technology needs for the water sectorindiaatcop24.org/...6-technology...water-sector.pdf ·...

Technology Needs for the Water Sector

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Pradeep MujumdarIndian Institute of Science BangaloreIndia

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INTRODUCTION

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Water sector in the country has been seriously impacted due to a combination of climate change, population growth, rapid urbanization, and industrial growth.

Signals of climate change convert into regional scale hydrologic change in terms of modifications in water availability, agricultural water demand, hydrologic extremes of floods and droughts, deterioration in water quality, salinity intrusion in coastal aquifers, groundwater recharge and other related phenomena.

Deployment of climate friendly technologies is essential across the water sector.

Introduction

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Water Stress = f (Quantity, Quality, Uncertainty)

Millions at Risk

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Source : Parry et al. (2001)

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WATER AUGMENTATION

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Technologies to achieve water security, by augmenting available resources and increasing the availability by other feasible means:

Wastewater recycling (to improve quality of water)

Wastewater treatment, reuse and recycle: Household, community and city level.

Industrial wastewater treatment and recycling

Desalination

Use of renewable energy

Aquifer recharge and rejuvenation

New water source : substitutes of fresh water sources for human consumption as well as for domestic and industrial purposes.

Water Augmentation

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• The treatment can be achieved in centralized locations, communities or at the end of the pipe simple filtration

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Sl. No.

Technology Environmental Impact/Benefits Remarks

Technology for Urban and Peri Urban areas: Expensive, less space requirement, good treated water quality

1 Membrane bio reactor MBR Same principle as Activated Sludge Process (ASP) or extended aerationProvide highest quality effluentCostly and high power requirementHigh O&M Cost

A few plants are available in India

2 Sequential Batch Rector Alternative to ASP or Extended Aeration (EA)Provide high quality effluentGood nutrient removal

Many plants are coming up in India

3 Submerged aerobic Fixed Film Alternative to ASP or EA for small scale systemsProvide good quality effluent

Many plants are existing in India

4 Moving Bed Biological reactor(MBBR, FAB, MMBR, Compact units)

Alternative to ASP or EA for small scale systemsProvide good quality effluent


Technologies for wastewater treatment

Wastewater treatment, reuse and recycle

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Sl. No.


Technology for Urban and Peri-Urban areas: Expensive, less space requirement

5 *Extended Aeration Systems (EA) Most common Technology; Very good quality effluent; High power consumption


6 Activated Sludge process (ASP) Alternative to EA; Good quality effluentSludge treatment is needed


7 Onsite Aerobic Packages Alternative to Compact MBBR, FAB etc; Less area requirement Many plants are existing in India

8 Contact Aeration System for Individual Houses (STBF series)

Alternative to Compact MBBR, FAB etc for individual housesLess area requirement; High quality effluent


9 Trickling Filter/Bio tower (TF, BT) Alternative to EA; Low power requirement Some plants are existing in India

10 Activated Sludge Package plants Alternative to EA for small quantity of wastewater A few plants are available in India

11 Rotating Biological Contactors Alternative to EA; Low power requirement Many plants are existing in India

12 Oxidation Ditch (OD-EA) Extended aeration system for small communitiesHigh quality effluent




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Sl. No.


Technologies for Rural and Per-urban Areas, inexpensive and relatively less space requirement

13 Aerated Lagoon Up gradation of waste stabilization pondNeeds further treatment for meeting the discharge standards


14 Constructed Wetlands and VORTEX Alternative to DEWATS; Good quality effluent A few plants are available in India

15 DEWATS/BORDA Less space requirement; Less capital investment; No energy requirement

Large number of installations are done in India

16 DEWATS(ABR and CW) Less space requirement; Less capital investment; No energy requirement

Large number of installations are done in India

17 Constructed soil filter, solid immobilized bio filter, Soil Biotechnology (SBR)

Promoted as competitive option for DEWATS; Good quality effluent


18 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB)

Low power requirement; Energy generation; Low effluent quality A few plants are available in India

19 Anaerobic Filters (AF) Suitable for high strength wastewater; Low power requirementEnergy generation; Low effluent quality



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Sl. No.


