technical assessment of bohol churches.pdf

THE NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR CULTURE AND THE ARTS

AT THE HELM OF DISASTER An Initiative on Risk Reduction and Cultural Heritage Management

A TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF BOHOL CHURCHES

DAMAGED BY THE 15 OCTOBER 2013 BOHOL EARTHQUAKE

Prepared by Ma. Joycelyn Bolhayon-Mananghaya, M. Arch, uap Secretary, Exe-Con, NCMS/NCCA Trustee, ICOMOS Philippines

Bohol Trip 18-26 October 2013

2 Technical Assessment of Bohol Churches 15 October 2013 Earthquake

Prepared by Ma. Joycelyn Bolhayon-Mananghaya, M. Arch, uap Secretary, NCMS, Trustee/ICOMOS Philippines 18-26 October 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. PREFACE 2. THE NCCA’S RESPONSE TO THE DISASTER 3. SIGNIFICANCE OF BOHOL’S CULTURAL HERITAGE 4. ITINERARY OF THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT TEAM 5. SCOPE OF WORK 6. METHODOLOGY AND GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 7. CONCLUSIONS ON THE STATE OF DAMAGE 8. RECOMMENDATIONS 9. ANNEX

Assessment Criteria for Determining Gravity of Damage

Technical Assessment Notes and Field Observations during Site Visits

Catalogue for the Technical Assessment of the Bohol Churches

Area estimate for shoring works of the damaged churches

Acknowledgements



PREFACE Earthquakes are unforeseen natural disasters that gravely affect lives and property. In general, they have resulted to landslides, fires, soil liquefaction, tsunami and floods and have impacted human lives such that loss and injury debilitate movement to those affected. Shakes and ground rupture during earthquakes cause severe damage to buildings and infrastructure, while tremors and aftershocks prolong anxiety and fears, as in some instances they continuously destroy property and cause psycho-social dysfunction to people. In most cases, normalcy takes time and development is hampered. The October 15, 2013 earthquake that hit Bohol and other parts of the Visayas has had the same effects to the Boholanos and to its cultural heritage. The earthquake was unexpectedy sweeping, devastating residences, public buildings and religious structures both modern and of cultural heritage significance. The epicenter of the 7.2 magnitude earthquake was in Catigbian town at an area between the towns of Sagbayan and Balilihan. Many structures within and in surrounding towns have experienced wreckage. Structures in towns as far as Anda that is located at the southeastern part of the island experienced damage while those as far up north in Talibon equally felt drastic effects. The disaster deeply distressed and overturned the high esteem and pride of heritage that was so prevalently felt from the Boholanos and Filipinos at large who have know and loved Bohol and their rich cultural heritage. It is in this light that, upon hearing of the disaster, the National Commission for Culture and the Arts immediately defined measures to assist the island in the areas within its mandate: cultural heritage. A meeting was held to discuss the extent of damage, and specific actions were identified. This included fielding of a mission to verify and assess the state of cultural heritage that the NCCA, in its years since inception, have painstakingly supported and nurtured. This report forms part of the outcomes of the assessment mission. It is hoped that the information herein generated will be helpful in defining steps to assist in the rehabilitation of cultural heritage damaged by the 15 October 2013 earthquake.



THE NCCA’S RESPONSE TO THE DISASTER The NCCA, cognizant and proud of the wealth of heritage in Bohol, has for decades fully supported the conservation, promotion, management and development of cultural heritage in the province. Many programmes and projects completed and on-going in Bohol have been founded with the NCCA always steadfast to work on its mandate and in close collaboration with its associated cultural agencies, the province and the church authorities. This commitment forms part of its dedication to uphold national pride and identity that in Bohol are extensively manifested in various forms in its rich patrimony. Thus, immediately following the earthquake, the NCCA together with the other national cultural agencies and the representative of the church convened an emergency meeting. This was to discuss the outcomes of the damage wrought on cultural heritage and to identify initial steps to be undertaken in order that its safeguarding may happen. The mission to undertake a technical assessment of the Bohol Churches came about as a result of that emergency meeting held on 15 October 2013 at the National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Archt. Ma. Joycelyn B. Mananghaya, Secretary/Exe-Con member of the National Committee on Monuments and Sites, NCCA and Trustee, ICOMOS Philippines was invited to undertake the technical assessment on behalf of the NCCA, with the purpose of defining possible directions of work on the conservation and rehabilitation of the churches of Bohol that have been damaged by the recent earthquake. The Executive Director, NCCA, Hon. Emelita V. Almosara explained that the rehabilitation work for the Bohol churches should go beyond a national context and should consider an international perspective. ICOMOS Philippines has been identified to assist in this endeavor. It was serendipitous as the initial steps carried out by ICOMOS Philippines immediately following the tragic incident was to reach out to its broad international network informing them of the devastation that the earthquake has caused on the heritage of Bohol. Many have signified support and are awaiting news on the final directions that government will take, as well as to know the needs of the site which may assist in defining the possible involvement of the international sector in the rehabilitation work. Being a member of the National Committee on Monuments and Sites (NCMS) and a trustee of ICOMOS Philippines, collaborative efforts came to fruition.



SIGNIFICANCE OF BOHOL’S CULTURAL HERITAGE Bohol’s cultural heritage treasures stem from centuries of prosperous cultural development that covers a broad range of period starting way before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, reaching its zenith during the Spanish and American era, moreover carrying on to periods in between and after and continuously existing to the present. This covers a wide spectrum of tangible representations such as the pre-historic caves that are graced with pictographs (found in the Anda Peninsula), religious heritage in the form of churches, cemeteries, mortuaries and other forms of religious heritage manifestations, domestic heritage such as the vernacular houses that line major thorough fares as well as those found in centrally located and remote areas, watch towers, public and institutional buildings including those within the realm of intangible cultural heritage. The significance of Bohol’s cultural heritage is not merely rooted in the variety of its tangible expressions but more so in how it withstood time and has shaped the cultural development of the Boholanos. Associated with the Spanish period churches are the cantatas of Bohol that formed an essential part of the rich liturgical ceremonies of its churches and at present are closely linked to the famous Bohol children’s choir. Within the milieu of the Bohol’s tangible heritage are the attributes that point to the unique qualities of its heritage structures. Particularly special in Bohol’s heritage architecture are the churches built during the Spanish period, that for centuries have withstood time and events. These churches are of coralline limestone masonry walls (mamposteria). Its coursework, cantons, pilasters are all of hewn limestone while its interior wall fabric is of rubble masonry - pieces of limestone consolidated by a lime based-binder. Its buttresses are of two kinds: the inclined type found at the lateral walls of the churches which are intentionally placed to absorb the lateral forces of the roof, and the vertical type found at front façades. Roof framing systems of these churches are of hardwood that are presently covered over with galvanized iron, a modern material which in contemporary times has replaced former old tin and/or cogon roofs. Floor and other structural members (beams, posts and other frames) are of hardwood as well. A significant built technology that was found in these churches is the ‘tabique pampango’, a construction method that is similar to the wattle and daub system found in other countries. Tabique pampango is a partition wall having interior wall frames of wood (thin wood branches), bamboo, reeds or sawali (weaved rattan) that function as joists or as a strengthening material of the interior wall fabric. These are pasted together with lime based mortar and plaster and they appear like any other mamposteria wall except when through time, the adhering plaster has defaced the rendering material thus exposing the inner core of the wall. Another significant part of these churches were the additions made during the Spanish and American period in the form of porte cochere and other wall elements. These are made of concrete with twisted re-bars and they seemingly appear to have been homogenously constructed with the rest of the mamposteria components of the church. However, in truth, they act as singular independent sections that have their own strength and properties so unlike that of the mamposteria walls alongside it.



The interior of these churches presents elaborate features that associate them specifically to the Bohol cultural landscape. There are the ornately painted ceiling in tin by known Cebuano artists, Ray Francia and Canuto Avita. These colorfully done ceiling paintings are early 20th century and depict the life of Christ and the saints. There are also the intricately carved altars (retablos) of varying styles ranging from the baroque (Loboc, Dauis, others), neo-gothic (Loon and Maribojoc), neo-classic and the eclectic. Of equal significance are the American period churches in the neo-gothic and other revivalist styles that show how in that period reinforced concrete ruled as the method of construction easing over the former popularly utilized mamposteria. The vernacular houses of Bohol are at par in importance. These are almost of the same layout but of lesser proportions as the bahay na bato found in the northern parts of the country. They exhibit significant features that associate them to the Boholano lifestyle and artistry. Many of the aforementioned cultural heritage of Bohol succumbed to damage as a result of the 15 October 2013 earthquake. Spanish period churches, vernacular houses and institutional buildings were affected. The degree of destruction was wide range, where some of these totally collapsed to the ground while others withstood seismic movements albeit with some degree of damage. ITINERARY OF THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT TEAM Day 1 (18 October 2013) - Arrival in Bohol and brief ocular inspection of the churches of Dauis and Baclayon with members of the NCCA-

NCMS; Meeting with NCCA-NCMS and the Heritage Task Group at the grounds of the Dauis church and convent; Day 2 (19 October 2013) – Brief ocular inspection with the NCCA-NCMS of the churches of Alburquerque, Dimiao, Loboc, Loay, Lila and

Panglao; Meeting with NCCA-NCMS members to discuss observations brought about from the visits; Day 3 (20 October 2013) – Visit by Archts. Mananghaya and Manding to undertake technical assessment of the churches of Tubigon,

Clarin, Inabanga and Talibon Day 4 (21 October 2013) - Visit by Archts. Mananghaya and Manding to undertake technical assessment of the churches Loon, Maribojoc,

Cortes Day 5 (22 October 2013) - Visit by Archts. Mananghaya and Manding to undertake technical assessment of the churches Talibon, Mabini,

Anda, Duero, Jagna Day 6 (23 October 2013) - Visit by Archts. Mananghaya and Manding to undertake technical assessment of the churches of Dimiao,

Loay, Loboc Day 7 (24 October 2013) – Visit by Archts. Mananghaya and Manding to undertake technical assessment of the church of Baclayon;

Work sessions with team to complete assessment report Day 8 (25 October 2013) – Visit by Archt. Mananghaya to undertake a revisit churches of Loaoy, Loboc and Dauis and meeting with

ICOMOs Philippines President to discuss results of assessment Day 9 (26 October 2013) – Travel back to Manila



SCOPE OF WORK AND OBJECTIVES OF THE MISSION Archt. Mananghaya’s visit to Bohol became two-fold: to join the members of the NCCA-NCMS who were to visit Bohol and comprehend the problems at hand, and to undertake the said technical assessment work. A summary of the purpose of this mission is thus listed as follows:

1. To join the NCCA-NCMS who met in Bohol to conduct emergency response work on Bohol’s cultural heritage and the churches that have been within its mandate that were damaged by the 7.2 magnitude- 15 October 2013 earthquake;

2. To undertake technical assessment of the said churches and specifically determine its state of conservation and/or destruction following the said 15 October 2013 earthquake;

3. To generate data for the shoring estimates as proposed by the joint NCCA/NCMS- NCCA/NM/NHCP Heritage Task Force in its first meeting held in Dauis, Bohol on 18 October 2013;

4. To identify recommendations that will emanate from the data gathered during the Technical Assessment Work. These recommendations may assist in defining the needs of heritage as well as in the identification some Action Plans for the rehabilitation of the damaged Bohol churches.

Assessment work was undertaken in 19 churches namely: Loboc, Loay, Dimiao, Dauis, Maribojoc, Baclayon, Loon, Cortes, Tubigon, Clarin, Inabanga, Talibon, Mabini, Anda, Duero, Jagna, Lila, Alburquerque, and Panglao. Due to time constraints, rapid assessment was conducted on some of these churches. Of the 19 churches visited during this mission, seven (7) have been declared as National Cultural Treasures. These are the churches of Loboc, Loay, Dimiao, Dauis, Maribojoc, Baclayon and Loon. All these have sustained major damage whilst two(2) - Maribojoc and Loon, have totally collapsed leaving on ground mere slumps of rubble that now represent the once monumental buildings that proudly stood at the sites. Some of the other churches visited by Archt. Mananghaya have other national declarations while others are not marked structures but are now being considered for declaration by the national government authorities. Taking note of the possibility of important evidence arbitrarily being lost during and after clearing, retrieval and the safeguarding of artifacts are made, the scope of work initially envisioned was to do a technical evaluation that, in its most possible form, captures as much heritage remains as possible. This was performed through rapid reconnaissance and the photo-taking of churches initially short listed. Bohol has been known to have more than a hundred heritage churches plus many other forms of cultural heritage such as vernacular structures, public cultural structures and others. Unfortunately, valid considerations as to the practicability of limited stay at the province as well as other physical constraints have led to a partial assessment of cultural heritage. Following the earthquake, media reports showed of the difficulty of reaching all towns and barrios. Roads have become impassable while bridges that linked these towns made travel impossible. This resulted to a visit of only 19 churches and other forms of religious heritage found within the two church dioceses of Bohol: the Diocese of Tagbilaran and the Diocese of Talibon.



Map of Bohol Island

Bohol Churches amid the 15 October 2013 earthquake

BOHOL CHURCHES visited during the mission:1. Loon *2. Maribojoc *3. Loboc *4. Dauis *5. Loay *6. Baclayon *7. Cortes *8. Tubigon9. Clarin10. Inabanga *11. Jagna12. Dimiao *13. Anda *14. Talibon *15. Panglao16. Alburquerque17. Mabini18. Duero19. Lila

epicenter



Cultural Heritage assessed during the mission:

1. Loboc – Church of San Pedro Apostol 2. Loay – Church of the La Santisima Trinidad 3. Dimiao – Church of San Nicolas de Tolentino 4. Dauis – Church of the Assumption of Our Lady 5. Maribojoc – Church of the La Santa Cruz-San Vicente Ferrer 6. Baclayon – Church of the La Purisima Concepcion de la Virgen Maria 7. Loon – Church of the Nuestra Senora de la Lauz, ‘Birhen sa Kasilac’ and the Cementerio de Mamposteria 8. Cortes – Church of Santisimo Nombre de Jesus (Santo Nino)

9. Tubigon – Church of San Isidro Labrador 10. Clarin – Church of San Miguel Arcangel 11. Inabanga – Church of San Pablo de Apostol 12. Talibon – Cathedral of the Santisima Trinidad 13. Mabini – Church of Sta. Monica 14. Anda – Church of the Santo Nino 15. Duero – Church of Immaculate Conception 16. Jagna – Church of San Miguel Arcangel 17. Lila – Church of Nuestra Senora del Rosario 18. Alburquerque – Church of Santa Monica 19. Panglao – Church of San Agustin, Obispo y Doctor



METHODOLOGY AND GENERAL OBSERVATIONS The eight (8) day visit to the 19 Bohol churches located in different municipalities has rendered information helpful in forming future actions that the NCCA and other government agencies could follow in order to address the rehabilitation of Bohol’s religious heritage following the 15 October 2013 earthquake. Technical Assessment was undertaken through the following:

1. Actual ocular survey and in-situ evaluation of what may have happened, which eventually led to the collapse and/or failure of structural members. Theory on what may have occurred during the disaster is evidenced by the remains at the site which was briefly examined during the visits;

2. The undertaking of thorough photo documentation which serves as first hand evidence of the damage found in these structures. The photo documentation records the state of the structure and its various elements following the earthquake. It serves as a reference for future off-site assessment;

3. The conduct of off-site assessment through the examination of photos. 4. The identification and definition of categories of damage, classified according to the material remains of the structures and their gravity

of destruction. During assessment which was done in-situ and off-situ, books and written materials about the cultural heritage of Bohol as well as old photographs were consulted to ensure clarity of information especially on the names of the churches, its various features and the parts that have been destroyed that contained certain important elements denoting its cultural significance. Similarly, so as to ensure correctness of use of architectural terminologies, architectural reference materials were also referred to during the evaluation process. The actual visits to the sites that primarily focused on the assessment of the effects of the October 15, 2013 earthquake on Bohol’s religious monuments have revealed damage that maybe categorized in different levels or degrees. Damage classification has been based on the level of gravity of destruction. Two (2) general types of damage were seen: major and minor. A rubrix has been designed to clearly understand and identify the categories of damage to the churches as well as to group them together basing it on the degree of damage by which they fall into.



