chaffee--test questions.doc

TEST QUESTIONS

CHAPTER ONE

Multiple Choice Questions

1. “Philosophy,” literally defined, means: A love of knowledge. B love of wisdom. C love of rhetoric.D critical thinking.E none of the above

B

2. Of the following, which is not considered a quality of a critical thinker?A open-mindedB mentally activeC self-awareD passionateE none of the above

E

3 The ultimate aim of philosophy is:A complete liberty of the mind.B to achieve independence of any prejudice.C to become moral.D freedom.E all of the above

E

4 Which of the following are considered deductive argument forms?A modus ponensB disjunctive syllogismC causal reasoningD generalizationsE A and B

E

5 The branch of philosophy that considers questions about what we can and cannot know is:

A metaphysics.B epistemology.C ethics.D logic.E all of the above

B

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6 The branch of philosophy that studies beauty, art and, taste is:A metaphysics.B ethics.C aesthetics.D logic.E B and C

C

7 The branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles is:A metaphysics.B epistemology.C ethics.D none of the aboveE all of the above

C

8 Of the following, which is not considered a causal fallacy?A questionable causeB post hoc ergo propter hocC slippery slopeD hasty generalizationE none of the above

D

9 Of the following, which is not considered a fallacy of relevance?A appeal to authorityB appeal to emotionC red herringD appeal to personal attackE none of the above

E

10. Of the following, which is a form of an inductive argument?A causal reasoningB empirical generalizationC modus tollensD A and BE B and C

D

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True/False Questions

1. Studying philosophy allows one to confront deeper questions of the world and life. T

2. Philosophy helps students enrich their understanding of the world and their own lives. T

3. A categorical syllogism is considered a type of inductive argument. F4. Critical thinking is a skill that allows people to blindly accept the thinking of

others. F5. There is no difference between “having” a philosophy and “doing” philosophy. F6. Causal reasoning is considered a type of inductive argument. T7. Ethics is the study of the ultimate characteristics of reality and existence. F8. Logic is the branch of philosophy that seeks to establish the rules for correct

reasoning, clear understanding, and valid arguments. T9. The structure of an argument is a group of statements in which there are certain

statements offered in support of another statement. T10. Russell argued that there is absolutely no “value” in studying philosophy. F

Matching Questions

Match the branch of philosophy with the definition.A metaphysicsB epistemologyC ethicsD aestheticsE logic

1 The study of the ultimate characteristics of reality or existence. _______ A2 The study of moral values and principles. ________ C3 The branch of philosophy that seeks to establish the rules for correct reasoning

and valid arguments. _______ E4 The study to knowledge. _______ B5 The study of beauty, art, and taste. ______ D

Short Answer Questions

1 List the qualities of a critical thinker:

2 Outline the process of critical thinking:

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Chapter Two


1 A method using dynamic questions and intellectual analysis is known as:A rhetoric.B Socratic method.C critical thinking.D all of the aboveE none of the above

B

2 Pre-Socratic philosophers attempted to understand the world and life through:A reason and observation.B superstition and myth.C rhetoric.D all of the aboveE none of the above

A

3 The sophists exhibited which of the following characteristics:A relativism.B skepticism.C egotism.D pragmatism.E all of the above

E

4 According to Socrates, __________ is considered the identity of the person.A bodyB psycheC arêteD epistemeE all of the above

B

5 Arête is the Greek word for:A knowledge.B happiness.C virtue.D soul.E all of the above

C

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6 Episteme is the Greek word for:A knowledge.B happiness.C virtue.D soul.E none of the above

A

7 __________ argued that all things are in a constant state of flux and the universe is governed by logos.

A ThalesB DemocrtiusC PythagorasD HeraclitusE none of the above

D

8 _________ argued that reality is unchanging and eternal, and the world of change is an illusion.