Rural Areas or areas where Cheaper Land is available, Low treated water quality, Natural systems

20 Waste Stabilization Ponds Most simple technologyNatural SystemLow effluent quality

Large number of installations are made in India

21 Onsite package: Anaerobic systems for individual houses (SINTEX, PWTs-Am, CCST, THST)

Alternative to septic tankLow effluent quality


22 Karnal Technology Sewage irrigation for selected plantsRisk due to pathogens


• Water scarcity can adversely affect the industrial production

• In India, sugar and distillery, tannery, textile, pharmaceutical etc. industries consume largequantities of water and generate highly polluted wastewater.

• To abate the environmental pollution and to protect the dwindling water resources, theseindustries have to practice Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) concepts i.e. no liquid discharge will behappening from the systems.

• The major challenges faced by the ZLD systems are the energy cost, operation and maintenanceand the management of residual mixed salt generated from the treatment systems.

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Industrial wastewater treatment and recycling

Source: https://www.saltworkstech.com/articles/what-is-

zero-liquid-discharge-why-is-it-important/

ZLD Concept

• Desalination refers to the process by which potable water

is recovered from sea water/brackish water by removing

dissolved solids using different forms of energy.

• Different technologies are used for water desalination

such as

Thermal processes

Membrane processes

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Desalination

Source: https://www.jewishla.org/israeli-inventions-desalination-

and-drought/

Desalination Technologies

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Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) desalination process

Source:

http://www.separationprocesses.com/Distillation/DT_Chp0

7b.htm

Source:

http://www.separationprocesses.com/Distillation/DT_Chp0

7a.htm

Multi Effect Distillation (MED)

Thermal DesalinationLTTD (Low Temperature Thermal

Desalination)

Source: http://www.everestblowers.com/vacuum-systems-for-

low-temprature-thermal-desalination-lttd.html

Desalination Technologies

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Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane

technology

Source:

http://www.htiwater.com

/technology/forward_os

mosis/index.html

Source: http://www.water-

treatment.com.cn/technologies/RO_Reverse-

Osmosis/introduction.htm

Forward Osmosis (FO)

Common Membrane Desalination Processes Membrane distillation (MD)

Sourc

e: A

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alA

lan

ezi, A

., et a

l. (2016). P

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Investig

atio

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ing

Va

cu

um

Me

mb

ran

e D

istilla

tion

Mo

du

le

for W

ate

r Desalin

atio

n. J

ourn

al o

f Chem

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, 2016.

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e: h

ttps://w

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Electrodialysis (ED)

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Cap

acitive_deionization_-_Adsorption.pdf

Capacitive deionization

Desalination TechnologiesTechnologies Technology available – domestic/ global level Remarks

Multi-Stage Flash MSF Domestic & Global level When steam is available is large quantities, fresh water can be easily generated.

Multi Effect Distillation(MED) Domestic & Global level Lowest energy consumption among thermal systems when steam is available.

Low Temperature Thermal Desalination (LTTD)

DomesticThermal pollution due to rejection of hot seawater by the coastal power plantscan be mitigated. Ocean thermal gradient can be used in suitable locations.

Mechanical / Thermal VapourCompression

Global level Yet to become widely acceptable

Reverse Osmosis Domestic & Global levelHigh concentrated brine and chemical additives used for pre-treatment are mayaffect marine life. However the cheapest method today.

Forward Osmosis Global level Yet to reach large scales

Ion Exchange Global level Commercially expensive

Multi Effect Humidification (MEH) Global level Yet to become popular at large scales

Bio-desalination Global level Laboratory level

Electro Dialysis(ED) Global level Expensive

ElectroDialysis reversal (EDR) Global level Expensive

Membrane Distillation (MD) Global level Laboratory level

CDI (Capacitive Deionization)

Plimmer, a CDI based water purifier by Aquasphere,India is approved by Ministry of Drinking water andSanitation for rural drinking water programs.The CDI unit of 4000 lit/day capacity is being used totreat contaminated well water in Kadur, Karnataka.

Yet to be scaled up commercially

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Renewable Energy (RE) Driven Desalination Technologies

Technologies Technology available – domestic/ global level

Environmental benefit/Impact

Solar PV and RO Global LevelGHG emissions can be highly reduced by utilizing renewable energy. Resilience to degradation ofwater quality. Promising, holds a huge potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

Solar PumpsGlobal and domestic Technology available with the MNRE empaneled manufacturer/suppliers.

