TenthE.C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference

Commision of the European Communities

*e**** * * * * ***

Tenth B.C.

Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference

Proceedings of the International Conference, held at Lisbon, Portugal,

8-12 April 1991

Edited by

A. LUQUE Universidad Politecnica, Madrid, Spain

a.SALA Universidad Politecnica, Madrid, Spain

W.PALZ Commission o/the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium

a. DOS SANTOS Secretaria de Estado da Energia, Lisbon, Portugal

and

P.HELM WIP, Munich, F.R. Germany

SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.v.

ISBN 978-94-010-5607-6 ISBN 978-94-011-3622-8 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-3622-8

Publication arrangements by Commission of the European Communities Directorate-General Telecommunications, Information Industries and Innovation, Scientific and Technical Communications Service, Luxembourg

EUR 13807 © 1991 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1991 LEGAL NOTICE Neither the Commission of the European Communities nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information.

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

INTRODUCTION

I have great pleasure in presenting the Proceedings of the 10th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference held in Lisbon from 8 to 12 April 1991. These Proceedings contain all the scientific papers delivered at the Conference. The following is a short summary of the Conference activities.

The Conference was opened by the Minister of Industry and Energy of Portugal, Eng. Luis Mira do Amaral. At the opening ceremony the Becquerel Prize, created by the Commission of the European Communities, was awarded to Professor Werner Bloss of the University of Stuttgart, and presented by Professor Philippe Bourdeau, Director at the Directorate-General for Science, Research and Development. The Becquerellecture delivered by Professor Bloss constituted the scientific opening to the conference.

About 760 delegates from 53 countries presented around 350 contributions, 50 of them as plenary lectures; the contributions were selected among the many papers submitted, this time more strictly than ever before. Also a selected group of scientists were invited to deliver 15 review lectures, to provide an adequate context to the contributions to the Conference.

A Symposium on Photovoltaics in Developing Countries, which was very well attended, took place as a parallel event. The Symposium provided an opportunity to hear not only experts of the industrialized countries, but also speakers from the countries where photovoltaics provides services of paramount value.

The now-traditional Panel Discussion, chaired by Professor Gerry Wrixon, dealt this time with the topic "Are we prepared for mass production of PV electricity?". A lively discussion took place beween those who considered that the growth of PV electricity must be left solely to market forces, and those who asked for a "Manhattan project" (some delegates found the comparison objectionable owing to the warlike connotations of this name).

The Exhibition of the Photovoltaic Industry brought together 43 companies, whose activities varied from photovoltaic manufacturing equipment and the preparation of basic semiconductor material, through cell fabrication, to companies involved in power systems and in measuring equipment.

As usual the work in the Conference Hall lobbies, where informal meetings take place, was as interesting as that in the auditoria; to make it even more animated, a daily newspaper - The Conference News - containing topical articles and interviews, was issued under the leadership of Alain Liebard.

At the Summaries session, the most important conclusions on every subject were presented by the session organizers, and those concerning the Exhibition by Mr. Fred Treble. From this session and that on National Programmes, it appeared clearly that we are witnessing today a stronger commitment of big corporations, in particular European ones, to the development of photovoltaics as well as the industrialization of concepts developed in recent years in the academic sector.

At the closing session the Mouchot Prize was awarded to Dr. Wolfgang Palz, head of the Renewable Energy Programme of the Commission of the European Communities, the inspirer of this series of conferences, in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the promotion of photovoltaics. The prize was presented by the President of Eurosolar, Dr. Hermann Scheer, Member of the German Parliament. The laudatio of the awardee was delivered by Mr. A. Liebard, Chairman of the "Comite d'Action pour Ie Solaire". The session was closed by the Secretary of State for Energy of Portugal, Dr. Nuno Ribeiro da Silva.

The next European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, the 11th in this series, will take place at Montreux, Switzerland, on the 12 to 16 October 1992 under the chairmanship of Professor Leopoldo Guimariies.

Madrid, 15 May 1991

Antonio Luque, General Chairman

v

Sponsored by:

Commission of the European Communities

Ministerio da Industria e Energia

Secretaria de Estado da Energia

Co-sponsored by:

UNESCO

Academia das Ciencias

Direc~iio Geral de Energia

Petroleos de Portugal, Petrogal SA

Daimler-Benz AG

Neste Polimeros, SA

Caixa Geral de Depositos

Camara Municipal de Lisboa

Eurosolar

EPIA

Collaborating Entities:

Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia e Tecnologia Industrial

Sociedade Portuguesa Acumuladores Tudor

Portsol

Universidade Nova de Lisboa

Direc~iio Geral da Comunica~iio Social

Instituto de Promo~iio Turistica

Sociedade Portuguesa de Energia Solar

Instituto Superior Tecnico

Conference Organiser:

WIP-Munich

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CONFERENCE COMMmeE

General Chairman Prof. A. Luque, Univ. Politecnica, Madrid, Spain Technical Programme Chairmen Prof. l. GuimarAes, Univ. Nova, Lisbon, Portugal Prof. G. Wrixon, NMRC, Cork, Ireland Conference Director Dr. W. Palz, CEC, Brussels, Belgium Conference Secretariat Prof. G. Sala, Univ. Politecnica, Madrid, Spain Mrs. A. Baubin, CEC, Brussels, Belgium International Organisation, Administration I exhibition Dipl. Ing. H. Ehmann, WIP, Munich, F. R. Germany Mrs. H. Riegel, WIP, Munich, F. R. Germany Local Organisation Prof. R. Martins, Univ. Nova, Lisbon, Portugal Eng. E. Fortunato, Univ. Nova, Lisbon, Portugal Posters Dr. H. W. Schock, Univ. Stuttgart, F. R. Germany Prof. R. Martins, Univ. Nova, Lisbon, Portugal

STEERING COMMmeE

Prof. W. H. Bloss, Univ. Stuttgart, F. R. Germany Prof.l.J.M. Guimaraes, Univ. Nova, Lisbon, Portugal Dipl. Ing. P. Helm, WIP, Munich, F. R. Germany Prof. R. Hill, Newcastle Polytechnic, UK Prof. A. Luque, Univ. Politecnica, Madrid, Spain Dr. W. Palz, CEC, Brussels, Belgium Dr. M. Reis, CEC, Brussels, Belgium Prof. G. Sala, Univ. Politecnica, Madrid, Spain Eng. G. dos Santos, Secretaria de Estado da Energia, Lisbon, Portugal Dr. H. Scheer, Eurosolar, Bonn, F. R. Germany Prof. R. Van Overstraeten, IMEC, Leuven, Belgium Prof. G. T. Wrixon, NMRC, Cork, Ireland

COMMmeE SYMPOSIUM PV IN DEVELDPING COUNTRIES

Chairman: Prof. R. Hill, Newcastle Polytechnic, UK

Prof. W. Bloss, Univ. Stuttgart, F. R. Germany Prof. l. GuimarAes, Univ. Nova, Lisbon, Portugal Dipl. Ing. P. Helm, WIP, Munich, F. R. Germany Prof. E. Lorenzo, Univ. Politecnica, Madrid, Spain Dr. B. McNelis, IT Power, Eversley, UK

SESSION ORGANISERS

Subj. 1: Prof. G.l. Araujo, Univ. Politecnica, Madrid, Spain Subj. 2: Prof. R. Mertens, IMEC, Leuven, Belgium Subj. 3: Prof. I. Solomon, Ecole Polytech., Palaiseau, France Subj. 4: Prof. W. Bloss, Univ. Stuttgart, F. R. Germany Subj. 5: Dr. J. Schmid, Fraunhofer Inst., Freiburg, F. R. Germany Subj. 6: Dr. S. McCarthy, Hyperion Energy Syst., Cork, Ireland Subj. 7: Prof. R. Hill, Newcastle Polytechnic, UK

NATIONAL COMMITTEE

Eng. Gonyalves dos Santos, Adviser to the Secretary of State for Energy Chairman of the National Committee

Prof. Rodrigo Martins, Universidade Nova, Usbon Prof. Collares Pereira, Portuguese Center for Energy Saving, Usbon Prof. AntOnio Valera, Faculty of Sciences, Usbon Prof. JoAo Bessa, University of Oporto Dr. Pedro Paes, LNETI, Usbon Eng. Elvira Fortunato, Universidade Nova, Usbon Eng. Penaforte e Costa, DirecyAo Geral de Energia, Usbon Prof. Traya de Almeida, University of Coimbra

HONORARY COMMITTEE

Prof. A. Cavaco Silva, Prime Minister of Portugal, President of the Honorary Committee

On. Filippo Maria Pandolfi, Vice President of the CEC, E. C. Commissioner for Science and Technology Eng. A. Cardoso e Cunha, E. C. Commissioner for Energy Eng. Luis Mira Amaral, Minister for Industry and Energy Eng. Valente de Oliveira, Minister for Planning and Regional Administration Eng. Roberto Carneiro, Minister for Education Prof. Paolo Fasella, General Director for Science, Research and Development, DGXII,CEC Dr. Nuno Ribeiro da Silva, Secretary of State for Energy Prof. Sucena Paiva, Secretary of State for Science and Technology Eng. Alves Monteiro, Secretary of State for Industry Prof. Veiga SimAo, President of National Laboratory of Engineering and Industrial Technology, LNETI Eng. CustOdio Miguens, General Director for Energy, DGE Prof. Carlos Salema, President of National Institute for Research, Science and Technology, JNICT Prof. Azeredo PerdigAo, President of Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation Prof. Leopoldo GuimarAes, President of Uninova Prof. Jacinto Nunes, President of Portuguese Science Academy Dr. Helena Vaz da Silva, Portuguese Commissioner for UNESCO

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SCIENTlFlC COMMITTEE

Prof. V. M. Andreev,lOFFE Physical Tech. Inst., Leningrad, USSR Prof. G. L. AraOjo. Univ. Politecnica, Madrid. Spain Dr. C. E. Backus, Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ., USA Mr. C. Baraona, NASA Lewis Res. Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Dr. A. M. Barnett, AstroPower, Newark, DE, USA Dr. G. Beer, Con phoebus, Catania, Italy Dr. B. Berkovski. Div. of Technological Res. and Higher Education, UNESCO, Paris, France Dr. B. Bini Smaghi, CEC, Brussels. Belgium Prof. W. H. Bloss, Univ. Stuttgart, F. R. Germany Dr. E. C. Boes, Sandia Nat. Lab .• Albuquerque. N.M., USA Dr. K. P. Bogus, ESA-ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands Mr. R. Buhs, Telefunken Systemtechnik, Wedel, F. R. Germany Dr. J. Cap ilion, EDF, Chatou, France Dr. D. E. Carlson, Solarex, Newton, PA, USA Dr. A. M. de Andrade. Escola Politec .• Univ. Slio Paulo, Brazil Prof. B. Equer, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France Dr. W. Freiesleben, Eurosolar, Brussels, Belgium Prof. J. Furlan, Fac. Electrical Engineering, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia Dr. R. Gislon. ENEA, Rome, Italy Prof. A. Goetzberger, Fraunhofer Inst., Freiburg, F. R. Germany Dr. J. G. Grabmaier, Siemens, Munich, F. R. Germany Prof. M.A. Green, Univ. New South Wales, Australia Prof. L.J.M. Guimarl1es, Univ. Nova, Usbon, Portugal Prof. Y. Hamakawa, Univ. Osaka, Japan Dr. D. Helmreich, Heliotronic, Burghausen, F. R. Germany Prof. R. Hill, Newcastle Polytechnic, UK Mr. M. S. Imamura, WIP, Munich, F. R. Germany Mr. W. Kaut. CEC, Brussels. Belgium Dr. L. L. Kazmerski. SERI. Golden, CO. USA Dr. H. Kiess, Paul Scherrer Inst., Lab. RCA, Zurich. Switzerland Prof. W. Kleinkauf, ISET, Kassel, F. R. Germany Dr. K. Krebs, CEC, JRC, Ispra, Italy Dr. Y. Kuwano, Sanyo ElectriC, Osaka, Japan Prof. D. Lalas, CRES, Athens, Greece Prof. E. Lorenzo, Univ. Politecnica, Madrid, Spain Prof. R. Martins, Univ. Nova, Usbon, Portugal Prof. H. Matsunami, Univ. Kyoto, Japan Dr. S. McCarthy, Hyperion Energy Systems, Cork. Ireland Mr. B. McNelis, IT Power. Eversley, UK Prof. R. Mertens, IMEC, Leuven, Belgium Dr. C. Messana, ENEA, Rome, Italy Mr. G. Oelert, GTZ, Eschborn, F. R. Germany Mr. A. Previ, ENEL, Milan, Italy Dr. M. B. Prince, US Dept. of Energy, Washington, DC, USA

