environ#ental ha1ar's "ill $e $oth ar$itrar! an' contentios% Et3 'es*ite their

'iverse sorces3 #ost 'isasters have a n#$er of co##on featres?

% The ori(in of the 'a#a(in( *rocess or event is clear an' *ro'ces characteristicthreats to h#an life or "ell-$ein(3 e%(% a floo' cases 'eath $! 'ro"nin(%6% The "arnin( ti#e is nor#all! short3 i%e% the ha1ar's are often kno"n as ra*i'-onset events% This #eans that the! can $e ne)*ecte' even tho(h the! occr "ithin a kno"n ha1ar' 1one3 sch as the floo'*lain of a s#all river $asin%5% Most of the 'irect losses3 "hether to life or *ro*ert!3 are sffere' fairl! shortl!after the event3 i%e%3 "ithin 'a!s or "eeks%/% The e)*osre to ha1ar'3 or ass#e' risk3 is lar(el! involntar!3 nor#all! 'e tothe location of *eo*le in a ha1ar'os area3 e%(% the n*lanne' e)*ansion of so#eThir' Worl' cities onto nsta$le hillslo*es%9% The resltin( 'isaster occrs "ith an intensit! that +stifies an e#er(enc!res*onse3 i%e% the *rovision of s*ecialist ai' to the victi#s% The scale of res*onsecan var! fro# local to international; ,ith ..83 9-80%

(aard, )nvironmental: ;% % %e)tre#e (eo*h!sical events3 $iolo(ical *rocessesan' #a+or technolo(ical acci'ents3 characteri1e' $! concentrate' releases of ener(! or #aterials3 "hich *ose a lar(el! ne)*ecte' threat to h#an life an' cancase si(nificant 'a#a(e to (oo's an' the environ#ent; ,ith ..83 80%

(aard, Global: ;% % %chan(es to re(ional ecos!ste#s "hich in trn effect (lo$als!ste#s3 are ter#e'


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freenc!3 casative factors3 an' locations>areas affecte'; ,F=MA ..:3 MltiKa1ar'% % %Assess#ent3 ))i0%

(aard 3dentification: Ka1ar' I'entification locates ha1ar'os areas3 oftenesti#ates the *ro$a$ilit! of ha1ar'os events of varios #a(nit'es3 an'so#eti#es assesses the se*arate characteristics of the ha1ar's ,e%(%3 for

hrricanes? "in'3 hi(h "ater3 an' "ave action0% ,Go'schalk3 aiser3 an' Eerke3..23 .20

(aard 3dentification: The *rocess of reco(ni1in( that a ha1ar' e)ists an''efinin( its characteristics ,&tan'ar's ..90%

(aard *anagement: ;% % %tili1es in'ivi'al an' collective strate(ies to re'cean' #iti(ate the i#*acts of ha1ar's on *eo*le an' *laces; ,Ctter ..53 60%

(aard *itigation: An! #easre that "ill re'ce the *otential for 'a#a(e fro# a'isaster event%

(aard *itigation: Measres taken in a'vance of a 'isaster ai#e' at 'ecreasin(or eli#inatin( its i#*act on societ! an' environ#ent ,U%N% ..63 /0%

(aard, 2atural: ;% % %a natrall! occrrin( or #an-#a'e (eolo(ic con'ition of *heno#enon that *resents a risk or is a *otential 'an(er to life or *ro*ert!;,A#erican Geolo(ical Institte .2/0% ,ote' in To$in an' Mont1 ..:3 .0%

(aard, 2atural:;The conce*t of natral ha1ar's is so#e"hat *ara'o)ical theele#ents of a natral (eo*h!sical event ,e%(%3 "in' an' stor# sr(e of a hrricane0are ha1ar'os onl! "hen the! *rove 'etri#ental to h#an activit! s!ste#s; ,Eaker .:83 0%

(aard, 2atural:;While so#e ha1ar's3 sch as earthakes an' volcanoes3 arethe *ro'ct of natral *rocesses n#o'ifie' $! h#an interventions3 other ostensi$l! natral ha1ar's are less an' less


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(aard, 2atural:;% % %those ele#ents of the *h!sical environ#ent har#fl to #anan' case' $! forces e)traneos to hi#; ,ith ..83 .? otin( I% Erton an'R%W% ates% ;The Perce*tion of Natral Ka1ar's in Resorce Mana(e#ent%;Natral Resorces Jornal3 Hol%53 .8/3 **% /6-//0%

(aard, 2atural:;Natral ha1ar's e)ist "ith or "ithot the *resence of h#an

*o*lations an' 'evelo*#ent; ,&ch"a$3 et al% ..23 60%

(aard, 2atural:;A natral ha1ar' re*resents the *otential interaction $et"eenh#ans an' e)tre#e natral events% % %It re*resents the *otential or likelihoo' of anevent ,it is not the event itself0; ,To$in L Mont1 ..:3 90%

