technology with a human face-final1

7/29/2019 Technology With a Human Face-Final1

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Dr.A.Jagadeesh, Head R & D

Centre for Energy and Sustainable Resources

R.M.K. Engineering College, Kavaraipettai 601 206. Tamil Nadu, India

E-mail: [email protected]

Sustainable Renewable Energy Technologies

NATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGYRESOURCES FOR DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES

AND CHALLENGES AHEAD

St.Xavier's College (Autonomous), Palayamkottai - 627 002


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No Power is Costlier than no Power

Dr.H.J.Bhabha


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The poor of the world cannot be helped by mass production, only by production by themasses. The system of mass production, based on sophisticated, highly capital-intensive, high energy-input dependent, and human labour-saving technology,presupposes that you are already rich, for a great deal of capital investment is neededto establish one single workplace. The system of production by the masses mobilizesthe priceless resources which are possessed by all human beings, their clever brainsand skilful hands, and supports them with first-class tools.

The technology of mass production is inherently violent, ecologically damaging, self-defeating in terms of non-renewable resources, and stultifying for the human person.The technology of production by the masses, making use of the best of modernknowledge and experience, is conducive to decentralisation, compatible with the lawsof ecology, gentle in its use of scarce resources, and designed to serve the humanperson instead of making him the servant of machines.
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First law of economics :

"The amount of real leisure a societyenjoys tends to be in inverseproportion to the amount oflaborsaving machinery it employs.

Dr.E.F.Schumacher
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Although we are in possession of all requisite knowledge, it stillrequires a systematic, creative effort to bring this technology intoactive existence and make it generally visible and available. It is my

experience that it is rather more difficult to recapture directness andsimplicity than to advance in the direction of ever more sophisticationand complexity. Any third-rate engineer or researcher can increasecomplexity; but it takes a certain flair of real insight to make thingssimple again. And this insight does not come easily to people whohave allowed themselves to become alienated from real, productivework and from the self-balancing system of nature, which never failsto recognise measure and limitation.

Any activity which fails to recognise a self-limiting principle is of thedevil. In our work with the developing countries we are at least

forced to recognise the limitations of poverty, and this work cantherefore be a wholesome school for all of us in which, whilegenuinely trying to help others, we may also gain knowledge andexperience of how to help ourselves.


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Modernise the Traditional-

Traditionalise the Modern

Prof.Y.Nayudamma


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Put the RENEWABLES towork: To get in-exhaustible, pollutionfree energy which cannotbe misused.

You see things as they are and wonder why? I dream of things thatnever were and ask why not?

Robert F. Kennedy


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Solar Water Heater


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VERTICAL & CYLINDRICAL SOLAR WATER HEATER

Why solar water heatershave not made muchheadway in India?

Is it about the cost?

Can we think of alternatedesigns?

A simple, cost-effective solarwater heater utilizing locally

available material has beendesigned and tested.


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Two vertical and cylindrical drums made of stainless

steel/copper of height 0.6 m and diameter 32cm.

Polyethylene cover to simulate green house effect.

A lotus shaped omni-directional stainless steel reflector.

A bamboo basket with rock wool and polyethylene coveringacts as insulator.

DESIGN DETAILS


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OPERATION

Water filled with potable water at 9 am.

Insulator covered over the collector at 4 pm.

Temperatures up to 70 degrees Celsius can be obtained in southIndia

100 liter unit costs around US $135 in South India.


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ADVANTAGES

The Unit is mobile and easy to install and dismantle whiletransporting.

No necessity of cold water supply through pipes.

No need for overhead storage tank to supply cold water.

There is no need to have separate collector as it is an integratedsystem.

Since the collector is made of stainless steel, the hot water will behygienic.


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Because of the Omni-directional reflector, relatively higher water

temperatures are obtained even in moderate sunshine.

The unit occupies less space being vertical and cylindrical, on the ground orroof.

All the materials used in the fabrication of this simple and cost effectivesolar water heater are available locally.

The unit is durable except that the polyethylene cover has to be replacedonce in 4 months, which costs just Rs 30 (about US Cents 70).

By the usage of pre-heated water for cooking from this unit, considerablefuel such as firewood, kerosene, gas, electricity etc., can be conserved.