Prof. D. Rapakoulias, Univ. Patras, Greece Prof. T. Saitoh, Univ. of Agric., Tokyo, Japan Mr. F. Sanchez. CIEMAT-IER, Madrid, Spain Mr. A. Sauze, CEN/CEA, Cadarache, France Dr. H. Scheer, Eurosolar, Bonn, F. R. Germany Dr. J. Schmid. Fraunhofer Inst. ISE, F. R. Germany Dr. H. W. Schock, Univ. Stuttgart, F. R. Germany Prof. A. V. Shah, Univ. Neuchatel, Switzerland Prof. Y. Shapira, Univ. Tel-Aviv, Israel Dr. P. Siffert, CRN-PHASE, Strasbourg, France Prof. I. Solomon, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France Prof. D. S. Strebkov, VIESH, USSR Mr. F. C. Treble, Farnborough, UK Dr. M. Umeno, Dept. of Elec. and Computer Eng., Japan Prof. W. F. van der Weg, Univ. Utrecht, The Netherlands Prof. R. van Overstraeten, IMEC, Leuven, Belgium Dr. C. VElrie, CNRS, Valbonne, France Dr. G. Willeke, Univ. Konstanz, F. R. Germany

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Alphabetical List of Authors at the end of the book

Introduction

Conference Sponsors

Conference Committee

Opening Session

Opening Address Dr. Nuno Ribeiro da Silva Secretary of State for Energy, Lisbon, Portugal

Speech on the Occasion of the Mouchot Prize Award

Dr. W.Palz Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium

SESSION 01: Fundamentals, High Efficiency Cells and Novel Devices

01.02

01.03

01.04

01.05

01.06

Efficiency of a Combined Solar Concentrator Cell and Thennal Power Engine System Goetzberger A., Bronner W., Wettling W. Fraunhofer Inst. ISE, Freiburg, F.R Germany

Holographic Optical Elements for the Constrnction of Tandem Cells Herz K., Corlatan D., Anders G., Schafer M. ZSW, Stuttgart, F.R Germany

Light Trapping with Submicron Gratings in thin Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells Kiess H., Epler J.E., Gale M.T., Krausbauer L., MorfR, Rehwald W. Paul Scherrer Inst., Zurich, Switzerland

A Technology-Based Comparison Between Two-Sided and Back-Contact Silicon Solar Cells Cuevas A. Inst. Energia Solar, UPM, Madrid, Spain Sinton RA. Sun Power Corp., Mountain View, CA, USA KingRR Georgia Inst. Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

DeVelopment of a Polysilicon Emitter Solar Cell Papadopoulos G., Tarr N.G. Carleton Univ., Ottawa, Ont., Canada BoivinL.P. Nat. Res. Council, Ottawa, Ont., Canada

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v

vi

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3

5

11

15

19

23

27

POSTER SESSION IA: Fundamentals, High Efficiency Cells and Novel Devices

IAOI

IA02

IA03

IA04

IA05

IA06

IA07

IA08

IA09

IAll

Emitter-base Coupling in Highly Illuminated Solar Cells and Applications in OCVD Technique Pelanchon F. CEDUST, Damascus, Syria BoeglinE. ISSAT, Damascus, Syria Mialhe P. Univ. Perpignan, France

Lifetime and Surface Recombination Detennination Mialhe P. Univ. Perpignan, France Salagnon J.M., Pelanchon F. ISSAT, Damascus, Syria Sissoko G., Kane M. Univ. Dakar, Senegal

Reduction of Reflection Losses by Structured Surfaces Scheydecker A, Goetzberger A, Wittwer V. Fraunhofer Inst. ISE, Freiburg, F.R. Germany

The I-V Silicon Solar Cell Characteristic Parameters Temperature Dependence -An Experimental Study Using the Standard Deviation Method Veissid N. Inst. Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil De Andrade AM. Univ. Sao Paulo, Brazil

Sizing of Light Confining Cavities for GaAs and Si Solar Cells Tobias I., Luque A, Miftano J.C., Alonso J. Inst. Energia Solar, UPM, Madrid, Spain

AIGaAs-GaAs Solar Cells with Increased Radiation Stability Andreev V.M., Kalinovskii V.S., Sulima O.V. AF.Ioffe Physico-Technical Inst., Leningrad, USSR

New Techniques in Solar Cell Theory Markvart T. Univ. Southampton, UK

Organic Solar Cells - A Survey Bonnet D., Volkheimer J. Battelle Inst., FrankfurtlMain, F.R. Germany

Optimization of Antireflection Film Structures for Surface-Passivated Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells Using Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Saitoh T., Kamataki 0., lida S. Univ. of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan

The Influence of Surface Recombination on the Limiting Efficiency and Optimum Thickness of Silicon Solar Cells Demesmaeker E., Symons J., Nijs J., Mertens R. IMEC, Leuven, Belgium

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36

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lA.12

lA.13

lA.14

lA.16

lA.17

lA.18

lA.19

lA.20

lA.21

lA.22

lA.23

lA.24

Development of Cost-Effective, High-Efficiency Concentrator Solar Cells Leboeuf C.M., Benner J.P. SERI, Golden, CO, USA

Enhancement of Sub-Bandgap Absorption in X-Si Solar Cells by Alloying with Germanium Healy S.A., Taouk M., Chan B., Green M.A. Univ. New South Wales, Kensington, Australia

New Concepts in 2-Dimensional Solar Cell Modeling Jimeno J.e., Uriarte S., Zamora J.J., Icaran e. Univ. Pais Vasco, Bilbao, Spain

Hydrogen Evolution on Catalyst-Coated Photoelectrodes p-InP and p-Si Schefold J. IPE, Univ. Stuttgart, F.R Germany Specht M. ZSW, Stuttgart, F.R Germany

Experimental Determination of Field Profiles in Diodes Formed on Amorphous Silicon Germanium Alloys Longeaud e., KIeider J.P., Glodt 0., Mencaraglia D. Univ. Paris VI et XI, Gif-sur-Yvette, France Vanderhaghen R LPICM, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France

Highly Transparent and Conductive ZnO:AI Thin Films for PV Applications Mauch RH., Schock H.W. IPE, Univ. Stuttgart, F.R Germany

The Hydrogen-Carbon Complex: Build-up, Electronic Properties and Annealing Behavior Endros A.L., Grabmaier J. Siemens AG, Munich, F.R Germany

Defect Chemistry and Homogeneity Range of Pyrite and Their Influence on the Opto­electronic Behaviour Birkholz M., Hartmann A., Fiechter S., Tributsch H. Hahn-Meitner-Inst., Berlin, F.R Germany

Comparison of Dark and Light I-V Curves of Solar Cells Beier J., Bucher K. Fraunhofer Inst. ISE, Freiburg, F.R Germany

The LDS Solar Cell-A New Approach to Higher Efficiency Barnham K.W J., Braun B., Nelson J., Paxman M. Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London, UK Button e., Roberts J.S. Univ. Sheffield, UK

Spectral Response Measurements of Multi-junction Solar Cells with a Grating Mono­chromator and a Fourier Spectrometer Bucher K., SchOnecker A. Fraunhofer Inst. ISE, Freiburg, F.R Germany

Measurement of Multi-junction Solar Cells Heidler K., Muller-BierI B. Fraunhofer Inst. ISE, Freiburg, F.R Germany

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lA.26 Contact-Free Luminescent Measuring of (n-p) GaAs-pAl GaAs Solar Cell's Parameters Rumyantsev V.D. AF. loffe Physico-Technical Inst., Leningrad, USSR

POSTER SESSION IB: Amorphous Silicon and Related Materials I

IB.OI

lB.02

lB.03

IB.04

IB.05

lB.06

lB.07

IB.08

lB.09

A Comparison Between Fluorinated and Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Carbide Prepared by Reactive Sputtering Demichelis F., Pirri C.F., Tresso E. Politecnico di Torino, Italy Stapinski T. Acc. Mining & Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland BoarinoL. lEN Galileo Ferraris, Torino, Italy RavaP. ElettroRava, Torino, Italy

Influence of Silicon on Properties of Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon Demichelis F., Giachello G., Pirri C.F., Tagliaferro A Politecnico di Torino, Italy Spagnolo R. lEN Galileo Ferraris, Torino, Italy

A New Approach for Characterizing Surface Interface and Bulk Defects in a-Si:H AmatoG. lEN Galileo Ferraris, Torino, Italy

Modelling and Characterization of PV Tandem Cells with a-Si:H, a-SiC:H and a-SiGe:H Intrinsic Layers Gramaccioni C., Grillo G., Galluzzi F. Eniricerche, Rome, Italy ConteG. ENEA-CRIF, Portici, Italy

A Photoemission Study of gdJlc-Si Willeke G., Fischer R., Bucher E. Univ. Konstanz, F.R. Germany Prasad K., Shah A Inst. Microtechnology, Univ. Neuchatel, Switzerland

Modelling of Amorphous Thin Film Solar Cells Block M., Bonnet D., Zetzsche F. Battelle Inst., Frankfurt/Main, F.R. Germany

CO2 Laser CVD of Amorphous Hydrogenated Silicon: Gas Phase Processes and Properties of Thin Films Golusda E., Luhmann K.D., Mollekopf G., Wacker M., Stafast H. Battelle Inst., Frankfurt/Main, F.R. Germany

Simulation and Analysis of the Bias Dependent Spectral Response of a-Si:H pin Solar Cells Bruns J., Gall S., Wagemann H.G. TU Berlin, F.R. Germany

Influence of Deposition Temperature on the Stability of a-Si:H Solar Cells Asensi I.M., Bertomeu I., Andreu J., Puigdollers I., Morenza J.L. Univ. Barcelona, Spain

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lB.1O

lB.1l

lB.12

lB.13

lB.14

lB.lS

lB.16

lB.17

lB.18

lB.19

IB.20

Thickness Mapping of Thin Films by Low-contrast Optical Inteiferometry Solomon I., Bhatnagar M., Rosso M. PMC, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France

Doping Efficiency of Boron Trifluoride in the Preparation of P-Type Amorphous Silicon Carbide Thin Films Ganrua J.J., Gutierrez M.T., Carabe J. CIEMAT-IER, Madrid, Spain

Stationary Primary Photocurrents for the Characterization of a-Si:H PIN-Diodes Abel C.D., Bauer G.H. IPE, Univ. Stuttgart, F.R. Germany PaesH.R. Univ. Federal, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Correlation Between Discharge Geometry and Film Properties in PE-CVD of a-Si:H Mataras D., Rapakoulias D., Kounavis P., Mytilineou E. Univ. Patras, Greece

Diagnostics of Very High Frequency Silane Plasmas Howling AA, HoUenstein c., Dorier J.L., Paris P. CRPP/EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland FavreM. IMT, Univ. Neuchiitel, Switzerland

Electric Field Profile and Charge Collection in a-Si:H Solar Cells Konenkamp R. Hahn-Meitner Inst., Berlin, F.R. Germany Muramatsu S., Itoh H., Matsubara S., Shimada T. Hitachi Central Res. Lab., Tokyo, Japan

Relation of Small Signal Transient Response to Density of States in a-Si Furlan J., Basaneze E., Smole F. Univ. Ljubljana, Yugoslavia

