techn manual rehabilitation 0404

Pipeline Rehabilitation

Compact Pipe

Compact SlimLiner

Neofit

Wavin TS

Wavin PE

f o r g a s , w a t e r , s e w e r a n d i n d u s t r i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s

CIVIL

S/U

TILI

TIES

· R

EHABIL

ITAT

ION ·

04.

04T E C H N I C A L M A N U A L

P I PE L I N E R EHAB I L I TAT I ON

22

CCoonntteennttss

Page

1. Why rehabilitation of pipelines? 3

1.1. Introduction 3

1.2. Problems in existing pipelines 3

2. How to rehabilitate pipelines? 4

2.1. Rehabilitation options 4

2.2. Renovation techniques 4

2.2.1. Coating 4

2.2.2. Lining 4

2.3. Trenchless replacement techniques 6

2.3.1. Pipe bursting/pipe splitting 6

2.4. Decision guide 7

3. Wavin pipeline rehabilitation systems 8

3.1. Wavin PE pipes for sliplining 8

3.2. Compact Pipe 10

3.2.1. System description and applications 10

3.2.2. Product range 11

3.2.3. Technical data 12

3.2.4. Equipment 12

3.2.5. Installation process 13

3.3. Compact SlimLiner 15




3.3.4. Equipment 16


3.4. Neofit 17





3.5. Wavin TS 18




Page

4. Quality assurance 20

4.1. European standards 20

4.2. Wavin specifications 20

5. System design aspects 21

5.1. Condition of the existing pipeline 21

5.2. Installation aspects 21

5.3. Structural aspects 21

5.3.1. General 21

5.3.2. Non-pressure pipe applications 22

5.3.3. Pressure pipe applications 22

5.4. Hydraulic aspects 24

6. Case histories 26

6.1. Sliplining 26

6.2. Compact Pipe 26

6.3. Compact SlimLiner 28

6.4. Neofit 29

6.5. Wavin TS 29

7. References 30

7.1. Standards, requirements and regulations 30

7.2. Wavin System Standards 30

7.3. Other publications 30


33

11.. WWhhyy rreehhaabbiilliittaattiioonn ooff ppiippeelliinneess??11..11.. IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn

In industrialised countries, most households are connected topipeline systems. However, in Europe alone 25 to 40 per centof the existing network are in poor condition, endangeringhuman lives and the environment. Rehabilitation of pipelineshas become an indisputable necessity.

With increasing costs of replacing pipelines, and work in theroad getting harder with growing traffic intensity, no-digtechniques to restore performance by renovating pipelines areeconomically and environmentally desirable.In the late sixties, the first so-called sliplining techniqueswere introduced using plastic pipes as liners. They providedrenovation options to cure leaking joints and allowed a newdurable pipe to be laid effectively within an old one. Consi-derable development has taken place since then, and a num-ber of renovation techniques using plastic linings have be-come available.In the UK, breaking up roads is discouraged by law. Here,nearly 80 per cent of the manufactured polyethylene pipesare applied for no-dig rehabilitation of existing pipelines,either by trenchless replacement (pipe bursting) or by reno-vation.

11..22.. PPrroobblleemmss iinn eexxiissttiinngg ppiippeelliinneess

Nowadays, pipeline inspection by remotely controlled TVcameras at regular intervals is normal practice in many coun-tries. Even pipes with inner diameters smaller than 100 mmare no problem.

The issues in existing pipeline networks can be summarisedas follows:

Potable water supply linesProblems Consequencespipe material (e.g. lead) poor water quality (taste, colour)leakage low pressures, blocked supplyincrustationscorrosionpipe fractures

Gas supply linesProblems Consequencesleakage explosion riskcorrosion low pressurepipe fractures

SewersProblems Consequencesleaking joints blocked supplyroot intrusion water ingresssedimentation pollution of the undergroundsliming floodingprotruding laterals road collapsemisalignmentsunder-dimensioningcorrosion/chemical attackcracks (structural failure)collapse

Fig. 1: Pipelines have become an essential part of the infra-structure

Fig. 2: Incrustations in a potable water main.

Fig. 3: Heavily corroded gaspipeline.

Fig. 6: Heavily damagedsewer.

Fig. 4: Structural failure andsedimentation in a sewer.

Fig. 5: Root intrusion in asewer.


44

22.. HHooww ttoo rreehhaabbiilliittaattee ppiippeelliinneess??22..11.. RReehhaabbiilliittaattiioonn 00ppttiioonnss

When problems are limited to obstacles inside the pipeline,different methods of cleaning are applicable to tackle this:• high-pressure jet cleaning• cutting robots• scratch brushes• chain dragging and scrapers

When problems are of structural nature, the traditional reha-bilitation options were either localised repair or, in severecases, open-cut replacement of the complete pipeline system.Today there are many more options of rehabilitation whichcan be seen in Fig. 8. Renovation by lining and trenchlessreplacement with plastics pipes, both no-dig methods, enjoyincreasing popularity.

What speaks in favour of renovation rather than traditionalopen-cut methods is the following:• less social inconvenience (traffic, commerce)• less interference with cables and other services• less disruption of nature and the environment (trees, water-

ways)• independent organisation (no work on other services in the

underground required)• less time and money needed

When the structural state of the old pipeline or its capacity isextremely poor (e. g. collapse), there is often no alternativeto open-cut replacement. But when e. g. leaking joints orcorrosion problems need to be tackled, both renovation andtrenchless replacement evidently offer benefits.Major benefits of renovation and trenchless replacement com-pared with open cut replacement are significantly less excava-tion work and shorter renovation time. This reduces environ-mental impact, disruption to commercial activity and socialinconvenience.

22..22.. RReennoovvaattiioonn tteecchhnniiqquueess22..22..11.. CCooaattiinngg

Coating can be applied to renovate water lines, where thestructural condition of the existing pipe line is still sufficient,but problems with water quality have to be tackled. Depend-ing on water hardness and durability requirements, either acement coating or an epoxy coating may be applied. Cementcoating, which is the older form, is still used a lot in e.g. Ger-many, whilst in the UK epoxy has almost replaced cement.Leakages cannot be cured with coating.