;Natral ha1ar's constitte a co#*le) "e$ of *h!sical an' environ#ental factorsinteractin( "ith the social3 econo#ic3 an' *olitical realities of societ!; ,To$in an'Mont1 ..:3 0%

(aard, 2atural: Natrall! case' events sch as hrricanes3 torna'oes3

earthakes3 floo's3 volcanoes an' forest fires% ,Unkno"n sorce0

(aard, 2atural:;First3 the #isn'erstan'in( of


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s*ills on lan'3 coastal "aters3 or inlan' "ater s!ste#s an' 'e$ris fro# s*ace%,F=MA ..63 FRP A**en'i) E0

(aard, Technological: Technolo(ical ha1ar's are $est seen as acci'entalfailres of 'esi(n or #ana(e#ent affectin( lar(e-scale strctres3 trans*orts!ste#s or in'strial activities "hich *resent life-threatenin( risks to the local

co##nit!% % %%the failre ;tri((er; "hich *rovokes a technolo(ical 'isaster is likel!to arise for one of the follo"in( reasons? ,0 'efective 'esi(n ,60 ina'eate#ana(e#ent ,50 sa$ota(e or terroris# ,ith ..83 580%

(aard =ulnerabilit": The ssce*ti$ilit! of life3 *ro*ert!3 or the environ#ent to'a#a(e if a ha1ar' occrs%

(aardous *aterial +(A>*AT: An! #aterial "hich is e)*losive3 fla##a$le3*oisonos3 corrosive3 reactive3 or ra'ioactive ,or an! co#$ination03 an' reiress*ecial care in han'lin( $ecase of the ha1ar's *ose' to *$lic health3 safet!3an'>or the environ#ent% ,Firesco*e ../0

(eat ?ave: Marke' "ar#in( of the air3 or the invasion of ver! "ar# air3 over alar(e area it sall! lasts fro# a fe" 'a!s to a fe" "eeks% ,WM4 ..63 6./0

(uman8*ade Disasters: are 'isasters or e#er(enc! sitations "here the*rinci*al3 'irect case,s0 are i'entifia$le h#an actions3 'eli$erate or other"ise%

A*art fro# ;technolo(ical; an' ;ecolo(ical; 'isasters3 this #ainl! involvessitations in "hich civilian *o*lations sffer casalties3 losses of *ro*ert!3 $asicservices an' #eans of livelihoo' as a reslt of "ar or civil strife3 for e)a#*le?K#an-#a'e 'isasters>e#er(encies can $e of the ra*i' or slo" onset t!*es3 an'in the case of internal conflict3 can lea' to ;co#*le) e#er(encies; as "ell% K#an-#a'e 'isaster ackno"le'(es that all 'isasters are case' $! h#ans $ecasethe! have chosen3 for "hatever reason3 to $e "here natral *heno#ena occrsthat reslt in a'verse i#*acts of *eo*le% This #ainl! involves sitations in "hichcivilian *o*lations sffer casalties3 losses of *ro*ert!3 $asic services an' #eansof livelihoo' as a reslt of "ar3 civil strife3 or other conflict% ,&i#eon Institte0

("drolog": &cience that 'eals "ith the "aters a$ove an' $elo" the lan' srfacesof the =arth3 their occrrence3 circlation an' 'istri$tion3 $oth in ti#e an' s*ace3their $iolo(ical3 che#ical an' *h!sical *ro*erties3 their reaction "ith their environ#ent3 incl'in( their relation to livin( $ein(s% ,WM4 ..63 5780


I

3ce Storm: Intense for#ation of ice on o$+ects $! the free1in(3 on i#*act3 of rain or 'ri11le% ,WM4 ..63 5/0



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3ncident: An event3 acci'entall! or 'eli$eratel! case'3 "hich reires a res*onsefro# one or #ore of the stattor! e#er(enc! res*onse a(encies% ,Astralian Fire

Athorities Glossar! ..80

3ncident: ;An! con'ition that #eets the 'efinition of #a+or 'isaster or e#er(enc!"hich cases 'a#a(e or har'shi* that #a! reslt in a Presi'ential 'eclaration of a

#a+or 'isaster or an e#er(enc!%; ,F=MA Disaster Dictionar! 6773 86-853 citin(Title // CFR 678%560