Since the power is obtained from solar energy, fossil fuel requirement for power generation can be reduced

Solar MED Global LevelGHG emissions can be highly reduced by utilizing renewable energy. Resilience to degradation ofwater quality. Promising, holds a huge potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

Solar MEH Global LevelGHG emissions can be highly reduced by utilizing renewable energy. Resilience to degradation ofwater quality. Promising and holds a huge potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

Solar Still Domestic / Global LevelMore attractive, especially in remote regions with low population density and poor infrastructurefor fresh water and electricity transmission and distribution

OTEC and LTTD Global LevelGHG emissions can be highly reduced by utilizing renewable energy. Resilience to degradation ofwater quality. Promising and holds a huge potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

Wind powered RO Domestic / Global LevelGHG emissions can be highly reduced by utilizing renewable energy. Resilience to degradation ofwater quality. Promising and holds a huge potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

Wave powered RO Domestic / Global LevelGHG emissions can be highly reduced by utilizing renewable energy. Resilience to degradation ofwater quality. Promising and holds a huge potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

Tidal energy and RO Domestic / Global LevelGHG emissions can be highly reduced by utilizing renewable energy. Resilience to degradation ofwater quality. Promising and holds a huge potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

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Desalination are energy intensive, hence use of renewables for desalination is being addressed with vigor around the globe.

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New Water Technologies

Passive Dew Condensers made of plastic

Source:

http://atozplastics.com/upload/Literature/write-

up_for_plastmart.asp

Fog Collectors

Source: https://www.baysidefogcollectors.com/

Source:

https://semaquatics.com/atmospheric_water_generation

Atmospheric water generator (AWG)

S. No. Technologies Environmental Impacts / Benefits

Remarks

1. Dew harvesting Radiative method (passive)Based on the natural phenomenon of formation of dew and then condensation on cooler surface without any external energy input.

No external energy sources used, no impact on climate.

India's first dew plant is set up at Kothara, Kutch and is running since 2013. It has a capacity of producing on an average 500 litres/day. Cost of this water was Rs 30 per 20 litre container.

Active method

It uses cooling condensation or regenerative desiccation to bring trapped air to the dew point temperature, thus causing the water vapour to condense for collection.

When powered by renewable sources of energy, it is one of the cleanest methods to produce water.

Global level-Active dew condensers using solar panels are being developed.

2. Mine water treatment

Zero liquid waste technology

Mine water first passes through hollow fibre membranes for

particulate separation followed by reverse osmosis to remove the

dissolved impurities, thermal evaporation and recrystallisation3.

Prevents water contamination by separating the ions from water thus maintaining purity of underground water.

Sedimentation tank system

Mine water is being treated using different chemicals (coagulants).

Before adding coagulants, the pH of the water is restored (as mine

water is acidic) using lime, limestone, caustic soda etc. After this

the different metals dissolved in water settle down in the

sedimentation tank and subsequently removed.

Large quantities of water look feasible by this method.

Coal India Ltd. (CIL) supplies mine water to communities close to its operative mines.WCL has started producing drinking water from mine water under the name 'coal neer' at Patansawangiunderground coal mine with a capacity of 10000 lit/hr6.

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S. No. Technologies Environmental Impacts / Benefits

Remarks

3. Water from atmosphere

Fog collectorsFog collectors are used to collect water from fog using a mesh material. Studies showed that typical fog collectors can harvest 200-1000 litres of water per day

No critical processes involved, hence no damage to environment

In India, Watermaker India has developed the country's first AWG powered by electricity which is commercially available.

Atmospheric water generator (AWG)

It is a device that extracts water from humid ambient air. Water vapor in the air is condensed by cooling the air below its dew point, exposing the air to desiccants, or pressurizing the air. Unlike a dehumidifier, an AWG is designed to make the water potable.

AWGs are based on natural process of water entrapment from air. Hence it does not pollute the environment.

Humidification-dehumidification Compared to use of conventional source, it reduces environmental pollution.

4. Gas hydrates Hydrate-based desalination (HBD)It is based on phase change process where water is converted into solid hydrate by separating dissolved solids from the liquid phase (brine).

CO2 emissions are much lesser.

In global level only-A few research groups in South Korea and USA have conducted experiments to prove that the technology is feasible i.e. water with lesser salt content can be obtained from hydrates.