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Solar Drier


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SIMPLE SOLAR DRIER

Design Details

Winnowing basket/Bamboo traycovered inside with black rexin.

Holes provided on the sides to avoidformation of water vapour and forcirculation of air.

Transparent High Density

polyethylene cover provided on the topwith Velcro for easy handling.


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ADVANTAGES

The contents dry quickly.

The contents will be hygienic as they are protectedfrom dust because of transparent cover.

The contents are free from bird menace like crows asthere is a thick covering.

When sudden rain comes, the contents re protected

because of the polyethylene cover.

The units are light and easy to carry.


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All the materials used in the fabrication of

these simple solar driers are available locally.

Fabrication of these simple units generateslocal employment.

The smaller unit costs Rs 70 (US $1.2) andthe bigger Unit Rs 200 (US $4).


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CONSERVATION OF ELECTRICITY INELECTRIC PUMPSETS

Considerable losses in the exit side of electric pump sets.

A low angled (10 degrees) cone metallic, 1 foot long fittedat the exit of the delivery pipe.

5 to 9% energy saving has been found out in 50 cases.

In India about 90 lakh (9 million) electric pumpsets in

operation in addition to lakhs of diesel sets.


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CONSERVATION OF ELECTRICITY IN ELECTRICPUMPSETS

Considerable losses in the exit side of electric pump sets.

A low angled (10 degrees) cone metallic, 1 foot long fitted at theexit of the delivery pipe.

5 to 9% energy saving has been found out in 50 cases.

In India about 90 lakh (9 million) electric Pumpsets in operation inaddition to lakhs of diesel sets.


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At the Electric Pumpsets site a tank of length 2 m, width 1m and height 1m isa common sight in India.

Cant this head be utilized?

From the outlet the water flows by gravitation only.

A micro hydro generator with a pelton wheel, a low RPM generator andpulleys are fixed to a stand.

A diode to arrest the reverse flow of current is included.

The unit costs about Rs 4000(about US $ 80) and can be fabricated locally.

The unit can be utilized to charge about 3 lead acid car batteries in parallel.

MICRO HYDRO DEVICE FOR LOW HEADS


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MICRO HYDRO DEVICE FOR LOW HEADS


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Evaporation produces cooling

Two canvas bags filled with potablewater and placed before a tablefan (pedestal).

Water gets cooled and can be takenaway for drinking purposes.

Room also gets cooled

If more water required for housesand restaurants, number ofcanvas bags placed in semi-circularway

And the pedestal fan put incircular motion.

The canvas bag each costs Rs.25(50 US Cents).

AIR CUM WATER COOLER


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Galvanised Iron box of 38 by 38 by 61 cm dimensions.

Outside aluminium wheel and inside fibre glass wheel.Inside portion of the box made curvature to facilitate centrifugalmotion.The box provided with a pipe to drain out the water.The box mounted on the sewing machine stand and connected by therope for pedaling.

If not in use the sewing machine can be put back on the stand.The unit costs about Rs 500 (US $ 10) except the sewing machinestand.

PEDAL OPERATED WASHING MACHINE


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1.

The unit is cost-effective.

2. The unit is mobile.

3. The fabrication of the unit will generate local employment.

4. The unit helps to conserve energy.

5. Men and women are already accustomed to operating sewingmachines, and the operation of this pedal-operated washingmachine is not strenuous.

6. The life of the clothing is extended compared to hammering it onstone.

7. Operating of the machine provides exercise.

ADVANTAGES


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HAND OPERATED BATTERY CHARGER

Solar Electric modules are used to charge batteries

for a television and light.

Wind battery chargers are in wide use in Mangolia.

Solar /Wind battery charger (about 100 W capacity)costs about Rs 30,000 (US $ 640) in India.

Wind and Solar are intermittent. Abundant

manpower available in countries like India.

DESIGN DETAILS

Bicycle wheel, low RPM generator that is mountedon a frame and driven by V-belt.

There is a handle attached to the system.

A blocking diode to prevent reverse flow ofcurrent.


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OPERATION:

Three 12 volt lead-acid batteries are connected in parallel and then to the battery charger.