3ncident: ;Un'er the IC& conce*t3 an inci'ent is an occrrence3 either h#an-case' or $! natral *heno#ena3 that reires action $! e#er(enc! service*ersonnel to *revent or #ini#i1e loss of life or 'a#a(e to *ro*ert! an'>or natralresorces%; ,F=MA Disaster Dictionar! 6773 86-853 citin( National Wil'fireCoor'inatin( Gro*3 Inci'ent Co##an' &!ste#3 National Trainin( Crricl#3 IC&Glossar! ,PM& 6763 NF=& 6/5603 4cto$er ../0

3ncident: A #inor sitation% ,4)for' Cana'ian Dictionar!3 ..20

3ncident !ommand S"stem +3!S: The co#$ination of facilities3 ei*#ent3*ersonnel3 *roce'res3 an' co##nications o*eratin( "ithin a co##onor(ani1ational strctre "ith res*onsi$ilit! for #ana(e#ent of assi(ne' resorcesto effectivel! 'irect an' control the res*onse to an inci'ent% Inten'e' to e)*an' asthe sitation reires (reater resorces "ithot reirin( ne"3 reor(ani1e'3co##an' strctres%

3ncident !ommand S"stem +3!S: A stan'ar'i1e' on-scene e#er(enc!#ana(e#ent conce*t s*ecificall! 'esi(ne' to allo" it


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'irectl! $! the Fe'eral Govern#ent or thro(h &tate or local (overn#ents or 'isaster relief or(ani1ations%

3ntegrated )mergenc" *anagement S"stem +3)*S: A strate(! for i#*le#entin(e#er(enc! #ana(e#ent activities "hich $il's *on those fnctions co##on to*re*are'ness for an! t!*e of occrrence an' *rovi'es for s*ecial reire#ents of

in'ivi'al e#er(enc! sitations%

3ntensit": % % %refers to the 'a#a(e-(eneratin( attri$tes of a ha1ar'% For e)a#*le3"ater 'e*th an' velocit! are co##onl! se' #easres of the intensit! of a floo'%For hrricanes3 intensit! t!*icall! is characteri1e' "ith the &affir>&i#*son scale3"hich is $ase' on "in' velocit! an' stor# sr(e 'e*ths% % %The a$solte si1e of anearthake is (iven $! its Richter #a(nit'e ,an' other si#ilar #a(nit'e scales03$t its effects in s*ecific locations are 'escri$e' $! the Mo'ifie' Mercalli Intensit!,MMI0 &cale% % %=arthake intensit! is also ascertaine' $! *h!sical #easres schas *eak (ron' acceleration ,e)*resse' as a 'eci#al fraction of the force of (ravit!3 e%(%3 7%/ (03 *eak velocit!3 or s*ectral res*onse3 "hich characteri1es thefreenc! of the ener(! content of the seis#ic "ave% ,De!le3 French3 4lshansk!3an' Paterson ..23 6/%0


L

/a 2i6a: The o**osite of an =l NiQo event3 'rin( "hich "aters in the "est Pacificare "ar#er than nor#al3 tra'e "in's or Walker circlation is stron(er an'3conseentl!3 rainfalls heavier in &otheast Asia% ,Er!ant ..0

/ightning: #inos #anifestation acco#*an!in( a s''en electrical 'ischar(e"hich takes *lace fro# or insi'e a clo' or3 less often3 fro# hi(h strctres on the(ron' or fro# #ontains% ,WM4 ..63 5920

Retrn to to*


M

*a


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or e)*losion3 in an! *art of the Unite' &tates3 "hich3 in the 'eter#ination of thePresi'ent3 cases 'a#a(e of sfficient severit! an' #a(nit'e to "arrant #a+or 'isaster assistance n'er the &taffor' Act to s**le#ent the efforts an' availa$leresorces of &tates3 local (overn#ents3 an' 'isaster relief or(ani1ations inalleviatin( the 'a#a(e3 loss3 har'shi*3 or sfferin( case' there$!% ,Ro$ert T%&taffor' Act 76 // CFR 678%6 an' 678%580

*anagement: Mana(e#ent consists of 'ecision-#akin( activities n'ertaken $!one or #ore in'ivi'als to 'irect an' coor'inate the activities of other *eo*le inor'er to achieve reslts that col' not $e acco#*lishe' $! an! one *erson actin(alone% =ffective #ana(e#ent focses on (ro* effort3 varios for#s of coor'ination3 an' the #anner of #akin( 'ecisions% Mana(e#ent is reire'"henever t"o or #ore *ersons co#$ine their efforts an' resorces to acco#*lisha (oal that cannot $e acco#*lishe' $! actin( alone% Coor'ination is necessar!"hen the actions of (ro* *artici*ants constitte *arts of a total task% If one *ersonacts alone to acco#*lish a task3 no coor'ination #a! $e reire' $t "hen that*erson 'ele(ates a *art of the task to others3 the in'ivi'al efforts #st $ecoor'inate'% ,Unkno"n sorce0