22..22..22.. LLiinniinngg

Among lining methods (all using plastic pipes/components)the most popular ones are:• lining with continuous pipes, also known as sliplining• lining with cured-in-place pipes• lining with close-fit pipes

Lining with continuous pipes (sliplining)Insertion of a single continuous pipe lining made out of poly-ethylene pipes which are pre-welded and then pulled instrings.Example: Sliplining with Wavin PE 100 pipes

Fig. 7: Cleaning devices: scraper (left) and chain dragging.

Fig. 8: Pipeline rehabilitation options

Fig. 9: Sliplining.

RReehhaabbiilliittaattiioonn

MMaaiinntteennaannccee && RReeppaaiirr RReennoovvaattiioonn RReeppllaacceemmeenntt

Cleaning Coating Open-cut replacement

Local Repair Lining Trenchless replacement


55

Lining with cured-in-place pipesLining with a flexible tube impregnated with a thermosettingresin which produces a pipe after resin cure.Examples: Insituform, Phoenix.

Lining with close-fit pipesLining with a continuous plastic pipe with reduced cross-sec-tion to facilitate installation. After installation it is reverted toprovide a close fit to the host pipe. Many new techniques ofthis type have been developed since the mid-eighties. Thefirst generation comprises methods using site-reduced pipes(examples: Swagelining, Rolldown).

The second generation comprises methods using factory-reduced pipes (examples: Compact Pipe, Compact SlimLiner).

Plastic pipes used for renovation of non-pressure pipelines,like sewers and drains, are generally considered as „indepen-dent“, since they have to be designed to cope with (part) ofthe external loads.Plastic pipes used for renovation of pressure pipelines areclassified structurally as either „independent“ or „interactive“according to the way the tensile hoop stresses associatedwith internal pressurisation are carried.

An independent pipe is capable of carrying the long-terminternal pressure stresses as though it is completely free fromradial restraint.

An interactive pipe transfers all or part of the internal pres-sure stress by radial contact to the existing pipe wall, butretains a long-term capability to span any corrosion holes orjoint gaps in the existing pipeline system.

The short and long term effects of installation loads mustalso be taken into account, and steps taken in the designprocess to ensure that limits are set for these loads duringinstallation.Whilst renovation using plastic pipes may solve structuralproblems and leakage, the renovated pipe must be able toprovide adequate flow capacity. Therefore the first thing toestablish is the hydraulic performance required of the rehabi-litated pipe, and not simply seek to achieve the ‘as new’ per-formance of the original pipe.The required performance fixes the minimum internal diame-ter of the lining pipe, whilst its maximum external diameter isfixed by the existing pipe.As regards flow capacity, there may be additional benefits ofhydraulic smoothness and continuity of invert provided by theplastic lining system. Further details on design are presentedin Chapter 5.

Fig. 10: Lining with cured-in-place pipes.

Fig. 11: Lining with site-reduced close-fit pipes.

Fig. 12: Lining with factory-reduced close-fit-pipes.

Fig. 13: Independent and interactive liners.


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22..33.. TTrreenncchhlleessss rreeppllaacceemmeenntt tteecchhnniiqquueess

Where the system requirements do not permit the applicationof a renovation technique, e.g. because of flow limitations,and replacement is necessary, the old pipeline can be repla-ced with a no-dig method. Generally trenchless replacement isdefined as:Construction of a new pipeline, on the line of the existingone, the function of the new line incorporating that of theold.

22..33..11.. PPiippee bbuurrssttiinngg//ppiippee sspplliittttiinngg

The original pipeline is burst or split and displaced togetherwith the surrounding ground by an expanding device to forma cavity to allow a new pipe to be installed in that cavity. Theexpanding device can be a pneumatic hammer, a hydraulicexpander of a fixed cone, pulled or pushed through theoriginal pipeline, followed by the new PE pipeline string ofthe same or greater size. In order to take up point loads, thePE pipe preferably has an extra tough outside and insidelayer.

Fig. 14: Pipe bursting.


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22..44.. DDeecciissiioonn gguuiiddee

The flow chart inFig. 15 helps decisionmakers to find theappropriate solutionfor a particular pro-blem.

Fig. 15: Decision guide

PPiippeelliinnee rreeqquuiirriinngg ssttrruuccttuurraall rreehhaabbiilliittaattiioonn

Local damage Frequent local damage Severe damages

RReeppaaiirr

CCoommppaacctt SSlliimmLLiinneerr

CCoommppaacctt PPiippee(interactive

lining)

CCoommppaacctt PPiippee(independent

lining)

NNeeooffiittWWaavviinn PPEE

RReennoovvaattiioonn RReeppllaacceemmeenntt

Is it necessary to improve

flowcapacity?

Is repair technically possible?

Is repair economically reasonable?

Is renovation technically possible?

Is renovation economically reasonable?

Is reduction of pipeline diameter

allowed?

Is trenchless replacementpossible?

Is it a pressure pipeline?

Is the pipeline structurally

sound?

Are there any other criteria

recommending renovation?

no

no

no

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

no

no

no

no

no

no

no

yes

no

yes

noyes

yes

yes

Is the nominal diameter of the

pipeline < DN 300?

Is the nominal diameter of the

pipeline > DN 50?

yes

yes

C l o s e - f i t l i n i n gS l i p l i n i n g

WWaavviinn TTSS

P i p e B u r s t i n g

Open-cutreplacement


88

33.. WWaavviinn PPiippeelliinnee rreehhaabbiilliittaattiioonn ssyysstteemmss

For trenchless pipeline rehabilitation, Wavin as one of thepionieers in this industry in Europe, offers innovative solu-tions to tackle the variuos problems in gas, water, sewer andindustrial pipelines. Apart from independent and interactiveclose-fit lining systems (Compact Pipe, Compact SlimLiner andNeofit), with the highly robust Wavin TS also a pipe suitablefor pipe bursting (trenchless replacement) is available.

33..11.. WWaavviinn PPEE ppiippeess ffoorr sslliipplliinniinngg

Lining with continuous strings of standard dimension Wavinpipes has been carried out since the mid sixties. Originally,polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes were cemented together andthen pulled in in one go.From the late sixties polyethylene (PE) pipes were used forthis purpose.Polyethylene as a material is highly suitable because of itslower modulus of elasticity, giving the pipeline string thedesirable longitudinal flexibility.

The lengths of the individual pipes depend on the transportpossibilities. The standard length of PE pipes is 12 m (insome countries 10 m). With diameters up to incl. 160 mm,continuous lengths are available in coils or on drums.