By rotating the wheel for six hours, the batteries can be charged.

Since many of the sewing machines are hand operated in Northern India, people are familiarwith this sort of system.

Compared to pedaling system, one can use both the hands alternatively to rotate the wheel.

ADVANTAGES:

The whole unit weighs about 6 Kg and is mobile it can be carried on the back.

It provides employment to rural people.

The unit is easy to fabricate, even in rural workshops.

In most countries, generators are available, and if not, they can be imported. Many countries

exempt renewable energy equipment and generators from customs duty. Alternatively,automobile generators can be used by changing the windings.

The Unit is inexpensive it costs about Rs 7000 ( about US $150).

It can be operated with either hand and it occupies little space.

Women, as well as children, can also operate the system.


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CLAY COVERS TO REDUCE ROOF HEATING

Most of the heat in a house comes from roof. To reduce the temperature in the house claycovers are used. Clay covers are given a white wash. They are arranged side by side with mudplastering in the gaps. The white wash reflects the sunlight, the thickness of the clay cover andstill air trapped in the gap (still air acts as insulation) reduces the temperature. About 5

degrees Celsius is found in experiments.


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INNOVATIVE USE OF PERISCOPE

In developing countries on most roads there is no one way. As such when you arefollowing a truck in a car, if the truck driver drives to the left (in India), the behindcar driver feels the way is clear and tries to over take it. There is convex mirror tosee the behind objects. I feel a Periscope can be put before the driver with inclinedprojection outside. This way the car driver can know whether the way is clear or not.

Thus many road accidents can be avoided.


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CAP TO BEAT HEAT

Cyclists and Pedestrians often feel heat while on the road. An Evening cap is stitchedoutside with Khus (Vattiveru). Khus has the property of retention of water. Water issprayed on the Khus. One gets cooling besides fine fragrance.


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There is Stephaneyfor a scooter fitted.For a Motor cyclethere is no spare

wheel fitted. Idevised a simplegadget. A rectangularmetal frame is fittedwith castors. TheMetal frame can bewound with plastic

wire to givesmoothness. Thepunctured wheel isplaced on the frameand the motor cycleis taken to the

nearby mechanic.The gadget can beplaced in the ToolBox of the MotorCycle.


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Innovative Fan

It is an age-old practice to use hand fans (Made of Palmaria Leaf). It will be turned in

horizontal way by holding it with hand. The air we get is gentle, as it wont recirculate in

a circular motion in the case of Table Fan.

Here I used the motor of the WIPERand fixed a plastic fan with someweight. I use an inverter to use it

with AC. Alternatively One can usesmall batteries to drive it whenpower is off. Many people in officesput the Ceiling Fan/TableFan/Pedestal Fan in slow motion. Insuch cases this novel fan will be very

useful. Moreover one can put onesown design as hand fan. It costsaround Rs 500(about US$10) in SouthIndia.


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Lakhs of small hotel people use gas stoves to prepare coffee/tea. They use separate boiler to heat

water for cleaning the glasses. Thus there are two arrangements, one for cooking and another for

boiling water. Household women also need hot water for cleaning the utensils and washing hands. Amulti purpose gas stove has been designed and tested.

A small storage system for water will be put at an elevated place on a stand. There will be a small

cross section copper tube which will be attached to the storage system(Alternatively the copper

tube is attached to a water tap if there is one with pressurized water). The copper tube wounds

around the stove burners and there will be outlets to takeout hot water from each copper tubearound the burners separately with tap system (left side of the stove). The copper tubes connected

to the water tank can be separated while moving the stove from place to place. Here the copper

tube utilizes part of the heat that touches the plate of the stove. In this some energy which goes as

waste (heating the surface of the stove) is utilized to produce hot water for cleaning. This is a clear

case ofenergy conservation.

By having larger tank one can get hot water for bathing also. This system can be adopted in the

case of biogas stove also. Especially in cold regions, it will be a boon in supplying hot water. This

system costs around Rs 350/-(about US$ 8) except the stove. It finds extensive use in small tea

bunks, houses etc.