*ass )mergenc": ;An ne)*ecte' or n'esira$le event "hich reires theresorces fro# #ost of all #nici*al 'e*art#ents an' li#ite' assistance fro#otsi'e a(encies #a! $e nee'e'%; ,Dra$ek ..83 &ession 63 *% 50

*ilitar" Support to !ivil Authorities +*S!A ? Those activities an' #easrestaken $! De*art#ent of Defense co#*onents to foster #tal assistance an's**ort $et"een DoD an' an! civil (overn#ent a(enc! in *lannin( or *re*are'ness for3 or in the a**lication of resorces for res*onse to3 theconseences of civil e#er(encies or attacks3 incl'in( national secrit!e#er(encies% M&CA is 'escri$e' in DoD Directive 5769%% The &ecretar! of the

Ar#! is 'esi(nate' as the DoD e)ective a(ent for M&CA% ,Title 56 CFR 290

*itigate: To lessen in force or intensit!% This 'efinition 'oes not *recl'e;essenin( to Oero; "hen #iti(ation or to #iti(ate are se' in relation to ha1ar'sthat col' case or contri$te to a *eaceti#e civil e#er(enc!% ,F=MA ..70

*itigation: ;% % %#iti(ation is the social atte#*t to re'ce the occrrence of a'isaster3 to re'ce the vlnera$ilit! of certain *o*lations3 an' to #ore eita$l!'istri$te the costs "ithin the societ!%; ,D!nes ..53 :.0

*itigation: Those activities 'esi(ne' to alleviate the effects of a #a+or 'isaster or e#er(enc! or lon(-ter# activities to #ini#i1e the *otentiall! a'verse effects of ftre 'isaster in affecte' areas% ,F=MA ..70

*itigation: All ste*s necessar! to #ini#i1e the *otentiall! a'verse effects of the*ro*ose' action an' to restore3 *reserve3 an' enhance natral vales of "etlan'sor lon(-ter# activities to #ini#i1e the *otentiall! a'verse effects of ftre 'isaster in affecte' areas% ,F=MA ..80


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*itigation: ;% % %sstaine' action taken to re'ce or eli#inate lon(-ter# risk to*eo*le an' *ro*ert! fro# ha1ar's an' their effects% Miti(ation 'istin(ishes actionsthat have a lon(-ter# i#*act fro# those that are #ore closel! associate' "ith*re*are'ness for3 i##e'iate res*onse to3 an' short-ter# recover! fro# a s*ecificevent; ,F=MA ..:3 Mlti Ka1ar'% % %3 ))ii0%

*itigation:;An! action taken to eli#inate or re'ce the lon(-ter# risk to h#an lifean' *ro*ert! fro# natral ha1ar's% Miti(ation actions are acco#*lishe' $!?

Actin( on the ha1ar'% &ee'in( hrricanes or tri((erin( avalanches #a! eli#inatea ha1ar' $efore a 'isaster occrs%

Re'irectin( the ha1ar'% A sea"all or 'ne restoration *ro(ra# hel*s kee* "ater a"a! fro# *eo*le $! re'irectin( the i#*act areas a"a! fro# vlnera$le locations%

Interactin( "ith the ha1ar'% &eis#ic safet! *rovisions incor*orate' into $il'in(co'es reslt in strctres that are #ore a$le to "ithstan' i#*acts an'

earthakes%

Avoi'in( the ha1ar'% River corri'or *ro+ects create #lti*le $eneficial ses of thefloo'*lain "hile relocatin( strctres to less vlnera$le locations%; ,F=MA I&-953...3 I-970

*itigation: In its si#*lest sense3 #iti(ation is risk #ana(e#ent% It is a ter# that"e at F=MA se to 'escri$e actions that can $e taken at the in'ivi'al3 local3 &tatean' Fe'eral levels to re'ce the overall risk fro# natral 'isasters% It is (ettin( ahan'le on the costs of 'isasters in or societ!3 incl'in( not onl! #one!s3 $t alsosfferin( an' econo#ic 'isr*tions% ,ri## ..20

*itigation:;Activities that re'ce the 'e(ree of lon(-ter# risk to h#an life an'*ro*ert! fro# natral an' #an-#a'e ha1ar's e%(%3 $il'in( co'es3 'isaster insrance3 lan'-se #ana(e#ent3 risk #a**in(3 safet! co'es3 an' ta) incentivesan' 'isincentives%; ,Mco(hlin .293 880