A ThalesB DemocritusC ParemenidesD HeraclitusE all of the above

C

9 Sophia is the Greek word for:A wisdom.B virtue.C soul.D state.E happiness.

A

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1 Irony is a form of rhetoric that has at least two conflicting levels of meaning. T2 The goal of dialectic is to achieve a shallow, vague, nonrational understanding of

the most significant areas of human experience. F3. Socrates believed that “the truth lies within each of us.” T4 Socrates believed that “it was better to suffer wickedness than to commit it.” T5 Socrates believed that “no one unknowingly does evil.” F6 Socrates believed that “we should strive for excellence in some areas of life.” F7 Socrates was committed to making our actions reflect our convictions. T8 Thales argued that water is the primary substance. T9 Heraclitus argued that all things are in a constant state of change and the universe

is governed by logos. T10 Parmenides argued that reality is changing. F

Matching Questions

Match the pre-Socratic philosopher with their belief.

A ThalesB AnaximenesC HeraclitusD DemocritusE AnaxagorasF PythagorasG ParmenidesH Socrates

1 Reality is unchanging and eternal and change is an illusion. _______ G2 All matter is composed of indivisible atoms. _______ D3 Air is the primary substance. ________ B4 The universe is composed of matter and governed by nous. ______ E5 Water is the primary substance. _______ A6 The unexamined life is not worth living. _____ H7 All things are in a constant state of change and the universe is governed by

logos. _______ C8 The fundamental principles of the universe are mathematical relations.

______ F

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Chapter Three


1 Of the following, Socrates believed what about the soul?A It is immortal.B It depends on the body.C It is material.D None of the above.E All of the above.

A

2 According to Plato, the soul consists of:A reason.B physical appetite.C spirit.D all of the aboveE none of the above

D

3 According to Descartes, what is the manner in which to seek truth?A study philosophyB method of doubtC study mathematics and geometryD study physiologyE none of the above

B

4 According to Descartes, the soul is governed by:A God.B laws of reason.C the body.D A and BE none of the above

D

5 According to Locke, the mind is a(n):A tabula rasa.B empty concept.C brain.D all of the aboveE none of the above

A

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6 Who argued that there is no self?A SocratesB DescartesC LockeD HumeE Kant

D

7 Who argued that we construct the self?A SocratesB DescartesC LockeD HumeE Kant

E

8 Who argued that mental states are brain states?A KantB HumeC Buddhist philosophyD ChurchlandE Ryle

D

9 Who argued that the self is inseparable from the body’s physiology?A SocratesB DescartesC LockeD RyleE none of the above

D

10 The Buddhist conception of anatta includes all of the following elements except:A physical form.B sensation.C dispositions to act.D consciousness.E permanence.

E

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11 Churchland argued that __________ will be eliminated once advances in neuroscience develop a vocabulary that will enable us to be objective about consciousness and human experience.

A physiologyB religionC folk psychologyD all of the aboveE none of the above

C


1 According to Plato, the soul is not capable of knowing the Forms. F2 Descartes believed the self was dualistic. T3 Materialism is the view that the universe is explainable in terms of the physical

laws. T4 Empiricism is the epistemological view that sense experience is the primary

source of all knowledge. T5 Rationalism is the epistemological view that reason and sense experience provide

knowledge. T6 Phenomenologists argue that the self is purely physical. F7 Eliminative materialists argue that the self consists of mental and physical

components. F8 Phenomenology attempts to clarify our understanding of experience and how we

experience the world. T9 Kant argues that the self transcends the senses and unifies our experiences. T10 Churchland believed a new neuroscience vocabulary will enable us to

communicate clearly about consciousness and human experience. T

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Matching Questions

Match the philosopher with the view of what the self is.

A SocratesB DescartesC LockeD HumeE KantF Merleau-PontyG Churchland

1 The soul is the self and it is immortal. ______ A2 The brain is the self. _____ G3 The self is the “transcendental unifying principle of consciousness.”

______ E4 The self consists of an immaterial soul and a material body. _____ B5 There is no self or it is a bundle of perceptions. _____ D6 The self is personal identity, which requires consciousness of constantly

perceiving self connected by memories. _____ C7 The self is the unity of mental and physical, a natural synthesis that forms

our experience. ______ F

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Chapter Four


1 Of the following, our beliefs about freedom effect:A our ability to change and grow as a person.B our ability to develop a moral outlook.C our ability to participate in a fair and just society.D all of the aboveE none of the above

E

2 The view that freedom is an illusion and every event in the universe, including human actions, is brought about by previous events in accordance with the natural laws that govern the universe is:

A incompatibilism.B indeterminism.C determinism.D compatibilism.E none of the above.