The rubrix is as follows: CATEGORIES OF DAMAGE: DEGREE OF DAMAGE MAJOR DAMAGE

Level 1 (Gravest damage) Loon, Maribojoc Level 2 (Major parts are still standing but in critical condition and have incurred severe damage which are restorable; Major parts have collapsed but can still be reconstructed; All these need immediate attention;) Loboc Level 3 (Major parts are still standing and with major and minor damage and repairable; Major parts have incurred severe damage, some are in critical condition. All these are restorable/repairable and require immediate attention;) Dauis, Loay, Cortes, Tubigon, Inabanga, Clarin, Baclayon Level 4 (Major parts are still standing but with major damage and repairable, most parts are standing and Intact, or with minor damage. All parts that have major damage require immediate attention;) Anda, Jagna, Talibon, Dimiao

MINOR DAMAGE Level 5 (Most parts are intact, some with very minor damage which are repairable, restorable) Panglao, Alburquerque, Lila Level 6 (Still very much intact, damage if present, are not discernible) Duero, Mabini



TYPES AND DEGREES OF DAMAGE OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES THAT WERE AFFECTED BY THE 15 OCTOBER 2013 EARTHQUAKE Date of Assessment: 18-25 October 2013

PARTS OF CHURCH

MAJOR DAMAGE MINOR DAMAGE

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6

Maribojoc, Loon Loboc Dauis, Loay, Cortes, Tubigon, Inabanga, Clarin, Baclayon

Anda, Jagna, Talibon, Dimiao

Panglao, Alburquerque, Lila

Duero, Mabini

Significance Highest significance = National Cultural Treasure; Spanish Period

Highest significance = National Cultural Treasure (NCT); Spanish Period; Church and its adjoining structures (the convent and the school) have huge proportions meriting its being declared as the first NCT;

Some are of Highest significance = National Cultural Treasure (Dauis,Loay, Baclayon); Have other declarations or are yet to be declared; Spanish Period with some of the churches having reinforced concrete additions from the Spanish American period

Some are of Highest significance = National Cultural Treasure (Dimiao); Have other declarations or are yet to be declared; Spanish Period with some of the churches having reinforced concrete additions from the Spanish and the American period

Panglao is a marked structure by the NHI (now NHCP); Other churches have no declaration but might merit equal recognition; Major parts of these churches are Spanish Period with some reinforced concrete additions from the Spanish and American period

No declaration at present; might merit declaration especially in the case of Duero which is substantially made of wood; Time of establishment of churches may have been in the Spanish Period with some additions from the American period

Walls (front façade, lateral walls, transept walls, altar wall, rear wall, walls of sacristry and

Total collapse Majority of the significant parts and elements of the church have collapsed and/or have disappeared; The church can

Some significant parts and elements of the churches have collapsed and/or have disappeared; These are still

Some of the major parts are still standing with major damage which are repairable;

Most wall parts are intact, some have been observed with minor damage which are repairable/

Walls are still very much intact; If there is damage it is not discernible;



other attached structures)

still be restored to its original form and parts, and those parts that have collapsed can still be reconstructed following original technology and materials; Some walls remain standing but have incurred major damage to its members as evidenced by the presence of large vertical and diagonal cracks, splits and fissures that have caused the dislodgement of some stonework and/or parts of rubble fabric thereby sustaining partial /full disintegration of from its base; Traditional methods can be

restorable and/or reconstructable; Some walls remain standing but have incurred major damage to its members as evidenced by the presence of cracks, splits and fissures; Some stonework and/or parts of the rubble fabric have been dislodged and/or have sustained partial /full disintegration of from its base; These churches are still restorable and/or repairable; Traditional methods can be used for restoration while structural damage can be addressed using either/or both traditional and modern

Most parts are standing and Intact, and/or with minor damage and repairable; Traditional methods can be used for restoration while structural damage can be addressed using either/or both traditional and modern technology;

restorable;



used for restoration while structural damage can be addressed using either/or both traditional and modern technology;

technology;

Roof Total collapse Partial collapse, major damage found

Roof members of some of the churches have incurred partial to major collapse, and in some areas - major damage is found

Still standing and appears to be intact but may have incurred damage which was not discernible during survey and assessment



Floor parts (choir loft, floor slab)

Total collapse Total collapse of front façade leading to a minor collapse of choir loft floor; major damage found; Floor framing system of gallery holding the pipe organ still intact but may have sustained some significant degree of failure; Pipe Organ still

Some churches have been found to have incurred partial collapse of choir loft, major damage found on floor slab

Churches have been found to have incurred partial collapse of choir loft, major damage found on floor slab

Still standing and if there is damage, it is not discernible;




standing but may have to be checked to verify state;

Other structural parts

Total collapse Partial collapse in some areas but with major damage found;

Partial collapse, major/minor damage found




PROBABLE OVERVIEW OF RESTORATION COST

Cost for intervention depends on the kind and approach to be undertaken

Cost for restoration is major, substantially greater than Level 3

Cost for restoration is major, but is less than Level 2

Cost for restoration is than Level 3

Cost for restoration/repair is less than Level 4

Cost for any intervention work will depend on findings of the DES if damage has been discovered;

The above rubrix has qualified the degree by which the churches have incurred damage. Level 1 is found to be the gravest level wherein Loon and Maribojoc fit into this category. Maribojoc and Loon churches have been totally destroyed. Full collapse of its members is apparent leaving the whole edifice and its parts slumped to the ground with remains of crushed rubble, huge pieces of stone work, some recoverable fragments of ornamentation, torn and buckled roof parts and dislodged wooden members all becoming evidence of the existence of these once proudly standing monuments. Under major damage is Level 2 which is the church (Loboc) that has sustained substantially severe damage in most of its members. Loboc has some of its parts still standing but have equally suffered grave failure as evidenced by the presence of major cracks (vertical and diagonal) and/or the serious splitting of structural members, which when not immediately addressed, may ultimately lead to its eventual collapse and harm and/or injury to its users. Major parts of Loboc’s structural fabric are still standing although they have been found to have incurred major damage. There is still a chance for these parts to be repaired, restored and those that have collapsed may still be reconstructed. Level 3 are churches that have major parts still standing but have been found to have minor damage and are repairable. In these churches, it is at the canton of walls and at the joints of these corner pillars that connect the front façade to the lateral walls that vertical cracks and the splitting of members have occurred. This is mainly due to the fact that most of the front façade of these churches did not have buttresses that acted upon the outward forces of the lateral walls as tensioned by the roof members, which remain stable during normal conditions and worsened during seismic movements. It is also notable that the weakest parts of arches of openings (windows and doorways) such as the voussoirs nearest to the keystone, and including the keystone, are those where failure occur. Such failure is apparent in the church of Dauis



where practically all its arch openings succumbed to vertical and diagonal cracks that emanated from the uppermost part of the wall, following a downward direction that reached the underside of the said arch openings. In most apertures in Dauis, stone parts have been totally dislodged, leaving the apex of the arch opened. It has also been observed that churches having vertical pillasters acting as buttresses instead of the inclined retaining wall type buttress, have sustained much graver damage. In some instances, walls of churches having inclined buttresses that absorbed the outward splaying of the roof remained standing, although in many cases, some of these buttresses have also incurred major damage such as the dislodgement of its stonework from base, the dismemberment of the interior rubble fabric as well as in grave cases, the total collapse of the said structural element. Despite occurrence of these failures in the churches, they are still restorable/repairable. Level 4 churches have major parts still standing but found with major damage at cantons which are the corner pillars of the building, and/or at intersecting coursework of adjoining walls. Damage to the Talibon church, for instance are the bulging of quoins at the upper most parts of its canton which are repairable, with the rest of the corner elements still standing and very much intact, and/or found to have minor damage. In Level 4 churches, all the other parts that have major damage require immediate attention. Due to the still on-going tremors which lasted weeks after the earthquake in Bohol, it has been noted that some churches visited on 18 October 2013, which were re-visited after 4 days, have sustained much worse damage. This is the case of Loay, Dauis and Dimiao. It is highly probable that other churches of the same condition with parts that may have been initially found with lesser damage or still intact, may have become worse in condition following the tremors that occurred after initial inspection.



Loboc Church (L2)

Inabanga Church (L3)Clarin Church (L3)BaclayonChurch (L3)

Tubigon Church (L3) Dauis Church (L3)Loay Church (L3)

Jagna Church (L4)Anda Church (L4)

Cortes Church (L3)

Dimiao Church (L4) Talibon Church (L4)

Bohol Churches amid the 15 October 2013 earthquake



CONCLUSIONS ON THE STATE OF DAMAGE Remains found at the sites showed indications that failure occurred in specific areas within the structures. The cause of this is manifold and can be attributed to many factors such as the intrinsic quality of the structure itself : the type of material used during construction, the state of material and how it behaved over centuries of use or mis-use, the technology used; extrinsic factors such as previous seismic movements as well as the present earthquake that has led to the collapse and dismemberment of buildings and/or its parts; interventions to the buildings themselves which in one way or the other have enriched the building’s significance but may have played an important role in their damage. As a general overview, it is clear that parts that have collapsed and those that have remained standing are those that ‘independently’ acted on its own when the shakes and movements occurred, whilst, not considering that the other building parts alongside it are to be affected when it did its own self-determining reaction. This observation is shown in many areas where previous non-homogenous interventions were made. In particular, collapse (full or partial) was seen in the churches of Dauis, Loboc, Loay, Cortes, Baclayon where parts or full areas of the front façade walls gave way frontward. These are the churches with Spanish and/or American period additional interventions in the form of the portico facades. The churches where central parts of lateral walls partially or fully collapsed in an inward direction and where buttresses failed to hold together the structure (Loboc, Inabanga, Clarin) showed that said walls similarly independently acted on its own sans being tied together to the rest of the structure or its adjoining members. In the case of Clarin, the front façade and its sanctuary wall remained standing while both its lateral walls fell inward, an indication of the lack of a fastening material at the corners that could have prevented total collapse. Churches were lateral walls remained standing are those supported by inclined buttresses which not only acted to absorb the lateral sway of the roof, being its inherent function, but also prevented buckling of these lateral walls. There were clear splitting and failure of connection between wall members especially at transept walls and between the front façade and/or the sanctuary wall corners that adjoin nave lateral walls. This observation is prevalent amongst Level 2, 3 and 4 churches. In many churches, failure occurred at arch openings with vertical/diagonal cracks emanating from the apex of the wall following downward directions and cutting into spandrels (Dauis, Loboc, Jagna, Baclayon, Cortes, Loay, others). In Dauis, this was most apparent as almost all apertures manifested the same problem. This means that the weakest points in the walls consequently gave way due to the movements. The arch action (compressive action of all its parts) eventually failed when the spandrel and arch abutments also fell short in putting together the compressive stresses that held them together. Arch openings should have in full the keystone, voussoir stones and the impost. These should be solid enough to carry its own the load. The coursework beside the arch which is the abutment helps prevent thrust thereby assisting in



strengthening compressive qualities of the arch. If all these are subjected to multi-directional movements, they become weak and eventually result to the disintegration of parts. Most churches likewise manifested damage at the cantons with the bulging and eventual dislodgement of hewn stones that held the wall together. There were also cracks between the corner pillars and adjacent walls. Very much apparent in all churches was the state of the interior rubble masonry fabric which was found pulverizing and disintegrating. It was only the coursework that held these together so that when movements occurred and the coursework were eventually dislodged, the interior fabric similarly gave way. In the case of the Loon and Maribojoc churches, ground ruptures found to have laterally cut across the longitudinal part of these churches at central and strategic locations may have led to the total collapse of the edifices. Owing to the karst topography of Bohol, the existence of caverns crevices within the karst substrate and theories of the presence of crevices under these churches remain as a plausible reason for the total collapse. This theory can only be substantiated by geophysical investigation.



RECOMMENDATIONS The aforementioned criteria used for determining the gravity of damage could become the basis for defining recommendations and succeeding actions that government may take for the conservation, risk reduction and/or damage control of the churches affected by the 15 October 2013 earthquake in Bohol. DEGREE OF DAMAGE MAJOR DAMAGE

Level 1 (Gravest damage) Loon, Maribojoc Level 2 (Major parts are still standing but in critical condition and have incurred severe damage which are restorable; Major parts have collapsed but can still be reconstructed; All these need immediate attention;) Loboc Level 3 (Major parts are still standing and with major and minor damage and repairable; Major parts have incurred severe damage,some are in critical condition. All these are restorable/repairable and require immediate attention;) Dauis, Loay, Cortes, Tubigon, Inabanga, Clarin, Baclayon Level 4 (Major parts are still standing but with major damage and repairable, most parts are standing and Intact, or with minor damage. All parts that have major damage require immediate attention;) Anda, Jagna, Talibon, Dimiao


General Recommendations:

1. Organize a workshop/international conference aimed at drawing information about similar experiences and practices employed by other countries and organizations who have encountered the same disasters such as the one in Bohol; From the workshop and conference can be inferred the necessary information needed in defining Guidelines for Conservation and for Disaster Risk Reduction and Post Disaster Management work. The Guidelines will become the framework for actions in the rehabilitation of the churches damaged by the 15 October 2013 earthquake;

2. Follow a collaborative, participative and inclusive approach where the voice and opinion of stakeholders are considered, as well as systems that will ensure longer life to the churches;



3. Prioritize shoring, risk reduction and damage control measures for the churches that have already incurred destruction (minor and major) from the earthquake; Consider that delays in putting the shoring may lead to the eventual collapse of structural members that are in a serious, precarious state;

4. At the clearing and retrieval operations, ensure that remains and evidences of significant tangible attributes of the churches are safe kept and well documented; Other forms of remains should be secured for future use during actual restoration work and as a reference for future studies;

5. As recommended, ensure the undertaking of complete and thorough Detailed Engineering Studies (DES) that cover complete architectural and engineering studies and structural retrofitting and/or re-strengthening methods that, when necessary, may go beyond the traditional; Consider, with extra care and prudence, the use of modern innovative methods for the restoration and structural strengthening of damaged parts of the edifices;

6. Depending on the availability of resources, prioritize intervention work according to the degree and gravity of damage; Damage found in churches under Levels 2, 3, and 4 have to be addressed the soonest possible time;

For Level 1

1. Propose solutions that are beyond standard restoration and reconstruction practices; consider innovative approaches that are appropriate to the present and future needs of the place and the people as well as those considering the thrust of the owners of heritage and government in as much as the conservation of heritage is concerned;