Characterization of Highly Conductive Phosphorus Doped pc-Si:H Films Dirani E.AT., de Andrade AM., Pereyra I. Univ. Sao Paulo, Brazil

A Model for the Direct Bias C-V Measurements on a-Si:H P-I-N Solar Cells Caputo D., De Cesare G., Irrera F., Palma F. Univ. La Sapienza, Rome, Italy

Influence of the Buffer Layer of a-SiC:H/a-Si:H pin Solar Cells on the Spectral Response Kopetzky W.J., Schwarz R. TU Munich, Garching, F.R. Germany

Open-Circuit Voltage Enhancement in MIS Solar Cells by Thin Plasma-Grown Tunneling Oxides Meier J., Kragler G., Willeke G., Bucher E. Univ. Konstanz, F.R. Germany Keppner H., Fischer D., Viret V., Shah AV. Univ. Neuchiitel, Switzerland

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IB.21

lB.22

IB.23

IB.24

lB.25

lB.26

IB.27

lB.29

lB.30

Microstrncture and Stability of VHF-GD Amorphous Silicon under Illumination VanecekM. Inst. Physics, Prague, Czechoslovakia Holoubek J. Inst. Macromolecular Chemistry, Prague, Czechoslovakia Shah A, Brechet H., Mettler A Univ. Neuchiitel, Switzerland

VHF Plasma Deposition for Low-Cost a-Si:H Solar Cells Fischer D., Keppner H., Finger F., Prasad K., Shah A. Univ. Neuchiitel, Switzerland

Continuous Monitoring of VHF-GD Deposited p-i-n Solar Cells During Unifonn Degradation Till Saturation Keppner H., Chabloz P., Fischer D., Mettler A, Tscharner R, Shah A Univ. Neuchiitel, Switzerland

Reversal of Field and Photocu"ent in a-Si pin Solar Cells Pfleiderer H. Siemens AG, Munich, P.R. Germany

Optical Modelling of a-Si:H and a-Ge:H P-I-N Solar Cells Saeng-udom R, Bullemer B. Federal Armed Forces Univ., Neubiberg, F.R Germany Kusian W. Siemens AG, Munich, F.R Germany

An a-Ge:H pin Solar Cell with High Red Efficiency Kusian W., Giinzel E., Plattner R.D. Siemens AG, Munich, F.R Germany

Deuteron Magnetic Resonance Spectral Components in a-Si:H,D Santos-Filho P.B. Inst. Tecnol6gico Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil Bodart J., Norberg RE. Washington Univ., st. Louis, MO, USA

Detennination of the Density of States in a-Si:H Over a Broad Energy Range by the Thennally Stimulated Conductivity Technique von der Linden M.B., Schropp R.E.I., Bezemer J., Van der Weg W.F. Univ. Utrecht, The Netherlands Landweer G. Univ. of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

Diode Recovery Measurement of a-Si:C:H Diode Using Different Silane-Propane Ratio for Tandem Solar Cells Ibrahim K. Univ. of Science, Penang, Malaysia

SESSION 02: High Efficiency Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells

02.01 - Review lecture -Review on High Efficiency Silicon Solar Cells Luque A Inst. Energia Solar, UPM, Madrid, Spain

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02.02

02.03

02.04

02.05

Progress in the Manufacturing of Production-Type Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells Mertens RP. IMEC, Leuven, Belgium

High-Efficiency Backside Contact Solar Cells with a Self-Aligned Process and New Texturization Technique for Silicon Verlinden P. Sun Power Corp., Mountain View, CA, USA Lafontaine B., Evrard 0., Mazy E., Crahay A. Univ. Catholique, Louvain-Ia-Neuve, Belgium

RecentAdvances in Silicon Solar Cell Peifonnance GreenM.A. Univ. New South Wales, Kensington, Australia

High-Efficiency and Low-Cost Option in the Development of Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells Hayashi Y., Shimokawa R Electrotechnical Lab., Ibaraki, Japan Saitoh T. Tokyo Univ. of Agric. and Technology, Tokyo, Japan HaneK. Keio Univ., Kanagawa, Japan

POSTER SESSION 2A: Crystalline Silicon - Materials and Devices

2A.Ol

2A.02

2A.03

2A.04

2A.05

2A.08

Elaboration of Photovoltaic Silicon by a Plasma Process and its Characterization Humbert P., Combes R, Erin J., Madigou N., Morvan D., Amouroux J. ENSCP, Paris, France

Classical and Rapid Thennal Process Induced Gettering in Multicrystalline Silicon Hartiti B., Muller J.e., Stuck R, Siffert P. Centre de Recherches Nucleaires, Strasbourg, France Sarti D. Photowatt, Caen, France

Comparative Efficiency of Hydrogen Passivation Procedures for Cost Effective Multi­crystalline Silicon Solar Cells Hartiti B., Schunck J.P., Muller J.e., Stoquert J.P., Hussian E., Siffert P. Centre de Recherches Nucleaires, Strasbourg, France Sarti D. Photowatt, Caen, France

Thennodynamics for Removal of Boron from Metallurgical Silicon by Flux Treatment Suzuki K., Sano N. Univ. Tokyo, Japan

An Analysis of High Efficiency Si Processing Hogan S., Darkazalli G., Wolfson R Spire Corp., Bedford, MA, USA

A High Efficiency Silicon Solar Cell Production Technology Mason N.B., Jordan D. BP Solar Espana, Madrid, Spain Summers J.G. BP Solar, Leatherhead, UK

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2A09

2A.1O

2A12

2A15

2A16

2A17

2A18

2A19

2A20

2A.21

2A22

Development of Solar Cell Manufacturing Technology under the Sunshine Project of Japan Yokoyama e., Kuno K Sawadaishi S., Ohyu N., Kuroda T., Sugimoto H. NEDO, Tokyo, Japan

Removal of Boron from Molten Silicon by Argon-Plasma Mixed with Water Vapor Baba H., Yuge N., Sakaguchi Y., Fukai M., Aratani F., Habu Y. Kawasaki Steel Corp., Chiba, Japan

Passivated Semicrystalline Silicon Solar Cells: The Effect of Hydrogen Plasma Parameters Soler M.AG., Andrade AM. Univ. Sao Paulo, Brazil

Texture Etching of Multicrystalline Silicon Kaiser U., Kaiser M., Schindler R Fraunhofer Inst. ISE, Freiburg, F.R Germany

Localization of the Solid/Liquid Interface During Directional Solidification of Silicon by a Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Technique Eyer A, Haas F., Schatzle P. Fraunhofer lust. ISE, Freiburg, F.R. Germany PaulM. Fraunhofer Inst. fUr Zerstorungsfreie Prufverfahren, Saarbriicken, F.R Germany KnobeiRM. Heliotronic, Burghausen, F.R Germany

Development of High-Quality P-Type Si Thin-Films by a New SPC Method and its Application to Solar Cells Matsuyama T., Taguchi M., Tanaka M., Matsuoka T., Tsuda S., Ohnishi M., Kishi Y., Nakano S., Kuwano Y. Sanyo Electric Co., Osaka, Japan

Silicon-Film"'''' Product I: Initial Production Perfonnance Barnett AM. Univ. Delaware, Newark, DE, USA Bottenberg W.R., Bragagnolo I.A, Brooks D.S., Checchi J.e., Kendall e.L., Laswell P.G.,13rown I.E., Mulligan W.P., Rand J.A, Hall RB. AstroPower, Newark, DE, USA

Silicon-Film Product II: Initial Light Trapping Results Rand I.A, Ford D.H., Bacon e., Ingram AE., Ruffins T.R., Hall R.B. AstroPower, Newark, DE, USA Barnett AM. Univ. Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

Characterization of Commercial Single Crystal Si Cell Technology Mitchell KW., Aldrich D.L., Walle I.R, Gretlein D.G., Pauls KL., Probst R Siemens Solar Industries, Camarillo, CA, USA Gee I.M., McBrayer J.D. Sandia Nat. Lab., Albuquerque, NM, USA

Recrystallization Methods in Production of Photovoltaic Devices Urli N.B., Vlahovic B., Persin M. Rudjer Boskovic Inst., Zagreb, Yugoslavia

Polycrystalline Photovoltaic Silicon Ingot Production Dorrity I.A, Garrard B.J., Hukin D.A Crystalox, Wantage, UK

xviii

284

286

290

293

295

298

302

306

310

313

317

2A.24

2A.25

2A27

2A.28

Towards Low Cost Multicrystalline Silicon Wafers for High Efficiency Solar Cells Martinuzzi S., Perichaud I., Gervais J. Univ. Aix-Marseille, France Sarti D. Photowatt, Caen, France

Thennal Environment and Process Optimization of Solarex Cast Polycrystalline Silicon Narayanan S., Terry J., Brenneman R Solarex Corp., Frederick, MD, USA

A Low-Cost Diffusion Process for the Fabrication of Solar Cells Dias J.AS., Avilez O.V. UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil SerranN.V. Rober, Campinas, Brazil Andrade AM. Univ. Sao Paulo, Brazil

Influence of Hydrogen Plasma in the Properties of a-Si:H/a-SiC:H Interfaces Fantini M.C.A, Pereyra I., Carreno M.P., Andrade AM. Univ. Sao Paulo, Brazil

POSTER SESSION 2B: Amorphous Silicon and Related Materials II

2B.01

2B.02

2B.03

2B.04

2B.05

2B.06

Thin Metallic Interfacial Layers: A Means to Improve the Tin-Oxide/Boron Doped Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Interface? Roca i Cabarrocas P. LPICM, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France EickerU. Solems, Palaiseau, France

Improved Thickness Unifonnity and Optoelectronic Properties of a-Si:H Thin Films Meiling R., Schropp RE.I., van Sark W.G.J., Bezemer J., van der Weg W.P. Univ. Utrecht, The Netherlands

Low Temperature Short Time Response of Light Induced Defects in a-Si:H Kasaneva Reinoso J. Univ. Antofagasta, Chile Andreu Batalle J. Univ. Barcelona, Spain

Investigation of Spectral Mismatch in a-SiGe:H Based Tandem Solar Cells by Optical Modelling Gorn M., Curran C. Phototronics Solartechnik, Putzbrunn, F.R Germany Antoine-Labouret A, Schmitt J.P.M. Solems, Palaiseau, France

Characterization of a-Si:H Based Pin Cells by Subbandgap Photocu"ent Spectroscopy Rubel H., Frammelsberger W., Geyer R, Scheppat B., Lechner P., Gorn M., Kniffler N. Phototronics Solartechnik, Putzbrunn, P.R Germany

Stability Optimization of a-Si:H Based Solar Cells Lechner P., Rubel H., Kniffler N. Phototronics Solartechnik, Putzbrunn, P.R Germany

xix

320

324

327

329

335

339

343

346

350

354

2B.08

2B.09

2B.1D

2B.ll

2B.13

2B.14

2B.15

2B.16

2B.17

2B.18

2B.20

Accelerated Stability Testing of Amorphous Modules Eicker U. Solems, Palaiseau, France

Light Trapping Due to TCO Roughness in a-Si:H Solar Cells Measured by Spatially­Resolved Photothennal Deflection Leblanc F., Ollivier P., Antoine-Labouret A Solems, Palaiseau, France Perrin J. LPICM, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France

Photoinduced Effects in Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Fortunato E., Martins R, Vieira M., Guimaraes L. New Univ. Lisbon, Portugal

Influence of the RF Power Density on the electrical Properties of Glow-Discharge Amorphous Silicon Amaral A Inst. Sup., Univ. Tecnica, Lisbon, Portugal Rodrigues L., Guimaraes L., Martins R. New Univ. Lisbon, Portugal Mencaraglia D., Djebbour Z., Kleider J.P., Longeaud C. LGEP, Univ. Paris VI et XI, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

Temperature Dependence of the Perfonnances of a-Si:H Solar Cells Schirone L., Vincenzoni R. . Univ. La Sapienza, Rome, Italy

