Tempus och TidTempus och Tidi ‘Nonstandard’ i ‘Nonstandard’

EngelskaEngelska

Joe TrottaSpråk och Literaturer/Engelska

SPRÅKWORKSHOP II, 5 november 2010 ‘Hur skapas betydelser för tid och

tidsförhållanden i olika språk?’

Dagens presentation• Tempus vs. Aspekt• Tempus, tid, tidsformer och tidsrelationer• Standard vs. nonstandard engelska• Exempel på tempus i nonstandard engelska• En närmare titt på AAVE• Sammanfattning/slutkommentarer

Tempus, tid, tidsformer & tidsrelationer► A grammatical category vs ’real’ time referred to

example: The train leaves at midnight.

► Verb inflection or whole vp ?example: He walks to work.

He walked to work.

He will walk to work.

► Whole utteranceexample: I want to go when he comes back.

I can do that for you tomorrow.In 49 BC, Ceasar crosses the Rubicon.

Tense?Tense?

Standard English (from ‘above’) vs.Non-standard English (from ‘below’)

Yo, wassup, yo, yo, yo! What's poppin’, dawg? I'm-a give it to ya straight up like ya don't know what hit ya. You're work is THE shit! I can't live without it, yo. Damn, niggah. Ya got it goin’ for y’all!

"How do you do, Madame. I am extremely delighted to make your acquaintance. It would give me great pleasure if you would accept my invitation for a cup of tea, let's say, around five-ish?"

Standard vs. nonstandard engelska

A B C D EStandard ----|-----------|-----|---------|----------|--- Nonstandard

A continuum of standardness (from Wolfram & Schilling-Estes, 2006)

Exempel på tempus & tidsformer i nonstandard engelska

A wider range of uses of the Progressive:I’m lovin’ it. So what are you wanting from me?

A much more important role of habitual marking:He be sick. (AAVE) He be’s at home. (IrE)He does catch fish pretty. (Creole)

A weakening of the strict division between the Present Perfect and the Simple Past:Did you eat yet? / Were you ever in London? (AmE)I know him since my school days (IrE).Some of us have been to New York years ago.

A weakening of the division between the Past Tense forms and Past Participle forms:He shoulda did that yesterday.You coulda took more time.We seen him do that.

Be as a perfect auxiliary:They’re not left school yet. (IrE)

Do as a tense and aspect marker:This man what do own this. (English Southwest)Wen ai did smaal tin woz chiyp. (Panamanian Creole)

Reduction of have after auxiliaries:We shoulda left sooner.They coulda done better.

Exempel på tempus & tidsformer i nonstandard engelska

Completive/perfective done:You don ate what I has sent you?

Past tense marker been:I been cut the bread. (AAVE)

Was sit/stood with progressive meaning:When you are stood there, you can see the flames. (BrE)

The general use of gonna as a future marker:I’m gonna do that later.It’s gonna rain soon.He gonna do it. (AAVE)

Exempel på tempus & tidsformer i nonstandard engelska

Tempus/Aspekt i AAVE & SE: likheter

SE AAVE

present He walks He walk

past He walked He walk(ed)

pres. prog. He is walking He (is) walking

past prog. He was walking He was walking

perfect He has walked He done walked

past perf. He had walked He had done walked

Tempus/Aspekt i AAVE & SE: skillnader

Phases/Tenses of AAVEPhase Example

Past

Pre-recent I been seen him

Recent She done work

Pre-present We did sing

Past Inceptive I do sing

Present We singing

Future

Immediate I'm a-sing

Post-immediate I'm a-gonna do it

Indefinite future He gonna sing

Några exempel på ‘aspekt’ på AAVEAspect Example SE Meaning

Habitual/ continuative aspect

He be workin' Tuesdays.

He works frequently or habitually.

Intensified continuative (habitual)

He stay workin'. He is always working.

Intensified continuative (not habitual)

He steady workin'. He keeps on working.

Perfect progressive He been workin'. He has been working.

Irrealis (future intention)

He finna go to work.

He is about to go to work.

Några intressanta hjälpverb i AAVE

Stressed been (BIN)(Remote BIN)

She BIN tell me that.She BIN eating.I BIN know him.He BIN a preacher.

Completive done I done pushed it.You done changed.

Invariant BE(Habitual BE)

I be looking for somewhere to go.Your phone bill be high, don’t it?It be knives in here.I be in my office by 7:30.

Sammanfattning & slutkommentarer

• Förhållanden mellan tempus, tid, tidsformer och tidsrelationer är komplicerade

• Nonstandard engelska kan uttrycka tidsrelationer på många sätt

• Nonstandard engelska är inte mindre logisk, systematisk eller nyanserad än standard engelska

• Tidsformerna på nonstandard engelska kan ge en insikt om eventuella språkförändringar

• Fråga: Kan skillnader i SEs och NSEs tidsformer spegla olika tidsuppfattningar?

TACK!