2. Work within a consultative, participative and inclusive framework (for issue resolution, for information generation and for interpretation)

For Levels 2, 3, 4

1. Prioritize funding for restoration, reconstruction, repairs; 2. Immediately undertake shoring and support for all areas that could fall off, collapse or be dislodged; 3. Prioritize the preparation of a complete Detailed Engineering Studies (DES) which will assist in determining cause of failure and damage

as well as in defining appropriate solutions to conservation concerns; 4. Consider, with extra care and prudence, reliable retrofitting methods that, if necessary, is based on non-traditional practices; Consider,

with extra care and prudence, instituting innovative modern approaches; 5. Institute restoration, reconstruction and repairs the soonest possible time (following completion of a complete thorough DES); 6. Work within a collaborative framework where all national cultural agencies and other relevant national agencies as well the owners of

heritage address conservation concerns within a spirit of cooperation so as to attain the desired direction and vision;



For Level 5 1. Undertake complete DES; 2. Institute repairs the soonest possible time, which include whatever damage discovered in the DES; 3. When necessary, work within a collaborative framework where the owners of the heritage, the concerned national cultural agencies and

other relevant organizations address issues within a spirit of cooperation so as to attain the agreed direction and vision; For Level 6

1. Undertake complete DES; 2. Institute repairs of damage discovered prior to or following completion of a complete DES.



ANNEX ASSESSMENT CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING GRAVITY OF DAMAGE The following criteria have been used for analysis in determining the gravity of damage of a church. It has become the basis for the recommendations herein defined in this report that may be referred to in proposed actions that the government and the owner of heritage may take for the conservation and damage control of these churches of Bohol. DEGREE OF DAMAGE MAJOR DAMAGE

Level 1 (Gravest damage) Loon, Maribojoc Level 2 (Major parts are still standing but in critical condition and have incurred severe damage which are restorable; Major parts have collapsed but can still be reconstructed; All these need immediate attention;) Loboc Level 3 (Major parts are still standing and with major and minor damage and repairable; Major parts have incurred severe damage,some are in critical condition. All these are restorable/repairable and require immediate attention;) Dauis, Loay, Cortes, Tubigon, Inabanga, Clarin, Baclayon Level 4 (Major parts are still standing but with major damage and repairable, most parts are standing and Intact, or with minor damage. All parts that have major damage require immediate attention;) Anda, Jagna, Talibon, Dimiao




TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT NOTES FOR THE BOHOL CHURCHES The October 15, 2013 Earthquake Prepared by Ma. Joycelyn B. Mananghaya, M. Arch., uap 18-26 October 2013 TUBIGON_20-10-2013 FRONT FACADE

1. The original interior part of the wall fabric of the front facade that is made of rubble masonry (stone and lime based mortar) appears to

have been pulverized prior to collapse. The plaster of the front facade was made of cement that is not lime based;

2. Almost 3/4 of the front facade wall has collapsed, leaving its lowermost base still standing whilst badly damaged;

3. Two arch niches that grace the front façade remain intact but is in a state of disrepair; Statues of the Virgin Mary have remained

standing;

4. The beautiful mural paintings that once graced its ceilings are now discernible from outside due to the collapsed front wall; Some remain

but have sustained numerous folds and appear to be reparable and intact;

5. From the collapsed front facade wall can be discerned some of the church's structural members which appear to have been intervened

using modern material and technology ( concrete and twisted reinforcing bars);

6. Parts of the front facade wall (3/4 of its upper wall) show interventions in concrete with embedded twisted rebars. The still standing

lowermost part of the front facade wall that is made of mamposteria apparently appears to have been the base of the concrete wall that

formed its uppermost part;

INTERIOR

7. The roof member from the mid-section of the nave up to the sanctuary has totally collapsed leaving the interior exposed without

protection;

8. The columns that separate the nave from its aisles have sustained major damage; Some parts of its concrete cover have been dislodged

leaving twisted rebars exposed and discernible;

9. The choirloft that is above the narthex has totally collapsed;

10. The two lateral walls of the church are still standing but have sustained horizontal major cracks and the dislodgement of collapsed

coralline limestone facing;



11. The ceiling joists of the church interior appear to have been previously damaged by wood-boring insects like termites and others; The

earthquake may have led to its further dislodgement from supporting structural members;

12. Some areas of the lateral walls are seen to have sustained minor damage wherein the stone facing have been dislodged from its wall

fabric;

CLARIN_20-10-2013

1. Front façade has remained standing but has sustained major cracks; One most apparent is a diagonal crack located at the left upper tier,

diagonally touching the arch window and reaching leftwards to the cornice of the pediment;

2. The roof of the interior of the church as well as majority of the side walls totally collapsed, leaving only a quarter of the side walls that

supports the front façade.

3. The belfry that is attached to the front façade remains standing but has sustained diagonal and vertical cracks that are apparent at its

second level pier;

INABANGA-20-10-2013

1. The neo gothic styled front façade which is made of concrete has remained standing but the cross that graced the apex of the pediment

has been dislodged from its support; A few of the railings of the parapet wall of the pediment have also sustained damage, with its

concrete cover totally dislodged, exposing only the reinforcing bar support;

2. The second tier of the belfry likewise sustained damage and apparently observed were diagonal cracks that cut cross a window opening,

following the sides of the octagonal walls of its second tier;

3. The roof of the nave has collapsed midway from the front façade to the middle aisle, leaving the lateral walls to the ground; Only the

transepts and the altar have remained standing, whilst still sustaining numerous cracks and the splitting of members;

4. It appears that the lateral walls of the nave are of the Spanish period original coralline limestone rubble fabric; This is evidenced by

mounds of coralline limestone fragments comprising the scattered remains;

5. As seen from the interior, the mid-part of roof of the nave has buckled; This was made from a combination of wood and steel frames;

Parts of the beautiful mural paintings that once graced the ceiling of the nave have remained intact while those that have been

dislodged from the collapsed roof have incurred numerous folds which may have damaged it;

6. The plaster of the interior wall of the right and left transepts has been dislodged, leaving bare huge areas of walls made of concrete;



7. The upper most part of the right side wall of the altar has sustained damage, whilst its plaster has been removed, exposing the concrete

wall fabric and its twisted reinforcing bars; vertical and diagonal cracks are also apparent on this wall;

8. The wooden side retablo of the altar remains intact with its icons still present;

9. Some lintel parts of arched openings have sustained diagonal cracks and the bulging of plaster; Edges of the pendentives gracing the

corners of the altar’s domed ceiling have sustained cracks that trace and follow the joints of columns and slanted wall parts;

TALIBON_20-10-2013

1. The front façade of the church and its belfry have remained intact and gracefully elegant. Dislodging of a few parts of the cornice of the

arched pediment that is located near its apex has been observed;

2. The decorative ornamentations of the front façade have remained and these are the combined piers of Ionic and Corinthian orders. The

central piers that straddle the arch window of its second tier that is in the Corinthian order have been preserved, giving emphasis to the

baroqueness of the façade via its salomonic shaft. This baroque character is further enhanced by the presence of cornice volutes that

terminate the ends of the pediment, all of which have remained intact and well preserved;

3. Major cracks as well as the bulging of quoins at the cantons of the four corners of the church have been observed and is prevalent;

CORTES_21-10-2013

1. The front façade of the Cortes church has totally collapsed with its roof above the nave buckling inwards;

2. The belfry remains intact, save for some bulging of stone facing materials;

3. The arch doorway at the left side of the portico remains standing but the dislodging of the arch’s voussoirs including its keystone has

exposed a large vertical crack that emanates from the apex of the portico’s cornice, downward to the top right spandrel of the arch; If

not immediately shored up and supported, this large crack may cause the slipping and slippage of the whole portion of this wall;

4. The lower tier of the belfry at its right side has sustained minor damage with the dislodging of some stones at the central part of its wall;

5. The left lateral wall of the nave remains standing, but dislodging of stonework or course that is the wall facing material is apparent. Also

observed is the presence of large cracks on the wall and the total removal of rubble material that are adjacent the corner of this nave’s

lateral wall as it intersects the wall of the left transept. This is made apparent with huge areas of stonework being dislodged from its

rubble base.

6. The exterior wall of the left transept has sustained major damage as seen in the presence of a large vertical crack that emanates from

the uppermost portion of the wall downwards which could split this wall from the rest of the lateral wall of the nave. Similarly observed



is a large diagonal crack that is beside this left transept’s portal door, cutting across from the upper most part of this wall downward to

the spandrel of the arch and to the top of the arch itself. This diagonal crack has been exposed when much of the transept wall’s

stonework was dislodged from its base, thereby revealing the interior wall fabric that is composed of coralline limestone rubble. The

interior rubble fabric is in a state of pulverization, a condition that is in existence prior to the earthquake. The casing of the portal door

of the left transept has similarly succumbed to dislodging, showing off chafing of this ornamentation that once framed the portal

doorway as well as another diagonal arch. Portions of the stone facing material that completes the portal door’s decorative pediment, as

well as its surrounding wall have been dislodged from its interior mortar base thereby exposing the interior of the wall fabric.

7. There is much bulging of the stonework that completes the canton or the vertical corner pier located at the leftmost exterior wall of the

left transept. Although the stonework remains bonded with the other courses, further movement on the wall may eventual lead to the

total dislodgement of the stone course from its rubble base. Similarly, the lowermost course of this left most canton or pier of the

exterior wall of the transept has been totally removed, showing hallowed rubble interior. Weakening of this corner threatens the

integrity and stability of the wall as it attempts to remain standing. Further to this, the quoins of the left transept’s canton is seen to be

in a similar state of being outwardly dislodged from its base and inside are found diagonal cracks that emanate from the upper most part

of the wall, sliding downwards. It appears that the movement caused by the earthquake has caused the bursting of the stone

coursework as evidenced by the outward protrusion of the course from its base.

8. The voussoirs of the vaulted-arch portal door of the left transept including its keystone have been dislodged exposing the second layer

of course work of the vaulted-arch opening. Similarly the stone facing that comprise the door’s lintel wall and parts of the moulding that

define the pediment of this portal door have been removed thereby exposing the rubble base interior fabric of the transept wall.

9. The left transept’s exterior wall has also been observed to have sustained much damage with the dislodgement of its stonework

including its rubble fabric that is located the apex of the triangular pediment. Similarly, the coursework that frames a grotto that is

centrally located and directly adjoins the transept wall has been dislodged, leaving open the rubble interior fabric of this wall. The

removal of the coursework has exposed vertical cracks in the rubble fabric that emanated from the top of steel windows going upwards

toward the base of the wall’s pediment showing a tendency for the collapse of these wall areas. The left most canton of the transept’s

exterior wall has also been badly damaged with the dislodgement of the course work, leaving this canton’s interior rubble fabric exposed

to the elements.

10. The coursework of the exterior walls of the sacristy has also been dislodged exposing interior rubble fabric that is found to be pulverized

even prior to the earthquake. Pulverization may have been caused by the age of the fabric, water seepage as well as the intrinsic

characteristic of the stone and rubble work as it combined with lime based mortar that prevalently comprised wall fabric of Spanish

period churches. A huge diagonal crack has been observed from the corner of the wall of the sacristy as it intersects with the wall of the



transept. The falling off of interior rubble work has caused hallowed portions that are connected to this diagonal crack. If un-shored and

continuously unprotected, the crack and hallowed portion may cause a major falling out of this part of the wall.

11. The exterior wall of the right transept is observed to have sustained a large vertical crack, a splitting of the wall from its parts, whilst

dislodging of the stonework has exposed the interior wall fabric. It is further observed that the interior rubble fabric is pulverized, a

state that is in existence prior to the earthquake. Similarly, side mould stones of the right transept’s portal door have all been dislodged

from base, as well as adjacent stonework that straddles this door. This has led to the exposure of the pulverized rubble fabric that

makes up the interior wall of the church;

12. The rear exterior wall of the right transept has totally collapsed, exposing the interior rubble of the church;

13. The right lateral wall remains standing but it has also succumbed to damage. The dislodging of coralline limestone course from the walls

has been observed, as well as in parts of the mould casing of the right portal door, which is made of the same coral stone. These door

casing stones have been chafed and exfoliated from the main stone thereby causing weakening of its limestone base;

14. The left pillaster that graces the right lateral wall’s portal door has also sustained damage with the dislodging of its facing material. This

same dislodging of stone facing material is also apparent at the right pillaster’s upper shaft, and at its lower most shaft that is above the

base of the pier; Some of the stone casing material of the windows that is at the right side lateral wall of the nave have also fallen,

exposing the interior rubble part of the fabric;

15. The rear end of the Infant King Academy has also collapsed.

MABINI_22-10-2013

1. Not much damage seen in this church which is presently made of concrete

ANDA_22-10-2013

2. The church remains standing. It has sustained major vertical cracks at the uppermost corners of the canton (corner piers) of both

extreme sides of the front façade. This is also seen at the corners of the same canton as it intersects the lateral walls. The vertical cracks

are most apparent from the choir loft.

3. The interior plaster of the lateral walls of the church manifests numerous fissures and the bulging of its concrete plaster. These fissures

appear to be in web pattern where the fissures are connected to smaller ones and practically covers the entire expanse of the lateral

walls. Some fissures are found to be in the category of cracks due to their width and openings.

4. The exterior wall of the rear of the church has likewise shown minor damage, with some cracks apparent as well as fissures on the

plaster of the wall fabric.



DUERO_22-10-2013

1. Church remains intact and no damage has been detected

JAGNA_22-10-2013

1. Majority of the church parts remains standing and intact save for some major problems observed at the corners of the lateral walls as

they intersect with the front façade wall which have sustained serious vertical cracks, the splitting and separation of members

(coursework and interior rubble fabric) that are between bonds of walls; the front façade wall has inclined outward;

2. Upper part of the sacristy has sustained cracks; a vertical crack is apparent at the upper wall of the arch entrance to the sacristy;

3. Dislodgement of parts of the stone course work as well as bulging of stones have been observed at the left lateral wall of the church;

DIMIAO_23-10-2013

1. The front façade of Dimiao remains relatively intact save for some isolated areas that have sustained damage. The arched niche located

centrally at the front façade has sustained a vertical crack that emanates from the side of the ornamented conch keystone at the apex of

the niche’s arch, moving in an upward direction. Similarly, the cornice that frames that arch of the left window at the second tier of the

front façade has been dislodged from its base together with its surrounding stonework, leaving behind the pier and its capital as the only

remnant that defines the window opening; at the apex of the front façade’s pediment was an ornamental base that held a metal cross,

both of which fell as a result of the earthquake; some parts of this façade have sustained minor damage with the dislodgement of stone

work as well as the appearance of cracks and the enhanced separation of stone members. An ornamental knob that is in shape of a vase

located at the right hand corner of the façade’s parapet wall has fallen to the ground.