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Gas hydrate based desalination (HBD)

Source:

http://gashydrates.chbe.nus.edu.sg/Achievements/2016_05_11_Gas%20hydrate%20based%20de

salination%20(HBD)%20technology%20to%20harvest%20LNG%20cold%20energy_Gastech%20

News.htm

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WATER USE MANAGEMENT

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BIG TICKET PROJECTS

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1. Development of low energy and low GHG emission technologies for waste/ greywater treatment

• GHG emission needs to be reduced using technologies that are more economically viable and low energy

consuming

• Decentralized wastewater treatment is the need of today

Mission Mode/ Big Ticket Projects

Source:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304705660_Removal_of_T

race_Organic_Contaminants_by_Integrated_Membrane_Processes_

for_Water_Reuse_Applications/figures?lo=1

Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)

Source: http://absunpalayesh.com/en/2015/12/30/sequencing-

batch-reactor-sbr/Source: http://www.ethicsinfinity.com/EthicsProduct-

moving-bed-biofilm-bioreactor-mbbr

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2. Continuous monitoring of water quality

• Database on the presence and concentrations ofpollutants in various water bodies is lacking

3. Treatment of wastewater from highly pollutingindustries to achieve ZLD

• The effluent arising out of a ZLD system still needs tobe studied to make cost effective recovery from themixed salts generated

• Hybrid treatment systems are needed to achieve thetreatment with minimal number of processes andunits for easy operation and maintenance

Source: http://www.aquarion-group.com/zld-systems.html


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Source: https://www.cooking-hacks.com/blog/barcelona-park-

smart-irrigation-system-project-with-waspmote-agriculture-

sensors-kit/

Smart irrigation system

5. Low cost desalination both for coastal and inlandregions

• Green technologies for disposal of RO membranes andrejects.

• Optimization of components for energy reduction inthermal desalination technologies.

6. Development of low cost smart sensors for increasingagricultural water use efficiencies

7. Development of Computer models


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Technologies Identified

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Sub areas Technology needs identified Technology available/identified

Water

Augmentation/

Availability

1. Cost-effective real-time monitoring and communication

2. Large-scale inter-basin water transfer integrating hydrology,

ecology & environment, engineering & technology, socio-

economic aspects and long-term climate change impacts.

3. Strengthening system for flood management.

4. Expanding managed aquifer recharge

5. Exploring the scope for water reuse and re-cycling

6. Storm water (Use for irrigation in urban system like horticulture,

gardening and ground water recharge)

7. Developing solution for sustainable treatment and resource

recovery

8. Sustainable and affordable water treatment for rural environment

9. Water technologies for sustainable recycling and reuse of water,

trace elements and nutrients.

10. Development of value added products from waste water Sludge

management

1. Membrane based waste water treatment

2. Hydro fracturing during flood to maximize the water recharge

3. Affordable desalination

4. Self healing pipeline

5. Dew harvesting

6. Control of percolation and evaporation from water bodies

and canals and arresting leakage from pipes, tanks etc.

7. Non-conventional sources of water (Sea water, Mine water)

8. Inter basin water transfer

9. Biometric, Novel materials (Graphene, CNT, FO) and ultra

sound.

10. Harnessing atmospheric moisture to meet fresh water

shortage

11. Ground penetration radar to detect ground water and water

contamination

12. Solar still

13. Multistage flash distillation

14. Reverse osmosis

15. Electro dialysis

16. Biological desalination

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Water

Augmentation/

Availability

11. ‘Trap’ and ‘recover’ at source – containment at

source and recovery of useful elements.

12. Low cost technologies for removal of contaminants

in rural areas (including source protection).

13. Engineered Natural Systems for Industrial and

Domestic Wastewater in Terrestrial Environment

(Domestic and industrial wastewater recycling with

similar output quality as electro-mechanical

systems, wherever space is not a serious constraint)

14. Sewage- treatment requiring equivalent land area

and life-cycle costs comparable to or lower than

those for electro-mechanical systems, without

compromising on quality of treated water.

15. Restoration of Village Ponds and Lakes

16. Waste water treatment and Recycling at

Household/Community Level

17. Managing dissolved inorganic solids

18. Water Pollution Source Map for Industrial and

Municipal Waste Discharge in Water-bodies

16. Gas hydrate as source of water

17. Sensor and ICT as technology platform

18. Rainfall and river flow forecasting models and GIS based mapping for early

warning

19. Mechanical treatment including nanotechnologies

20. Instrumentation of urban water distribution networks with sensors and

control valve

21. Decentralized treatment-system for waste water treatment with resources

recovery (scalable, replicable, affordable, socially acceptable).