;Miti(ation consists of *lanne' an' or'erl! efforts to *revent ha1ar's that are*reventa$le an' lessen the i#*act of those that are not% Miti(ation activities canact in three "a!s to *revent or re'ce effects of *otential ha1ar's% First3 the! canact on the ha1ar' to eli#inate it or to re'ce the freenc! an' intensit! of itsoccrrence% &econ'3 the! can chan(e the "a! a ha1ar' interacts "ith *eo*le an'their s**ort s!ste#s% Thir'3 the! can alter the "a! *eo*le live an' the s!ste#sthe! create%; ,Mco(hlin .293 :70

*itigation: Action to re'ce the effects of a 'isaster on a *o*lation% ,Ni#*no3..20

*itigation:;% % %#iti(ation is seen as *revention - sto**in( a ne(ative event $eforeit ha**ens%; ,Peterson an' Perr! ...3 6/60


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*itigation: Measres taken in a'vance of a 'isaster ai#e' at 'ecreasin( or eli#inatin( its i#*act on societ! an' on environ#ent% ,U%N% ..63 /0

*itigation:;&trctral an' non-strctral #easres n'ertaken to li#it the a'versei#*act of natral ha1ar's3 environ#ental 'e(ra'ation an' technolo(ical ha1ar's%;,U%N% I&DR 67763 690

*odified *ercalli 3ntensit" Scale: A #easre of the effects of an earthake in as*ecific location% ,De!le3 French3 4lshansk!3 an' Paterson ..23 6/0

*odified *ercalli 3ntensit" Scale: ,Jaffe3 Effer3 an' Thro" .20

Intensit! Detecta$ilit!>evel I#*actI Detecte' onl! $! sensitive instr#entsII Felt $! a fe" *ersons at rest3 es*eciall! on **er floorsIII Felt noticea$l! in'oors3 $t not al"a!s reco(ni1e' as a akeIH Felt in'oors $! #an!3 ot'oors $! a fe"

H Felt $! #ost *eo*le3 'a#a(e to (lass an' *laster HI Felt $! all3 #an! fri(htene' an' rn ot'oors3 'a#a(e s#allHII =ver!$o'! rns ot'oors3 'a#a(e to $il'in(s variesHIII Panel "alls thro"n ot of fra#es3 fall of "alls an' chi#ne!sIS Eil'in(s shifte' off fon'ations3 cracke'3 thro"n ot of *l#$S Most #asonr! an' fra#e' strctres 'estro!e'3 (ron' cracke'SI Ne" strctres still stan'in(3 $ri'(es 'estro!e'3 (ron' fissresSII Da#a(e total3 "aves seen on (ron' srface


N

2ational Disaster *edical S"stem +2D*S: A fe'erall! coor'inate' initiative toa(#ent the nation


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'e(ra'es or seriosl! threatens the national secrit! of the Unite' &tates%; ,F=MADisaster Dictionar! 6773 2/ cites =)ective 4r'er 68980

2ational =oluntar" 1rganiations Active in Disasters +2=1AD: An #$rellaor(ani1ation of esta$lishe' an' e)*erience' volntar! or(ani1ations that serve'isaster-affecte' co##nities% ,F=MA ..90

2atural Disaster: &ee ;Disaster3 Natral;

2atural (aards: &ee ;Ka1ar'3 Natral;

O

1ne8(undred 9ear +#89ear Floodplain: The lan' area a'+oinin( a river3strea#3 lake3 or ocean "hich is inn'ate' $! the 77-!ear floo'3 also referre' to asa floo' havin( a *ercent chance of occrrin( in an! (iven !ear% The 77-!ear floo' is the re(lator! ,$ase0 floo' n'er the NFIP% ,F=MA ..70

P

-lume: I'entifia$le strea# of air "ith a te#*eratre or co#*osition 'ifferent fro#that of its environ#ent% =)a#*les are a s#oke *l#e fro# a chi#ne! an' a$o!ant *l#e risin( $! convection fro# heate' (ron'% ,WM4 ..63 /980

-reliminar" Damage Assessment +-DA: A *rocess se' to 'eter#ine thei#*act an' #a(nit'e of 'a#a(e an' the resltin( n#et nee's of in'ivi'als3$sinesses3 the *$lic sector3 an' the co##nit! as a "hole% Infor#ation collecte'as a reslt of the PDA *rocess is se' $! the &tate as a $asis for the Governor


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'esi(natin( facilities for shelters an' other e#er(enc! *r*oses% ,Michi(an D=M3..23 :0

-reparedness:;Pre*are'ness re*resents actions that are n'ertaken to re'cethe ne(ative conseences of events "here there is insfficient h#an control toinstitte #iti(ation #easres%; ,Peterson an' Perr! ...3 6/60