C

3 According to d’Holbach’s view, if you decide to commit suicide, what would this demonstrate regarding freedom?

A Human behavior is irrational.B Demonstrating free will can be dangerous.C Nothing. Mental disturbances can cause self-destructive behavior.D all of the aboveE none of the above

C

4 Who argued that we are free when our actions are a result of our “unimpeded rational desires?”

A SchlickB d’HolbachC SartreD GrimshawE James

C

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5 Who argued that determinism cannot account for “the testimony of our direct, lived experience?”


E

6 Who believed that “we are condemned to be free,” i.e., we are absolutely responsible to create our own meaningful existence.


C

7 Who claimed that free choice is contingent on becoming aware of repressive forces and liberating oneself from them?


D

8 The view of freedom that argues that some human actions are free if they are a result of internal motivations and not the product of external causes or influences is:

A determinism.B compatibilism.C indeterminism.D libertarianism.E none of the above

B

9 The view of freedom that claims that some events, including human actions, are not necessarily determined by previous events in accordance with the natural laws that govern the universe is:


C

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10 The view of freedom that argues that humans are able to make authentically free choices that are not determined by previous events in accordance with the natural laws that govern the universe is:


D


1 Belief in determinism prevents people from becoming better persons. T2 Belief in compatibilism prevents people from participating in a revolution. F3 Belief in indeterminism allows people to choose their spiritual destiny. T4 Belief in libertarianism allows people to avoid responsibility for their actions. F5 Dennett argues that freedom is an objective phenomenon distinct to humans. T6 External constraints are the limitations to our autonomy imposed by ourselves. F7 Internal constraints are the limitations imposed by our environment and

circumstances. F8 Freedom is the ability to do what one wants. F9 Psychic coercion is an internal constraint that compromises one’s autonomy and

limits one’s personal freedom. T10 To increase personal freedom, one must confront external and internal constraints,

thus creating options from which to choose. T

Matching Questions

Match the view of freedom with the definition.

A DeterminismB CompatibilismC IndeterminismD Libertarianism

1 Some events, including human actions, are not necessarily determined by previous events. _______ C

2 All events, including human actions are caused. However, some human actions are free if they are a result of internal motivations. ______ B

3 Humans are able to make authentically free choices that are not determined by previous events. ______ D

4 Every event, including human actions, is caused by previous events in accordance with the natural laws that govern the universe. ______ A

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Short Answer Questions

1 List the four common causes that prevent human actions from being considered free:

2 In brief, why does James argue that determinism is implausible?

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Chapter Five


1 __________ is the investigation of the nature and structure of reality.A MetaphysicsB EpistemologyC EthicsD LogicE Aesthetics

A

2 __________ is the study of the nature of knowledge and truth.

A MetaphysicsB EpistemologyC EthicsD LogicE Aesthetics

B

3 Which of the following is a kind of argument that purports to prove a thesis is defective because it generates an infinite series when such series exists or the thesis lacks justification?

A infinite wisdomB modus ponensC modus tollensD infinite regressE all of the above

D

4 Who argued that “all is one?”A ParmenidesB HeraclitusC PlatoD AristotleE Descartes

A

5 Who argued that “all is change” and “change alone is unchanging?”A ParmenidesB HeraclitusC PlatoD AristotleE Descartes

B

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6 Who claimed form is a reality itself?A ParmenidesB HeraclitusC PlatoD AristotleE Descartes

C

7 Who claimed that forms reside in physical objects?A ParmenidesB HeraclitusC PlatoD AristotleE Descartes

D

8 What did Descartes hope to prove through the method of doubt?A knowledge is impossibleB knowledge is relativeC knowledge is possibleD all of the aboveE none of the above

C

9 Who argued that genuine knowledge is recollected through an examination of our innate ideas?

A ParmenidesB HeraclitusC PlatoD AristotleE all of the above

C

10 __________ represent an interpretation, evaluation, conclusion, or prediction about the world we endorse as true.

