Technical Fundamentals of EPP Power

Scientific Certification Systems, Inc.

Chet Chaffee

CEA-NRCan WorkshopSession TwoThe Fundamentals of Alternatives November 25, 2002

• Industry Experience– Over 18 years in certification– Only private environmental labelling company

• Technical Background– PhD - Forestry, Biology, Chemistry, Chemical

Engineering– MA - Chemistry, Biology, Food Science,

Chemical Engineering, Journalism

Worldwide Certification Experience

• Electricity Generation– USA– Canada– Sweden– Korea

• Fisheries– Australia– Brazil– Chile– Canada– USA– Germany– Mexico

• Forestry– USA– Canada– Sweden– Brazil– Argentina

• Recycled Content– USA– Brazil– Canada– China– Mexico– Chile– Australia

• Life Cycle– USA– Canada– Sweden– Australia

• Food Safety– USA– Canada– Mexico– South America– Europe

SCS Power Certification Program

Energy Industry ClientsSafe Harbor Water Power Co.ExelonPSE&GPG&EChelan Co. PUDTennessee Valley AuthorityCanadian Electricity Association

Independent Peer ReviewersEPA - Systems Analysis BranchNRELUS Fish and Wildlife State of PennsylvaniaState of MarylandLos Alamos National LaboratoryRegional Habitat Experts

Environmental assessment of power generation sources and options, for internal planning and management, policy analysis,and certification of environmentally preferable power options.

Presentation Overview

Focus: There is only one Fundamental

The Evaluation of power generation must useone method applied equally to all circumstancesand technologies

Method: Life-Cycle Assessment

Making Valid Comparisons

Coal Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Wind Biomass

Fuel Resources X X X X XAir Emissions XWater Effluents XSolid Wastes XHaz. Waste XHabitat Loss X XSpecies Mortality X X

Making Valid Comparisons

Coal Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Wind Biomass

Fuel Resources X X X X X XAir Emissions X X X X X X Water Effluents X X X X X XSolid Wastes X X X X X XHaz. Waste X X X X X X Habitat Loss X X X X X XSpecies Mortality X X X X X X

Production Pool

High Impact Hydro

Nuclear CoalStandard

Natural Gas

Low Impact Hydro

Solar BiomassRecovered

Gas

Wind Geo- thermal

Combined Cycle

Natural Gas

Traditional View of the Environmental Merits of Various Generation Assets

High Impact Hydro

High Impact Hydro

NuclearNuclear CoalCoalStandard

Natural GasStandard

Natural Gas

Low Impact Hydro

Low Impact Hydro

SolarSolar BiomassBiomassRecovered

GasRecovered

Gas

WindWind Geo- thermalGeo-

thermal

Combined Cycle

Natural Gas

Combined Cycle

Natural Gas

Life-Cycle Assessment

The Rationale for Using Life-Cycle Assessment

UniformLCA has been standardized internationally by ISO 14000 Level playing field of assessment and comparisonUniversally applicable in assessment of all improvement options(power generation, DG, conservation)

AccurateScience-basedProduces a quantitative “Impact Profile” footprint of a generation sourceAll assessments are peer reviewable

ComprehensiveAddresses full range of environmental issues to ensure that both benefits and trade-offs are understood

The Scope of Life-Cycle Assessment

Resource Extraction

Fuel Processing

Transportation

Power Plant Operation

TransmissionAnd Delivery

Waste Management

Inputs Outputs

ImpactsImpacts

The Recognized Stages of LCAThe Recognized Stages of LCA

Science Base • Goals and Scoping - ISO 14040 • Life-Cycle Inventory Analysis (LCI)- ISO 14041 • LIfe-Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) -ISO 14042

Science Base • Goals and Scoping - ISO 14040 • Life-Cycle Inventory Analysis (LCI)- ISO 14041 • LIfe-Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) -ISO 14042

128,853 t 29,512 t

LCSEA LCI Stressor LCIA Environ. Emission Unit Inventory Value Charact. Result Charact. Loading Oper. Emission (ton/30a) Factor (ton/30a) Fact. (ton/30a) Coal SOx 31620 1.00 31620 0.5 15810 mining / NOx 9660 0.70 6762 0.3 2029 transport HCl 270 0.88 238 0.5 119

CaO SOx 240 1.00 240 0.15 36 product/ NOx 1260 0.70 882 0.075 66 transport Coal SOx 50190 1.00 50190 0.15 7529 use NOx 36480 0.70 25536 0.075 1915 HCl 15210 0.88 13385 0.15 2008

144,930 t

Life Cycle of Generation Technologies

Coal Nuclear Hydro Wind Biomass

Fuel Extraction X X XTransport XFuel Processing XElec. Generation X X XTransmission X X X X X

Life Cycle of Generation Technologies

Coal Nuclear Hydro Wind Biomass

Fuel Extraction X X X X XTransport X X X X X Fuel Processing X X X X X Elec. Generation X X X X XTransmission X X X X X

Establishing the Baseline

Determining the WECC Regional Power Pool AverageEnvironmental Impact Profile

The Western States Energy Grid

WECC

The Production Mix Constituting the WECC LCIA Baseline

Coal: 36.4%

Nuclear: 13.6%

Hydro: 39 %

Natural Gas: 5%

GeothermalBiomassWindSolar

RPS Renewables6%

Sustainability of Energy Resources Amt.