-reparedness: involves the 'evelo*#ent an' re(lar testin( of "arnin( s!ste#s,linke' to forecastin( s!ste#s0 an' *lans for evacation or other #easres to $etaken 'rin( a 'isaster alert *erio' to #ini#i1e *otential loss of life an' *h!sical'a#a(e the e'cation an' trainin( of officials an' the *o*lation at risk theesta$lish#ent of *olicies3 stan'ar's3 or(ani1ational arran(e#ents an' o*erational*lans to $e a**lie' follo"in( a 'isaster i#*act the secrin( of resorces ,*ossi$l!incl'in( the stock*ilin( of s**lies an' the ear#arkin( of fn's0 an' the trainin(of intervention tea#s% It #st $e s**orte' $! ena$lin( le(islation% ,&i#eonInstitte ..20

-reparedness: Activities 'esi(ne' to #ini#i1e loss of life an' 'a#a(e3 toor(ani1e the te#*orar! re#oval of *eo*le an' *ro*ert! fro# a threatene' location

an' facilitate ti#el! an' effective resce3 relief an' reha$ilitation% &ee also;*revention%; ,U%N% ..63 /0

-reparedness:;Activities an' #easres taken in a'vance to ensre effectiveres*onse to the i#*act of 'isasters3 incl'in( the issance of ti#el! an' effectiveearl! "arnin(s an' the te#*orar! re#oval of *eo*le an' *ro*ert! fro# athreatene' location%; ,U%N% I&DR 67763 690

-revention: =nco#*asses activities 'esi(ne' to *rovi'e *er#anent *rotectionfro# 'isasters% It incl'es en(ineerin( an' other *h!sical *rotective #easres3 an'also le(islative #easres controllin( lan' se an' r$an *lannin(% &ee also;*re*are'ness;% ,U%N% ..63 90

-revention: ;Activities to *rovi'e otri(ht avoi'ance of the a'verse i#*act of ha1ar's an' relate' environ#ental3 technolo(ical an' $iolo(ical 'isasters%; ,U%N%I&DR 67763 690

-robabilit": The likelihoo' of a s*ecific otco#e3 #easre' $! the ratio of s*ecificotco#es to the total n#$er of *ossi$le otco#es% Pro$a$ilit! is e)*resse' as an#$er $et"een 7 an' 3 "ith 7 in'icatin( an i#*ossi$le otco#e an' in'icatin(an otco#e is certain% ,&tan'ar's ..90

-robabilit" Anal"sis: The 'erivation of $oth the likelihoo' of inci'ents occrrin(an' the likelihoo' of *articlar otco#es ,or effects0 shol' those events occr%,N&W .2.0

-ublic Assistance +-A: &**le#entar! Fe'eral assistance *rovi'e' *rsant toa Presi'ential Declaration of e#er(enc! or #a+or 'isaster n'er the &taffor' Act to&tate an' local (overn#ents or certain *rivate3 not-for-*rofit or(ani1ations other than assistance for the 'irect $enefit of in'ivi'als an' fa#ilies% ,F=MA>=MI ..800


42/62

Retrn to to*


R

Radiation? =#ission or transfer of ener(! in the for# of electro#a(netic "aves or *articles% ,WM4 ..63 /.60

Radiological )mergenc": A ra'iolo(ical inci'ent that *oses an actal3 *otential3or *erceive' ha1ar' to *$lic health or safet! or loss of *ro*ert!% ,FR=RP3

A**en'i) E0

Recover": The coor'inate' *rocess of s**ortin( e#er(enc!-affecte'co##nities in reconstrction of the *h!sical infrastrctre an' restoration of e#otional3 social3 econo#ic an' *h!sical "ell-$ein(% ,=MI Astralia ..80

Recover": Those lon(-ter# activities an' *ro(ra#s $e!on' the initial crisis *erio'of an e#er(enc! or 'isaster an' 'esi(ne' to retrn all s!ste#s to nor#al stats or to reconstitte these s!ste#s to a ne" con'ition that is less vlnera$le% ,F=MA..60

Recover": Activities tra'itionall! associate' "ith *rovi'in( Fe'eral s**le#ental'isaster recover! assistance n'er a Presi'ential #a+or 'isaster 'eclaration%These activities sall! $e(in "ithin 'a!s after the event an' contine after the

res*onse activities< cease% Recover! incl'es in'ivi'al an' *$lic assistance*ro(ra#s3 "hich *rovi'e te#*orar! hosin( assistance3 (rants an' loans toeli(i$le in'ivi'als an' (overn#ent entities to recover fro# the effects of a'isaster% ,F=MA FRP A**en'i) E0

Recover":;The *rocess of restorin( co##nit! infrastrctre an' social an'econo#ic s!ste#s follo"in( an e#er(enc! or 'isaster%; ,Michi(an D=M3 ..23 :0