A BeliefsB Physical objectsC FormsD CausesE Effects

A

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1 Metaphysicians concern themselves with questions such as: whether reality is many or one, what is the nature of reality, and what is time and space? T

2 Epistemologists concern themselves with questions such as: what is truth and can we have genuine knowledge? T

3 Parmenides said change is an illusion. T4 Plato argued that the world of being is constantly changing, evolving, and

disappearing. F5 Aristotle claimed that all reality consists of form and matter. T6 Descartes believed that reality is unknowable. F7 All beliefs are considered informed and objectively true. F8 Aristotle was considered a rationalist. F9 Descartes was considered a rationalist. T10 Plato and Aristotle both argued that reality consists of two worlds. F

Matching Questions

Match the philosopher with the metaphysical claim.

A HeraclitusB ParmenidesC PlatoD AristotleE Descartes

1 All is change and change alone is unchanging. ______ A2 Reality and all things in reality contain entelechy. ______ D3 The world is knowable if and only if God exists. ______ E4 Reality consists of a world of becoming and a world of being. _______ C5 All is one and change is an illusion. _______ B

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Match Aristotle’s Four Causes with its respective definition.

A material causeB formal causeC efficient causeD final cause

1 The ultimate purpose of something. ______ D2 The embedded essence of something. ______ B3 What something is made of. _______ A4 What sets something in motion. ______ C

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Chapter Six


1 The epistemological view that all knowledge is derived through sense experience is:

A rationalism.B empiricism.C skepticism.D constructivism.E none on the above

B

2 The epistemological view that knowledge is impossible is:A rationalism.B empiricism.C skepticism.D constructivism.E none on the above

C

3 The epistemological view that knowledge is derived from rational intuition and sense experience is:

A rationalism.B empiricism.C skepticism.D constructivism.E none on the above

A

4 Who argued that we are born with an intellectual “blank slates” or tabula rasa?A LockeB BerkeleyC HumeD KantE Jaggar

A

5 Who claimed that nothing exists independent of the mind or God?A LockeB BerkeleyC HumeD KantE Jaggar

B

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6 Who argued that, as a philosopher, he was committed to radical skepticism?A LockeB BerkeleyC HumeD KantE Jaggar

C

7 Who argued that we construct a knowable world?A LockeB BerkeleyC HumeD KantE Jaggar

D

8 Who believed that emotions ought to play a role in our understanding of the world?A LockeB BerkeleyC HumeD KantE Jaggar

E

9 According to Kant, what can be known about the noumenal reality?A nothingB everythingC scienceD cause and effectE mathematics

A

10 In Jaggar’s arguments, emotions provide what?A knowledgeB annihilate lifeC life with meaningD all of the aboveE none of the above

C

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1 Rationalists argue that we enter the world with innate knowledge. T2 Empiricists argue that we can achieve genuine knowledge independent of sense

experience. F3 For Locke, objects in the world consist of primary and secondary qualities. T4 For Berkeley, objects in the world exist. F5 Subjective Idealism is the belief that only ideas and conscious minds have actual

existence. T6 For Hume, the logical conclusion of empiricism is skepticism. T7 For Kant, the noumenal world is perceivable. F8 When one perceives, one selects, organizes, and interprets one’s experiences. T9 It is not possible to develop informed beliefs through critical thinking. F10 By developing informed beliefs, individuals can construct an enlightened ethical

perspective, develop a thoughtful approach to religion, and develop a sophisticated and integrated view of reality. T

Matching Questions

Match the philosopher with their epistemological view.

A DescartesB LockeC BerkeleyD HumeE KantF Jaggar

1 Knowledge of external world begins with the method of doubt. _____ A2 All knowledge comes from experience. _______ B3 Emotions affect the manner in which we perceive the world. ______ F4 All justifiable beliefs must be rationally justified or experiencable. ____

D5 The knowable world is constructed by the faculties of the mind. _____

E6 To be is to be perceived. ______ C

Short Answer Question

1 What two important questions are necessary for developing informed beliefs about ourselves and the world?

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Chapter Seven


1 Who defined religion as “a means toward ultimate transformation?”A StrengB FeuerbachC DalyD Nishitani

A

2 Who argued that religion is a human construction, an idealized perfection?A StrengB FeuerbachC DalyD Nishitani

B

3 Who argued that all religions are expressions of a patriarchal reality in which women are placed in a subjugated position?