Electronic Transport Properties of High Deposition Rate a-Si:H Material Mohammed-Brahim T., Rahal A, Ababou N., Beldi N., Aoucher M. U.S.T.H.B., Algiers, Algeria Mencaraglia D., Longeaud c., Kleider J.P., Glodt 0., Djebbour Z. Univ. Paris VI et XI, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

a-Si:H Ambipolar Diffusion Length and Effective Lifetime Measured by Flying Spot Technique (FST) Vieira M., Martins R, Fortunato E., Guimaraes L. New Univ. Lisbon, Portugal

Thennal Stability of a-Si:H/a-SiC:H Superlattices Studied by Hydrogen Effusion, X-ray Diffraction, IR Spectroscopy and Photoluminescence Fischer T., Muschik T., Hanesch P., Kolodzey J., Schwarz R TU Munich, Garching, F.R. Germany

Light Induced Defect Influence on a-Si Field Test Perfonnance Berry W.B., Hahn MJ. Univ. Notre Dame, IN, USA

Effect of Unusual Experimental Parameters in R.F. Plasma Deposition of Amorphous­Silicon Based Materials Bruno G., Capezzuto P., Cicala G., Mandoro P. Univ. Bari, Italy

Intrinsic Limitations of Single p-i-n a-Si Solar Cells RuizJ.M. Inst. Energia Solar, UPM, Madrid, Spain

xx

358

361

365

368

371

375

379

383

387

391

395

2B.21

2B.22

2B.23

2B.26

2B.27

2B.28

Outdoor Evaluation of Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell Modules Joshi J.e., Konar P.K. Indian Inst. Technology, New Delhi, India

Analysis of Perfonnance Evolution of Amorphous Silicon Modules by Experimentation in Indoor and Outdoor Conditions Ragot P., Costa H.S., Desmettre D. CEN Cadarache, Saint Paullez Durance, France Chenevas-Paule A CEN Grenoble, France Rossi E., Ossenbrink H., Van Steenwinkel R Joint Res. Centre, Ispra, Italy

Analysis of Different Commercial Technologies a-Si Submodules: Characterization and Shorl-Time Outdoor Degradation Test Chenlo F., Vela N. CIEMAT-IER, Madrid, Spain

Evaluation of Two Theoretical Models in Simulating the Perfonnance of Amorphous-Silicon Solar Cells Protogeropoulos e., Brinkworth B.J., Marshall RH., Cross B.M. Univ. Wales College of Cardiff, UK

A New P( a-SiN:H!a-Si:H)-I( a-Si:H)-N( a-SiC:H!a-Si:H) Superlattice Solar Cell Varonides Ae. Univ. Scranton, P A, USA Rothwarf A Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, P A, USA

Photoelectric Properlies of a-Si:H with Low Gap-States Deposited by VUV Photo-CVD Shirafuji T., Yoshimoto M., Fuyuki T., Matsunami H. Univ. Kyoto, Japan

POSTER SESSION 2C: PV Systems Technology

2e.01

2e.02

2e.03

2e.04

Neural Networks - a Proper Approach to the Energy Management Problem? Stoll M. Fraunhofer Inst. ISE, Freiburg, F.R Germany

The Effect of Tilt Angle and Voltage Conditions on PV System Perfonnance - An Experimental Investigation Jantsch M., Stoll M., Roth W., Kaiser R, Schmidt H., Schmid J. Fraunhofer Inst. ISE, Freiburg, F.R. Germany

Comparison Between Measured and Computed Data for a PV System Ambrosone G., Catalanotti S., Coscia U., Troise G. Univ. Napoli, Italy SamoA. ENEA-CRIF, Portici, Italy

ISEE - Renewable Energy Infonnation System Grebe R, Koch H. ISET, Kassel, F.R Germany

xxi

399

403

408

412

416

420

427

431

435

439

2C.05

2C.06

2C.0?

2C.09

2C.1O

2C.U

2C.12

2C.13

2C.14

2C.15

2C.16

Mathematical Models for the Constrnction of a Renewable Energy Hybrid Plant Marchetti G.P., Piccolo M. Post and Telecommunication Ministry, Rome, Italy

Photovoltaics, Utilities, and the Environment in the 21st Century Darkazalli G. Spire Corp., Bedford, MA, USA

Control Considerations for Photovoltaic Powered Water Pumping Systems BaItas P. Center for Renewable Energy Sources, Koropi, Greece Russell P.E. Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ, USA

Spatial and Temporal Chatacteristics of Short Tenn Fluctuations in Solar Radiation for PV­Plant Applications Beyer H.G., Luther J., Steinberger-Willms R. Univ. Oldenburg, F.R. Germany Decker B. Inst. for Solar Energy Res., Hannover, F.R. Germany

INSEL - A Stimulation System for Renewable Electrical Energy Sypply Systems Luther J., Schumacher-Grohn J. Univ. Oldenburg, F.R. Germany

Sensivity Analysis of Energy Requirements for Thin Film Photovoltaic Module Production Hynes K.M., Pearsall N.M., Hill R. Newcastle Polytechnic, UK

ITE-BOSS, A New Software Tool for Photovoltaic System Design Bosch A, Hoenes H.P., Jossen A, Karl H., Lehner G., Saupe G., Zahir A ITE, Univ. Stuttgart, F.R. Germany

Behaviour Analysis of Experimental Photovoltaic Systems Paes P., Rodrigues C. LNETI - Dep. Energias Renovaveis, Lisbon, Portugal

PV System Perfonnance as Computed with Synthetic Rudiution Dutu AguiarR. LNETI - Dep. Energias Renovaveis, Lisbon, Portugal Collares-Pereira M. Center for the Conservation of Energy, Amadora, Portugal

Hydrogen Energy Storage for Photovoltaic Power Systems Kauranen P.S., Lund P.D. Helsinki Univ. Technology, Espoo, Finland Leppanen J.R. Neste Corp. R&D, Porvoo, Finland Spiers D.J. Neste Advanced Power Systems, Abingdon, UK

Analysis of PV Energy Possible Applications for Supplying Drinking Water to Rural Zones MichelE. COSTle, Digne, France

xxii

442

446

449

453

457

461

465

469

473

476

480

2C.17

2C.18

2C.20

2C.21

PV System without Charge Controller for Grid-Connected and Stand-Alone Operation Reismayr D. Ludwig-Bolkow-Systemtechnik, Ottobrunn, F.R. Germany

Methodological Approaches for the Estimation of a Capacity Credit of a Grid-connected Photovoltaic Electricity Generation Kaltschmitt M., Voss A. Univ. Stuttgart, F.R. Germany

Fiability Coefficient Maps for PV System Design Egido M.A., Lorenzo E. Inst. Energia Solar, UPM, Madrid, Spain

Stochastic Modelling of a PV System with Small Concentration Fara V.L., Grigorescu R. Polytechnical Inst., Bucharest, Romania

SESSION 03: Crystalline Silicon - Materials and Devices

03.01

03.02

03.03

03.04

03.05

03.06

- Invited review lecture -The Development of the Wafer Cost andAvailability for the Photovoltaic Industry; Ribbon/Sheet Approaches and its Comparison with Wafers: Efficiency-cost Trade-off HerzerH. Wacker-Chemitronic, Burghausen, Germany

Behaviour of Multicrystalline Silicon Materials under High Efficiency Process Conditions Schmidt W., Rasch KD., Wahl G. Telefunken Systemtechnik, Heilbronn, F.R. Germany EbnerW. Telefunken Systemtechnik, Wedel, F.R. Germany

Recent Advances in Silicon Inversion Layer Solar Cells and their Transfer to Industrial Pilot Production Hezel R. Univ. Erlangen-Nurnberg, F.R. Germany Hoffmann W., Jaeger K Nukem, Hanau. F.R. Germany

Increasing Cell Efficiency of S-Web Silicon Ribbon Material Using Synthetic Silica Crucibles Falckenberg R., Grabmaier J.G., Lerchenberger A. Siemens AG, Munich, F.R. Germany Schindler R. Fraunhofer lost. ISE, Freiburg, F.R. Germany

On-Line Manufacturing of Si Solar Cells Compatible with High Speed Si-Ribbon Growth Grabmaier J.G., Urbach H.P., Eisenrith KH. Siemens AG, Munich, F.R. Germany Munzer KA Siemens Solar, Munich, F.R. Germany

Controlled Nucleation: A New Approach to Improve The Crystallinity of Raft-Foils Reis I., Hurrle A, Rauber A Fraunhofer Inst. ISE, Freiburg, F.R. Germany Helmreich D., Beck A Heliotronic, Burghausen, F.R. Germany

xxiii

483

486

490

494

501

507

511

515

519

524

POSTER SESSION 3A: Compound Semiconductor Solar Cells I

3A01

3A02

3A03

3A04

3A05

3A06

3A07

3A08

3A09

3A1O

3All

Stem-Stebic Technique for Defect Investigation in Semiconductor Photovoltaic Materials Garozzo M., Parrett a A. ENEA-CRIF, Portici, Italy Vittori M. ENEA-Casaccia, Rome, Italy Camanzi A, Alessandrini P. Eniricerche, Rome, Italy

Improvement of Device Efficiency by Time-Resolved Photoluminescence Measurements Ahrenkiel RK., Keyes B.M., Dunlavy DJ., Kazmerski L.L. SERI, Golden, CO, USA

Investigations of Emitter Characteristics of LPE GaAs Solar Cells Welter H., Bett A, Ehrhardt A, Wettling W. Fraunhofer lost. ISE, Freiburg, F.R Germany

InGaP, a Promising Material for Tandem Solar Cells van Geelen A, Hageman P.R, Gabrielse, Giling L.J. Univ. Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Design and Measurement of Antireflection Coatings for AIGaAs/GaAs Solar Cells Nell M.E., El-Ankah Z., Eschrich H., Lin D.D., Nischwitz G., Reinicke B., WagemannH.G. TU Berlin, F.R Germany

Comparison of an Analytical and a Finite Differences Model Referring to GaAs Solar Cell Performance Eschrich H., Bruns J., Nell M.E., Reinicke B., Wagemann H.G. TU Berlin, F.R Germany

Photovoltaic Activity in Thin Polycrystalline GaAs Films Produced by Ion-Assisted Deposition Bonnet D., Oelting S., Luke U. Battelle Inst., Frankfurt/Main, F.R Germany

Graded Ga1Jn,!' Window on GaAs Solar Cells Grown by Isothermal Liquid Phase Epitaxy 01chowik J.M. Univ. Lublin, Poland Soumana H., Gavand M., Mayet L. INSA, Villeurbanne, France

A TTC2 Device with an Al.32Ga.6w4s-p GaAs Heterojunction Mayet L., Gavand M., Montegu B. Univ. Lyon, France Laugier A INSA, Villeurbanne, France

Cost Perspectives of GaAs Thin-Film Solar Cells Alsema E.A., Cuelenaere RF.A., Turkenburg w.e. Univ. Utrecht, The Netherlands

Development and Evaluation of CdS/CdTe Thin Film PV Cells Skarp J., Koskinen Y., Lindfors S., Rautiainen A, Suntola T. Microchemistry, Espoo, Finland

xxiv

529

533

537

541

545

549

553

556

559

563

567

3A12

3A14

3A15

3A16

3A17

3A18

3A19

3A20

3A21

3A22

3A23

Photovoltaic Properties of an Epitaxial CdS/CdTe/ZnTe n-i-p Heterostmcture Grown by MOVPE Simmons M.Y., AI-Allak H.M., Durose K, Brinkman AW. Univ. Durham, UK

Thin Films of Cadmium Telluride Produced Using Stacked Elemental Layer (SEL) Processing Bhatti M.T., Groarke E.P., Miles R.W., Carter M.J., Hill R Newcastle Polytechnic, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Screen printed CdS-CdTe Solar Cells Clemminck I., Burgelman M., Vervaet A., De Poorter J. State Univ. Gent, Belgium

Photovoltaic Properties of n-CdTe/p-Te Junctions Yown I., Cadene M. Univ. Montpellier, France LaplazeD. Univ. Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal Lincot D. ENSCP, Paris, France