Recover":;% % %recover! #easres enco#*ass "hat has tra'itionall! $een calle'reconstrction an' recover! lti#atel! the re$il'in( of the 'isaster-i#*acte'co##nit!%; ,Peterson an' Perr! ...3 6/6 citin( Dra$ek3 .280

Relief: Assistance an'>or intervention 'rin( or after 'isaster to #eet the life*reservation an' $asic s$sistence nee's% It can $e of e#er(enc! or *rotracte''ration% ,U%N% ..63 90

Resilience: The ca*acit! to recover sccessfll! fro# loss an' 'a#a(e% Thecentral featres of resilience a**ear to $e access to resorces ,*articlarl!finance03 access to infor#ation an' services3 the ca*acit! to #ana(e one


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affairs an' the ca*acit! to 'eal "ith the stress an' e#otions (enerate' $! the'isaster% ,Eckle ..93 50

Resilience@Resilient: ;The ca*acit! of a s!ste#3 co##nit! or societ! to resist or to chan(e in or'er that it #a! o$tain an acce*ta$le level in fnctionin( an'strctre% This is 'eter#ine' $! the 'e(ree to "hich the social s!ste# is ca*a$le of

or(ani1in( itself3 an' the a$ilit! to increase its ca*acit! for learnin( an' a'a*tation3incl'in( the ca*acit! to recover fro# a 'isaster%; ,U%N% I&DR 67763 6/0

Resource Anal"sis: The s!ste#atic i'entification an' anal!sis of availa$leresorces an' athorities for #ana(in( these *otential resorces in an e#er(enc!%

Response: Those activities an' *ro(ra#s 'esi(ne' to a''ress the i##e'iate an'short-ter# effects of the onset of an e#er(enc! or 'isaster% ,F=MA ..60

Response: Activities to a''ress the i##e'iate an' short-ter# effects of ane#er(enc! or 'isaster% Res*onse incl'es i##e'iate actions to save lives3 *rotect

*ro*ert!3 an' #eet $asic h#an nee's% Ease' on the reire#ents of thesitation3 res*onse assistance "ill $e *rovi'e' to an affecte' &tate n'er theFe'eral Res*onse Plan sin( a *artial activation of selecte' =#er(enc! &**ortFnctions ,=&F


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Risk: A #easre of the *ro$a$ilit! of 'a#a(e to life3 *ro*ert!3 an'>or theenviron#ent3 "hich col' occr if a ha1ar' #anifests itself3 incl'in( theantici*ate' severit! of conseences to *eo*le% ,Unkno"n sorce0

Risk: ;Risk is the *ro'ct of ha1ar' ,K0 an' vlnera$ilit! ,H0 as the! affect a seriesof ele#ents ,=0 co#*risin( the *o*lation3 *ro*erties3 econo#ic activities3 *$lic

services3 an' so on3 n'er the threat of 'isaster in a (iven area% % %%Risk isesti#ate' $! co#$inin( the *ro$a$ilit! of events an' the conseences ,sall!conce*tali1e' as losses0 that "ol' arise if the events take *lace%; ,Ale)an'er3 NoDate3 0

Risk: Risk ikelihoo' ) Conseence% ,Ansell an' Wharton ..63 770

Risk: Risk is 'efine' as? Risk Ka1ar' ) Hlnera$ilit! 'ivi'e' $! Disaster Mana(e#ent3 "here ;Risk is 'efine' as the sco*e of conseences ,loss of life3'a#a(e to *ro*ert! or the environ#ent% % %% Ka1ar' is 'efine' as the Con(ressional Co##ission on Risk Assess#ent an' RiskMana(e#ent ..:0% Risk e#*hasi1es the esti#ation an' antification of *ro$a$ilit! in or'er to 'eter#ine a**ro*riate levels of safet! or the acce*ta$ilit! of a technolo(! or corse of action% Risk is a co#*onent of ha1ar'%; ,Ctter 6773 50

Risk: The *ro$a$ilit! that a ha1ar'os event "ill occr an' the e)*ecte' loss of lives an' (oo's 'e to vlnera$ilit! to *revailin( ha1ar's% ,DL= Reference Center ..20


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Risk:;% % %the *otential losses associate' "ith a ha1ar' an'3 'efine' in ter#s of e)*ecte' *ro$a$ilit! an' freenc!3 e)*osre3 an' conseences; ,F=MA ..:3Mlti Ka1ar'% % %Risk Assess#ent3 ))i0%

Risk: Risk ;is the *ro$a$ilit! that a ha1ar' "ill occr 'rin( a *articlar ti#e*erio'%; ,Go'schalk ..3 560