A StrengB FeuerbachC DalyD Nishitani

C

4 Who believed that religion is a vital personal quest all must face when confronted with the possible meaninglessness of life?

A StrengB FeuerbachC DalyD Nishitani

D

5 Religions that remain tied to the original people and location from which they developed are called:

A Christianity.B Islam.C Taoism.D Indigenous sacred ways.E none of the above

D

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6 Of the following, which religion does not believe in a transcendent being or beings?

A ChristianityB IslamC JudaismD BuddhismE Hinduism

D

7 Of the following, which religion believes that souls can have eternal salvation due to a belief in Jesus?


A

8 Of the following, which religion believes that Muhammad is the last and final prophet to receive the word of God?


B

9 Religion can provide a framework for human life. Of the following, what kinds of question can religion answer?

A What is the meaning and purpose of my life?B What is my destiny?C How ought I to conduct my life?D What happens when I die?E All of the above

E


1 Studying the philosophy of religion is designed to turn all persons into atheists and engage persons in emotional arguments. F

2 Studying the philosophy of religion is designed to expand, enrich, and deepen your understanding of other religions. T

3 Arguments for the existence of God were presented to satisfy a desire for objective proof of a transcendent being. T

4 A theodicy is a defense of the justness or goodness of God in the face of doubts or objections arising from the problem of evil. T

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5 Kierkegaard argued that the existence of God is knowable objectively. F6 For Buddhists, all suffering emanates from desire. T7 For Judaism, devotion and obedience to Yahweh will result in special

consideration and protection. T8 For Kierkegaard, a “leap of faith” serves no purpose in knowing whether God

exists or not. F9 For Clifford, one can believe in God’s existence without sufficient evidence. F10 For James, one can believe in God’s existence without sufficient evidence. T

Matching Questions

Match the religion with its meaning.

A HinduismB BuddhismC TaoismD JudaismE ChristianityF IslamG Indigenous Sacred Ways

1 A term used to designate the complex mosaic of religious beliefs and practices of the majority of people in India. ____ A

2 A monotheist religion that believes Muhammad is the last and final prophet to receive the word of God (Allah). _____ F

3 A nontheist religion that believes in the “ultimate transformation” through an aspiration to escape the world of suffering by achieving Nirvana, which is the ultimate egoless state of bliss. _____ B

4 Localized religions that emphasize the development of proper relationship with the spirit world and that this spiritual world is connected with the physical world. ______ G

5 A way of life inspired from the rhythms of the natural phenomena._______ C

6 A monotheist religion that believes God (Yahweh) entered into a covenant with Abraham. Through devotion and obedience to the Yahweh, the believers will enjoy special consideration and protection. _____ D

7 A monotheist religion that split off from Judaism and believes that Jesus is the son of God and savior whose death and resurrection makes it possible for believers’ souls to enjoy eternal life in Heaven. _______ E

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Chapter Eight


1 Ethical concepts include:A right and wrong.B good and bad.C just and unjust.D virtue and vice.E all of the above

E

2 The ethical theory that claims moral values depend on individual opinion or cultural norms is:

A ethical absolutism.B ethical relativism.C ethical determinism.D normative ethics.E descriptive ethics.

B

3 The ethical theory that claims moral values apply to all people in all circumstances is:

A ethical absolutism.B ethical relativism.C ethical determinism.D normative ethics.E descriptive ethics.

A

4 The ethical theory in which the individual determines what is right and wrong based on how the feel is:

A ethical subjectivism.B cultural relativism.C ethical determinism.D normative ethics.E descriptive ethics.

A

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5 The ethical theory in which what is considered right or wrong is dependent on societal acceptance is:

A ethical absolutism.B ethical determinism.C cultural relativism.D normative ethics.E descriptive ethics.