The wall thickness is determined by the structural conditionsthe liner has to face (see Chapter 5.3.) as well as by theconnection possibilities. Welding fittings to the pipes requiresminimum wall thickness.

For pulling in pipes an insertion trench is required. The size ofthis trench is determined by the diameter and the allowablebending radius of the pipe, the depth of the existing pipelineand temperature. As a rule of thumb, the trench size as repre-sented in Fig. 17, should be calculated as follows:Trench length: L = 8 x H [m]Trench width: W = OD + 1,0 [m]

The pipeline to be renovated has to be cleaned and freedfrom any obstacles that might hinder insertion of the pipestring. Camera inspection and use of probing pigs is stronglyrecommended.The pipe string is formed by butt welding individual pipestogether. Depending on the wall thickness of the lining pipe,each welding procedure takes 30 to 60 minutes. Detailedwelding prescriptions can be provided on request.

The welding shall be checked by visual inspection of the weldbeads. The weld beads on the outside may hinder insertionand it is recommendable to remove them to prevent difficul-ties afterwards. Removal of the inside weld beads may bedemanded by the end user also.

The pulling end of the string is provided with a pulling head.This may either consist of a metal assembly which is boltedto the pipe, or a PE end-cap with a pulling eye. The end-capis butt-welded to the pipe.

A swivel between pulling end and winch cable prevents tor-sion of the cable and thus provides more durability to thecable. Rollers are placed underneath the pipe string to facili-tate insertion and to prevent damage when pulling the string.Insertion takes place with a winch at a pulling speed up to15 m/min. The entry of the existing pipeline is provided withinsertion guides. In order to further reduce insertion forces,applying a lubricant is recommended. Just wetting the pipeswith water already helps.The maximum pulling forces depend on the PE pipe applied(see Chapter 5.2.). The applied pulling forces shall berecorded and included in the installation report.

Fig. 16: Sliplining in the UK.

Fig. 19: Metal pulling head assembly (left) and PE end-capassembly butt-welded to a pipe end.

Fig. 18: Butt welding of a PE pipe.

L

H

Fig. 17: Required trench sizefor sliplining.


99

Table 1: Product range gas pipes for sliplining

DA DN PE 80 Gas PE 100 Gas Wavin TS Gasmm Für Flanschverbindungen SDR 17.6 SDR 11 SDR 17.6 SDR 11 SDR 17 SDR 11

32 25 – 3.0 – 3.0 – 3.040 32 – 3.7 – 3.7 – 3.750 40 – 4.6 – 4.6 – 4.663 50 – 5.8 – 5.8 – 5.875 65 – 6.8 – 6.8 – 6.890 80 5.2 8.2 5.4 8.2 – 8.2

110 100 6.3 10.0 6.6 10.0 – 10.0125 100 7.1 11.4 7.4 11.4 – 11.4160 150 9.1 14.6 9.5 14.6 – 14.6180 150 10.3 16.4 10.7 16.4 – 16.4225 200 12.8 20.5 13.4 20.5 13.4 20.5

Table 2: Product range portable water pipes for sliplining

DA DN PE 80 Trinkwasser PE 100 Trinkwasser Wavin TS Trinkwassermm Für Flanschverbindungen SDR 11 SDR 17 SDR 11 SDR 17 SDR 11

20 15 1.9 – – – –25 20 2.3 – – – 2.332 25 3.0 – 3.0 – 3.040 32 3.7 – 3.7 – 3.750 40 4.6 – 4.6 – 4.663 50 5.8 – 5.8 – 5.875 65 6.8 – 6.8 – 6.890 80 8.2 5.4 8.2 – 8.2

110 100 10.0 6.6 10.0 – 10.0125 100 11.4 7.4 11.4 – 11.4140 125 12.7 8.3 12.7 – 12.7160 150 14.6 9.5 14.6 – 14.6180 150 16.4 10.7 16.4 – 16.4200 200 18.2 11.9 18.2 – 18.2225 200 20.5 13.4 20.5 13.4 20.5250 250 22.7 14.8 22.7 14.8 22.7280 250 25.4 16.6 25.4 16.6 25.4315 300 28.6 18.7 28.6 18.7 28.6355 350 32.2 21.1 32.2 21.1 32.2400 400 36.3 23.7 36.3 23.7 36.3450 500 40.9 26.7 40.9 26.7 40.9500 500 45.4 29.7 45.4* – –560 600 50.8 33.2 50.8* – –630 600 57.2 37.4 57.2* – –

*on requestTable 3: Product range waste water pipes for sliplining

DA DN PE 80 Abwasser PE 100 Abwasser Wavin TS Abwassermm Für Flanschverbindungen SDR 17 SDR 11 SDR 17 SDR 11 SDR 17 SDR 11

50 40 – – – – – 4.663 50 – 5.8 – 5.8 – 5.875 65 – 6.8 – 6.8 – 6.890 80 5.4 8.2 5.4 8.2 – 8.2

110 100 6.6 10.0 6.6 10.0 – 10.0125 100 7.4 11.4 7.4 11.4 – 11.4140 125 8.3 12.7 8.3 12.7 – 12.7160 150 9.5 14.6 9.5 14.6 – 14.6180 150 10.7 16.4 10.7 16.4 – 16.4200 200 11.9 18.2 11.9 18.2 – 18.2225 200 13.4 20.5 13.4 20.5 13.4 20.5250 250 14.8 22.7 14.8 22.7 14.8 22.7280 250 16.6 25.4 16.6 25.4 16.6 25.4315 300 18.7 28.6 18.7 28.6 18.7 28.6355 350 21.1 32.2 21.1 32.2 21.1 32.2400 400 23.7 36.3 23.7 36.3 23.7 36.3450 500 26.7 40.9 26.7 40.9 26.7 40.9500 500 29.7 45.4 29.7 45.4* – –560 600 33.2 50.8 33.2 50.8* – –630 600 37.4 57.2 37.4 57.2* – –

*on request


1100

Where the lining pipe is substantially smaller than the insideof the existing pipeline, insulators can be assembled aroundthe lining pipe, but only when the bore of the host pipe issmooth enough.

Once the lining pipe has been pulled in, the finishing-off workhas to be carried out:• grouting the annulus• reconnecting to the laterals/service lines and the network.