Variations in the Resistivity of Sprayed Films of Cadmium Sulphide Buckley R.W., Cotier B., Dixon K, Gallagher T, Goddard N. Twyford CE High School, London, UK

The Development of CuInS2 Single Crystals and Thin Films for PV Applications Fearheiley M., Dietz N., Scheer R, Kanis M., Fiechter S., Briissler M., Dzionk e., Metzner H., Migge H., Lewerenz H.J. Hahn-Meitner-Inst., Berlin, F.R. Germany

Preparation of CdSiAsz-Homojunction Solar Cells and its Anisotropic Optical Properties Baumgartner F.P., Schweikardt H.P., Bucher E. Univ. Konstanz, F.R Germany

Thin Film Preparation of FeS2 (Pyrite) byArgon Sputtering, Plasma Reaction, MOCVD and Spray Pyrolysis Hopfner C., Ennaoui A., Lichtenberger D., Birkholz M., Smestad G., Fiechter S., Tributsch H. Hahn-Meitner-Inst., Berlin, F.R. Germany

Thin Films of MoSe2 and WSe2 Prepared by Soft Selenization as Bulk Material for Solar Cells Jager-Waldau A., Lux-Steiner M., Bucher E. Univ. Konstanz, P.R. Germany

Interface Recombination Velocity of AI/WSe2 and ZnO/WSe2 Solar Cells Detennined by Ebic and Light Induced Current Measurements Vogt M., Friemelt K, Lux-Steiner M.e., Keil M., Reetz W., Bucher E. Univ. Konstanz, Konstanz, P.R. Germany

ZnO Transparent Conducting Thin Films Deposited by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis for Solar Energy Conversion Tiburcio Silver A CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico Joubert J.e. ENSPG-INPG, St. Martin d'Heres, France

xxv

570

574

577

581

584

586

590

594

597

601

605

3A24

3A25

Solvent Effect on 2nO Thin Films Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis Guillemoles J.F., Lincot D., Cowache P. Vedel J. ENSCP, Paris, France

Sprayed 2nO Thin Films as Optical Window in CUlnSez Based Solar Cells Belghit K, Subhan M.A, Duchemin S., Bougnot J. Univ. Montpellier II, France RUhle U. IPE, Univ. Stuttgart, P.R. Germany

POSTER SESSION 3B: High Efficiency Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells

3B.01

3B.02

3B.03

3B.04

3B.05

3B.07

3B.09

Analysis of the Operation of Laser Grooved Silicon Solar Cell Strollo AG.M., Vitale G. Univ. Napoli, Italy

Progress on High Efficiency Silicon Solar Cells Alonso J., Luque A, Tobias I., Sala G., Cuevas A Inst. Energia Solar, UPM, Madrid, Spain

The PV Eye; a High Efficiency Converter Based on Light Trapping and Spectrum Splitting Luque A, Sala G., MmanoJ.C., Davies P., Tobias I., Alonso J., Algora C., Araujo G.L., Ruiz J.M., Cuevas A, Olivan J. lost. Energia Solar, UPM, Madrid, Spain Dunn P., Rice G. Univ. Reading, UK Knobloch J., Voss B. Fraunhofer Inst. ISE, Freiburg, P.R. Germany Flores C. CISE, Milan, Italy

SiOz-Passivated High Efficiency Silicon Solar Cells: Process Dependence of Si-SiOz Interface Recombination Aberle A, Glunz S., Warta W., Kopp J., Knobloch J. Fraunhofer Inst. ISE, Freiburg, P.R. Germany

The Use of Plasma Silicon Nitrides and Hydrogen Plasma on Polycrystaliine Silicon Solar Cells Coppye J., Ghannam M., De Schepper P., Nijs J., Mertens R. IMEC, Leuven, Belgium

EffeCt of Temperature and Light Intensity on the Perfonnance of MIS Inversion Layer Solar Cells Jaeger K, Hoffmann W. Nukem, Hanau, F.R. Germany HezelR. Univ. Erlangen-Niirnberg, F.R. Germany

Laser Scanning Analysis of Silicon Solar Cells Hughes AE., Neville B.M., Heasman KC., Lesniak M.P. BP Res. Centre, Sunbury on Thames, UK

xxvi

609

613

619

623

627

631

636

640

644

3B.1O

3B.ll

3B.12

3B.13

3B.14

3B.15

3B.16

Defects Induced in Bulk Silicon by Rapid Thermal Annealing Susi E., Fabbri R, Poggi A. CNR-Ist. LAMEL, Bologna, Italy Passari L., Carotta M.e., Merli M. 1st. di Fisica dell'Univ., Ferrara, Italy

Evaluation of Silicon Nitride SUiface Passivation of Crystalline Silicon by Means of Time Resolved Microwave Conductivity Bickl T. Univ. Wiirzburg, F.R Germany Creutzburg u., Silber D. Univ. Bremen, F.R Germany Ebner W., Eyckmans M., Wandel G. Telefunken Systemtechnik, Wedel, F.R. Germany

Photothermal Measurement of Minority Carrier Diffusion in Devices Buchner B. IPE, Univ. Stuttgart, F.R Germany Cella N. Inst. Politecnico, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil CahenD. Weizmann lost. of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Non-Conventional Emitters for Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Coppye J., Demesmaeker E., Elgamel H.E., Szlufcik J., Ghannam M., Nijs J., Mertens R. IMEC, Leuven, Belgium Le Q.N., Rodot M., Laroche J.M. CNRS/LPSB, Meudon, France Sarti D., Loubly P. Photowatt, Caen, France

Improvements of Polycrystalline Silicon Wafers and Conventional Solar Cells by a Boron Diffusion Step Le Q.N., Rodot M. CNRS/LPSB,Meudon, France Sarti D., Loubly P. Photowatt, Caen, France Coppye J., Demesmaeker E., Nijs J. IMEC, Leuven, Belgium

An Approach to the Development of Efficient 31 cm2 Area All-Implanted n +pp + Silicon Solar Cells Ruzinsky M., Baratka S. Slovak Technical Univ., Bratislava, Czechoslovakia Palaj J. Tesla, Piestany, Czechoslovakia Seidl P. Czech Tech. Univ., Prague, Czechoslovakia Kosek F., Cimpl Z. Univ. of Chemical Technology, Pardubice, Czechoslovakia

Maximising Minority Carrier Lifetime in High Efficiency Screen Printed Silicon BSF Cells Bruton T.M., Mitchell A., Teale L. BP Solar, Leatherhead, UK KnoblochJ. Fraunhofer lost. ISE, Freiburg, F.R Germany

xxvii

647

65'1

653

657

661

664

667

3B.17

3B.18

3B.19

3B.20

3B.21

3B.22

3B.23

About the Effect of Impurity Contaminations, Processing and Thennal Annealing on the PV Properties of Polycrystalline Silicon Pizzini S., Acciarri M., Binetti S., Acerboni S. Dip. Chimica Fisica ed Elettrochimica, Milano, Italy Falconieri M., Pirozzi L., Garozzo M. ENEA-FORI, Rome, Italy

Microstructure Investigations and Electrical Measurements in Polycrystalline Solar Silicon Moller H.J., Rodak E., Huang L. Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, OH, USA Griess M. Univ. Gottingen, F.R. Germany

Donor and Acceptor Neutralization in Multicrystalline Silicon Margadonna D., Ferrazza F., Peruzzi R. Italsolar, Rome, Italy Pizzini S., Acerboni C., Tarchini L. Univ. Milano, Italy De Lillo A. ENEA-Casaccia, Rome, Italy Wei Xiwen Univ. of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China

Limiting Factors in the Emitter and Base Region of Diffused Solar Cells Made from Crystalline Lower Purity Silicon Schlosser V. Inst. fUr Festkorperphysik, Univ. Vienna, Austria

Transport Properties in the Emitter of the Silicon Solar Cells: A Comparison Between a New Analytical Model and 17le Experimental Results Abenante L., Arabito G., La Motta S., Pirozzi L. ENEA-FORI, Rome, Italy Di Francia G., Garozzo M. ENEA-CRIF, Portici, Italy

A Flexible Measurement System for R&D in Industry Martinez V.E., Saenz MJ., Gutierrez J.R., Jimeno J.e. Univ. Pafs Vasco, Bilbao, Spain Perezagua E. Isofot6n, Madrid, Spain

663 m V Open Circuit Voltage Epitaxial Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells Blakers A.W. Univ. New South Wales, Kensington, Australia Werner J.H., Bauser E., Queisser H.J. Max Planck lnst. fUr Festkorperforschung, Stuttgart, F.R. Germany

POSTER SESSION 3C: Hybrid and Utility PV

3e.01 Line Photovoltaic Back-up System for Rural Nucleus with Low-quality Electric Supply Gracia Navarro S. Compania Sevillana de Electricidad, Seville, Spain

xxviii

670

674

678

681

685

689

692

699

3C.02

3C.03

3C.05

3C.06

3C.07

3C.08

3C.12

3C.13

3C.14

3C.15

3C.17

Scenario for Integration of PV Systems into Multiple-Carrier Grids with Integrated Energy Storage S(Ilrensen B. COWIconsult, Lyngby, Denmark

PVj Diesel Systems on Houseboats van der Weiden T.CJ., Dunselman C.P.M., Hoekstra K, Blok K Ecofys, Utrecht, The Netherlands

A Photovoltaic-Hydrogen-Fuel Cell Energy System: Preliminary Operational Results Lehman P.A., Chamberlin C.E. Humboldt State Univ., Arcata, CA, USA

Gridconnected 30-kWp Photovoltaic Power Plant in Finland Nyman C. Technical Res. Centre, Espoo, Finland

Design Tool Photo for Sizing of Hybrid Power Systems: Program Verification Manninen L.M., Lund P.D. Helsinki Univ. of Technology, Espoo, Finland

Development Potential of Small-Scale Grid-Connected Residential PV Systems Peippo K, Lund P.D. Helsinki Univ. of Technology, Espoo, Finland

Eight Years Experience with the 300-kWp Solar Power Plant on the Island Pellwonn (FRG) and the Extension to a 1.25-MW Hybrid System Kruse C., Lawalt HJ., Maass K Telefunken Systemtechnik, Wedel, F.R. Germany

Autonomous Photovoltaic System with Auxiliary Source for Battery Charging van Dijk V.A.P., Alsema E.A., Albers R.A.W. Univ. Utrecht, The Netherlands Degner T., Gabler H., Wiemken E. Univ. Oldenburg, F.R. Germany

Integration of Photovoltaics into Electric Utilities: Issues and Approaches Annan R.H., Rannels J.E. US Dept. of Energy, Washington, DC, USA Cabraal R.A. Meridian Corp., Alexandria, VA, USA

lOO-kW Grid-Connected PV Insta//ationAlong Rail Infrastructure in Southem Switzerland - A Feasibility Study Hiichler R., Nordmann T. TNC Consulting, Chur, Switzerland

PV Electric Utility Interface Issues, Understanding the Problem of Hannonic Cu"ents in the Grid System Tortoreli M. Center for Renewable Energy Systems, Koropi, Greece Russell P.E. Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ, USA

xxix

701

705

708

712

716

720

724

728

734

738

742

3C.18

3C.19

3C.20

3C.21

3C.22

3C.23

3C.24

3C.25

Design of a Hybrid PV/Diesel System from the Analysis of the Present PV System Peifonnance in a Dairy Fann in Pozoblanco, Spain GonzaIezA CIEMAT-IER, Madrid, Spain MayerD. Centre d'Energetique, Valbonne, France

PV System Generation Analysis, 0 & M and Cost Evolution - Hidroelectrica Espanola SA. Experience Pantoja A, Garcia J., de Julian A Hidroelectrica Espanola, Madrid, Spain

Half a Dollar per kWh and Still Cheap Electricity Daey Ouwens C. Provincial Bureau Energie, Haarlem, The Netherlands