C

6 The view that we are compelled by our psychological makeup to always pursue our own interest is:

A ethical egoism.B divine command theory.C empathy.D psychological egoism.E none of the above

D

7 The ethical theory that proposes we pursue our own happiness and self-interest is:A ethical egoism.B divine command theory.C empathy.D psychological egoism.E none of the above

A

8 The ethical theory that proposes we act morally when we do what God commands us to do is:

A ethical egoism.B divine command theory.C empathy.D psychological egoism.E none of the above

B

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1 Ethical subjectivism is a recipe for moral anarchy. T2 Cultural relativism commits the “naturalistic fallacy.” T3 Descriptive ethics addresses “what ought to be the case.” F4 Normative ethics addresses “what is the case.” F5 Ethical relativism denies the possibility of an absolute, universal ethics. T6 For Rand, altruism and compassion are virtues. F7 For Rand, selfishness is virtuous. T8 Natural Law ethics is the view that universal moral values can be discovered in

nature by using the faculty of reason. T9 King, Jr. argued that civil disobedience is moral if it does not conflict with Human

Law. F10 There is no difference between studying morality and being a moral person. F

Matching Questions

Match the concept with its definition.

A ValueB Moral valuesC Ethical RelativismD Ethical SubjectivismE Cultural RelativismF Ethical AbsolutismG Descriptive ethicsH Normative ethicsI Naturalistic Fallacy

1 Ethical theory that claims moral values are determined by cultural norms. _____ E

2 Deriving an “ought” from an “is.” _____ I3 The term used to denote anything that possesses intrinsic worth given

clearly defined standards. ______ A4 Ethical theory that claims some moral values apply to all people in all

circumstances. _____ F5 This term addresses what is the case when discussing ethical values.

_____ G6 Ethical theory that claims moral values are determined by how one feels.

______ D7 Ethical theory that claims there are no universal moral values. _____ C8 Qualities and rules of conduct that distinguish a person of upstanding

character. ______ B9 This term addresses what ought to be the case when discussing ethical

values. ______ H

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Chapter Nine


1 The ethical theory that focuses on the moral quality of individual character rather than individual actions is:

A virtue ethics.B deontology.C consequentialism.D all of the aboveE none of the above

A

2 The ethical theory that focuses on the notion of duty and obligations as the standard for determining the moral value of actions is:


B

3 The ethical theory that focuses on the ends of actions rather than the means of actions is:


C

4 The ethical theory that proposes all actions should promote the greatest happiness and least amount of suffering for the greatest number of people is:

A virtue ethics.B deontology.C divine command theory.D existential ethics.E utilitarianism.

E

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5 Who argued that an act is moral when it produces the most pleasure and least suffering or pain?

A AristotleB KantC RandD BenthamE Sartre

D

6 Who believed that the principle of utility ought to be applied to non human animals as well as humans?

A AristotleB MillC RandD EpicurusE Sartre

B

7 Who argued that to be virtuous is to seek the “Golden Mean?”A AristotleB KantC RandD BenthamE Sartre

A

8 Who argued that moral value is determined by following the maxims prescribed by reason?


B

9 Who claimed that we must recognize that the moral choices we make are for all humankind and we must resist the urge to escape this responsibility for all humankind?


E

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10 Who agued that individual actions are motivated by a “caring response” rooted in “natural caring?”

A NoddingsB KantC RandD MillE Sartre

A

11 According to de Beauvoir, what gives life meaning?A relationship to GodB relationship to the GoodC relationship with oneselfD relationship to othersE all of the above

D


1 For Aristotle, everyone should pursue “happiness.” T2 For Kant, to become moral, a person must develop the “good will” to follow

moral laws. T3 For Kant, moral maxims focus on the content, consequences, and intentions of

actions. F4 For Epicurus, to pursue sensual pleasure was the sole purpose in life. F5 Ethical hedonism is the view that an action’s consequences determine its moral

value. T6 For Mill, there is no distinction between intellectual pleasures and sensual

pleasures. F7 Singer argued that “specieism” is morally wrong and employed the principle of

utility as justification. T8 The hypothetical imperative and categorical imperative are two kinds of moral

imperatives. T9 Existential ethics are devoid of moral values. F10 Nietzsche believed that we must exercise our “will to power” to the fullest

possible extent. T11 For Camus, finding meaning in life is impossible. F

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Matching Questions

Match the philosopher with the ethical viewpoint.