The annulus between old and new pipe is usually groutedwith a cementious mix. Where the annulus is relatively small,grouting with a polyurethane foam is possible. Grouting ismainly done to fixate the new line in its position, e.g. to pre-vent longitudinal movements of the liner, and assist only mar-ginally to create a strong structure.Grout may be applied from the highest point of the section tothe lowest, making use of the existing gradient of the pipe-line, or it may be applied from the lowest point upwards bypumping it in under pressure.During grouting the liner is exposed to the following loadingeffects:• floating pressures; a heavy grout pushes the liner up,

causing line loading on the top; insulators around the pipeprove to be of help here also to keep the pipe on its placerelatively in the centre

• hydrostatic pressure from outside, with a risk of collapse ofthe liner.

Precautions should be taken to prevent these to happen.Detailed prescriptions on types of grout that may be usedand how to apply grouting correctly are presented by D. Steinet al [25].

The laterals are generally reconnected from outside, by buttwelding pipe end stubs or electrofusion saddles on to thepipe. From here reconnection can easily take place. Nowadays it is also possible to reconnect from inside, usingremote-controlled cutters and special hat profiles electro-fusion-welded to the inside of the PE liner pipe. For this,exact relocation of the laterals is a must, as well as means tocut through liner pipe wall as well as through the groutaround it.For reconnection to the existing network the standard connec-ting facilities are appropriate, e.g. flanged ends.

Over the years sliplining has gained popularity especially inrehabilitating damaged pressure pipelines. It is a quick, relati-vely simple and cost-effective method.

However, there are a few limitations to this traditional methodof lining with continuous strings:• Reduction in flow capacity; the diameter of the new pipe is

substantially smaller than the existing size.• Large access pits; considerable access pits are needed to

enable insertion• Space above ground, for laying out the pipe string prior to

insertion• Bends in the pipeline track; negotiating bends in the

existing pipeline is problematic• Grouting causes problems with (re-)connecting services

These limitations have lead to the development of CompactPipe, Compact SlimLiner and Neofit, all close-fit liningsystems.

33..22.. CCoommppaacctt PPiippee33..22..11.. SSyysstteemm ddeessccrriippttiioonn aanndd aapppplliiccaattiioonnss

Compact Pipe has proven to be the ideal technology for thetrenchless rehabilitation of damaged water, sewer, gas andindustrial pipelines made of traditional materials such as castiron, steel, concrete, clay or asbestos-cement.

Compact Pipe is especially advantageous where the pipelineis not accessible or where there is heavy traffic so that opentrench construction is not possible. Construction work isrestricted to small start and end pits, which can even beomitted completely in the case of a sewer pipe rehabilitationwhere the existing manholes can be used.

Fig. 20: Compact Pipe for renovation of gas, water and sewerpipes.


1111

A circular PE pipe is folded along its length during the extru-sion process to become C-shaped. Thus the cross section ofthe pipe is reduced by 35 per cent so that it can easily beinserted in the pipeline which has to be rehabilitated. Onceinserted the Compact Pipe is reversed with steam. Due to the“memory effect” of polyethylene the pipe regains its originalshape. Using pressurised air during the cooling process theliner is brought in close contact with the inner wall of thehost pipe (close-fit). Inner diameter tolerances of the hostpipe can be balanced by up to 7 %. The result of this close-fittechnique is a structurally independent pipe with the qualityand durability of a newly installed pipe.

Changes of direction in the pipeline can be realised with Com-pact Pipe as follows:

Table 4: Allowed change of direction in the pipeline.

Kind of change Angle ° Min. radius of host pipebends and junctions < 22.5° without restrictionsbends < 45° 5 x DN Compact Pipebends < 90 ° 8 x DN Compact Pipe

For rehabilitation of sewers, the minimum size of manholes ispresented in Table 5:

Table 5: Minimum requirements for access via manholes.

DN Min. size of manhole (cm x cm)100 - 225 80 x 80 � ∅250 - 500* 100 x 100 � ∅* With DN 450 and 500 the shaft cone has to be removed.

In case of misalignments the use of Compact Pipe is possiblein principle. It has to be guaranteed, however, that thesmallest cross-section of the host pipe is larger than thefolded Compact Pipe or the pulling head. With the help of acalibre or a burster the critical parts can be extended.

The reduced cross-section as a result of close-fit lining is atleast compensated due to absence of obstructions such asroot penetrations or incrustations and of a much smootherinner pipe so that in most cases hydraulic behaviour and thusflow capacity even improve (see Fig. 51).

33..22..22.. PPrroodduucctt rraannggee

Compact Pipe is available in diameters ranging from 100 to500 mm. Per diameter different wall thicknesses/SDR classesare available to fulfil the various requirements in terms ofe.g. coverage, groundwater table and internal pressure.Compact Pipe is designed to be an independent liner capa-ble to bear all loads itself. Theoretically, the host pipe couldbe removed after renovation.

Table 6: Product range Compact Pipe

DN* Nominal wall thickness* Renovation Maximum diameters [mm] length m**

SDR SDR SDR PE 80 PE 100 SDR SDR 26 17.6 17 17/17.6 26

100 3.9 5.7 5.9 97-104 97-102 600 600125 7.4 121-129 121-127 600150 5.8 8.6 8.9 145-155 145-152 600 600175 10.3 170-182 170-179 600200 7.7 11.4 11.8 194-208 194-204 400 440225 13.3 217-232 217-228 330250 9.7 14.2 14.8 241-258 241-253 330 400280 16.2 280-300 280-294 250300 11.6 17.1 17.7 289-309 289-303 190 210350 13.5 20.0 20.6 340-364 340-357 150 160400 15.4 22.8 23.6 385-412 385-404 93 135450 17.4 - - 436-467 436-458 - 100500 19.3 - - 485-519 485-509 - 100* Further DN/SDR/PE types on request.** Depending on the SDR class. With larger wall thickness, maximum length is

not quite achieved.

Compact Pipe is coiled on drums. The pipe length per drumdepends on the nominal diameter of Compact Pipe.

Fig. 22: Compact Pipe: From C-shape to close fit.

Fig. 21: For renovation ofsewers existing manholescan be used.


1122

33..22..33.. TTeecchhnniiccaall ddaattaa

MaterialCompact Pipe is made of regular PE 80 or PE 100.

Chemical resistanceCompact Pipe is resistant to public waste water with a pHbetween 2 (acid) and 12 (alkaline). In case of industrial wastewater, chemical resistance data published by Wavin shall betaken into account (download possible from www.wavin.de).

