technology in architecture lecture 8 overview water resources water supply systems planning issues...
TRANSCRIPT
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Technology in ArchitectureTechnology in ArchitectureTechnology in ArchitectureTechnology in Architecture
Lecture 8
Overview Water Resources
Water Supply SystemsPlanning Issues
Lecture 8
Overview Water Resources
Water Supply SystemsPlanning Issues
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TerminologyTerminology
Potable Water: water fit for human consumption
Gray Water: non-potable, used water containing no harmful wastes
Black Water: non-potable, used water that contains harmful or human waste
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Drains and SewersDrains and Sewers
Storm: contains rainwater and surface runoff
Sanitary: contains human waste
Combined: contains both
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Acid RainAcid Rain
Rain combined with chemicals (SO2, COx, NOx,…) in the air to form a weak acid
Water + Sulfur Dioxide = Sulfuric AcidH2O + 2SO2 H2SO4 + SOx
Source: automobile emissions, coal fired electric generation, air pollution
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HardnessHardness
Caused by calcium and magnesium salts
Can be removed by “water softening” systems
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Ph ScalePh Scale
Alkalinity: bicarbonates, carbonates, hydroxides (Ph>7)
Acidity: hydrogen ions (Ph<7)
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Water TableWater Table
Naturally occurring depth to top of water in an aquifer
S: p.896, F.21.2
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Water ResourcesWater ResourcesWater ResourcesWater Resources
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Sources of Fresh WaterSources of Fresh Water
Precipitation collection Surface water diversion Groundwater aquifersDesalinization
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Hydrologic CycleHydrologic CycleWater exists in three phases—vapor, liquid, solid
Water storage takes several forms– clouds, groundwater, snow/ice, lakes/river/oceans
S: p. 859, F.20.4a
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Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle
Natural intercepts of water affect its purity and utility
S: p. 859, F.20.4b
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““We All Live Downstream”We All Live Downstream”
Human intercepts degrade quality
S: p. 896 F.21.2
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Toxins Around UsToxins Around Us
Arsenic: pressure treated lumberCadmium: batteriesChromium: antifreezeFluoride: rat poison, water treatmentLead: paints, piping, fuelSilver: photo-processing
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Other ContaminantsOther Contaminants
Chlorides (road salts) tasteCopper (corroding pipe) tasteIron (corroding pipe) stains/tasteManganese (natural) taste/laxative/colorNitrates (fertilizer) healthPesticides healthSodium (road salt) taste
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Water Supply SystemsWater Supply SystemsWater Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems
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Groundwater AquiferGroundwater Aquifer
Artesian wells created from pressure due to elevation head
2.3’ of head = 1 psi
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Upfeed SystemUpfeed System
Supplied through pressurized street main or artesian well source
S: p. 958. F.21.52
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CisternsCisterns
Captured rainwater held in tanks to increase water availability and pressure
May also be refilled manually
San Francisco Plantation, Louisiana
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Enhancing Water PressureEnhancing Water Pressure
When natural pressure is insufficient then a pump or pressurized source must be used
S: p. 913, F.21.13
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Water TowersWater Towers
Used before electric pumping technology improved
Hand pumps or manual labor
Chicago, IL
Baltimore, MD
Scituate, MA
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Water TowersWater Towers
Adapted for use on individual buildings
S: p. 959, F.21.53
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PumpingPumpingTechnologyTechnology
As technology improved, buildings could become taller (w/steel framing and elevators)
Downfeed system
S: p. 960, F21.54a
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Pumping TechnologyPumping Technology
Constant pressure up-feed system eliminates the house tank
S: p. 965, F21.57
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PumpingPumpingTechnologyTechnology
To prevent over- pressurization, intermediate house tanks are used
S: p. 961, F.21.54b
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Planning IssuesPlanning IssuesPlanning IssuesPlanning Issues
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Planning IssuesPlanning Issues
Conservation strategiesFacility requirementsWaste disposal
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Conservation StrategiesConservation Strategies
Reduce use flow control fixtures
Match grade to use culinary vs. irrigation
Collection/Storage cisterns, retention basins, roof ponds, porous pavement
Graskrete
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Conservation StrategiesConservation Strategies
Gray Water Systems: captures drainage from non-black water waste fixtures and reuses it for lesser quality needs …irrigation, car washing…
Recently legalized in Utah. Opposition was due to contamination concerns and inappro-priate soil composition
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Conservation GoalsConservation Goals
Reduce overall consumption
Avoid surface runoff
Allow percolation into soil to recharge groundwater table
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Facility RequirementsFacility RequirementsCheck local codes for programming & ADA requirements
S: p.864, T.20.3
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Waste DisposalWaste Disposal
Verify local sewer system availability/capacity Municipal sewer Septic system on site
Soil percolation Drain field/septic tank location Drain field proximity to other water sources
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Water ReclamationWater Reclamation
Municipal programs that use treated wastewater for uses that do not require potable water
Los Angeles County Water Reclamation Project
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