2. Cracks and the separation of stone casing are also present along the edges and corners of the cornices and stone ornamental casings,

specifically seen at quoins that intersect the planes of the octagonal belfry; the uppermost part of the left belfry has sustained major

damage whereby the ornamented stone pilasters that borders the edge of the octagonally-shaped cupola have been dislodged, thus

leaving the base of the pilasters framing the window openings weakened to the elements; the integrity of the cupola of the belfy has

therefore been compromised;

3. Some parts of the plasters of the left belfry have been scaled off thereby exposing the interior rubble masonry that is the wall fabric of

this portion of the church;

4. Taken from the exterior, the left lateral wall of the church has sustained minor damage; If in case damage is present, it is not apparent

from the wall’s surface and very little evidence shows of it;



5. At the left transept, the plaster that covers the coursework at the upper quoins of the intersecting walls have also been dislodged from

their base, thus exposing the stonework beneath it; Similarly, stonework that frames the lintel of the centrally located glass colored

window as well as in adjacent areas at the left part of the window following a horizontal pattern, has been removed from its base, also

exposing its underside rubblework;

6. The right lateral wall of the church remains with minor damage but the quoins of the intersecting walls of the right transept have

sustained major damage as upper parts of these intersecting walls have incurred a huge vertical crack thus splitting the walls and

substantially dislodging cornerstones and exposing stone coursework beneath it; this vertical crack emanated from the edge of the

parapet wall as it meets the transept’s gable roof, following a downward direction; The transept’s parapet wall has followed an outward

inclination from its uppermost portion, which is apparently seen in the opening of the crack as it splays away from its normal 90 degrees

position; Stones that form the quoins of the parapet wall with the other walls of the transept have also sustained vertical cracks, with

the facing material being dislodged from its rubble interior masonry base;

7. The interior wall of the altar has shown vertical and horizontal cracks and fissures which are apparent with the dislodgement of paints

that cover the plastered wall as well as the splitting of some material both a the left and right side of the altar wall; This is most

especially seen at the left side of the door that enters the sacristy from the church’s sanctuary; Cracks have manifested at the steps of

the sanctuary of the altar and these are apparent at the edges of floor finishes; The corner edges of the altar wall as it meets the lateral

wall parts have also shown minor separation with vertical cracks which may lead to future major splitting if not addressed;

8. Some parts of the wooden beams at the sacristy of the church have shown further deflection wit and splitting of wood fibers, perhaps

further induced by the earthquake.

LOAY_23-10-2013

1. Loay’s front façade, its mid-tier and the triangular pediment of the portico have completely collapsed to the floor, leaving parts of the

arcaded lower tier of the portico still standing as well as the pediment and it accompanying finial atop the apex of the pediment and its

accompanying entablature still remaining on ground, almost complete. Above the portico is the choir loft whose floor has also partially

collapsed but with some parts still intact and remaining;

2. The left lateral wall of the church that is contiguous with the left lateral wall of the portico remains standing, complete with the portico’s

arch opening; Portions of the portico’s wall that directly connects to the front façade wall has also been removed and has been chipped

off at its side, leaving areas without plaster, its stonework and interior rubble exposed; The a central part of the second tier of the lateral

wall of the portico had been reconstructed using CHB (concrete hollow blocks) and above it is a concrete beam which may have



sustained the weight of the roof as it fell and landed on the wall. Nevertheless, the CHB wall buckled following the collapse of the roof,

with its weight putting pressure on the concrete beam;

3. The lateral wall of the transept has sustained a major vertical crack that caused a split between the parapet wall of the same area

(transept) and its intersecting lateral wall. This major crack deeply penetrates to the interior part of the transept wall, thus causing the

separation of the wall members. If not immediately addressed, the split may eventually cause the collapse of the parapet wall;

Surrounding coursework of a window that is found at this lateral wall of the transept has equally been dislodged thus exposing the

interior rubble masonry fabric;

4. At the right transept is similarly found the presence of a large vertical crack at the edge of the canton as it intersects the transept wall,

deeply penetrating the wall. This will equally cause the eventual collapse of the wall if not immediately addressed through proper

retrofitting methods;

5. At the right façade of the portico wall that remains standing can be seen dislodged quoins of the remaining canton that joins the front

façade and the lateral wall, with stonework removed, exposing the interior part of the rubble fabric;

6. At the right transept, a vertical crack and the bulging of stonework at the quoins of the canton between transept walls are also

apparent;

7. The wall of the sanctuary has also sustained vertical cracks at both sides of the wall, which has compromised the structural integrity of

this wall;

8. The interior walls of the church have manifested numerous major damage as seen in vertical and diagonal cracks that deeply penetrate

the walls, some causing the splitting of intersecting walls, and others cutting through structural members; In the event of another

earthquake, these vertical and diagonal cracks, if not addressed, may cause the eventual collapse of these walls;

9. The belfry of Loay church remains standing but has sustained damage as seen in the dislodgement of stonework at the highest tier of

this detached structure as well as cracks and the bulging of course work seen in different planes of the octagonal edifice.

LOBOC_23-10-2013

1. The church of Loboc has incurred grave damage where majority of its structural members collapsed;

2. The front façade has been lost to mere rubble, leaving behind lateral walls that at major points have been substantially weakened by

excessive movement as evidenced by the presence of numerous cracks and the dislodgement of wall areas; The remaining parts that are

still standing are in grave threat of being totally compromised if not immediately re-strengthened;



3. The remaining parts of the interior have equally succumbed to serious damage, with many parts lost and have collapsed; Notwithstanding, the pipe organ has remained in its gallery that has been preserved, perhaps with some damage due to the movements caused by the earthquake;

4. Parts of the ceiling remain but with many areas having succumbed to total damage with parts buckled and folded following the collapse of the roof members above it; Dislodged portions of the ceiling are at the sanctuary and parts of the choir loft at the front façade of the church;

5. The sanctuary has totally collapsed leaving behind a pile of rubble that has covered the entire main retablo as well as its side altars. The sacristy behind the main altar remains standing and during assessment work, the retablo that graced the counter facade of the sanctuary wall remained standing whilst it was being dismantled for safe keeping;

6. Parts of the adjoining building which housed the Convent remained standing but its inaccessibility following the earthquake prevented assessment;

BACLAYON_24-10-2013

1. From the exterior side, majority of front façade’s portico wall has collapsed and parts remain, nonetheless with this dismemberment

compromising the integrity of whole front façade; The church’s condition is further materialized through the collapse of the belfry where

only the lowest tier has survived whilst it has succumbed to total damage;

2. The left and right lateral walls of the nave as seen from its exterior facade appear to be in stable condition. But from the interior, serious

damage is evidenced by the presence of pronounced vertical cracks at the corners of the buttresses that line the nave’s interior lateral

walls, an indication of the weakening between structural members which may lead to an eventual separation of the buttresses from the

nave walls in the event of another fairly strong movement;

3. The left transept’s exterior wall has sustained major damage with the dismemberment of the triangular portion that comprises the

pediment of this wall. The collapse of this part of the pediment is not apparent as viewed from the interior due to the presence of the

tin ceiling that completely covers the joints between the uppermost parts of the wall and the roof members;

4. The fairly new ermita structure at the back portion of the church has also sustained major damage with the presence of numerous

vertical and diagonal cracks located at different areas of the structure which deeply penetrate the counter facade of the wall; The

stonework at the lintel of the entrance door has been dislodged due to pressure from this crack that emanated from the uppermost

part, comprising the triangular apex of the front façade wall, following a downward direction and reaching down the lintel of the

doorway, deeply cutting into the lintel and side jambs of the door opening at the counter facade side and resulting to the dislodgement

of parts of the stone casing; At the front façade, another diagonal crack emanates from the left most corner base of the triangular apex,

resulting to the bulging of quoins at that area, with the crack following a downward direction; At the interior of the ermita where



located the bottom chords of the roof trusses and its accompanying wood corbels that touch the apex of the lateral walls emanate

vertical and diagonal cracks resulting to the bulging of stone coursework and the dislodging of stone facing materials surrounding that

area; Most of the cracks follow a downward direction and some result to pressure on the quoins of the window openings where bulging

and apparent dislodging of the stonework is imminent; Some cracks are seen at the ledge of the window openings, cutting across the sill

from interior to exterior, downward the wall fabric;

5. The octagonal shaped old ermita has also sustained major damage where portions of its roof member (roof and trusses) have been

detached; The removal of the roof has resulted to the dislodgement of portions of the wall cornice at that plane that comprise part of

the octagonal shaped structure. This has resulted to a chipped appearance at the apex, compromising the integrity of the cornice;

Emanating from this part are diagonal cracks which were brought about by the pressure from the detachment of the roof members;

These cracks follow the sides of individual courses in a downward direction toward the lintel of the window opening below; The bead

moulding at the base of the right pilaster that frame the window opening has also sustained vertical cracks;

6. The sacristry wall as seen from the exterior has sustained major damage with the dismemberment of the tip of the triangular pediment

with parts falling down at the rear portion of the church; There is high possibility of stone parts falling inside the ceiling of the sacristy

which may cause dislodgement of the tin ceiling from its frames and put at risk the main retablo that backdrops the church’s altar; At the

counter facade of the rear wall of the church that is the interior wall of the sacristy, vertical and diagonal cracks are apparent at both

sides of the main retablo, compromising the integrity of the this counter facade and putting at risk the main retablo which could be

destroyed following an eventual collapse of this altar wall;

7. The interior walls of transepts are found have succumbed to numerous vertical and diagonal cracks that may impair it if not immediately

addressed. The cracks are suggestive of its weakening and failure which may lead to an eventual collapse should these be not

immediately addressed; Major vertical and diagonal cracks found between corners of structural members (ie at joints of walls or joints

between wall and a pillar or buttress) highly suggest failure of joinery;

8. As aforementioned, as viewed from the exterior side, majority of front façade’s portico wall has collapsed and parts remain, nonetheless

with this dismemberment compromising the integrity of whole front façade. Its counter façade as viewed from the narthex and the

choir loft has vertical and diagonal cracks that emanated from the apex of the wall following a downward direction; The loosing of

joineries between stone and wood members as seen in the lintel and jambs of the main doorway is a result of the movement brought

about by the earthquake which compromised the bonding between these church elements;

9. The ante room beside the right transept has also been found with serious vertical cracks. One such major penetrating crack at a

partition wall is seen to have emanated from the deflection caused by a floor beam that holds part of the room that directly adjoins the

Tribuna gallery at the second level; This room is being used part of the museum and it houses artifacts that were opened for viewing;



10. The room at the second floor that directly adjoins the Tribuna gallery has likewise succumbed to many serious cracks and the weakening

of walls causing dislodgement of stonework and plaster, as well as the precarious condition of its floor wherein floor beams and joists

may have deflected and their joineries to stone members compromised; The Tribuna gallery is feared to have been gravely compromised

as well, with the weakening of its wooden floor and balustrade;

11. Taken as a whole, the Baclayon church is in a very serious and precarious condition, where there is much instability between joints of

structural members; If the church is not properly re-strengthened, this could lead to serious damage such as the eventual collapse of its

structural members;

LILA_19-10-2013

1. No apparent damage was seen at the Lila church and if damage occurred, this was not visible during the assessment;

PANGLAO_19-10-2013

1. There is almost no damage seen at the Lila church, and if damage occurred, this was not visible during the assessment;

2. The church from the exterior as well as from its interior remains intact;

3. The free standing Spanish period belfry appears to have incurred some level of movement in its stone coursework as evidenced by the dislodgement of small pieces of the said coursework from its base;

ALBURQUERQUE_19-10-2013

1. Some damage has been observed at the Alburquerque church; In particular, the dislodgement of stone elements at the front façade was

caused by the bulging of quoins at the right most canton of the church, as well as the dismemberment of a pillar at the leftmost part of

the front façade;

DAUIS_18-10-2013

2. The front façade of Dauis church has succumbed to grave damage with the collapse of its portico as well as the roof that joins the front

façade wall; Evident from the rubble remains of the collapsed front façade are materials of a latter period which maybe reckoned from

the Spanish period church;



3. Major damage is likewise apparent from the collapse or near-collapse of upper members of arch openings where vertical and/or diagonal cracks emanating from the apex of the lateral and rear walls have caused the eventual failure of these members; In most cases, voussoir of the arches as well as the stonework that comprise its spandrel were compromised; These eventually lead to the dismemberment of the openings which in some have resulted to large unstable gaps between elements;

4. The second visit to the site (25 October 2013) has rendered observations that the cracks and dismemberment of arch openings at the right lateral and rear façade have been worsened due to on-going tremors; The tremors have caused much serious damage to the members; The inclination brought about by the collapse of the arch opening at the rightmost part of the rear façade has become more pronounced following the said series of tremors, which when visited the second time, has appeared to be in a much worse state;

5. In the interior are apparent major damage, reflecting the same damage that have been observed from the exterior of the building;



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013)

October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines PREPARED BY: Team Leader: Arch. Ma. Joycelyn B. Mananghaya, M. Arch, uap

Secretary, Exe-Con National Committee on Monuments and Sites, NCCA Arch. Anthony Vincent M. Manding, uap Acting Officer- Commission for the Cultural Heritage of the Church, Diocese of Tagbilaran

Arch. Paul D. Cagoco, uap Mr. Concordio Virador



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: SAN ISIDRO LABRADOR CHURCH, Tubigon

Diocese of Tagbilaran Location: Tubigon Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 10:25am, October 20, 2013 Degree of Damage: 3 OBSERVATIONS: FRONT FACADE

1. The original interior part of the wall fabric of the front facde that is made of rubble masonry (stone and lime based mortar) appears to

have been pulverized prior to collapse. The plaster of the front facade was made of cement that is not lime based;

2. Almost 3/4 of the front facade wall has collapsed, leaving its lowermost base still standing whilst badly damaged;

3. Two arch niches that grace the front façade remain intact but is in a state of disrepair; Statues of the Virgin Mary have

4. remained standing;

5. The beautiful mural paintings that once graced its ceilings are now discernible from outside due to the collapsed front wall; Some remain

but have sustained numerous folds and appear to be reparable and intact;

6. From the collapsed front facade wall can be discerned some of the church's structural members which appear to have been intervened

using modern material and technology ( concrete and twisted reinforcing bars);

7. Parts of the front facade wall (3/4 of its upper wall) show interventions in concrete with embedded twisted rebars. The still standing

lowermost part of the front facade wall that is made of mamposteria apparently appears to have been the base of the concrete wall that

formed its uppermost part;

INTERIOR 8. The roof member from the mid-section of the nave up to the sanctuary has totally collapsed leaving the interior exposed without

protection;



9. The columns that separate the nave from its aisles have sustained major damage; Some parts of its concrete cover have been dislodged

leaving twisted rebars exposed and discernible;

10. The choirloft that is above the narthex has totally collapsed;

11. The two lateral walls of the church are still standing but have sustained horizontal major cracks and the dislodgement of collapsed

coralline limestone facing;

12. The ceiling joists of the church interior appear to have been previously damaged by wood-boring insects like termites and others; The

earthquake may have led to its further dislodgement from supporting structural members;

13. Some areas of the lateral walls are seen to have sustained minor damage wherein the stone facing have been dislodged from its wall

fabric;




Diocese of Tagbilaran Location: Tubigon Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 10:25am, October 20, 2013 Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 1. FRONT FACADE

Figure 2. RIGHT SIDE FACADE Figure 3. LEFT SIDE FACADE

Figure 4. INTERIOR Figure 5. INTERIOR 2



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: SAN ISIDRO LABRADOR CHURCH, Tubigon FRONT FACADE


Figure 1.2. Statue of the Virgin Mary have remained standing but the niche has sustained numerous cracks.


Figure 1.1. Beautiful mural paintings are now exposed due to the collapsed wall.