ColourWhite (opaque): sewer and industrial applicationsYellow/Orange: gas applicationsBlue: potable water applications

Structural capabilityCompact Pipe provides an independent pipe system with thequality and the structural performance of a conventional PEpipeline built in open-cut installations.For non-pressure pipes normally SDR 26 or SDR 32 pipes areused, depending on the required load-bearing capacity. If theload-bearing capacity has to be very high (e.g. due to a veryhigh groundwater table), SDR 17 pipes may be used.For pressure pipes the choice of the material and the SDRclass depend on the operational pressure, complying with theinternational ISO and CEN standards.For more detailed information, see chapter 5.3.

MarkingCompact Pipe from Wavin is marked as follows:Producer, product name, application, material, nominaldiameter, SDR class, approval, date of production, runningmeter, machine number, shift/material code.Example: Wavin, Compact Pipe, Water, PE 100 (MRS 10), DN 300, SDR 17, DVGW AU 2109, 080403, 00103, 42, 067870.

ApprovalsCompact Pipe holds several national approvals including theGerman DVGW approval for the rehabilitation of water andgas pipelines.

33..22..44.. EEqquuiippmmeenntt

The Compact Pipe system has the following maincomponents:drum trailerwinchsteam unit with integrated process control condense separatorvarious standard tools, equipment and auxiliaries.

Compact Pipe is delivered ondrums which can be held bydrum trailers especially deve-loped for Compact Pipe. Fromthere the pipe is pulled di-rectly into the manhole or pit.Using the drum trailer forhandling at the installationsite is recommended as well.Other equipment is allowedprovided the pipe is notdamaged.

Recommendable is a winchwith a pulling force of 10 tonsand automatic pulling forcelimitation, which can pull thepipe at a maximum speed of20 m/min into the host pipe.Using special insertion aids(guide tools) reduces pullingforces.

The steam unit – the “heart”of the installation system –provides steam and air forthe reversion process. Maincomponents are the steamgenerator and the watertreatment unit that are in-stalled in a mobile 20 feetcontainer. During the rever-sion of Compact Pipe theinside and outside tempera-tures on both pipe ends aswell as the pressure in the

pipe are continuously measured, shown in the operator’s dis-play and recorded for later analysis.

Fig. 23: Drum trailer

I N S ER T I ON

Fig. 24: Winch

pipegs-Systeme

Fig 25: Steam unit with inte-grated process control

Fig. 26: Compact Pipe installation process


1133

Steam and condense waterare safely discharged via thecondenser. This is particularlyimportant when working inresidential districts or busyroads to avoid inconvenien-ces to people and guaranteetraffic safety.

For Compact Pipe installation various tools, equipment andauxiliaries are required such as welding equipment, pipeexpander and window cutter.

33..22..55.. IInnssttaallllaattiioonn pprroocceessss

Excavation work for lining with Compact Pipe is limited tosmall start and end pits. In case of sewers the existing man-holes can be used. Therefore only little space is required atthe building site and traffic is hardly disturbed.

Compact Pipe does not impose high requirements on the con-dition of the pipeline to be rehabilitated. Dirty pressure pipe-lines are cleaned with high pressure jet cleaning, with scrat-ching and brushing tools or with a chain sling to get rid ofincrustations and sediments. Weld beads can be removedusing a cutter robot. Pipe wall fragments and sediments insewers are removed by high pressure jet cleaning or towingcleaning disks through the pipe. Root penetrations or inletprotrusions can be taken away by a cutter robot.Then the C-shaped liner can be inserted in one continuousstring directly into the pipeline to be rehabilitated. Largelengths up to 1,000 meters enable rapid installation.

This is how it works:a. Construction of start and end pits or preparation of

manholesb. TV inspection and cleaning.c. Insertion of the pipe.d. Feeding the pipe with steam.e. The pipe “remembers” and regains its original circular

cross section (memory effect).f. Expansion and cooling of the pipe (reversion) using

compressed air.g. The pipe is pushed closely against the wall of the host

pipe (close-fit) and fixed.h. Fixation of the pipe at the ends, by electrofusing a PE pipe

segment onto the pipe.i. Reconnection to the existing pipeline.j. Reconnection of laterals.

Fig. 27: Condense separator

compact pipeWavin CP Rohrsanierungs-Systeme

HEAT I NGEXPANS ION

ANDCOOL I NG

Fig. 28: Existing manholes can be used for rehabilitatingsewers.


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Sewer pipelines: end connectionsBetween two Compact Pipe ends the flow profile in the man-hole bottom can be adjusted.

Sewer pipelines: trenchless technique for lateral connectionsThe existing laterals can be reconnected to the main usingeither open-cut or trenchless techniques. When using thetrenchless technique, a remote-controlled cutter opens theCompact Pipe at the spots where laterals are. A tight connec-tion can be made using a hat-profiled fitting which is electro-fused to the inside of the Compact Pipe, protroding with aliner into the lateral.

Sewer pipelines: open-cut technique for lateral connectionsWhen using the open-cut technique a PE connection elementis welded with electrofusion on the Compact Pipe. Theonward connection is made with a regular fitting.

Pressure pipelines: end connectionsFor connecting Compact Pipe to existing pipe sections, aregular PE pipe of the appropriate size and SDR class is usedas transition piece. This PE transition pipe is connected withCompact Pipe by usual electro-fusion sockets. If the nominaldiameter of Compact Pipe (e. g. DN 100) is smaller than thenominal diameter of the usual PE transition pipe (e. g. DN110), the Compact Pipe has to be enlarged with an expander.Alternatively a purpose-made transition piece can be applied.If Compact Pipe is to be connected to a non-PE pipeline orwith a strongly deviating outside diameter, a flanged connec-tion is beneficial. This technique may also be applied wheninstalling ancillary components such as valves.