Tiso: 4-kW ExperimentalAmorphous Silicon PV Power Plant Chianese D., Camani M., Ceppi P., Iacobucci D. Dip. dell'Ambiente, Bellinzona, Switzerland

Influence of Different Revenue Stmctures on the Economy of PV Plants in Selected Countries Hille G., Staiss F., Steinborn F. 7BW, Stuttgart, F.R Germany

The 4-kW PV Pilot Plant "Muttler" SchadelJ. Ascom Energy Systems, Bern, Switzerland

30-kW Photovoltaic Plant in the Alps of Austria Nentwich A, Szeless A Verbundgesellschaft, Vienna, Austria Schneeberger M., Wilk H. Oberosterreichische Kraftwerke (OKA), Linz, Austria

Battery Research in the Terschelling PV System van der Weiden T.C.J., Boumans J.H., Blok K Ecofys, Utrecht, The Netherlands

SESSION 04: Compound Semiconductor Solar Cells

04.01

04.02

04.03

- Invited review lecture -Thin Film Compound Semiconductor Solar Cells: An Option for Large Scale Applications? SchockH.W. IPE, Univ. Stuttgart, F.R Germany

RecentAdvances in Single-Junction and Tandem Thin Film Modules Based on CuInSe2 Eberspacher C., Ermer J., Fredric c., Jensen c., Gay R, Pier D., Willet D. Siemens Solar Industries, Camarillo, CA, USA Karg F. Siemens AG, Munich, F.R Germany

Photocurrent Transport in Heterojunctions with Graded Cu(In,Ga)Se2Absorbers Menner R, Walter T., Schock H.W. IPE, Univ. Stuttgart, F.R Germany

xxx

746

750

752

755

759

763

766

771

777

783

787

04.04

04.05

04.06

Stable, High Efficiency Thin Film Solar Cells Based On Electrodeposited Cadmium Telluride Turner AK., Woodcock J.M., Ozsan M.E., Summers J.G. B.P. Solar, Leatherhead, UK

Analysis of the Diode Currents in Back Contacted Emitter GaAs Solar Cells Marti A, Araujo G.L., Algora C., Maroto J.C. Inst. Energia Solar, UPM, Madrid, Spain Flores C. CISE, Milan, Italy

GaAs on Si Solar Cells: Photovoltaic Characterization of GaAs Grown directly on Si and with Intermediate Buffer Vilela M.F., Leycuras A, Freundlich J.c., Grenet J.c., Strobl G., Leroux M., Neu G., Gibart P., Verie c. CNRS, Valbonne, France BremondG. INSA, Villeurbanne, France

POSTER SESSION 4A: Stand Alone PV Systems

4A01

4A02

4A03

4A04

4A06

4A09

4AI0

Photovoltaic Systems for Archaeological Areas Barra L., Castello S., Messana C. ENEA-FORI, Rome, Italy Bricca E. Italsolar, Rome, Italy

Lighting of Airfield Landing Strips by Photovoltaic Systems Barra L., Castello S., Messana C. ENEA-FORI, Rome, Italy Bricca L. Italsolar, Rome, Italy

The Solar Boat "KORONA ": Two Years of Experience Schaffrin C. Fachhochschule Konstanz, F.R. Germany

Micropower Telemeasurement Device - Application on a Safety PV Telecom Relay for an Anticipated Geological Disaster in the French Alps AubreeM. France Telecom, Issy Les Moulineaux, France

Design and Development of a Car Ventilation System Powered by a Photovoltaic Generator Messana C., Parisi Presicce L. ENEA-FORI, Rome, Italy Palazzetti M., Petruccioli G., Salotti G. Centro Ricerche Fiat, Turin, Italy

Zambelli Photovoltaic Pumping Station (70 kWp) Operating Experiences and Results SorokinA TEAM, Rome, Italy ZamboniG. AGSM, Verona, Italy

Photovoltaic Systems for Railways in Italy Trentini M. Sistemi Energetici Integrati, Florence, Italy

xxxi

791

794

798

805

809

813

816

819

822

826

4A.ll

4A.12

4A.13

4A.14

4A.15

4A.16

4A.20

4A.21

4A.22

4A.23

4A.24

Expanding Photovoltaic Energy Usage: The Competitive Energy Environment Callaghan W.T. Caltech-Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, CA, USA

A Methodological Framework for Calculating the External Costs of Energy Technologies Baumann A., Hill R. Newcastle Polytechnic, UK Ferguson R., Fells I. Univ. Newcastle, UK

Preliminary Operation Data of the Improved PilofPlant ''Isola del Giglio" Li Causi S., Castello S., Murzilli G. ENEA-FORI, Rome, Italy

Evaluation of the Photovoltaic Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plant in Almeria, Spain Andujar Peral J.M, Contreras Gomez A. Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Almeria, Spain Trujillo Navarro J.M. Gomar, Malaga, Spain

Rural Electrification Experience in South Spain Trujillo Navarro J.M., Navarro Sevilla J.L., Jimenez Aguilera F. Gomar, Malaga, Spain

Application of Photovoltaics for the Illumination of Infonnation and Advertising Systems Steinhiiser A., Schmidt H., Roth W. Fraunhofer Inst. ISE, Freiburg, F.R. Germany

Photovoltaic Powered Cathodic Corrosion Protection Systems with Advanced System Technologies KoruppK.H. SET, Wedel, F.R. Germany

Experiences with a PV Power Plant for a Remote Greenhouse Cooling System Laukamp H., Braun P. Fraunhofer Inst. ISE, Freiburg,F.R. Germany Ayyash S. Inst. for Scientific Res., Safat, Kuwait

Multi-purpose PV Plant in Lisbon, Portugal Guimaraes L., Fortunato E., Martins R., Ribas A. New Univ. Lisbon, Portugal Helm P., Hanel A., Ehmann H., Imamura M.S., WIP, Munich, F.R. Germany

Design, Development and Demonstration of Environmental Measuring Stations with Photovoltaic Energy Supply Wiesner W., Leisen P., Schwenke S. TOV Rheinland, Cologne, F.R. Germany

Lessons from a PV Rural Electrification Project at "Sierra de Segura" (Spain) Eyras J .R., Lorenzo E. Inst. Energfa Solar, UPM, Madrid, Spain

xxxii

830

834

838

842

847

850

854

858

862

865

869

POSTER SESSION 48: Compound Semiconductor Solar Cells II

4B.01

4B.02

4B.03

4B.04

4B.05

4B.06

4B.07

4B.08

4B.09

4B.1O

4B.ll

4B.14

A New Coevaporation/Selenization Process for High Quality CuInSe2 Devices Dimmler B., Content A, Schock H.W. Univ. Stuttgart, F.R. Germany

Low Pressure Vapor Phase Selenization of Cu-In Films Without HzSe Kessler J., Dittrich H., Grunwald F., Schock H.W. IPE, Univ. Stuttgart, F.R. Germany

Scaleable Large Area Compatible Technique for the Production of CuInSe2 Based Solar Cells Badawi M.H., Hyland M., Carter MJ., Hill R. Newcastle Polytechnic, UK Knowles A Pilkington, St. Asaph, UK

Thin Films of CuInSe2 Produced by Thennal Annealing of Multilayers with Ultra-Thin Stacked Elemental Layers Nakada T., Yuda K., Kunioka A Aoyama Gakuin Univ., Tokyo, Japan

CuInSe2/CdS Thin Film Solar Cells by Selenization and Sputtering Romeo N., Bosio A, Mussini P. Univ. Parma, Italy

One Step Electrodeposition of CuInSe2 Thouin L., Rouquette-Sanchez S., Vedel J. ENSCP, Paris, France

Effect of Annealing Temperature on the Optical Properties of Electrodeposited CuInSe2 Thin Films Guillen c., Herrero J. CIEMAT-IER, Madrid, Spain

Screen Printing of CIS Films for CIS-CdS Solar Cells Vervaet A Univ. Bujumbura, Burundi Burgelman M., Clemminck I., Casteleyn M. State Univ. Gent, Belgium

Stmctural Properties of CuInSe2 Thin Films for High Efficiency Solar Cells Fujisawa H., Ihara T., Sato H., Hama T., Ohsawa M., Ichikawa Y., Sakai H. Fuji Electric Corp. Res. and Development, Kanagawa, Japan

Atomic Level Studies: Nanoprocessing and Nanocharacterization of Defects in CuInSe2 Kazmerski L.L. SERI, Golden, CO, USA

Investigation of the Defect Chemistry of CulnSe2 Single Crystals by DLTS Measurements Moller H.J., Rodak E.M. Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, OH, USA

Epitaxial Effects and Diffusion in Polycrystalline Chalcopyrite Thin Films Dittrich H. ZBW, Stuttgart, F.R. Germany Waiter T., Schock H.W. IPE, Univ. Stuttgart, F.R. Germany

xxxiii

875

879

883

887

891

893

897

900

904

908

913

917

4B.15

4B.16

4B.17

4B.18

4B.20

4B.21

4B.22

4B.23

4B.24

4B.26

Etching and DLTS Measurements in Bridgman-grown CuInSe2 Yip L.S., Weng W.S., Li L., Shih 1., Champness c.R. McGill Univ., Montreal, Que., Canada

CuInSe2/CdS Interface Fonnation Studied by XPS NiemiE. Royal Inst. Technology, Kista, Sweden Stolt L. Swedish Inst. of Microelectronics, Kista, Sweden

Optimizing Thin Film, Chalcogenide-Based Solar Cells via Chemical Surface Treatments Klenk R., Schock H.W. IPE, Univ. Stuttgart, F.R. Germany Cahen D., Engelhard T., Moons E. Weizmann Inst. of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Chemical Bath Deposition of Cadmium Sulfide Thin Films Lincot D., Vedel J. Ecole Nat. Sup. de Chimie, Paris, France

Diffusion Length Measurement and Modeling of CuInSe2-(Zn,Cd)S Solar Cells Schmid D., Jager-Waldau G.J., Schock H.W. IPE, Univ. Stuttgart, F.R. Germany

The Effect of Localized Defect Features on CuInSe2 Device Perfonnance Willett D., Aldrich D., Chesarek W., Mitchell K. Siemens Solar Industries, Camarillo, CA, USA

SnOiF Transparent Conducting Films Prepared By Pyrosol Deposition Yoon K.H., Song J.S. Inst. Energy and Resources, Daejeon, Rep. of Korea

The Effect of Hydrogen on The Plasma Deposition of a-SiGe:H Thin Films for Tandem Solar Cell Applications Zeman M., Tao G., Geerts M.J., Metselaar J.W. Univ. of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands Ferreira I. New Univ. Lisbon, Portugal

Anomalous X-Ray Scattering Study of an Amorphous Si.sGe.s:H Alloy Bouchet-Fabre B. URA-INSA, Mont St. Aignan, France Elkaim P., Cuniot M., Dixmier J. CNRS, Meudon, France

The Mobility Edges of Amorphous Silicon-Carbon Alloys Wu Z.Y., Siefert J.M. Solems, Palaiseau, France EquerB. LPICM, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France

POSTER SESSION 4C: Component Performance and Development

4C.01 Considerations About the Design of PV Modules for Central Power Plants RediP. Univ. Florence, Italy

xxxiv

921

924

927

931

935

939

942

946

950

953

959

4e.02

4e.03

4e.04

4e.05

4C.06

4C.07

4C.08

4C.09

4C.1O

4C.ll

4C.12

4e.13

Electrostatic Cover Glass Bonding to GaAs Solar Cells Nowlan J.M., Darkazalli G. Spire Corp., Bedford, MA, USA

Modules Assembled with Diffuse Reflectors for Photovoltaic Bifacial Cells Moehlecke A, Krenzinger A PROMEC/UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil

Conceptual Development of Low-cost A"ay Strncture Hanel A WIP, Munich, F.R. Germany

Constrnction and Measurement of a Prototype of PV Module with Static Concentration Parada J., Mifiano J.e. lust. Energia Solar, UPM, Madrid, Spain Silva J.L. Isofot6n, Madrid, Spain