Figure 1.4. Fallen portion of the front façade which is made of concrete

Figure 1.5. Badly damaged lowermost base still standing.

Figure 1.2. Exposed roof member due to the collapsed front wall.





Figure 3 LEFT SIDE FACADE



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines

Name of Church: SAN ISIDRO LABRADOR CHURCH, Tubigon


Figure 4. INTERIOR

Figure 4.1 Dislodged facing stone from the damage sidewall.

Figure 4.2. Nave columns are damaged leaving the reinforcement bars exposed.

Figure 4.4 The ceiling paintings appear to be intact and reparable.




Name of Church: SAN MIGUEL ARCANGEL CHURCH, Clarin

Diocese of Tagbilaran Location: Clarin, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 11:46am, October 20, 2013 Degree of Damage: 3

OBSERVATIONS:

1. Front façade has remained standing but has sustained major cracks; One most apparent is a diagonal crack located at the left upper tier,

diagonally touching the arch window and reaching leftwards to the cornice of the pediment;

2. The roof of the interior of the church as well as majority of the side walls totally collapsed, leaving only a quarter of the side walls that

supports the front façade.

3. The belfry that is attached to the front façade remains standing but has sustained diagonal and vertical cracks that are apparent at its

second level pier;



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: SAN MIGUEL ARCANGEL CHURCH, Clarin

Diocese of Tagbilaran Location: Clarin, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 11:46am, October 20, 2013 Degree of Damage: 3

.

Figure 1. Front façade has remained standing but has sustained major cracks

Figure 2.The belfry that is attached to the front façade remains standing

Figure 3. The roof and mostly of the side walls have totally collapsed




Name of Church: SAN PABLO DE APOSTOL CHURCH, Inabanga

Diocese of Tagbilaran Location: Inabanga, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 2:30pm, October 20, 2013 Degree of Damage: 3 OBSERVATIONS:

1. The neo gothic styled front façade which is made of concrete has remained standing but the cross that graced the apex of the

pediment has been dislodged from its support; A few of the railings of the parapet wall of the pediment have also sustained

damage, with its concrete cover totally dislodged, exposing only the reinforcing bar support;

2. The second tier of the belfry likewise sustained damage and apparently observed were diagonal cracks that cut cross a window

opening, following the sides of the octagonal walls of its second tier;

3. The roof of the nave has collapsed midway from the front façade to the middle aisle, leaving the lateral walls to the ground;

Only the transepts and the altar have remained standing, whilst still sustaining numerous cracks and the splitting of members;

4. It appears that the lateral walls of the nave are of the Spanish period original coralline limestone rubble fabric; This is evidenced

by mounds of coralline limestone fragments comprising the scattered remains;

5. As seen from the interior, the mid-part of roof of the nave has buckled; This was made from a combination of wood and steel

frames; Parts of the beautiful mural paintings that once graced the ceiling of the nave have remained intact while those that

have been dislodged from the collapsed roof have incurred numerous folds which may have damaged it;

6. The plaster of the interior wall of the right and left transepts has been dislodged, leaving bare huge areas of walls made of

concrete;

7. The upper most part of the right side wall of the altar has sustained damage, whilst its plaster has been removed, exposing the

concrete wall fabric and its twisted reinforcing bars; vertical and diagonal cracks are also apparent on this wall;

8. The wooden side retablo of the altar remains intact with its icons still present;



9. Some lintel parts of arched openings have sustained diagonal cracks and the bulging of plaster; Edges of the pendentives gracing

the corners of the altar’s domed ceiling have sustained cracks that trace and follow the joints of columns and slanted wall parts;

CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: SAN PABLO DE APOSTOL CHURCH, Inabanga

Diocese of Tagbilaran Location: Inabanga, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 2:30pm, October 20, 2013 Degree of Damage: 3


Figure 2. RIGHT SIDE FACADE Figure 3. LEFT SIDE FACADE

Figure 4. INTERIOR



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: SAN PABLO DE APOSTOL CHURCH, Inabanga Diocese of Tagbilaran Location: Inabanga, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 2:30pm, October 20, 2013 Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 1.3.The second tier of the belfry likewise sustained damage and apparently observed were diagonal cracks that cut cross a window opening

Figure 1. Front Facade

Figure 1.1. The cross that graces the apex of the pediment has been dislodged from its support.

Figure 1.2. Debris from the upper front walls coming out at the entrance door

KEY PLAN



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: SAN PABLO DE APOSTOL CHURCH, Inabanga RIGHT & LEFT FACADE


Figure 3. LEFT SIDE FACADE

KEY PLAN



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: SAN PABLO DE APOSTOL CHURCH, Inabanga RIGHT & LEFT FACADE


Figure 2. RIGHT SIDE FAÇADE

KEY PLAN




Name of Church: SAN PABLO DE APOSTOL CHURCH, Inabanga INTERIOR


Figure 4. INTERIOR

Figure 4.1. The roof of the nave has collapsed midway from the front façade to the middle aisle Figure 4.2. Heavily damaged right transept

with exposed concrete fabric.

Figure 4.3 Only the transepts and the altar have remained standing, whilst still sustaining numerous cracks and the splitting of members

KEY PLAN



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: CATHEDRAL OF THE SANTISIMA TRINIDAD, Talibon

Diocese of Talibon Location: Talibon, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 3:40pm, October 20, 2013 Grade of Damage: Degree of Damage: 4 OBSERVATIONS:

1. The front façade of the church and its belfry have remained intact and gracefully elegant. Dislodging of a few parts of

the cornice of the arched pediment that is located near its apex has been observed;

2. The decorative ornamentations of the front façade have remained and these are the combined piers of Ionic and

Corinthian orders. The central piers that straddle the arch window of its second tier that is in the Corinthian order have

been preserved, giving emphasis to the baroqueness of the façade via its salomonic shaft. This baroque character is

further enhanced by the presence of cornice volutes that terminate the ends of the pediment, all of which have

remained intact and well preserved;

3. Major cracks as well as the bulging of quoins at the cantons of the four corners of the church have been observed and is

prevalent;




Name of Church: CATHEDRAL OF THE SANTISIMA TRINIDAD, Talibon

Diocese of Talibon Location: Talibon, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 3:40pm, October 20, 2013 Degree of Damage: 4

Figure 1. FRONT FACADE Figure 2. RIGHT SIDE FACADE



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: CATHEDRAL OF THE SANTISIMA TRINIDAD, Talibon FRONT FACADE

Diocese of Talibon Location: Talibon, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 3:40pm, October 20, 2013 Degree of Damage: 4 Figure 1. FRONT FACADE

Figure 1.1. Dislodged part of the apex of the arched pediment

Figure 1.3. Another dislodged architectural ornament found at one side of arched pediment adjacent to the belfry.

Figure 1.2. Portion at the cornice of the belfry inhibit cracks.



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: CATHEDRAL OF THE SANTISIMA TRINIDAD, Talibon


Figure 2. RIGHT SIDE FACADE

Figure 2.1 Splits found at the pilasters of the right transept

Figure 2.2. Bulging of stone facing material is prevalent on this corner of the church




Name of Church: CATHEDRAL OF THE SANTISIMA TRINIDAD, Talibon


Figure 1. Left Transept

Figure 1.1. Dislodging facing stone material at the rear part.

Figure 1.2. Major cracks/ splits and dislodgement found at this corner.



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: NUESTRA SENORA DE LA LUZ ‘BIRHEN SA KASILAC’ CHURCH, Loon

Diocese of Tagbilaran Location: Loon, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 2:40pm, October 21, 2013 Grade of Damage: Degree of Damage: 1

Figure 1. FRONT Figure 2. AT SIDE Figure 3. TOP

Figure 4. ORNAMENT



OBSERVATIONS: 1. The church and its convent totally collapsed 2. Masonry, wooden members as well as the metal roof of the church have been reduced to rubble



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: LA SANTA CRUZ - SAN VINCENTE FERRER CHURCH, Maribojoc

Diocese of Tagbilaran Location: Maribojoc, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 1:38pm, October 21, 2013 Grade of Damage: Degree of Damage: 1 OBSERVATIONS:

1. The church and its convent totally collapsed 2. Masonry, wooden members as well as the metal roof of the church have been reduced to rubble

Figure 1. FROM THE FRONT Figure 2. FROM SIDE Figure 3. FROM REAR




Name of Church: SANTISIMO NOMBRE DE JESUS (SANTO NINO) CHURCH, Cortes

Diocese of Tagbilaran Location: Cortes, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 1:38pm, October 21, 2013 Grade of Damage: Degree of Damage: 3

OBSERVATIONS:

1. The front façade of the Cortes church has totally collapsed with its roof above the nave buckling inwards;

2. The belfry remains intact, save for some bulging of stone facing materials;

3. The arch doorway at the left side of the portico remains standing but the dislodging of the arch’s voussoirs including its keystone

has exposed a large vertical crack that emanates from the apex of the portico’s cornice, downward to the top right spandrel of

the arch; If not immediately shored up and supported, this large crack may cause the slipping and slippage of the whole portion

of this wall;

4. The lower tier of the belfry at its right side has sustained minor damage with the dislodging of some stones at the central part of

its wall;

5. The left lateral wall of the nave remains standing, but dislodging of stonework or course that is the wall facing material is

apparent. Also observed is the presence of large cracks on the wall and the total removal of rubble material that are adjacent

the corner of this nave’s lateral wall as it intersects the wall of the left transept. This is made apparent with huge areas of

stonework being dislodged from its rubble base.

6. The exterior wall of the left transept has sustained major damage as seen in the presence of a large vertical crack that emanates

from the uppermost portion of the wall downwards which could split this wall from the rest of the lateral wall of the nave.

Similarly observed is a large diagonal crack that is beside this left transept’s portal door, cutting across from the upper most part

of this wall downward to the spandrel of the arch and to the top of the arch itself. This diagonal crack has been exposed when



much of the transept wall’s stonework was dislodged from its base, thereby revealing the interior wall fabric that is composed of

coralline limestone rubble. The interior rubble fabric is in a state of pulverization, a condition that is in existence prior to the

earthquake. The casing of the portal door of the left transept has similarly succumbed to dislodging, showing off chafing of this

ornamentation that once framed the portal doorway as well as another diagonal arch. Portions of the stone facing material that

completes the portal door’s decorative pediment, as well as its surrounding wall have been dislodged from its interior mortar

base thereby exposing the interior of the wall fabric.

7. There is much bulging of the stonework that completes the canton or the vertical corner pier located at the leftmost exterior

wall of the left transept. Although the stonework remains bonded with the other courses, further movement on the wall may

eventual lead to the total dislodgement of the stone course from its rubble base. Similarly, the lowermost course of this left

most canton or pier of the exterior wall of the transept has been totally removed, showing hallowed rubble interior. Weakening

of this corner threatens the integrity and stability of the wall as it attempts to remain standing. Further to this, the quoins of the

left transept’s canton is seen to be in a similar state of being outwardly dislodged from its base and inside are found diagonal

cracks that emanate from the upper most part of the wall, sliding downwards. It appears that the movement caused by the

earthquake has caused the bursting of the stone coursework as evidenced by the outward protrusion of the course from its

base.

8. The voussoirs of the vaulted-arch portal door of the left transept including its keystone have been dislodged exposing the second

layer of course work of the vaulted-arch opening. Similarly the stone facing that comprise the door’s lintel wall and parts of the

moulding that define the pediment of this portal door have been removed thereby exposing the rubble base interior fabric of

the transept wall.

9. The left transept’s exterior wall has also been observed to have sustained much damage with the dislodgement of its stonework

including its rubble fabric that is located the apex of the triangular pediment. Similarly, the coursework that frames a grotto that

is centrally located and directly adjoins the transept wall has been dislodged, leaving open the rubble interior fabric of this wall.

The removal of the coursework has exposed vertical cracks in the rubble fabric that emanated from the top of steel windows

going upwards toward the base of the wall’s pediment showing a tendency for the collapse of these wall areas. The left most

canton of the transept’s exterior wall has also been badly damaged with the dislodgement of the course work, leaving this

canton’s interior rubble fabric exposed to the elements.

10. The coursework of the exterior walls of the sacristy has also been dislodged exposing interior rubble fabric that is found to be

pulverized even prior to the earthquake. Pulverization may have been caused by the age of the fabric, water seepage as well as

the intrinsic characteristic of the stone and rubble work as it combined with lime based mortar that prevalently comprised wall



fabric of Spanish period churches. A huge diagonal crack has been observed from the corner of the wall of the sacristy as it

intersects with the wall of the transept. The falling off of interior rubble work has caused hallowed portions that are connected

to this diagonal crack. If un-shored and continuously unprotected, the crack and hallowed portion may cause a major falling out

of this part of the wall.

11. The exterior wall of the right transept is observed to have sustained a large vertical crack, a splitting of the wall from its parts,

whilst dislodging of the stonework has exposed the interior wall fabric. It is further observed that the interior rubble fabric is

pulverized, a state that is in existence prior to the earthquake. Similarly, side mould stones of the right transept’s portal door

have all been dislodged from base, as well as adjacent stonework that straddles this door. This has led to the exposure of the

pulverized rubble fabric that makes up the interior wall of the church;

12. The rear exterior wall of the right transept has totally collapsed, exposing the interior rubble of the church;

13. The right lateral wall remains standing but it has also succumbed to damage. The dislodging of coralline limestone course from

the walls has been observed, as well as in parts of the mould casing of the right portal door, which is made of the same coral

stone. These door casing stones have been chafed and exfoliated from the main stone thereby causing weakening of its

limestone base;

14. The left pillaster that graces the right lateral wall’s portal door has also sustained damage with the dislodging of its facing

material. This same dislodging of stone facing material is also apparent at the right pillaster’s upper shaft, and at its lower most

shaft that is above the base of the pier; Some of the stone casing material of the windows that is at the right side lateral wall of

the nave have also fallen, exposing the interior rubble part of the fabric;

15. The rear end of the Infant King Academy has also collapsed.



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: SANTISIMO NOMBRE DE JESUS (SANTO NINO) CHURCH, Cortes

Diocese of Tagbilaran Location: Cortes, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 1:38pm, October 21, 2013 Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 1. FRONT FACADE Figure 2. LEFT LATERAL WALL OPPOSITE TO THE FRONT OF BELFRY

Figure 6. LEFT TRANSEPT

Figure 4. LEFT LATERAL WALL OPPOSITE TO THE REAR OF BELFRY

Figure 3. BELFRY

Figure 8. INTERIOR Figure 5. LEFT LATERAL FAÇADE & LEFT TRANSEPT

Figure 7. LEFT LATERAL FAÇADE & REAR PART OF TRANSEPT




Name of Church: SANTISIMO NOMBRE DE JESUS (SANTO NINO) CHURCH, Cortes FAÇADE

Diocese of Tagbilaran Location: Cortes, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 1:38pm, October 21, 2013

Degree of Damage: 3


Figure 1.2. Exposed roof member from the collapsed wall of the Portico Facade

Figure 1.4. Vertical Cracks at the front

Figure 1.1. Ornaments found near the crack portion of the wall

Figure 1.3. A portion left of the inner facade of the church




Name of Church: SANTISIMO NOMBRE DE JESUS (SANTO NINO) CHURCH, Cortes LEFT LATERAL WALL OPPOSITE TO THE FRONT

OF BELFRY Diocese of Tagbilaran

Location: Cortes, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 1:38pm, October 21, 2013 Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 2. LEFT LATERAL WALL OPPOSITE TO THE FRONT OF BELFRY

Figure 2. Dislodgement of facing stone and diagonal crack on top of arch.