Pressure pipelines: service linesWith pressure pipelines service connections are made viaopen-cut excavation. Prior to lining a section of the old pipeis cut out at the desired location of the service connection.If a service connection shall be established after lining, accessto the pipeline is created with a window cutter. Electrofusionsaddles are top-welded on the Compact Pipe and the serviceline is connected.

lateral

liner

electrofusion

hat-profiled fitting

old pipe Compact Pipe

Fig. 29: Trenchless technique for lateral connections to sewerpipes

repair coupler fixed on both sides

repair coupler

PE pipe fitting

electrofusion pipe section

lateral

fixed points


Fig. 30: Open-cut technique for lateral connections to sewerpipes

support bush

flange piece

flange pieceelectro-coupler

PE adapter

butt weldCompact

Pipe CompactPipe

Fig. 31: End connections for pressure pipelines

service line

window cut

fixed point

electrofusion topwelding saddle

electrofusion


Fig. 32: Service lines for pressure pipelines


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33..33.. CCoommppaacctt SSlliimmLLiinneerr33..33..11.. SSyysstteemm ddeessccrriippttiioonn aanndd aapppplliiccaattiioonnss

Compact SlimLiner is a cost-effective thin-wall PE pipe systemfor trenchless rehabilitation of pressure pipelines with anominal diameter between 75 and 300 mm. It is the optimumsolution where old pipelines are structurally sound but showminor damages (e. g. small holes, leaking sockets). Flowcapacity is significantly increased due to minimum reductionof diameter and smoother bore. And what is even moreimportant for water pipelines: the consumer gets healthy andclean drinking water.

A thin-wall PE pipe is folded during the manufacturing pro-cess into a C-shape and wrapped with protective film. Thanksto the reduced pipe diameter, the pipe can be inserted easilyand quickly into the host pipe to be renovated. The filmprotects the pipe against abrasion during insertion. In a coldprocess, Compact SlimLiner is expanded using pressure untilit is close-fit with the host pipe. No heating equipment isrequired.

Thanks to the well-proven material polyethylene and to thesophisticated close-fit technology, pipes rehabilitated withCompact SlimLiner have a lifetime of at least 100 years. Totalinstalled costs are very low. Compact SlimLiner is installedwithout expensive specialised equipment. One working day ismore than enough to completely rehabilitate one sectionincluding all connections.


Compact SlimLiner is produced in diameters from DN 75 toDN 300. Due to the small wall thickness (normally SDR 51),the pipe is an interactive liner which needs the host pipe forstructural reasons. However, loads due to small corrosionholes or leaking sockets can be accommodated by theCompact SlimLiner itself.

Table 7: Product range Compact SlimLiner

DN Nominal Diameter Standard length wall thickness range per drum

[mm] [mm] [mm] [m]75 2.8 69 – 76 1000

100 2.8 93 – 102 1000150 3.1 142 – 157 600200 4.1 191 – 210 600250 5.1 241 – 260 400300 6.2 279 – 307 400Other diameters and/or wall thicknesses are available on request.

FittingsEspecially for rehabilitation, Wavin developed the CompactEndfitting. It is available in same sizes as Compact SlimLinerPipes (see Table 6).The Compact Ferrule for service connections is available intwo sizes: 3/4" and 1".


MaterialCompact SlimLiner is made of polyethylene.

ColourCompact SlimLiner is of black colour. The protective film isblue and white.

Chemical resistanceIf used for industrial applications, chemical resistance datapublished by Wavin shall be taken into account (downloadpossible from www.wavin.de).

MarkingCompact SlimLiner pipes from Wavin are marked as follows:Producer, product name, application, material, nominal diame-ter, SDR class, date of production, length, machine number,shift/material code.Example: Wavin, Compact SlimLiner, water, PE 80 (MRS 8.0),DN 150, SDR 51, =100403=, 00103, =34=067856

ApprovalsCompact SlimLiner holds several national approvals.

Fig. 33: Compact SlimLiner

Fig. 34: Compact Endfitting (left) and Compact Ferrule


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33..33..44.. EEqquuiippmmeenntt

Compared to Compact Pipe, Compact SlimLiner is a relativelysimple lining system, not requiring complicated equipment.Apart from standard available equipment, such as a winchand a water pump, only a few special devices are required:

Drum trailerCompact SlimLiner is delivered on drums which can be heldby a dedicated drum trailer. From there the pipe is pulleddirectly into the pipeline.

Water pump with reversion controlWith the water pump, pressure is supplied to the insertedpipe liner. A pressure control and a unit to register and storethe pressures applied is part of this equipment.

Tool kit for fitting assemblyThe Compact SlimLiner tool kit includes assembly tools forboth end and service connections.


Excavation work for lining with Compact SlimLiner is limitedto small start and end pits. Therefore only little space isrequired at the building site and traffic is hardly disturbed.Compact SlimLiner does not impose high requirements on thecondition of the pipeline to be rehabilitated. Dirty pipelinesare cleaned with high pressure jet cleaning, with scratchingand brushing tools or with a chain sling to get rid of incrusta-tions and sediments. Weld beads can be removed using acutter robot. Pipe wall fragments are removed by highpressure jet cleaning or towing cleaning disks through thepipe. Root penetrations or inlet protrusions can be takenaway by a cutter robot.Compact SlimLiner is inserted into the host pipe at a speedof 20 meters per minute. Depending on the condition of thepipeline, up to 600 meters are easily possible in a singleinsertion.

In the start and end pit, the Compact SlimLiner pipe is cut tolength in such a way that the pipe end protruding outside theexisting pipe can expand during the reversion process on alength as long as possible – and aligned to the old pipe.Then the expansion process of the pipe is started up. Thepipe is squeezed off in the start and in the end pit. To fill theCompact SlimLiner pipe, the filling inlet is positioned at thedeepest point of the pipeline section. At the highest point theventilation outlet is set in the same manner. The pressurerecording unit is assembled to the pressure control which isset at the required pressure. The water hose is connected tothe filling inlet and the pipe is pressurised during at least halfan hour. The film around the pipe stretches but does notbreak. Then the pressure is let off by opening the ventilationoutlet and the line is emptied (in the start pit).Finally the squeeze-offs and the filling inlet and ventilationoutlet are removed.

ConnectionsBecause of the thin wall character of the lining, the connec-tions on the end and to the sides are made in a mechanicalmanner with clamping connectors:• Compact Endfitting for the ends of the lined section• Compact Ferrule for the service lines

The Compact Endfitting consists of a PE body which on theone end is assembled inside the installed Compact SlimLinerand on the other end provides a SDR11 pipe end. Inside theCompact SlimLiner a mechanical joint is created by means ofa steel cylindrical bush around the liner and on the inside ofthe fitting a steel conical bush. An incorporated rubber sealand a grip ring provide tightness and tensile strength. Thispipe end of the coupler can be connected to standard PEpipes with regular electrofusion or buttfusion, or via a PEpipe with a flanged end, to the remains of the existingpipeline.