MULTI PURPOSE GAS STOVE


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MULTIPLE USE GAS STOVE

KITCHEN WITH BIOGAS STOVE


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FIRE PROOF APRON TO AVOID KITCHEN ACCIDENTS

Many Fire accidents take place in kitchen. I fabricated an apron made of fiberglass.Fiberglass cloth is used in Electric motors. The Fibre cloth gives itching when comeinto contact with skin. To overcome this, I coated the cloth with Silicon Emulsion.This Apron wont catch fire. It will be useful in Kitchen, in Bakeries, in Brick

making units, for Fire Fighting squad etc.


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Rural Industrialization

-Leaf to Root Approach


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Agave Americana

Sisal Agave


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Sisal Plant


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The main drawback for wider application of Biofuelsis input. There was a big moment for biofuel fromJatropha in India but in reality not much has beenachieved. Agave (Americana), Sisal Agave is amultiple use plant which has 10% fermentablesugars and rich in cellulose. The fibre is used inrope making and also for weaving clothes inPhilippines under the trade name DIP-DRY. In Brazila paper factory runs on sisal as input. A SteroidHECOGENIN is extracted from this plant leaves.Since on putrification, it produces methane gas, it

can be cut and used as input in biogas plants. Alsoin Kenya and Lesotho dried pieces of Agave aremixed with concrete since it has fibres which act asbinding.


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Agave fibers contain 65 percent to 78 percent

cellulose, according to Jimenez. "With new

technology, it is possible to breakdown over 90

percent of the cellulose and hemicellulose

structures, which will increase ethanol and otherliquid biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass

drastically," he said. "Mascoma is assessing such

technology."


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Annona Squamosa(Sugar Apple)


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Pulp in the fruit On top of ice cream, jelly & jam making

Drinks and in fermented liquors. The fruit has sizeable number of seeds. The seed

yield about 30% oil. The extraction of the oil can be

done by the process of solvent extraction.

The oil is used in In paints and varnishes

As natural insecticide.

Annona seed oil contains acetogenins that are toxic

to insects.


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Annonin, ascimicin, bullatacin, isobullatacin,desacecylucaricin and isodesacetylucaricin havebeen isolated from the sugar apple seeds and

shown to be biologically active against the spottedstem borer, chilo partellus swin, orientalarmyworm,Mythimna Separate wek, head bugs,Calocoris augustus Leth, and the aphid, Melanaphissacchari Zehnt.

Pesticides derived from plants like AnnonaSquamosa can play a major role in pestmanagement in sustainable agriculture. They haverenewable character, are non persistent in the

environment, and are relatively safer to the naturalenemies, non-target organisms, and human beings.


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The Annona oil contains the following percentages ofacids Oleic: 18.1

Linoleic: 55.1

Palmitic: 14.7

Stearic: 10.7


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Oleic: Soap base, manufacture of oleates, cosmetics, polishedcompound, lubricants, Ore floatation, organic syntheticintermediate, surface coatings etc.

Linoleic: Soaps, special dryers, for protective coatings,emulsifying agents. medicine, Foods, feeds, and bio-chemicalresearch.

Palmitic: Starting point in the manufacture of various metallicpalmitates, soaps, Soaps, lube oils, and water proofing.

Stearic: Chemicals, especially stearates and stearic driers,lubricants, soaps, candles, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic

rubber compounding, shoe and polishes, coatings and foodpackaging.


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The seed cake after extraction of oil can be used as

fertilizer. The nitrogen content of the defatted meal

from the sugar

apple is in the range of 4.3 %. The epicarp after

removal of pulp and seed from the Annona

Squamosa fruits can be used as green manure. The

leaves of the plant are bitter and thus cattle wont

eat them.


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Water Hyacinth ( Eichhornia Crassipes)


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Wealth from WasteWater hyacinth which is generally regarded as a

menace can find many uses:

In food production

As leaf protein concentrate, which is rich in protein andvitamin A.

As a substrate for mushroom cultivation,

By making soils more fertile which yield better crops,

By purifying water, in which fish can then thrive,

Through the production of silage, for fattening animals,

Through vermiculture, producing feed for poultry or fish, In regenerating degraded soils,

As mulch

As compost


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As fertilizer, produced by mixing with other organicmaterials, and phosphate rock.