Figure 4. Dislodgement of cut-stone facing the the lower portion of the tier/pilaster.



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: SANTISIMO NOMBRE DE JESUS (SANTO NINO) CHURCH, Cortes LEFT LATERAL FAÇADE & LEFT TRANSEPT


Figure 3. BELFRY

Figure 3.2. Dislodged cut-coral stone material on top of the arch. Dislodgement of keystone and voissoirs.

Figure 3.3. Visible cracks on the cut-coral stone at the inside of the arch.

Figure 3.1. Dislodged cut-coral stone material on top of the arch. Dislodgement of keystone and voissoirs.



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: SANTISIMO NOMBRE DE JESUS (SANTO NINO) CHURCH, Cortes LEFT LATERAL WALL OPPOSITE TO THE REAR OF

BELFRY Diocese of Tagbilaran

Location: Cortes, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 1:38pm, October 21, 2013 Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 4. LEFT LATERAL WALL OPPOSITE TO THE REAR OF BELFRY

Figure 4.1. Dislodged upper portions of the pilaster which encased the portal or the lateral facadedoor at the left

Figure 4.5. Dislodged cut-cora stone mouldings & cut-coral stone facing at the lower portion of the window.



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: SANTISIMO NOMBRE DE JESUS (SANTO NINO) CHURCH, Cortes LEFT LATERAL FAÇADE & LEFT TRANSEPT

Diocese of Tagbilaran Location: Cortes, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 1:38pm, October 21, 2013 Degree of Damage: 3 Figure 3. LEFT LATERAL FAÇADE & LEFT TRANSEPT

Figure 3.2. Most damaged portion along this side of the church.

Figure 3.4. Long, vertical split along the intersection of this lateral side wall & front wall of the left transept.

Figure 3.1. Cut-coral facing stone bulging out.

Figure 3.3. The behavior of the movement of stone when it is not anymore attached to the core.



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: SANTISIMO NOMBRE DE JESUS (SANTO NINO) CHURCH, Cortes RIGHT SIDE TRANSEPT


Figure 3. LEFT LATERAL FAÇADE & LEFT TRANSEPT (2)

Figure 3.5. Another slip on the upper lefton top of the transept door.

Figure 3.8. Diagonal split and dislodgement of cut-coral facing stone material on top of the left transept door

Figure 3.6. Spliting and dislodgement of the coner cut-coral facing stone along lateral left side wall.

Figure 3.7. Dislodgement of cut-coral stone material at the base of the tier/pilaster.




Name of Church: SANTISIMO NOMBRE DE JESUS (SANTO NINO) CHURCH, Cortes RIGHT SIDE TRANSEPT



Figure 8. Major split at the bottom part of the base window.

Figure 6. Another major split at the upper portion of the right window Figure 2.1. disodgement of cut coral stone facing

material exposing limestome rubble.

Figure 7. Major split on top of left window at right transept.



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: SANTISIMO NOMBRE DE JESUS (SANTO NINO) CHURCH, Cortes LEFT LATERAL FAÇADE & REAR PART OF TRANSEPT


Figure 7. LEFT LATERAL FAÇADE & REAR PART OF TRANSEPT

Figure 7.2. Dislodged cornice member and stone at the tier/pilaster.

Figure 7.3. Dislodgement of cut-coral stone facing material exposing the rubble core.






Name of Church: SANTISIMO NOMBRE DE JESUS (SANTO NINO) CHURCH, Cortes INTERIOR


Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 8.0. INTERIOR

Figure 8.0a. Long cracks are prevalent on the side walls of the Sanctuary.

Figure 8.0b. Dislodgement of facing stones at the right side of the Sanctuary.




Name of Church: SANTISIMO NOMBRE DE JESUS (SANTO NINO) CHURCH, Cortes LEFT SIDE TRANSEPT


Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 9.1. Interior at the left transept

Figure 8.1a. Major vertical split from ceiling to the ground, dislodgement of cut-coral stone and spalling of lime-cement palitada

Figure 8.1b. Exposed rubble core due to dislodgement of cut-stone facing

Figure 8.1c. Dislodgement of cut-coral stone and spalling of lime-cement palitada




Name of Church: SANTISIMO NOMBRE DE JESUS (SANTO NINO) CHURCH, Cortes RIGHT SIDE TRANSEPT


Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 11.2. Interior at the right transept (a)

Figure 10.2a. Long inclined split from ceiling down to bottom of the side retablo

(b) Right transept side wall totally collapsed

(c) Inclined cracks beside the door

Dislodgement of cut-stone facing material on top of door



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: SANTO NINO CHURCH, Anda

Diocese of Talibon Location: Anda Bohol, Time/ Date of Assessment: 11:38am, October 22, 2013

Grade of Damage: Degree of Damage: 4 OBSERVATIONS:

1. The church remains standing. It has sustained major vertical cracks at the uppermost corners of the canton (corner

piers) of both extreme sides of the front façade. This is also seen at the corners of the same canton as it intersects the

lateral walls. The vertical cracks are most apparent from the choir loft.

2. The interior plaster of the lateral walls of the church manifests numerous fissures and the bulging of its concrete plaster.

These fissures appear to be in web pattern where the fissures are connected to smaller ones and practically covers the

entire expanse of the lateral walls. Some fissures are found to be in the category of cracks due to their width and

openings.

3. The exterior wall of the rear of the church has likewise shown minor damage, with some cracks apparent as well as

fissures on the plaster of the wall fabric.




Name of Church: SANTO NINO CHURCH, Anda Diocese of Talibon

Location: Anda Bohol, Time/ Date of Assessment: 11:38am, October 22, 2013

Degree of Damage: 4


Figure 2. RIGHT LATERAL FACADE Figure 3. LEFT LATERAL FACADE

Figure 4. INTERIOR





Degree of Damage: 4

Figure 1. FRONT FACADE Figure 1b. Vertical crack on the side of the pilaster

Figure 1a. Vertical crack on the side of the pilaster



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: SANTO NINO CHURCH, Anda INTERIOR


Degree of Damage: 4

Figure 4. INTERIOR

Figure 4.1. Vertical crack on top of Epistle Side Retablo.

Figure 4.2. Vertical crack on top of Retablo Mayor.

Figure 12. Spalling of Concrete plaster at the right stairway going up the Retablo Mayor.





Degree of Damage: 4

Figure 4a. INTERIOR OF CHURCH

Figure 4a.1. Fissures are prevalent on this side of the wall

Figure 4a.1. Fissures are prevalent at this side of the interior lateral wall





Degree of Damage: 4

Figure 5a. Interior of left transept. Entire concrete wall has exhibited fissures



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: IMMACULATE CONCEPTION CHURCH, Duero

Diocese of Talibon Location: Duero Bohol, Time/ Date of Assessment: 2:40pm, October 22, 2013


1. Church remains intact and no damage has been detected

Figure 1. FRONT FACADE. Figure 13. LATERAL RIGHT SIDE FACADE



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013)

October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: IMMACULATE CONCEPTION CHURCH, Duero

Diocese of Talibon Location: Duero Bohol, Time/ Date of Assessment: 2:40pm, October 22, 2013

Degree of Damage: 6

Figure 4. INTERIOR Figure 4. INTERIOR (2)



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: STA. MONICA CHURCH, Mabini

Diocese of Talibon Location: Mabini, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 12:15pm, October 22, 2013

Grade of Damage: Degree of Damage: 6 OBSERVATIONS: 1. Not much damage seen in this church which is presently made of concrete

Figure 1. FRONT FACADE Figure 2. RIGHT LATERAL FACADE



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: STA. MONICA CHURCH, Mabini

Diocese of Talibon Location: Mabini, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 12:15pm, October 22, 2013

Degree of Damage: 6



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: SAN MIGUEL ARCANGEL CHURCH, Jagna

Diocese of Talibon Location: Jagna, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 3:50pm, October 22, 2013

Grade of Damage: Degree of Damage: 4

OBSERVATIONS: 1. Majority of the church parts remains standing and intact save for some major problems observed at the corners of the lateral

walls as they intersect with the front façade wall which have sustained serious vertical cracks, the splitting and separation of

members (coursework and interior rubble fabric) that are between bonds of walls; the front façade wall has inclined outward;

2. Upper part of the sacristy has sustained cracks; a vertical crack is apparent at the upper wall of the arch entrance to the sacristy;

3. Dislodgement of parts of the stone course work as well as bulging of stones have been observed at the left lateral wall of the

church;




Diocese of Talibon Location: Jagna, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 3:50pm, October 22, 2013 Degree of Damage: 4

Figure 1. FRONT FACADE Figure 2. LEFT LATERAL FACADE

Figure 3. INTERIOR (1)





Degree of Damage: 4

Figure 2. LEFT LATERAL FACADE

Figure 2.1. Vertical crack and bulging of stonework at corner of wall

Figure 2.4. Bulging of stonework at corner of roof eaves.

Figure 2.2.Vertical crack and dislodging of stonework at the buttress

Figure 2.3. Bulging of stonework at the buttress.




Name of Church: SAN MIGUEL ARCANGEL CHURCH, Jagna Diocese of Talibon

Location: Jagna, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 3:50pm, October 22, 2013

Degree of Damage: 4

Figure 2.a. Portion of left lateral facade

Figure 2.a.1. Vertical crack on top of the rear door going to the sacristy.

Figure 2.a.1. Vertical crack at the rear wall of the left transept.





Degree of Damage: 4

INTERIOR: Left Transept

Broken machuca tiles at left transept.





Degree of Damage: 4

Cracks on the upper wall of the sanctuary adjacent to the retabo mayor.

Figure 14. Vertical crack on the upper wall of the retablo mayor.




Name of Church: SAN NICOLAS DE TOLENTINO CHURCH, Dimiao Diocese of Tagbilaran

Location: Dimiao Bohol, Time/ Date of Assessment: 9:20am, October 23, 2013

Grade of Damage: Degree of Damage: 4 OBSERVATIONS

1. The front façade of Dimiao remains relatively intact save for some isolated areas that have sustained damage. The arched niche

located centrally at the front façade has sustained a vertical crack that emanates from the side of the ornamented conch

keystone at the apex of the niche’s arch, moving in an upward direction. Similarly, the cornice that frames that arch of the left

window at the second tier of the front façade has been dislodged from its base together with its surrounding stonework, leaving

behind the pier and its capital as the only remnant that defines the window opening; at the apex of the front façade’s pediment

was an ornamental base that held a metal cross, both of which fell as a result of the earthquake; some parts of this façade have

sustained minor damage with the dislodgement of stone work as well as the appearance of cracks and the enhanced separation

of stone members. An ornamental knob that is in shape of a vase located at the right hand corner of the façade’s parapet wall

has fallen to the ground.

2. Cracks and the separation of stone casing are also present along the edges and corners of the cornices and stone ornamental

casings, specifically seen at quoins that intersect the planes of the octagonal belfry; the uppermost part of the left belfry has

sustained major damage whereby the ornamented stone pilasters that borders the edge of the octagonally-shaped cupola have

been dislodged, thus leaving the base of the pilasters framing the window openings weakened to the elements; the integrity of

the cupola of the belfy has therefore been compromised;

3. Some parts of the plasters of the left belfry have been scaled off thereby exposing the interior rubble masonry that is the wall

fabric of this portion of the church;

4. Taken from the exterior, the left lateral wall of the church has sustained minor damage; If in case damage is present, it is not

apparent from the wall’s surface and very little evidence shows of it;



5. At the left transept, the plaster that covers the coursework at the upper quoins of the intersecting walls have also been

dislodged from their base, thus exposing the stonework beneath it; Similarly, stonework that frames the lintel of the centrally

located glass colored window as well as in adjacent areas at the left part of the window following a horizontal pattern, has been

removed from its base, also exposing its underside rubblework;

6. The right lateral wall of the church remains with minor damage but the quoins of the intersecting walls of the right transept

have sustained major damage as upper parts of these intersecting walls have incurred a huge vertical crack thus splitting the

walls and substantially dislodging cornerstones and exposing stone coursework beneath it; this vertical crack emanated from the

edge of the parapet wall as it meets the transept’s gable roof, following a downward direction; The transept’s parapet wall has

followed an outward inclination from its uppermost portion, which is apparently seen in the opening of the crack as it splays

away from its normal 90 degrees position; Stones that form the quoins of the parapet wall with the other walls of the transept

have also sustained vertical cracks, with the facing material being dislodged from its rubble interior masonry base;

7. The interior wall of the altar has shown vertical and horizontal cracks and fissures which are apparent with the dislodgement of

paints that cover the plastered wall as well as the splitting of some material both a the left and right side of the altar wall; This is

most especially seen at the left side of the door that enters the sacristy from the church’s sanctuary; Cracks have manifested at

the steps of the sanctuary of the altar and these are apparent at the edges of floor finishes; The corner edges of the altar wall as

it meets the lateral wall parts have also shown minor separation with vertical cracks which may lead to future major splitting if

not addressed;

8. Some parts of the wooden beams at the sacristy of the church have shown further deflection wit and splitting of wood fibers,

perhaps further induced by the earthquake.






Degree of Damage: 4

Figure 15. FRONT FACADE Figure 2. LEFT SIDE LATERAL WALL Figure 3. LEFT SIDE TRANSEPT

Figure 5. RIGHT SIDE LATERAL WALL AT REAR OF LEFT TRANSEPT

Figure 4. LEFT SIDE LATERAL WALL AT REAR OF LEFT TRANSEPT.

Figure 6. RIGHT SIDE WALL OF THE RIGHT TRANSEPT.






Degree of Damage: 4

Figure 7. RIGHT SIDE LATERAL WALL OPPOSITE OF THE RIGHT TRANSEPT

Figure 8. RIGHT SIDE BELFRY Figure 9. INTERIOR: SACRISTY

Figure 9. INTERIOR: CHURCH NAVE




October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines

Name of Church: SAN NICOLAS DE TOLENTINO CHURCH, Dimiao FRONT FAÇADE Diocese of Tagbilaran


Degree of Damage: 4


Figure 16.1. Remains of the knob base that holds the metal crucifix at the apex of the front façade pediment

Figure 19.3. Dislodgement of cut-coral stone facing material on top of left window at the third level of the façade.

Figure 17.4. Vertical cracks at the 4th

tier of the right belfry

Figure 20.4. Vertical cracks at corner casings located at the right belfry that is attached to the church Figure 18.2. The parts of the apex stone

knob that holds the metal crucifix now on ground fronting the church

KEY PLAN



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: SAN NICOLAS DE TOLENTINO CHURCH, Dimiao LEFT SIDE LATERAL WALL

Diocese of Tagbilaran Location: Dimiao Bohol, Time/ Date of Assessment: 9:20am, October 23, 2013

Degree of Damage: 4

Figure 2. LEFT SIDE LATERAL WALL

Figure 2.2. Major split of stone pilasters at the uppermost tier of the left belfry

Figure 2.4. Dislodgement of stone facing

Figure 2.1. Vertical cracks & dislodgement of quoins of the canton of the left transept

Figure 2.3. Vertical crack

KEY PLAN




Name of Church: SAN NICOLAS DE TOLENTINO CHURCH, Dimiao LEFT SIDE TRANSEPT Diocese of Tagbilaran


Degree of Damage: 4


Figure 3.2. Vertical cracks and dislodgement of cut facing and spalling of lime based-plaster at the quoins of the uppermost canton of the transept

Figure 3.1. Dislodgement of stonework at top of the window

Figure 3.3. Major vertical cracks and the bulging of quoins at the canton of left transept

KEY PLAN



CATALOG FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines


Location: Dimiao Bohol, Time/ Date of Assessment: 9:20am, October 23, 2013 Degree of Damage: 4

KEY PLAN

Figure 4. LEFT SIDE LATERAL WALL AT REAR OF LEFT TRANSEPT.