Fig. 35: Only small start andend pits are needed to insertCompact SlimLiner.

Fig. 36: Compact SlimLiner is expanded in a cold process.

Fig. 37: Connecting CompactSlimLiner to the existingpipeline using the CompactEndfitting.


1177

The Compact Ferrule consists of a brass body with a movablemushroom-kind of head which is pushed through the linerand then retrieved, thus clamping the pipe wall in a fixedposition.At the top a saddle-like connection is provided in PE.

33..44.. NNeeooffiitt33..44..11.. SSyysstteemm ddeessccrriippttiioonn aanndd aapppplliiccaattiioonnss

Neofit is a lining method especially developed for lining pota-ble water service pipelines of various materials such as lead,steel and copper, that still have enough structural capabilityto resist the inside pressure. It is of particular interest, wherelead service pipes are still common place.The demand for such a system resulted from the World HealthOrganisation and the European Community requirements forwater supply companies to comply with more stringent regu-lations on lead contamination of drinking water supply.According to the European Directive 98/83 the lead thresholdin drinking water will be reduced from 50 to 10 microgram perlitre.

The Neofit principle is very simple: A small flexible pipe madeof PET material, provided with longitudinal ribs on the out-side, is inserted and subsequently inflated up to 2.2 timesthe original size to form a closely fitting thin walled liner. Aneffective barrier between water supply and pipe material isthereby provided. Furthermore, the thin liner provides leaktightness in bridging socket gaps and holes in the wall, i.e. itis a true interactive liner.

The operation is very quick . From disconnection of watersupply to end of treatment takes one hour. Complete housingestates can be renovated in a few weeks.


The Neofit pipes, provied are available in 4 sizes. They aresupplied on coils.

Table 8: Product range Neofit.

Neofit Pipe length Diameter Weight Range of internal Minimum diameter on a coil of a coil of a coil diameters of wall thickness

existing service of expanded pipe pipe

[mm] [m] [mm] [kg] [mm] [mm]7 200 550 2.9 12 - 16 0.15

10 200 600 7.1 17 - 22 0.2015 100 950 7.4 23 - 33 0.3020 100 1180 13.8 34 - 44 0.40


MaterialThe liner pipes are made from PET: polyethylene terephtalate,a thermoplastic polyester, known from various packagingapplications in the food industry. PET provides the following benefits:• flexibility during insertion• stretch-ability for expansion• strength for operational use

ColourThe colour of the pipe is natural opaque.

Chemical resistancePET material, like many of its fellow polyesters, is resistant tomany hazardous fluids.Chlorinating the pipes, as often applied in water networks(with NaClOx), does not cause any problem. Care is neededwhen working in hot water applications.

HygieneFrom a toxicological point of view, Neofit is very much suit-able for contacts with potable water and food stuffs. Thedirectives, that differ from country to country, are fulfilled byNeofit.

Structural capabilityIn general Neofit is applied as a liner depending on the exis-ting pipe for its structural support. Consequently, in general,the PET pipe after expansion is to be considered as a linerwhich interacts with the existing pipe in this respect: an inter-active pressure pipe liner.An unsupported, expanded Neofit pipe with dimensions12 mm x 0,2 mm, on its own (without support of the existingpipe) can resist an internal pressure of 8 bar for 50 years. Thestrength is comparable to that of a PVC or PE service pipe.

Fig. 38: Connecting servicelines using the CompactFerrule.

Fig. 39: Neofit for renovatingservice pipes.


1188

The existing pipe is needed however, to provide stiffness. Thelining would collapse under external loading when not sup-ported. The lining does have the capability to span gaps, e.g.because of pit corrosion. The capability of the expanded pipeto withstand internal pressures has been thoroughly analysedin simulated host pipes with holes, 2/3 x internal diameter ofhost pipe (e.g. a hole of 30 mm in a 45 ID pipe). The ex-panded linings then have to withstand pressures of at least25 bar.

MarkingNeofit from Wavin is marked with a label on the coil as fol-lows:Producer, product name, application, diameter range, extru-sion diameter, date of production, meter codification.Example: Wavin SA, Neofit, W, (12-16), 7.0, 080203, 100.

ApprovalsNeofit holds approvals from several national authorities suchas the French LHRSP, Nancy, the Belgian Belgacqua and theDutch KIWA for drinking water applications.


The lining operation is as quick as simple. Neofit pipes aresupplied in small coils so that working areas are minimised.Access is required at each end of the service pipe that is tobe lined. After cleaning, the liner pipe is simply pulled out byhand until it is completely inserted.A compact, custom-built automatic expansion unit is connec-ted to the pipe, and a specific cycle of hot water and com-pressed air is passed along the length of the liner. This hasthe effect of expanding the liner pipe to provide a smoothcontinuous close-fit liner to the host pipe. Because of its highflexibility the pipe can easily be inserted through bends. Thesmall longitudinal ribs on the outside of the pipe create aventing possibility for trapped air when expanding. The liningsystem can deal with lengths of up to 25 metres so that evenlong supply pipes can be treated.

ConnectionsCompression fittings are used at each end of the service pipeto make a mechanical connection to the outside of the exi-sting pipe and to seal against the liner. An effective barrierbetween the water supply and the wall of the existing pipe isthereby provided. The system is not critical towards the typeand make of compression fitting. Many commercially availableand commonly applied fittings are compatible with Neofit.

33..55.. WWaavviinn TTSS33..55..11.. SSyysstteemm ddeessccrriippttiioonn aanndd aapppplliiccaattiioonnss

Wavin TS is a co-extruded three-layer pipe with inner andouter protection layers made of the extreme robust PE 100material XSC 50, and a middle layer made of PE 100 (innerand outer layers make up 25 per cent of total wall thicknesseach). The three layers are integrated and cannot be separa-ted mechanically. While the outer layer prevents damage fromscratches whilst being pulled in, the inner layer preventscrazes or cracks on the inside from point loads caused by thefragmented old pipeline.

Apart from other applications, it is therefore highly suitablefor rehabilitation of gas, potable water and waste water pres-sure pipelines using the pipe bursting technology.

Fig. 40: Neofit installation.

Fig. 41: Wavin TS for pressure pipes transporting gas, potablewater and waste water.