Photovoltaics on Light-Weight Strnctures - A Mounting Technology with Many Advantages Wecker R. MWB Messwandler-Bau, Bamberg, F.R. Germany

Concentration Limits of Primaries for Cells Inmersed in Optically Dense Media Vidal P.G., Almonacid G. EU Politecnica Jaen, Granada, Spain Luque A, Mifiano J.C. Inst. Energia Solar, UPM, Madrid, Spain

On The Energy Collected by Compound Parabolic Collectors Macagnan M.H., Lorenzo E., Sanchez Martin J.1. Inst. Energia Solar, UPM, Madrid, Spain

The Concept-90 Photovoltaic Concentrator Module Maish AB., Hund T.D., Quintana M.A Sandia Nat. Lab., Albuquerque, NM, USA Chiange.J. General Electric Astrospace, Princeton, NJ, USA

PV Concentrators Today and Tomo"ow Maish AB., Chamberlin J.L. Sandia Nat. Lab., Albuquerque, NW, USA

A Reliable Photovoltaic Battery Charge Regulator with Ideal VB; I B vs t Profile Pressas S.A., Makios V. Univ. Patras, Greece

Concerted Action on Battery Control and Management in PV Systems McCarthy S., Hill M. Hyperion Energy Systems, Cork, Ireland

Development and Evaluation of a 20-Watt MPP Tracking Charge Controller for PV Supplied Remote Monitoring Stations Decker B., Gentz M. lust. fiir Solarenergieforschung, Hannover, F.R. Germany

xxxv

963

967

971

975

979

982

985

988

992

996

1000

1004

4C.14

4C.15

4C.16

4C.17

4C.18

4C.19

4C.21

4C.22

4C.24

4C.25

4C.26

Equipment for Testing of Maximum Power Point Trackers Under Variable, Programmable Conditions Veltman AT., Klockner R., Geers KKW., van Twisk J. Netherlands Energy Res. Foundation, Petten, The Netherlands

Battery Control Unit with State of Charge Indicator Jossen A, Bosch A, Hones H.P., Karl H., Lehner G., Saupe G., Zahir A IPE, Univ. Stuttgart, F.R. Germany

Prevention of Islanding Operation in Utility Interactive Photovoltaic Systems Wang Y., Russell P.E. Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ, USA

Active Filters in Autonomous Energy Supply Systems Caselitz P., Krengel u., Mevenkamp M., Petschenka J. ISET, Kassel, F.R. Germany

A Passive Cooling System for Remote PV Power Systems Pederson S., Selbagen L. Neste Advanced Power Systems, Skarholmen, Sweden Spiers D.J. Neste Advanced Power Systems, Abingdon, UK

Solar Inverter for Grid-Connected PV Systems Crastan V. Eng. College of the State of Bern, Biel, Switzerland

Perfonnance of the Power Conditioning Unit of the 300 kW Delphos Plant Li Causi S., Apicella F., Noviello G., Sarno A ENEA-FORI, Rome, Italy Bucci G., Parasiliti F. Univ. degli Studi di L'Aquila, Italy

Results of the Solar Operation of a 10-kW PV-Electrolysis System with Different Power Matching Concepts Brinner A., Bussmann H., Steeb H. DLR, Inst. for Technical Thermodynamics, Stuttgart, F.R. Germany

A Graphic-Analytical Method to Study the Direct Coupling Photovoltaic Generators -DC Motors Abete A, Barbisio E., Tommasini R. Politecnico di Torino, Italy

Electronic Ballasts - Important Components in Photovoltaically Powered Lighting Systems Pfanner N., Roth W. Fraunhofer Inst. ISE, Freiburg, F.R. Germany Gerhold V., Vaassen W. TOV Rheinland, Cologne, F.R. Germany

Testing PV Devices for the Community 1+ D and Demonstration Projects Chenlo F., Martin N., Copetti J., Mukadam K, Zaragoza J.M. CIEMAT-IER, Madrid, Spain

xxxvi

1008

1012

1016

1020

1024

1027

1029

1033

1037

1042

1046

4C.27

4C.28

4C.29

A Novel Method of Monitoring Total Nonnal Irradiance Data with a Stationary Sensor Imamura M., Helm P. WIP, Munich, F.R Germany Beer G., Guastella S., Chimento G. Conphoebus, Piano D'Arci, Italy

Errors in Current-Voltage Measurements of Photovoltaic Devices Introduced by Flash Simulators Ossenbrink H., Zaaiman W. Joint Res. Centre, Ispra, Italy Drainer A. Strathdyde Univ. Glasgow, UK

Analysis of the Variation in the Spectral Distribution of Solar Irradiance Fabero F., Chenlo F. CIEMAT-IER, Madrid, Spain

SESSION 05: Amorphous Silicon and Alloys

05.01

05.02

05.03

05.04

05.05

Interface Characterization During their Fonnation in Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell Stntctures by In-Situ Transient Photoconductivity Measurements Neitzert H.C., Hirsch W., Swiatkowski C., Kunst M. Hahn-Meiner Inst., Berlin, F.R Germany

The Role of the Reduction of ITO on the Electrical Properties of the p-i Junction: A Thin SiO Layer as a Remedy Carvalho C., Martins R, Guimaraes L. New Univ. Lisbon, Portugal de Nijs J .M.M. Univ. of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

Potassium Ion Implantation Doping of the n-Layer for p-i-n Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells Rizzoli R, Summonte C., Galloni R CNR-Ist. Lamel, Bologna, Italy Zignani F. Dip. Chimica Applicata e Scienza dei Materiali, Bologna, Italy Nylandsted Larsen A. Univ. Aarhus, Denmark

Comparison of a-Ge:H Preparation Techniques in View of Optoelectronic Optimization Heintze M., Eberhardt K., Kessler F., Bauer G.H. IPE, Univ. Stuttgart, F.R Germany

Stability of a-Si/Ge:H Device Material to Light and KeV-Stress Exposure Ebersberger B., Karg F., Kausche H., Kriihler W., Pliittner R Siemens AG, Munich, F.R. Germany Pierz K. Univ. Marburg, F.R. Germany Schneider U., SchrOder B. Univ. Kaiserslautern, F.R. Germany

xxxvii

1050

1055

1058

1065

1069

1072

1075

1079

05.06

05.07

05.08

05.09

Helium Dilution as a Means to Obtain a Low Defect Density Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon at High Deposition Rates in RF Glow-Discharge Systems Roca i Cabarrocas P., Vanderhaghen R LPICM, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France Bouizem Y., Theye M.L. Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France Mencaraglia D., Djebbour Z., Sib J., KIeider J.P., Longeaud C, Glodt o. Ecole Superieure d'Electricite, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

Absorption Optimization of Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells Schropp RE.I., Meiling H., van Sark W.G.J., Stammeijer J., Bezemer J., van der Weg W.F. Univ. Utrecht, The Netherlands

Explanation of the !J-;-Problem in Undoped a-Si:H KockaJ. Inst. of Physics, Prague, Czechoslovakia Abel CD., Nebel CE. IPE, Univ. Stuttgart, F.R. Germany

Electric Field in a-Si Solar Cells Measured by Electron-Beam Testing Mayer A, Jank A, Schmoranzer H. Univ. Kaiserslautern, F.R Germany

POSTER SESSION SA: PV in Developing Countries I

5A02

5A03

5A05

5A08

5Al0

5All

Tin Zaouatine - A Full Solar Energy Village in the Algerian Sahara Labed S., Yaici B. Centre de Developpement des Energies Renouvelables, Algiers, Algeria

PV Electrification of a Village in a Hot-AridArea of Algeria Yaici B., Labed S. Centre de Developpement des Energies Renouvelables, Algiers, Algeria LorenzoE. Inst. Energia Solar, UPM, Madrid, Spain

The 2000 km Algerian Desert Tracks Beaconed with Solar Energy Aillane A, Touti A Centre de Developpement des Energies Renouvelables, Algiers, Algeria

Cost Analysis of Photovoltaic Water Pumping Systems Used in Arid and Semi-Arid Zones in Algeria HamoudaC. Univ. Batna, Algeria Wagemann H.G., Hanitsch R, Siekmann H.E. TU Berlin, F.R. Germany

Algeria's Experience with Photovoltaic Module Production Mesbahi Y. Haut Commissariat a la Recherche, Algiers, Algeria

Electro-Osmotic Subsoil Irrigation Using PV Electricity KamelF.M. Suez Canal Univ., Port Said, Egypt ShawkiE. Nat. Res. Center, Cairo, Egypt

xxxviii

1083

1087

1091

1095

1101

1105

1108

1111

1115

1118

SA 13

SAl4

SA 16

SAl8

5Al9

Study of the Overall Efficiency of a 7 kWp Solar PV Pumping System at Mugombwa (Rwanda) Mpawenayo P. Inst. Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Butare, Rwanda

Solar Refrigeration for the Storage of Vaccines in the Expanded Programme on Immunization in Developing Countries ZaffranM. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

PV Systems Development in Romania Tanasescu F.T., Olariu N., Popescu c.1. Res. Inst. for Electrical Engineering, Bucharest, Romania

Qualification Labels for Refrigerators Destined to the Developing Countries Michel E. COSTlC, Digne, France

Production and Experimentation of Adapted Photovoltaic Refrigerator for Vaccine Storage MichelE. COSTlC, Digne, France

POSTER SESSION 5B: PV in Developing Countries II

5B.OI

5B.02

5B.03

5B.05

SB.07

Status and Experience of Solar PV Pumping in Developing Countries Barlow R, McNelis B., Derrick A IT Power, Eversley, UK

PV-Powered Data Collecting Platfonns for Data Acquisition in Remote Areas Reiniger K.D., Ebke W. DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, F.R Germany

PV Pumping System Optimization: Tasks Perfonned in Laboratory and Field Tests BucherW. German Aerospace Res. Establishment, Cologne, F.R Germany

Status of Solar Energy Conversion and Applications in Yemen Bahaj AS. Univ. Southampton, UK Bin Gadhi S.M. Univ. Aden, Yemen Al-Ashwal A. Univ. Sanaa, Yemen Shamsan M.H. Local Government Administration, Sanaa, Yemen

Photovoltaic-Powered Water Pumping in Mali Cabraal R.A, Kennedy T.G., Hoelscher J.F. Meridian Corp., Alexandria, VA, USA Hart T., Sylla L., Dicko M. IT Power, Bamako, Mali AnnanRH. US Dept. of Energy, Washington DC, USA

xxxix

1122

1126

1130

1134

1137

1143

1147

1151

1155

1158

SB.08

SB.12

SB.14

SB.1S

Present Status & Prospects of PV Applications in Western China Mao. Y., Wang A Natural Energy Res. Inst., Gansu, P.R.China

Photovoltaic-powered Television Relay Station Wiesner W., Pitzer H.L., Adrian M. TOV Rheinland, Cologne, F.R. Germany

Four Years of Photovoltaic Energy in Notto (Senegal) Montero Bartolome M. Inst. Energfa Solar, UPM, Madrid, Spain

Electrification of Rural Primary Schools by Photovoltaics in Tunisia Chaouch I., Ullerich D. Nat. Energy Agency (AME), Tunis, Tunisia NjaimiM. CNMA, El Kef, Tunisia Ben Mabrouk C. ASSAD, Negrine, Tunisia

SESSION 06: Amorphous Silicon and Solar Cells

06.01

06.02

06.04

06.0S

06.06

- Invited review lecture -Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells WagnerS. Univ. Princeton, NJ, USA Carlson D .E. Solarex, Newtown, PA, USA

Progress in Manufacturing at the Megawatt Level of a-Si Based PV Technology Ricaud AM., Schmitt J.P.M., Siefert J.M., Meot J. Solems, Palaiseau, France Roelen E., Bubenzer A, Kiimmerle W., Haussler W., Bottger M. Phototronics Solartechnik, Putzbrunn, F.R. Germany

Recent Improvements in Very Large Area a-Si PV Module ManUfacturing Macneil J., Eser E., Kampas P., Xi J., Delahoy A, Ellis JT. P., Liu C.H. APS, Princeton, NJ, USA