Figure 4.1. Vertical cracks and bulging of quoins at the uppermost canton of the transept wall






Degree of Damage: 4

Figure 5. RIGHT SIDE LATERAL WALL AT REAR OF LEFT TRANSEPT

Figure 5.1. Vertical crack at the wall apex adjoining the roof beam at the upper corner wall of the right transept

Figure 5.2. Crack at the base of the canton of the rear wall

Figure 5.3. Dislodgement of arch casing that frames the window

KEY PLAN






Degree of Damage: 4

Figure 6. RIGHT SIDE WALL OF THE RIGHT TRANSEPT.

Figure 6.1. Vertical cracks at the left pillaster

Figure 6.2. Dislodgement of coursework near apex of pediment

Figure 6.2. Dislodgement of coursework and lime-based plaster near window

KEY PLAN






Degree of Damage: 4

Figure 7. RIGHT SIDE LATERAL WALL ADJACENT TO THE RIGHT TRANSEPT

Figure 7. Vertical crack and the splitting and separation of transept walls at the canton

KEY PLAN






Degree of Damage: 4

Figure 8. RIGHT SIDE BELFRY

Figure 8.2. Vertical crack and dislodgement of stone pilaster at the 5

th tier of the belfry

Figure 8.1. Vertical crack at the pilasters of the 5

th tier of the belfry

KEY PLAN






Degree of Damage: 4

Figure 9. INTERIOR: SACRISTY

KEY PLAN

Figure 9.1. Crack at the base of the corbel that is at the bottom of a beam above the sacristry






Degree of Damage: 4

KEY PLAN

Figure 10. INTERIOR: ALTAR WALL Figure 10.1. Vertical crack at the intersection of the altar wall and the lateral wall of the nave






Degree of Damage: 4

Figure 11. INTERIOR: LEFT TRANSEPT

Figure 11.2. Apparent gap between the wall and the tin ceiling frames

KEY PLAN

Figure 11.1. Diagonal crack on the transept wall

Figure 11.3. Separation of the transept walls as seen in a vertical crack






Degree of Damage: 4

KEY PLAN

Figure 12. INTERIOR: RIGHT SIDE TRANSEPT

Figure 12.3. Apparent gap between ceiling and wall

Figure 12.2. Gap/ or split between two adjacent walls

Figure 12.1. Vertical crack and splitting of the transept walls






Degree of Damage: 4

KEY PLAN

Figure 13. INTERIOR: THE CHOIR LOFT

Figure 13.1. Vertical crack between the arch wall of the choir loft and the left lateral wall of the nave Figure 13.3. Vertical crack

between the arch wall of the choir loft and the left lateral wall of the nave

Figure 13.2. Vertical cracks at the interior front façade wall that is at the back of the choir loft






Degree of Damage: 4

KEY PLAN

Figure 14. INTERIOR: FRONT FAÇADE WALL UNDER THE CHOIRLOFT

Figure 14.1. Vertical cracks on the splay of the arch opening of the main entrance door at the interior of the front façade wall

Figure 14.2. Vertical crack at the interior of the front façade wall that emanated from a floor beam displaced during the earthquake






Degree of Damage: 4

KEY PLAN

Figure 15.1. Vertical crack at the intersection of the choir loft arch wall and lateral wall of the nave that has emanated from a wooden floor beam that may have been displaced during the earthquake

Figure 15.2. Soffit of the arch wall of the choir loft showing one of the voussoirs that is about to be dislodged due to cracks brought about by the earthquake

Figure 15. INTERIOR: ARCH WALL AT THE CHOIRLOFT FACING THE SANCTUARY






Degree of Damage: 4

Figure 16.1. Diagonal crack between the end of a canton and the lateral wall

KEY PLAN

Figure 16. INTERIOR: LATERAL WALL OF THE NAVE




Name of Church: SANTISIMA TRINIDAD CHURCH, Loay Diocese of Tagbilaran

Location: Loay Bohol, Time/ Date of Assessment: 11:28, October 23, 2013


1. Loay’s front façade, its mid-tier and the triangular pediment of the portico have completely collapsed to the floor, leaving parts

of the arcaded lower tier of the portico still standing as well as the pediment and it accompanying finial atop the apex of the

pediment and its accompanying entablature still remaining on ground, almost complete. Above the portico is the choir loft

whose floor has also partially collapsed but with some parts still intact and remaining;

2. The left lateral wall of the church that is contiguous with the left lateral wall of the portico remains standing, complete with the

portico’s arch opening; Portions of the portico’s wall that directly connects to the front façade wall has also been removed and

has been chipped off at its side, leaving areas without plaster, its stonework and interior rubble exposed; The a central part of

the second tier of the lateral wall of the portico had been reconstructed using CHB (concrete hollow blocks) and above it is a

concrete beam which may have sustained the weight of the roof as it fell and landed on the wall. Nevertheless, the CHB wall

buckled following the collapse of the roof, with its weight putting pressure on the concrete beam;

3. The lateral wall of the transept has sustained a major vertical crack that caused a split between the parapet wall of the same

area (transept) and its intersecting lateral wall. This major crack deeply penetrates to the interior part of the transept wall, thus

causing the separation of the wall members. If not immediately addressed, the split may eventually cause the collapse of the

parapet wall; Surrounding coursework of a window that is found at this lateral wall of the transept has equally been dislodged

thus exposing the interior rubble masonry fabric;

4. At the right transept is similarly found the presence of a large vertical crack at the edge of the canton as it intersects the transept

wall, deeply penetrating the wall. This will equally cause the eventual collapse of the wall if not immediately addressed through

proper retrofitting methods;

KEY PLAN



5. At the right façade of the portico wall that remains standing can be seen dislodged quoins of the remaining canton that joins the

front façade and the lateral wall, with stonework removed, exposing the interior part of the rubble fabric;

6. At the right transept, a vertical crack and the bulging of stonework at the quoins of the canton between transept walls are also

apparent;

7. The wall of the sanctuary has also sustained vertical cracks at both sides of the wall, which has compromised the structural

integrity of this wall;

8. The interior walls of the church have manifested numerous major damage as seen in vertical and diagonal cracks that deeply

penetrate the walls, some causing the splitting of intersecting walls, and others cutting through structural members; In the event

of another earthquake, these vertical and diagonal cracks, if not addressed, may cause the eventual collapse of these walls;

9. The belfry of Loay church remains standing but has sustained damage as seen in the dislodgement of stonework at the highest

tier of this detached structure as well as cracks and the bulging of course work seen in different planes of the octagonal edifice.






Degree of Damage: 3

KEY PLAN

Figure 1. FRONT FACADE Figure 2. LATERAL WALL OF THE PORTICO

Figure 3. LEFT LATERAL FAÇADE

Figure 5. RIGHT LATERAL FAÇADE

Figure 6. BELFRY Figure 4. RIGHT LATERAL FAÇADE






Degree of Damage: 3


Figure 1.1. Finial at the apex of the pediment

KEY PLAN

Figure 1.3. Crushed roof that is folded frontward as a result of the earthquake

Figure 1.2. Crushed columns supporting the pediment of the portico and front façade of the church

Figure 1.4. What remains of the lateral wall of the nave now exposed with the buckling of the roof






Degree of Damage: 3

KEY PLAN

Figure 2. LATERAL WALL OF THE PORTICO

Figure 2.1. Dislodged quoins and coursework of the lateral wall of the portico

Figure 2.2. Dislodged coursework and vertical crack that may lead to collapse of the partial lateral wall of the portico






Degree of Damage: 3

KEY PLAN

Figure 3. LEFT LATERAL FAÇADE Figure 3.1. Major vertical crack at the canton of the left transept, almost separating the walls

Figure 3.2. Crack at the coursework adjacent to the window






Degree of Damage: 3

KEY PLAN

Figure 4. LATERAL RIGHT FAÇADE

f

Figure 4.1. Dislodging of quoins at the canton between the transept and the sacristy

Figure 4.2. Vertical crack at the canton of the left transept wall that separates the walls






Degree of Damage: 3

KEY PLAN

Figure 5. RIGHT LATERAL FAÇADE AT THE TRANSEPT SIDE

Figure 5.1. Vertical crack and the bulging of stonework at the quoins of the canton between transept walls






Degree of Damage: 3

KEY PLAN

Figure 5. LATERAL RIGHT FAÇADE

Figure 4.2 Dislodgement of the quoins at the canton of the portico wall material at front.

Figure 4.2. Shattered right portion of the portico façade






Degree of Damage: 3

KEY PLAN

Figure 6. BELFRY

Figure 6.1. 3rd

tier of the belfry with stonework dislodged from base

Figure 6.3. 2nd

tier of the belfry with diagonal crack between the arch opening and the bead that separates the 2

nd and the 3

rd tier

Figure 6.2. Total dislodgement of the coursework at the 3

rd tier of the belfry atop the arch opening






Degree of Damage: 3

KEY PLAN

FIGURE 7. INTERIOR: WALL OF THE SANCTUARY

Figure 7.1. Vertical crack at right side wall of the Sanctuary

Figure 7.2. Bulging of coursework and vertical cracks at the wall of the Sanctuary






Degree of Damage: 3

KEY PLAN

Figure 8. INTERIOR: LEFT TRANSEPT

Figure 8.3. Vertical cracks at the rear of wall back of the retablo

Figure 8.4. Major splitting of walls at the end corners of the transept

Figure 8.2. Dislodgement of the coursework at the spandrel of the arch door and its voussoirs that is located at the left transept of the church

Figure 8.1 Diagonal crack at the transept wall that cuts across a window emanating from the wall apex to the opening of the arch door below






Degree of Damage: 3

KEY PLAN

Figure 9. INTERIOR: RIGHT TRANSEPT

Figure 9.1. Vertical crack at the intersecting transept walls

Figure 9.3. Diagonal crack at the transept wall that emanates from the top most part of the pediment following a downward direction and hitting the voussoirs of the arch windows where dislodgement of stonework is apparent Figure 9.2. Vertical crack and the

bulging of wall facing material






Degree of Damage: 3

KEY PLAN

Figure 10. INTERIOR: RIGHT TRANSEPT

Figure 10.1. Horizontal crack and the bulging of facing material at the transept wall

Figure 10.2. Vertical and diagonal cracks apparent and penetrating depth of wall from the apex of the transept wall following a downward direction towards the interior of a window opening






Degree of Damage: 3

KEY PLAN

Figure 11.1. INTERIOR: LEFT LATERAL WALL Figure 11.2. INTERIOR: RIGHT LATERAL WALL




October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines

Name of Church: LA PURISIMA CONCEPCION DE LA VIRGEN MARIA CHURCH, Baclayon Diocese of Tagbilaran

Location: Baclayon, Bohol, Time/ Date of Assessment: 9:43, October 24, 2013


1. From the exterior side, majority of front façade’s portico wall has collapsed and parts remain, nonetheless with this dismemberment compromising the integrity of whole front façade; The church’s condition is further materialized through the collapse of the belfry where only the lowest tier has survived whilst it has succumbed to total damage;

2. The left and right lateral walls of the nave as seen from its exterior facade appear to be in stable condition. But from the interior, serious damage is evidenced by the presence of pronounced vertical cracks at the corners of the buttresses that line the nave’s interior lateral walls, an indication of the weakening between structural members which may lead to an eventual separation of the buttresses from the nave walls in the event of another fairly strong movement;

3. The left transept’s exterior wall has sustained major damage with the dismemberment of the triangular portion that comprises the pediment of this wall. The collapse of this part of the pediment is not apparent as viewed from the interior due to the presence of the tin ceiling that completely covers the joints between the uppermost parts of the wall and the roof members;

4. The fairly new ermita structure at the back portion of the church has also sustained major damage with the presence of numerous vertical and diagonal cracks located at different areas of the structure which deeply penetrate the counter facade of the wall; The stonework at the lintel of the entrance door has been dislodged due to pressure from this crack that emanated from the uppermost part, comprising the triangular apex of the front façade wall, following a downward direction and reaching down the lintel of the doorway, deeply cutting into the lintel and side jambs of the door opening at the counter facade side and resulting to the dislodgement of parts of the stone casing; At the front façade, another diagonal crack emanates from the left most corner base of the triangular apex, resulting to the bulging of quoins at that area, with the crack following a downward direction; At the interior of the ermita where located the bottom chords of the roof trusses and its accompanying wood corbels that touch the apex of the lateral walls emanate vertical and diagonal cracks resulting to the bulging of stone coursework and the dislodging of stone facing materials surrounding that area; Most of the cracks follow a downward direction and some result to pressure on the quoins of the window openings where bulging



and apparent dislodging of the stonework is imminent; Some cracks are seen at the ledge of the window openings, cutting across the sill from interior to exterior, downward the wall fabric;

5. The octagonal shaped old ermita has also sustained major damage where portions of its roof member (roof and trusses) have been detached; The removal of the roof has resulted to the dislodgement of portions of the wall cornice at that plane that comprise part of the octagonal shaped structure. This has resulted to a chipped appearance at the apex, compromising the integrity of the cornice; Emanating from this part are diagonal cracks which were brought about by the pressure from the detachment of the roof members; These cracks follow the sides of individual courses in a downward direction toward the lintel of the window opening below; The bead moulding at the base of the right pilaster that frame the window opening has also sustained vertical cracks;

6. The sacristry wall as seen from the exterior has sustained major damage with the dismemberment of the tip of the triangular pediment with parts falling down at the rear portion of the church; There is high possibility of stone parts falling inside the ceiling of the sacristy which may cause dislodgement of the tin ceiling from its frames and put at risk the main retablo that backdrops the church’s altar; At the counter facade of the rear wall of the church that is the interior wall of the sacristy, vertical and diagonal cracks are apparent at both sides of the main retablo, compromising the integrity of the this counter facade and putting at risk the main retablo which could be destroyed following an eventual collapse of this altar wall;

7. The interior walls of transepts are found have succumbed to numerous vertical and diagonal cracks that may impair it if not immediately addressed. The cracks are suggestive of its weakening and failure which may lead to an eventual collapse should these be not immediately addressed; Major vertical and diagonal cracks found between corners of structural members (ie at joints of walls or joints between wall and a pillar or buttress) highly suggest failure of joinery;

8. As aforementioned, as viewed from the exterior side, majority of front façade’s portico wall has collapsed and parts remain, nonetheless with this dismemberment compromising the integrity of whole front façade. Its counter façade as viewed from the narthex and the choir loft has vertical and diagonal cracks that emanated from the apex of the wall following a downward direction; The loosing of joineries between stone and wood members as seen in the lintel and jambs of the main doorway is a result of the movement brought about by the earthquake which compromised the bonding between these church elements;