Risk: The *otential for reali1ation of n"ante'3 a'verse conseences to h#anlife3 health3 *ro*ert!3 or the environ#ent esti#ation of risk is sall! $ase' on thee)*ecte' reslt of the con'itional *ro$a$ilit! of the event occrrin( ti#es theconseence of the event (iven that it has occrre'% ,Gratt .2:3 6//0

Risk: Risk is an e)*ression or *ossi$le loss over a s*ecific *erio' of ti#e or n#$er of o*erational c!cles% It #a! $e in'icate' $! the *ro$a$ilit! of an acci'entti#es the 'a#a(e in 'ollars3 lives3 or o*eratin( nits% ,Ka##er .:60

Risk:;Risk refers to the *ro$a$ilit! that 'eath3 in+r!3 illness3 *ro*ert! 'a#a(e3 an'

other n'esira$le conseences "ill ste# fro# a ha1ar'; ,er$in(er ..:3 68:0%

Risk:;There are three co#*onents of risk - the #a(nit'e of loss3 the chance of loss3 an' the e)*osre of loss%; ,MacCri##on an' Wehrn( .283 70

;The #ain 'efinition of the ver$ nit ti#e0 Freenc!,events>nit ti#e0 ) Ma(nit'e ,conseence>event0% ,NRC .:90

Risk:;The *ro$a$ilit!3 $ase' on availa$le 'ata an' scientific kno"le'(e3 of a'isaster occrrin( in a *articlar *lace%; ,Pearce 67773 Cha*ter 93 *% 6:0


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Risk: Define' in three "a!s?

% With re(ar' solel! to the occrrence *ro$a$ilit! of the 'a#a(in( event - astatistical conce*t%

6% With re(ar' to $oth event *ro$a$ilit! an' the 'e(ree an' t!*e of 'a#a(e or

*otential 'a#a(e ,here3 risk is seen as the *ro'ct of event *ro$a$ilit! an' severit!of i#*act0%

5% With re(ar' to the 'istri$tion of *o"er "ithin societ! as "ell as to the'istri$tion of costs an' $enefits% In other "or's3 "ho $ears an' "ho i#*oses theriskB ,Pennin(-Ro"sell an' Kan'#er ..73 8 cite' in Pearce 67773 Cha*ter 63 670

Risk: A fnction of t"o #a+or factors? ,a0 the *ro$a$ilit! that an event3 or series of events of varios #a(nit'es3 "ill occr3 an' ,$0 the conseences of the event,s0%,Petak an' Alkinson .260

Risk: The *otential for n"ante' ne(ative conseences of an event or activit!%,Ro"e ..:0

Risk: For en(ineerin( *r*oses3 risk is 'efine' as the e)*ecte' losses ,lives lost3*ersons in+re'3 'a#a(e to *ro*ert!3 an' 'isr*tion of econo#ic activit!0 case'$! a *articlar *heno#enon% Risk is a fnction of the *ro$a$ilit! of *articlar occrrences an' the losses each "ol' case% 4ther anal!sts se the ter# to#ean the *ro$a$ilit! of a 'isaster occrrin( an' resltin( in a *articlar level of loss% A societal ele#ent is sai' to $e at ;risk;3 or ;vlnera$le;3 "hen it is e)*ose' tokno"n 'isaster ha1ar's an' is likel! to $e a'versel! affecte' $! the i#*act of those ha1ar's if an' "hen the! occr% The co##nities3 strctres3 services3 or activities concerne' are 'escri$e' as ele#ents at ;risk;% Also3 the F=MA 'a#a(ean' casalt! *ro'ction #o'el for si#ltaneosl! han'lin( #lti*le nclear attacksto *ro'ce the s*ectr# of likel! attack reslts an' 'eter#ine their associate'*ossi$ilities% A *re-attack *lannin( tool% ,&i#eon Institte ..60

Risk: Risk is an inte(ral *art of life% In'ee'3 the Chinese "or' for risk ;"ei+-+i;co#$ines the characters #eanin( chance< an'


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Risk:;% % %the chance that so#e event that affects s a'versel! "ill occr%; ,Terr!6773 5570 ;% % %the chance of an a'verse event ha**enin( an' the conseencesof that event taken to(ether%; ,550

Risk: =)*ecte' losses ,of lives3 *ersons in+re'3 *ro*ert! 'a#a(e' an' econo#icactivit! 'isr*te'0 'e to a *articlar ha1ar' for a (iven area an' reference *erio'%

Ease' on #athe#atical calclations3 risk is the *ro'ct of ha1ar' an' vlnera$ilit!%,U%N% ..63 90

Risk:? ;The *ro$a$ilit! of har#fl conseences3 o

terms and definitions, disaster

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