In biogas production. 1 hectare of weed canproduce 100 tons of dry water hyacinth/year whichcould produce 30,000 cubic meters of gas sufficientto supply cooking for 40 families. The residual slurrymust be used as mulch.

As briquettes, which can be used for cooking inkitchens for schools and restaurants.

In providing employment and income, through theproduction and sale of a range of art papers andcards, crafts and furniture, (on industrial level),chemicals and liquid fuels.


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Nutritious Protein from Water HyacinthLeaf Fractionation:

Leaf fractionation produces up to 10 times as muchprotein per hectare as when the land is used togrow food for animals. It doers not requireartificially fixed nitrogen, which is made using a

large amount of energy. It is already being used onLucerne, or alfalfa in France, Hungary and the US tomake supplementary feed for pigs and poultry. AsLucerne is a legume, it adds nitrogen to the soil. Theprocess can be applied to almost any fresh greenleaves, including weeds such as water hyacinth andnettles. The leaf protein it produces contains noanimal fats, and the fibrous residue is an excellentruminant food.


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Teak Hyacinth Bed


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Water Hyacinth Furniture


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Water Hyacinth Harvester


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There were efforts to utilise Water Hyacinth (EichhorniaCrassipes) in combination with animal dung to produce

biogas. But Biogas from Opuntia offers promise especially in

developing countries since Opuntia can be grown under a

variety of Environmental conditions.

(Opuntia_ficus_ind

ica)

Biogas

fromOpuntia

Bi f O ti A f bl d f tili


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Biogas from Opuntia: A source of renewable gas and fertilizer

Structure of the proposed process

1st step: Production of biomass (Opuntia)

2nd step: Process of the biomass into biogas trough anaerobicfermentation

3rd step: Process of the digested material into fertilizer

The potential of Opuntia Biomass for energy production insemi-arid areas 100 to 400 tons of biomass/ha/year1 ton Opuntia biomass = 50-60 m3 of biogas = 300-360 kWh ofgas30 000 to 140 000 kWh per ha150 to 400ha necessary for 1MW electrical capacity

High efficiency in water & fertilizer useReduced risk for farmers of crop failure due to high droughttolerance. No competition with food crops on arable land as itcan grow on degraded land.


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Pomato is a hybrid variety of potato and tomato. It is a small

tomato-like fruit, with white flesh, edible either raw or cooked.

Pomato plant produces tomatoes on the top and potatoes

underground.

Pomato = Potato + Tomato


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How to grow Pomato plant

Choose Potato and Tomato plant with the same height.

Place the two plants side by side so that the stems will toucheasily.

Gently remove a sliver of the stem from the potato plant byusing thin sharp knife.

Locate an area on the tomato stem that matches the height ofthe cut on the potato plant.

Set the plants in an area out of direct sunlight. Watch the new growth on the top of the tomato.

Allow the plant to grow until you again see vigorous growth onthe tomato plant. This should take two or three weeks.

Allow the plant to grow for two or three weeks to see vigorousgrowth on the tomato plant

Remove the bottom portion of the tomato plant. Enclose the plant in a clear plastic bag to maintain moisture.

After several days, remove the plastic.

Once the plastic is removed, watch for signs of new growth.When the plant shows lush green leaves, remove the graftingtape. Now the Pomato plant was created successfully.


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The Winged bean(Psophocarpus tetragonolobus),also known as the Goa bean andAsparagus pea, Four-angledbean and Winged pea, is a

tropical legume plant native to

New Guinea. It growsabundantly in hot, humid

equatorial countries, from the

Philippines and Indonesia to

India, Burma, Thailand and Sri

Lanka. It does well in humidtropics with high rainfall. There

are also varieties that can be

grown in most areas of the U.S.

Winged Bean


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UsesThis bean has been called the "one species

supermarket" because practically all of the plant isedible. The beans are used as a vegetable, but the

other parts (leaves, flowers, and tuberous roots) are

also edible. The tender pods, which are the most

widely eaten part of the plant (and best eaten when

under 1" in length), can be harvested within two to

three months of planting. The flowers are often used to

color rice and pastries. The flavor of the beans has asimilarity to asparagus. The young leaves can be

picked and prepared as a leaf vegetable, similar to

spinach. The roots can be used as a root vegetable,

similar to the potato, and have a nutty flavor; they are

also much richer in protein than potatoes. The dried

seeds can be useful as a flour and also to make a

coffee-like drink. Each of these parts of the winged

bean provide a source of vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium,

iron, and other vitamins. The seeds contain 35%

protein and 18% oil.