High Efficiency Double-Junction Tandem Solar Cells and Their Reliability Tests Yoshida T., Fujikake S., Fujisawa H., Saito S., Sasaki T., Ichikawa Y., Sakai H. Fuji Electric Corp. Res. and Development, Kanagawa, Japan

Can We Improve the Stability of Amorphous Silicon-Based Solar Cells Through the Use of "More Stable" i-Layer Materials? von Roedern B. SERI, Golden, CO, USA

SESSION 07: Component Performance and Development

07.01 - Invited review lecture -Developments in Battery Storage for PV McCarthyS. Hyperion Energy Systems, Cork, Ireland

xl

1162

1165

1169

1173

1179

1184

1189

1193

1197

1203

07.02

07.03

07.04

07.05

07.06

Use of the Modeling of Lead-Acid Battery Operation for the Development of a State of charge Meter Mayer D., Biscaglia S. Ecole de Mines de Paris, Centre d'Energetique, Valbonne, France

Perfonnance of Different Types of Battery Charge Regulators in Stand-Alone PV Systems Iliceto A., Previ A. ENEL-CREL, Cologno Monzese, Italy Guastella S., Pappalardo A. Con phoebus, Piano D' Arci, Italy

Specification 503 - Implementation of PV Module Qualification Tests at ESTI Ossenbrink H., Rossi E., Bishop J. Joint Res. Centre, Ispra, Italy

Comparative Assessment of Silicon Cell Pyranometers Grottke M., Imamura M. WIP, Munich, F.R. Germany Bechteler W., Mayer O. Univ. der Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, F.R. Germany

Holographic Soft Concentrators for PV Applications Anders G., Corlatan D., Herz K., Schmid D. ZI:)W, Stuttgart, F.R. Germany

SESSION 08: Systems and Subsystems

08.01 - Invited review lecture -

08.02

08.03

08.04

08.05

Photovoltaic Power Conditioning/Inverter Technology Kleinkauf W. ISET, Kassel, F.R. Germany

On-Site Power Measurements on Large PV Arrays Blaesser G., Zaaiman W. ESTI, Joint Res. Centre, Ispra, Italy

Detennination of Optimum Tilt Angle of Panels in Large Scale Photovoltaic Arrays Iliceto A., Previ A. ENEL-CREL, Cologno Monzese, Italy Chimento G., Guastella S. Conphoebus, Piano D'Arci, Italy

Electrical Degradation of the Carrisa Plains Power Plant Schaefer J. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA, USA Rosenthal A. Southwest Technology Development Inst., Las Cruces, NM, USA Schlueter L. Siemens Solar Industries, Camarillo, CA, USA WengerH. Pacific Gas and Electric Co, San Ramon, CA, USA

Experimental Comparison of Different Concepts for Photovoltaic Power Plants Knaupp W., Bleil A., Klotz F.H., Stellbogen D., Weeber V., Pfisterer F. ZI:)W, Stuttgart, F.R. Germany

xli

1209

1214

1219

1223

1229

1235

1240

1244

1248

1254

08.06 Concerted Action on Computer Modelling and Simulation Keating L., McCarthy S., Wrixon G.T. , NMRC, Cork, Ireland MayerD. Ecole Des Mines, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France

SESSION 09: PV Systems Technology

09.01

09.02

09.03

09.04

09.05

- Invited review lecture -PV for Bulk Power Applications: CostlPerfonnance Targets and Technology Prospects DeMeoE.A. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA, USA

ENEL's 3-MW PV Power Station Preliminary Design Corvi c., Vigotti R. ENEL-DSR, Rome, Italy Iliceto A., Previ A. ENEL-CRE1, Cologno Monzese, Italy

Operating Results of the 340 kWp Plant "Kobem-Gondorf'. Design and Constrnction of the 330 kWp Plant "Neurather See" Beyer U., Dietrich B., Hotopp R. Pottbrock R RWE Energie, Essen, F.R Germany

Design and Development of a Standard 100 kW Photovoltaic System Barra L., Castello S., Messana C. ENEA-FORI, Rome, Italy

Description and Performance of Austin's Two 300-k W Photo voltaic Plants Hoffner J.E. City of Austin Electric Utility Dept., Austin, TX, USA

SESSION 10: PV Systems Programmes

10.01 - Invited review lecture -Grid-Connected Solar Houses Bloss W.H., Pfisterer F.

10.02

10.03

ZSW, Stuttgart, F.R Germany Kleinkauf W., Landau M. ISET, Kassel, F.R Germany Weber H., Hullmann H. Inst. fiiI Industrialisierung des Bauens, Hannover, F.R Germany

Results and Lessons Learned from the DG XVII PV Demonstration and THERMIE Programmes KautW. CEC, DG XVII, Brussels, Belgium Blaesser G., Riesch G. ESTI Lab., JRC, Ispra, Italy Gillett W.B., Hacker RJ. Halcrow Gilbert Associates, Swindon, UK

Project Megawatt: 333 Residential Grid-Connected PV houses Spread over Switzerland RealM. Alpha Real, Zurich, Switzerland

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10.04

10.05

10.06

10.07

10.08

Technical Requirements and Consultation Concept for Small Grid-Connected PV Plants within the Gennan "1000-Roof PV Programme" HotoppR. RWE Energie, Essen, F.R. Germany

The Influence of the Maintenance on the Operation: Lesson Learned by Two Years Management of the Delphos Plant Sarno A ENEA-CRIF, Rome, Italy Cordisco S., Guerra M. Area Sperimentale di Monte Aquilone, Manfredonia, Italy

The Full Cost of Electricity Generation - How Does PV Compare Today? HohmeyerO. Fraunhofer-Inst. fUr Systemtechnik und Innovationsforschung, Karlsruhe, F.R. Germany

DetailedAnalysis of the Fotavoltaic Project after 7 Years of Operation O'Riordan A, Rudden M., McCarthy S., Wrixon G.T. NMRC, Cork, Ireland

The Development of Photovoltaic Power Generation System under the Sunshine Project of Japan Morishita H., Agawa T., Morishige T., Miyazato M. NEDO, Tokyo, Japan Hashimoto E., Takigawa K., Kobayashi K. CRIEPI, Tokyo, Japan

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SESSION 11: PV Technology for Successful Deployment in Developing Countries - The Lessons of the past 20 Years

No paper for this session.

SESSION 12: The Successful Introduction of PV Technologies into the Communities in Developing Countries

12.01

12.02

12.03

12.04

Photovoltaics Manufacturing in Developing Countries Darkazalli G., Hogan S. Spire Corp., Bedford, MA, USA

Export Promotion Support of Photovoltaic Technology Manufactured in Developing Countries SeminN. Internat. Trade Centre, Geneva, Switzerland Derrick A IT Power, Eversley, UK

Integration of Solar Electrification: Pacific Islands Example Jourde P. GENEC, CEN Cadarache, France

PV Rural Electrification in the Bolivian High Plateau Aguilera J., Lorenzo E. Inst. Energia Solar, UPM, Madrid, Spain

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12.05

12.06

Sale of Excess Solar Energy: Contribution to the Recurrent Costs of Immunization Programmes? DurandJ.M. IT Power Central Africa, Kinshasa, Zaire ZaffranM. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Household Photovoltaic Systems in Developing Countries: Experience, Issues, and Outlook Crosetti M., Durand P. The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA

SESSION 13: Transforming International Aid into PV Services to the Communities

13.01 - Invited -From Aid Projects to the Market Introduction of PV Systems - Experiences and Strategies Posorski R. GTZ, Eschborn, F.R. Germany

13.02 - Invited -Experiences with Village PV Systems in Pakistan Lovejoy D.R. United Nations, New York, NY, USA

SESSION 14: Organisation and Training Needs for the Development of Endogenous Capabilities in Photovoltaics

14.01 Organization and Training Needed for the Development of Endogenous Capabilities in Photovoltaics HillR. Newcastle Polytechnic, UK Guimariies L. New Univ. Lisbon, Portugal LorenzoE. Inst. Energia Solar, UPM, Madrid, Spain

National Programmes

NPI - Invited -

NP2

The European Community R&D Programme on Photovoltaics PalzW. CEC, Brussels, Belgium

-Invited-U.SA. Photovoltaics Program Plan FY 1991-FY 1995 Annan R.H., Rannels J.E. US Dept. of Energy, Washington, DC, USA

NP3 - Invited -Sunshine Project and Recent Progress in Photovoltaic Technology in Japan Hamakawa Y. Univ. Osaka, Japan

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NP4 - Invited -Photovoltaic R&D in the Federal Republic of Germany Wollin K. BMFf, Bonn, F.R. Germany BatschJ. Res. Centre Jiilich, F.R. Germany

NP5 - Invited -The Italian Photovoltaic National Programme Farinelli U., Ambrosini G. ENEA, Rome, Italy Vigotti R. ENEL, Rome, Italy

NP6 - Invited -The Netherlands Photovoltaic National Programme Muradin-Szweykowska M., ter Horst E.W. NOVEM, Utrecht, The Netherlands

NP7 - Invited -Portuguese National Effort in the Area of Photovoltaics Collares Pereira M. Center for the Conservation of Energy, Amadora, Portugal

NP8 - Invited -

NP9

Late News

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International Photovoltaic Markets, Developments and Trends Maycock P.D. PV Energy Systems, Casanova, VA, USA

The Stmcture of Solar R&D - Is it adequate? Einsenbeiss G., Hertlein H. Forschungsbund Sonnenenergie, DLR, Cologne, F.R. Germany

The Shockley-Queisser Argument as the Limiting Case of a More Accurate Theory Landsberg P.T. Univ. Southampton, UK De VosA. State Univ. Gent, Belgium BaruchP. Univ. Paris 7, France

Tino - A Solar Car for Daily Use Baumgartner F.P., Simon M., Burkhardt R. Auto-Sol, Konstanz, F.R. Germany

P-type Doping in Heteroepitaxial CdTe and Lift-off Technique for Making Thin Film Single Crystal CdTe Solar Cells Tiwari A.N., Blunier S., Kessler K., Zogg H. AFIF, Swiss Fed. lost. of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland

17le Photovoltaic Megawatt Project Berlin Reismayr D. Ludwig-Bolkow-Systemtechnik, Ottobrunn, F.R. Germany

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LN5

LN6

LN7

High-Efficiency ZnO-CdS-Cu!nSe2 Solar Cells - Recent Results of Eurocis Collaboration Mauch R.H., Ruckh M., Kessler J., Klinger R., Schock H.W. IPE, Univ. Stuttgart, F.R. Germany Hedstrom J., Stolt L. SIM, Kista, Sweden Lincot D., Vedel J. ENSCP, Paris, France

GaAs/Si Monolithic 2-Tenninal Tandem Solar Cell Grown by MOCVD Umeno M., Shimizu H., Egawa T., Soga T., Jimbo T. Inst. of Technology, Nagoya, Japan

Slicing, Cleaning and Etching thin 30 x 30 cm Wafers of Multicrystalline Silicon Lievens P.P., de Villers Grandchamps T., Smekens E.A., Smekens G.R. ENE, Brussels, Belgium

Closing Session

Closing Address Dr. Nuno Ribeiro da Silva Secretary of State for Energy, Lisbon, Portugal

Conference Summary

Alphabetical List of Authors

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Prof. A. Luque, general chairman of the Conference

The launch of this outstanding international event

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The Minister for Industry and Energy of the host country

Prof. P. Bourdeau, CEC, awarding the Becquerel Prize to Prof. Werner Bloss

One of several press conferences during the event

Very animated poster session

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a particular concern to the Commission of the European Communities and to the general organiser to express thanks for the extraordinary support offered by

Eng. Luis Mira Amaral Minister for Industry and Energy

Through the support and participation of the Ministry for Industry and Energy an outstanding environment was found in Lisbon in both professional and human relation respect.

Eng. Luis Mira Amaral, Minister for Industry and Energy during the opening session.