Emission Loadings and Wastes

Net Depletion - energy resources (equiv. tons of oil)

Net Depletion - water resources (acre-ft.)

Lower Higher

Scale of Impacts 161,000

--Ecosystem Disruption

57,900 TBD

Greenhouse Gases (equiv. tons CO2)

Acidifying Chemicals (equiv. tons SO2)

Ground Level Ozone (equiv. tons O3)

Particulates (equiv. tons PM-10)

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion (equiv. tons CFC-113)

Hazardous Air Pollutants (equiv. tons Hg)

Nuclear Waste (REM Yr.)

Terrestrial and Aquatic Habitats (equiv. acres)

Key Species (% increased mortality)

equiv. = equivalent -- is used to denote negligible results

600,000 2.5 160

42 negl. TBD negl.

WSCC Average Impacts (2001) Per 1,000 GWh *

*

WSCC Non-Hydro Renewable Portfolio Environmental Performance Rating

Preliminary

WECC

WECC

Renewable Portfolio Standard

END

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Impact AssessmentCategorize Environmental Data (by Impact Indicator)Characterize Stressors and Environment to determine stressor

characterization and environmental characterization factorsCalculate Environmental Indicator

Physical DisturbanceIdentify Locations of Plants by TypeCollect Data on Habitat Disturbance by Type of ProductionNormalize Habitat Disturbance to power output

Life Cycle InventoryIdentify Types and Amounts of Electrical GenerationSet Up ModelCollect Input and Output DataCalculate Inventory

100200300

400500600700800900

10001100

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

SafeHarbor

LakeChelan

Conowingo Mokelumne

Habitat Disruption per Unit of Energy Produced

100200300400500600700800900

10001100

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

SafeHarbor

LakeChelan

ConowingoMokelumneConawapa

Habitat Disruption per Unit of Energy Produced

Environmental Impact Indicators Relevant To Energy Production

Emission and Greenhouse GasesWaste Loadings Acidifying Gases

Ground Level Ozone GasesParticulatesStratospheric Ozone Depleting GasesEutrophying ChemicalsHazardous Air PollutantsToxic Water EffluentsUntreatable Hazardous/Radioactive Wastes

Sustainability of Net depletion of energy resourcesNatural Resources Net depletion of other resources

Physical Disturbance Terrestrial/Aquatic Habitat DisruptionIncreased Mortality of Key Species

Life cycle Inventory > 5000 datapoints

Life cycle Inventory > 5000 datapoints

Life cycle impact assessment

12- 15 Impact Indicators

Life cycle impact assessment

12- 15 Impact Indicators

Life-Cycle Evaluation Single Overall Score/Ranking

Life-Cycle Evaluation Single Overall Score/Ranking

X}}

Analyzing Data Under LCIA

Grid Electricity

Medium Voltage Electricity

Coal Mining

Ammonia Production

Grid Electricity

Medium Voltage Electricity

CaCo3 Manufacturing

CaO3 Manufacturing

Coal Ash Handling

FGD Sludge Handling

Coal Combustion

Coal generation

Crude Oil Production

Primary Oil Refining

Diesel fuel production / distribution

Heavy fuel production/ distribution

Natural Gas Production

Natural Gas Proces s ing

Natural Gas Distribution

Coal mining s ite Limestone mining s ite Ammonia production s ite Power plant s ite Oil production Gas production

electricity generation

Acidification Exceedance in 1992Source: RIVM/ UNEP - Global assessment of acidification and eutrophication of natural ecosystems (1999)

RPS Baseline Environmental Impact Profile

Sustainability of Energy Resources Amt. per 1000 GWhNet Resource Depletion.......................... Ecosystem Disruption Terrestrial/Aquatic Habitat....................... Key Species (by species)........................ Emission and Waste Loadings Greenhouse Gas.................................... Acidifying Gases ................................... Ground level Ozone ............................... Particulates ............................................ Stratospheric Ozone Depl...................... Hazardous Air Pollutants ....................... Nuclear Wastes ......................................

85,700 toe

WECC Baseline

11,480 acresTBD

527,000 ton CO2 eq.1 ton SOx eq.34 tons O3 eq.24 tons0.04 tons CFC-11 eq.0.0013 tons Hg eq.97,000 IBHP U ore eq.

RPS Baseline Environmental Impact Profile

Sustainability of Energy Resources Amt. per 1000 GWhNet Resource Depletion.......................... Ecosystem Disruption Terrestrial/Aquatic Habitat....................... Key Species (by species)........................ Emission and Waste Loadings Greenhouse Gas.................................... Acidifying Gases ................................... Ground level Ozone ............................... Particulates ............................................ Stratospheric Ozone Depl...................... Hazardous Air Pollutants ....................... Nuclear Wastes ......................................

161,000 toe

57,900 acresTBD

600,000 ton CO2 eq.2.5 ton SOx eq.160 tons O3 eq.42 tonsnegligibleTBDnegligible

Renewable Portfolio Standard Baseline in the WECC

Environmental Impact Baseline