22. Realtime monitoring and modeling of water quality in catchments

(including assessment of existing system and appropriate calibration)

23. Technology for treatment of grey water for recharging water bodies

24. Grey water treatment and recycling at household/community level

25. Agriculture in the sea to grow plants like seaweeds to yield edible

components which can source micronutrients

26. New generation of RO membranes, like Graphene that work on the basis of

chemical engineering and rely loss on energy to push water molecule across

them

27. Increasing product water recovery in Reverse Osmosis

28. Develop novel methods of water purification for the future


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Water

Conservation

1. Indigenous membrane technology

development

2. Modeling and simulation

3. Intra basin water transfer

4. Meteorological information from

weather stations

5. Hydrometric data (on the level of

rivers and streams and discharge

rates)

6. Geological maps

7. Water well log

8. Rain radar for short-medium range

rain forecasting and rain density

1. Real time aquifer monitoring including salinity ingress

2. Affordable de-silting of water bodies

3. Technology run-off control

4. New construction technologies for sustainable infrastructure

5. Rejuvenation of old water infrastructure

6. Rain water harvesting and artificial recharge

7. Control of percolation and evaporation from water bodies and canals and arresting leakage

from pipes, tanks etc.

8. Recycling

9. Smart monitoring, energy storage and increase efficiency for cooling towers and boilers

10. Water purification technology based on in-situ treatment

11. Recycling and reuse technologies for zero discharge

12. Seismic tomography for investigating rigidity of rock and understanding lithological

characteristics for construction of dams, reservoir and tunnels

13. Geo-synthetic and poly fiber for canalling

14. Trench less technologies for water infrastructure

15. Immersion vibratory roller compactor concrete

16. Biotechnological intervention of water conservation


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Water

Conservation

17. Residue management technology


19. Rain water harvesting and artificial recharge

20. Short term and long term forecasting of extreme event like draught, flood etc.

21. Rainfall and river flow forecasting models and GIS based mapping for early warning

22. Instrumentation of urban water distribution networks with sensors and control valve

23. Develop sensors for water quality and quantity at personal, domestic, community

and higher level

Water use

Management

1. Groundwater Budgets (rainfall recharge,

estimation from satellite and ground water

pumping estimation)

2. Mapping of Public Pumps Accessing

Groundwater Resources (water withdrawal,

electricity consumption, use of solar energy

to for pumping)

3. Development and application of a range of

methodologies adopting a tiered approach

to monitor the aquatic environment

1. Membrane based waste water treatment

2. Real time aquifer monitoring including salinity ingress

3. Instant potable water quality test

4. Scalable point of use water treatment technology

5. In-situ water purification in pipeline

6. Real time monitoring of effluent discharge

7. Water purification residue treatment

8. Biometric, Novel materials (Graphene, CNT, FO) and ultra sound.

9. Recycling and reuse technologies for zero discharge.

10. Geo-synthetic and poly fiber for canalling


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Water use

Management

4. To show relevance to

both human and

environmental health.

5. New approaches to

monitoring – capturing

spatio-temporal variation

and challenges for

sensors.

6. Devising appropriate and

innovative monitoring

and modeling strategies.

7. Monitoring and modeling

of water quality

(conventional and

emerging contaminants).


12. Rainfall and river flow forecasting models and GIS based mapping for early warning

13. In-situ purification technologies for removal of contaminants from ground and surface water including

natural optimizing natural process

14. Develop sensors for water quality and quantity at personal, domestic, community and higher level

15. Decentralized treatment-system for waste water treatment with resources recovery (scalable,

replicable, affordable, socially acceptable).

16. Development of sensors and remote sensing based technologies (e.g. hyper spectral imaging for water

quality monitoring and biological indicators)

17. Real time monitoring and modeling of water quality in catchments (including assessment of existing

system and appropriate calibration)

18. Sensor based water quality monitoring for river and other water bodies

19. Technology for treatment of grey water for recharging water bodies

20. Grey water treatment and recycling at household/community level

21. Non-contact sensor to measure water level anywhere across the depth and width of river

22. Microbial fuel cell that generates electricity through the metabolic activity of electrochemically active

bacteria using waste water as substrate

23. New generation of RO membranes, like graphene that work on the basis of chemical engineering and

rely loss on energy to push water molecule across them

24. Develop novel methods of water purification for the future


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THANK YOU!

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