Boiled winged bean

roots as a snack in

Burma

Roots of the winged

bean at a market in

Mandalay, Burma


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Hydroponics

is a subset of hydroculture and is a


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Hydroponics is a subset of hydroculture and is amethod of growing plants using mineral nutrientsolutions, in water, without soil. Terrestrial plantsmay be grown with their roots in the mineral

nutrient solution only or in an inert medium, such asperlite, gravel, mineral wool, expanded clay orcoconut husk.

Researchers discovered in the 18th century that

plants absorb essential mineral nutrients asinorganic ions in water. In natural conditions, soilacts as a mineral nutrient reservoir but the soil itselfis not essential to plant growth. When the mineralnutrients in the soil dissolve in water, plant rootsare able to absorb them. When the required mineralnutrients are introduced into a plant's water supplyartificially, soil is no longer required for the plant tothrive. Almost any terrestrial plant will grow withhydroponics. Hydroponics is also a standardtechnique in biology research and teaching.


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Bring diversity back to

agriculture. That's

what made it work in

the first place

- David R. Brower


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But small is powerless, we're used to thinking. Well, atoms are small. So areviruses.

"If you think you are too small to make a difference, try sleeping with amosquito." -- the Dalai Lama

Five ways to improve affordability. First, easy payments in instalments


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y p y , y p y(which have revolutionised rural sales of TVs, cellphones, two-wheelersand houses). Second, dramatic cost-cutting (some goods and services inIndia cost just 2-10% of the US cost).

Third, goods in small rather than large packing (e.g., shampoo in sachetsinstead of bottles).

Fourth, pay-by-use (paying Rs 20 for internet use at an e-caf instead ofbuying a computer). Fifth, direct distribution, cutting out intermediaries(e.g., ITC buying directly from farmers at e-choupals, and selling to themdirectly through Choupal Sagar shops

Dr.C.K.Prahalad


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ANYBODY CAN MAKE THINGSCOMPLICATED BUT IT REQUIRESA GENIUS TO MAKE THINGS SIMPLE

Albert Einstein


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Making the simple complicated is commonplace; making

the complicated simple, awesomely simple, thatscreativity.

Charles Mingus

Imagination is the beginning of creation. You imagine whatyou desire, you will what you imagine and at last youcreate what you will.

George Bernard Shaw


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Nature never breaks her own laws

Why does the eye see a thing more clearly in dreams than the

imagination when awake?

There are three classes of people: those who see. Those who see

when they are shown. Those who do not see.

Human subtlety will never devise an invention more beautiful, more

simple or more direct than does nature because in her inventionsnothing is lacking, and nothing is superfluous.

Leonardo Da Vinci

Discover from Mother Nature


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Discover from Mother Nature

Some of the creativity comes from good old Mother

Nature. Mother knows whats best and those peoplewho follow her lead usually end up ahead of the game.In Nature the name of the game is survival of the fittest.Because of this, plants, and animals and insects andbacteria and everything else have been forced to adopt,taking the most advantageous forms. Nature invariablytakes the forms that work.

In Nature the name of the game is survival of the fittest.

Because of this, plants, and animals and insects andbacteria and everything else have been forced to adopt,taking the most advantageous forms. Nature invariablytakes the forms that work.


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MODERNISE THE TRADITIONAL TRADITIONALISE THE MODERN.

SCIENCE TO SERVE SOCIETY SOCIETY TO SUPPORT SCIENCE.

A T means besides APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY

ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY

AFFORDABLE TECHNOLOGY

ADAPTABLE TECHNOLOGY

ACCEPTABLE TECHNOLOGY

ACCESSIBLE TECHNOLOGY


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KISS PRINCIPLE

Keep It Simple Sir


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While the elements of innovation are stepping stones inthe innovative process, innovation is incomplete

without forethought.DISCOVER INNOVATION

technology with a human face-final1

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