A RandB AristotleC KantD BenthamE MillF KierkegaardG SartreH De BeauvoirI Noddings

1 Virtue is selfishness or Egoism. _____ A2 Duty and obligations are the standard for determining the moral value of

actions. ______ C3 Developed the hedonistic calculus. ______ D4 Argued that freedom only has meaning in relationship to others who are

exercising their freedom of choice. ______ H5 Emphasized the ethics of care being rooted in natural caring. _____ I6 Argued that the principle of utility is applicable to non human and human

animals. ______ E7 Argued that the accumulation of moral actions builds a consistent moral

character. ______ B8 Believed that one must never succumb to the values of the crowd. _____

F9 Proposed that we avoid the inauthentic life and resist the urge to escape

responsibility for all humankind. ______ G

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Chapter Ten


1 Which of the following concepts must be considered when defining an ideal just society?

A JusticeB DutyC RightsD FreedomE All of the above

E

2 Who argued that an ideal state could only be achieved by a commitment to the principles of virtue, both by the leaders and the citizens?

A ConfuciusB PlatoC LockeD HobbesE Aristotle

A

3 Who claimed that society ought to be based on function and harmony?A ConfuciusB PlatoC LockeD HobbesE Aristotle

B

4 Who believed that the state is prior to the individual?A ConfuciusB PlatoC LockeD HobbesE Aristotle

E

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5 Who argued that humans are fundamentally predisposed to selfishness and “state of nature,” and when unrestrained by laws, leads to chaos?

A ConfuciusB PlatoC LockeD HobbesE Aristotle

D

6 Who believed that humans are governed by natural laws and entitled to inalienable rights, such as the right to life, liberty, health, and property?

A ConfuciusB PlatoC LockeD HobbesE Rawls

C

7 Who claimed that to conceive of a fair and just society, we must assume a “veil of ignorance” regarding our own standing and situation within that idealized society?

A ConfuciusB PlatoC LockeD HobbesE none of the above

E

8 What is the sociopolitical view that believes society’s resources belong to all members and ought to be shared with everyone?

A liberalismB capitalismC socialismD all of the aboveE none of the above

9 What is the sociopolitical view that champions the liberty, rights, and responsibilities of the individual?

A liberalismB capitalismC socialismD all of the aboveE none of the above

A

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10 Who argued that a reconsideration of traditional gender roles is necessary so we can develop a more just and fair society?

A AristotleB PlatoC HobbesD OkinE all of the above


1 Distributive justice is a theory that deals with how society’s wealth, opportunity, and power should be distributed. T

2 Retributive justice is a theory that deals with how societies should treat those who violate laws. T

3 For Plato, a just society allows for civil disobedience. F4 For Aristotle, living in society is unnatural. F5 A social contract is an agreement between people and their rulers or among

people in the community. T6 For Hobbes and Locke, individual must be coerced to enter into a social contract.

F7 For Rawls, a society is just only if it is truly fair. T8 For Marx, it is inevitable that the proletariat will rise in revolution against the

bourgeoisie. T9 Capitalism is a social organization based on communal ownership of resources

and self-government. F10 Mill believed that it was never acceptable to interfere with an individual’s liberty.

F

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Matching Questions

Match the philosopher with their view on what society ought to be.

A ConfuciusB PlatoC AristotleD HobbesE LockeF RawlsG MarxH MillI Okin

1 A society ought to be based on a social contract recognizing certain inalienable rights for individuals. ______ E

2 For there to be meaningful justice, a radical restructuring of gender roles is necessary. ______ I

3 Rejects the idea that government has the right to interfere with individual liberty except in those cases where the general welfare of others is threatened. _____ H

4 Argued that humans do have the right to defend themselves and through the use of reason recognize the necessity of a social contract. _____ D

5 Argued that “man is a political creature” by nature. ______ C6 Believed society consisted of three classes: philosopher-kings, guardians,

and workers. ________ B7 Developed a view of society that has dominated Chinese culture. ______

A8 Argued that capitalism is flawed. ______ G9 Believed in two principles of justice: equal right to liberty and equal

opportunity. ______ F

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