9. The ante room beside the right transept has also been found with serious vertical cracks. One such major penetrating crack at a partition wall is seen to have emanated from the deflection caused by a floor beam that holds part of the room that directly adjoins the Tribuna gallery at the second level; This room is being used part of the museum and it houses artifacts that were opened for viewing;

10. The room at the second floor that directly adjoins the Tribuna gallery has likewise succumbed to many serious cracks and the weakening of walls causing dislodgement of stonework and plaster, as well as the precarious condition of its floor wherein floor beams and joists may have deflected and their joineries to stone members compromised; The Tribuna gallery is feared to have been gravely compromised as well, with the weakening of its wooden floor and balustrade;

11. Taken as a whole, the Baclayon church is in a very serious and precarious condition, where there is much instability between joints of structural members; If the church is not properly re-strengthened, this could lead to serious damage such as the eventual collapse of its structural members;






Degree of Damage: 3


Figure 5. REAR FACADE

Figure 3. RIGHT LATERAL SHOWING THE ERMITA

Figure 4. RIGHT LATERAL FAÇADE AT THE TRANSEPT SIDE

Figure 2. LEFT LATERAL FACADE

Figure 6. RIGHT LATERAL FACADE






Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 7. INTERIOR: SANCTUARY Figure 8. ANTE ROOM BESIDE THE RIGHT TRANSEPT






Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 1. FRONT FACADE Figure 1.1 Remaining part of the arcaded portico

Figure 1.2 What remains of the belfry that has collapsed






Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 2. RIGHT LATERAL WALL

Figure 2.2 Dislodged coursework of buttress exposing interior rubble fabric

Figure 2.3 Dislodged stonework of the buttress

Figure 2.1 Pediment of the transept wall that has collapsed with remaining lower wall still standing






Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 3.1 Vertical and diagonal cracks on the front façade wall of the Ermita including stonework dislodged from base

Figure 3. ERMITA AND THE LEFT TRANSEPT Figure 3.2 Vertical and diagonal cracks on wall with bulging of stonework






Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 3.3. Collapse of the roof and members of the old ermita building and the dislodgement of the stone cornice that frames the octagonal structure






Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 4. Collapse of the pediment of the upper part of the transept wall and the dislodgement of the stonework thereby exposing the interior rubble fabric






Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 5. Collapse of the pediment of the transept wall and the dislodgement of the stonework of the buttress and wall exposing the rubble fabric inside;






Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 6. Collapse of the pediment of the transept wall and the dislodgement of the stonework of the buttress and wall exposing the rubble fabric inside;






Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 7. INTERIOR: ANTE ROOM: Vertical crack at the Ante room that penetrates deeply into the same wall at the other side. A diagonal crack is also seen at the spandrel of the arch that frames a window which emanates from the apex of the wall following a downward direction and cuts into the depth of the splay of the wall at the window opening.






Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 8. INTERIOR: RIGHT LATERAL WALL: Numerous evidences of serious structural damage as shown by vertical cracks that cut deep into the wall of intersections between the lateral wall and the buttresses;






Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 8. INTERIOR: LEFT LATERAL WALL: Numerous evidences of serious structural damage as shown by diagonal cracks that cut deep into the left lateral wall found at different areas; Interior pilaster of a buttress that show total dislodgement of stone coursework exposing the interior rubble fabric;






Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 8. INTERIOR: SANCTUARY WALL: Numerous evidences of serious structural damage as shown by vertical and diagonal cracks found at both sides of the retablo that cut deep into the wall of the sanctuary;






Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 8. INTERIOR: LEFT TRANSEPT: Numerous evidences of serious structural damage as shown by vertical and diagonal cracks found cutting deep into the transept wall and arches that frame window opening, some resulting to the dislodgement of plaster and stonework;






Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 8. INTERIOR: LEFT TRANSEPT: Numerous evidences of serious structural damage as shown by vertical and diagonal cracks found at different areas of the transept wall especially at the balcony of the Tribuna where there is dislodgement and the failure of stonework over an opening to the museum side which has resulted to the structural weakening at this member; Similarly, a vertical crack left a painted Corinthian capital of a corner pillar dislodged of its plaster, thereby freeing it of this beautiful decorative element and leaving the fabric open and exposed to further failure;






Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 8. INTERIOR: MAIN ENTRANCE AND NARTHEX: Numerous evidences of serious structural damage as shown by the deflection of the beam that carries the load of the choir loft floor, putting pressure on the lintel that frames the main door of the church; Clearances between structural wood and masonry members have become more pronounced due to the movements caused by the earthquake;






Degree of Damage: 3

Figure 8. INTERIOR: NAVE AND INTERIOR OF FRONT FAÇADE WALL: Numerous evidences of serious structural damage as shown by vertical and diagonal cracks found at corners of buttresses that line the nave as well as at the interior wall of the front façade that adjoins the choirloft, threating the integrity of the structure;




Name of Church: SAN PEDRO APOSTOL CHURCH, Loboc Diocese of Tagbilaran

Location: Loboc, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 2:14pm, October 24, 2013 Degree of Damage: 2 OBSERVATIONS

1. The church of Loboc has incurred grave damage where majority of its structural members collapsed; 2. The front façade has been lost to mere rubble, leaving behind lateral walls that at major points have been substantially

weakened by excessive movement as evidenced by the presence of numerous cracks and the dislodgement of wall areas; The remaining parts that are still standing are in grave threat of being totally compromised if not immediately re-strengthened;

3. The remaining parts of the interior have equally succumbed to serious damage, with many parts lost and have collapsed; Notwithstanding, the pipe organ has remained in its gallery that has been preserved, perhaps with some damage due to the movements caused by the earthquake;

4. Parts of the ceiling remain but with many areas having succumbed to total damage with parts buckled and folded following the collapse of the roof members above it; Dislodged portions of the ceiling are at the sanctuary and parts of the choir loft at the front façade of the church;

5. The sanctuary has totally collapsed leaving behind a pile of rubble that has covered the entire main retablo as well as its side altars. The sacristy behind the main altar remains standing and during assessment work, the retablo that graced the counter facade of the sanctuary wall remained standing whilst it was being dismantled for safe keeping;

6. Parts of the adjoining building which housed the Convent remained standing but its inaccessibility following the earthquake prevented assessment;



CATALOGUE FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BOHOL CHURCHES (18-26 October 2013) October 15, 2013 Earthquake, Bohol Island, Philippines Name of Church: SAN PEDRO APOSTOL CHURCH, Loboc

Diocese of Tagbilaran Location: Loboc, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 2:14pm, October 24, 2013 Degree of Damage: 2

Fig 1. LEFT LATERAL WALL Fig 3. MIDDLE OF RIGHT LATERAL WALL

Fig 4. LEFT LATERAL WALL AT SHOWING COLLAPSED SANCTUARY SIDE

Fig 2. FRONT FAÇADE AND LEFT LATERAL WALL

Fig 5. INTERIOR SHOWING NARTHEX AND PART OF CHOIR LOFT

Fig 6. INTERIOR LATERAL WALL





Location: Loboc, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 2:14pm, October 24, 2013 Degree of Damage: 2

Fig. 7. INTERIOR: PIPE ORGAN GALLERY AND PORTION OF CHOIR LOFT: Pipe Organ Gallery remains standing whilst surrounding areas have heavily succumbed to damage;

Fig. 8. INTERIOR: CEILING LOOKING TOWARD SANCTUARY: Remains of the Canuto Avila/Ray Francia mural paintings and the opening above the sanctuary where once housed the main retablo;





Location: Loboc, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 2:14pm, October 24, 2013 Degree of Damage: 2

Fig. 9. LEFT LATERAL WALL AND COLLAPSED SANCTUARY: Debris and rubble mound covers the once standing sanctuary of the church, now having succumbed to total damage;

Fig. 10. EXTERIOR: Portion of the church which has remained standing;




Name of Church: NUESTRA SENORA DEL ROSARIO CHURCH, Lila Diocese of Tagbilaran

Location: Lila, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 19 October 2013

Grade of Damage: Degree of Damage: 5 OBSERVATIONS

1. No apparent damage was seen at the Lila church and if damage occurred, this was not visible during the assessment;

Fig.1. ONE OF THE BELFRIES Fig. 2. FRONT AND RIGHT LATERAL FACADES Fig.3. A YEAR INSCRIBED AT A WALL OF THE CHURCH




Name of Church: SAN AGUSTIN, OBISPO Y DOCTOR CHURCH, Panglao Diocese of Tagbilaran

Location: Panglao, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 19 October 2013

Degree of Damage: 5 OBSERVATIONS

1. There is almost no damage seen at the Lila church, and if damage occurred, this was not visible during the assessment; 2. The church from the exterior as well as from its interior remains intact; 3. The free standing Spanish period belfry appears to have incurred some level of movement in its stone coursework as evidenced by the

dislodgement of small pieces of the said coursework from its base;

Fig. 1. FRONT FACADE

Fig.2. NAVE OF CHURCH FACING THE SANCTUARY

Fig.3. THE BELFRY ATTACHED TO THE CHURCH




Name of Church: SAN AGUSTIN, OBISPO Y DOCTOR CHURCH, Panglao Diocese of Tagbilaran

Location: Panglao, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 19 October 2013

Degree of Damage: 5

Fig.4. MURAL PAINITNG AT THE DOME OF THE CHURCH

Fig. 5. THE SANCTUARY

Fig. 7. THE SPANISH PERIOD FREE STANDING BELFRY

Fig.6. THE RIGHT LATERAL FACADE

Fig. 9. THE SIDE TRANSEPT Fig. 8. THE ENTABLATURE AND CORINTHIAN COLUMN OF THE PORTICO IN NEO-CLASSIC ORDER




Name of Church: SANTA MONICA CHURCH, Alburquerque Diocese of Tagbilaran

Location: Alburquerque, Bohol Time/ Date of Assessment: 19 October 2013

Degree of Damage: 5 OBSERVATIONS

1. Some damage has been observed at the Alburquerque church; In particular, the dislodgement of stone elements at the front façade was caused by the bulging of quoins at the right most canton of the church, as well as the dismemberment of a pillar at the leftmost part of the front façade;

Fig.1. FRONT FACADE

Fig. 3. LEFT CANTON; Dismemberment of the left most pillar of the church at its front facade

Fig. 2. RIGHT CANTON OF FRONT FACADE: Bulging of quoins at the canton and the dislodgement of some stonework




Name of Church: ASSUMPTION OF OUR LADY CHURCH, Dauis Diocese of Tagbilaran

Location: Dauis, Bohol, Time/ Date of Assessment: 18 and 25 October 2013

Degree of Damage: 3 OBSERVATIONS:

1. The front façade of Dauis church has succumbed to grave damage with the collapse of its portico as well as the roof that joins the front façade wall; Evident from the rubble remains of the collapsed front façade are materials of a latter period which maybe reckoned from the Spanish period church;

2. Major damage is likewise apparent from the collapse or near-collapse of upper members of arch openings where vertical and/or diagonal cracks emanating from the apex of the lateral and rear walls have caused the eventual failure of these members; In most cases, voussoir of the arches as well as the stonework that comprise its spandrel were compromised; These eventually lead to the dismemberment of the openings which in some have resulted to large unstable gaps between elements;

3. The second visit to the site (25 October 2013) has rendered observations that the cracks and dismemberment of arch openings at the right lateral and rear façade have been worsened due to on-going tremors; The tremors have caused much serious damage to the members; The inclination brought about by the collapse of the arch opening at the rightmost part of the rear façade has become more pronounced following the said series of tremors, which when visited the second time, has appeared to be in a much worse state;

4. In the interior are apparent major damage, reflecting the same damage that have been observed from the exterior of the building;





Location: Dauis, Bohol, Time/ Date of Assessment: _

Degree of Damage: 3

Fig.1. FRONT FACADE Fig.1. NEO-GOTHIC STYLE BELFRY





Location: Dauis, Bohol, Time/ Date of Assessment: 18 October 2013

Degree of Damage: 3

Fig.6. BELFRY: Still standing and has incurred very minor damage;

Fig.4. REAR FAÇADE AND PART OF THE RIGHT LATERAL FAÇADE: Collapse of the upper wall of an arch opening at the rear of the church as well as the presence of numerous vertical and diagonal cracks that compromise the integrity of the structure as well as putting it at risk of eventual collapse;

Fig.7. REAR FAÇADE: Eventual collapse of the voussoirs and spandrel of an arch opening caused by vertical and diagonal cracks that have emanated from the apex of the wall;

Fig.5. REAR FAÇADE: A large gap between wall members caused by the collapse of the upper part of the stonework of an arch opening that resulted to the inclination of the left lateral wall;

Fig.3. LEFT LATERAL FAÇADE: Dislodgement of stonework at the arch cornice that frames the window as well as parts of the spandrel of the arch;

Fig.4. REAR FAÇADE: A vertical crack that emanated from the apex of the wall following as downward direction, greatly compromising the stability of the rest of the structural members surrounding it;





Location: Dauis, Bohol, Time/ Date of Assessment: 18 October 2013

Degree of Damage: 3

Fig.8. INTERIOR: SANCTUARY: The sanctuary wall has succumbed to many vertical cracks emanating from the apex of the wall following as downward direction;

Figs. 9 and 10. INTERIOR: ARCH OPENINGS: Failure of arch members as seen by the dislodgement of voussoirs, the keystone and spandrel are caused by vertical cracks that emanated from the uppermost part of the walls;



AREA ESTIMATES FOR THE SHORING OF DAMAGED BOHOL CHURCHES

Summary of Wall Area for Shoring Estimate Level 4:

1. Anda Church - 1,820 sq. m. (Full Shoring) 2. Dimiao Church - 2350 sq. m. (Full Shoring) 3. Jagna Church - 540 sq. m. (Left & Right Transept) 4. Talibon Church - 700 sq. m. (Left & Right Transept)

Level 3:

1. Dauis Church - 3200 sq. m. 2. Loay Church - 2400 sq. m. 3. Cortes Church - 1600 sq. m. 4. Tubigon Church - 2150 sq. m. 5. Inabanga Church - 1600 sq. m. 6. Clarin Church - 750 sq. m. 7. Baclayon Church - 2650 sq. m.

Level 2:

1. Loboc Church - 2900 sq. m.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author extends her special thanks to the following for making possible the completion of this Technical Assessment Work on the damage wrought by the 15 October Earthquake to the Bohol churches;

1. The National Commission for Culture and the Arts, its officials and staff 2. Hon. Emelita V. Almosara, Executive Director, NCCA 3. Fr. Milan Ted Torralba, Executive Secretary, Committee for the Cultural Heritage of the Church, CBCP 4. Archt. Augusto F. Villalon, Preseident, ICOMOS Philippines 5. Dr. Jaime C. Laya, Head, NCMS-NCCA 6. Other members of the Technical Assessment Team:

a. Arch. Anthony Vincent M. Manding, uap b. Acting Officer- Commission for the Cultural Heritage of the Church, Diocese of Tagbilaran c. Arch. Paul D. Cagoco, uap d. Mr. Concordio Virador and other drivers (Ricky, Julius and Dadan)

7. The parish priests and members of the parish pastoral council of the churches visited during this mission 8. SCH staff, HO, co-Exe-con members of the NCMS present during the initial days of the visit to Bohol and members of the Heritage Task

Group

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