2,5 mm

2,5 mm

5,0 mm

XSC 50PE 100XSC 50

••

•

ExampleOD 110 • SDR 11

Fig. 42: Product design of Wavin TS.

Fig. 43: Wavin TS is highly suitable for pipe bursting.


1199

Pipe Bursting is particularly applied when the existing pipe-line consists of breakable material and when the diametercannot be reduced. With pipe bursting the existing pipelinecan be replaced with a new PE pipe of the same size or evenof a larger size. Contrary to traditional replacement with opencut trenching, here only two excavations need to be made ateither end of the pipeline section to be replaced, for entryand exit of the pipe bursting machine. A torpedo-shaped,hammer action pipe breaker, is pulled and/or pushed through,meanwhile impacting on the existing pipeline. Typically, up to100 metres of pipeline can be broken up at a time.

Since the material of the existing pipeline is broken andpushed outside, there is a potential risk of causing damageto other underground pipes and/or cables. For the assessmentof danger of damage, accurate records of underground net-works are required.Although pipe bursting has been used for a variety of applica-tions, including sewer replacement, it can generally be stated,that pipe bursting is limited to pressure pipelines DN 100because of this reason, particularly in city centres. In somecases, however, larger diameters are possible.

For the bursting operation, two types of bursting units areoffered to the market:• pneumatically operating machines• hydraulically operating machinesWith both, breaker arms in the nose of the breaker, shatternot only the pipes, but are also capable of handling joints,sockets and junctions.

A variation of pipe bursting, often called pipe splitting, can beapplied when pipelines have to be handled that do not frac-ture, e.g. steel or PVC pipelines.

Table 9: Product range Wavin TS

OD Wavin TS Waste Water Wavin TS Potable Water Wavin TS Gasmm SDR 17 SDR 11 SDR 17 SDR 11 SDR 17 SDR 1132 – – – 2.9 – 2.940 – – – 3.7 – 3.750 – – – 4.6 – 4.663 – 5.8 – 5.8 – 5.875 – 6.8 – – – 6.890 – 8.2 – 8.2 – 8.2

110 – 10.0 – 10.0 – 10.0125 – 11.4 – 11.4 – 11.4140 – 12.7 – 12.7 – –160 – 14.6 – 14.6 – 14.6180 – 16.4 – 16.4 – 16.4200 – 18.2 – 18.2 – –225 13.4 20.5 13.4 20.5 13.4 20.5250 14.8 22.7 14.8 22.7 – –280 16.6 25.4 16.6 25.4 – –315 18.7 28.6 18.7 28.6 – –355 21.1 32.2 21.1 32.2 – –400 23.7 36.3 23.7 36.3 – –450 26.7 40.9 26.7 40.9 – –


Wavin TS is delivered in 12 m lengths or in coils.


2200


MaterialOD 90 to 450 mm: inner and outer protection layers made ofXSC 50, middle layer made of PE 100.OD 32 to 63 mm: solid-wall pipe made of XSC 50.

ColourProtection layers royal blue (potable water), yellow (gas) ordark green (waste water), middle layer black (potable andwaste water) or orange (gas).

ConnectionsWavin TS has the same welding characteristics as PE 100pipes. The pipes and fittings can be connected by buttfusionor electrofusion.

ApprovalsWavin TS holds approvals for potable water and gas appli-cations from several national authorities such as DVGW orÖVGW.

44.. QQuuaalliittyy aassssuurraannccee44..11.. EEuurrooppeeaann ssttaannddaarrddss

The European Standards Organisation CEN develops stand-ards for renovation of existing pipelines.• Guidance on definitions, classifications and guidelines for

design: EN 13689• System standards for underground renovation with plastics

pipes, dealing with the following applications are eitheravailable or in preparation:• for non-pressure sewerage networks: EN 13566;• for water supply networks: prEN 14409;• for gas supply networks: prEN 14408.

• Functional requirements on rehabilitation/renovation, arepresented:• for non-pressure sewerage networks: EN 752-5, EN 12889

and EN 13380• for water supply networks: prEN 805;• for gas supply networks: prEN 12007-4.

For detailed references see chapter 7.

The national standards organisations of the following coun-tries are bound to implement the European Standards to thestatus of national standards and conflicting existing nationalstandards shall be withdrawn: Austria, Belgium, Czech Repub-lic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ire-land, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. It isvery much likely that other countries are to join soon.

One of the new concepts in the renovation standards is thedifferentiation in two pipe stages:• the „M-stage“, the pipe in its manufactured state,• the „I-stage“, the pipe in its installed state.This differentiation had to be made since, depending on therenovation technique used, the plastics materials may be sub-ject to a significant amount of site processing. This is relevantfor lining with close-fit pipes.

It implies that the finished product characteristics (variousgeometric, mechanical and physical properties) in fact wouldneed to be verified on the pipe in its „I“-stage, in addition toverification of relevant component characteristics in its „M“-stage.This creates a problem because it is undesirable to take sam-ples from a just installed liner pipe; it would mean seriousdestructive testing. Simulated installations, performed in aquality control laboratory, offer the way to demonstrate thatthe system is capable of conforming with the „I“-require-ments.In a simulated installation „as installed“ samples are pro-duced under conditions incorporating all relevant circum-stances which may affect the end-product characteristics.Examples of relevant conditions include installation para-meters such as temperature and pressure.

44..22.. WWaavviinn ssppeecciiffiiccaattiioonnss

Wavin supplies its products according to national and inter-national standards. In the case of renovation, where also siteprocessing has significant influence on the quality of the endproduct, dedicated specifications, Wavinorms, describe indetail the characteristics and test requirements:• Wavinorm 302: Compact Pipe for non-pressure applications• Wavinorm 303: Compact Pipe for pressure applications;

part W, water applications; part G, gas applications• Wavinorm 304: Neofit for lining small diameter pipelines• Wavinorm 310: Compact SlimLiner for pressure applications

These specifications prescribe amongst others:• requirements for material compound (e.g. density, thermal

stability, melt flow rate)• geometric, mechanical and physical requirements of the

pipes and fittings (e.g. dimensions, hydrostatic internalpressure, memory ability)

• frequencies of type testing and batch release testing

The Wavin systems regularly undergo comprehensive testing.Results are available on request. Examples of test equipmentare shown in figures 44 to 47.

Fig. 44: OIT test equipmentfor material testing.

Fig. 46: Simulated installa-tion of Compact Pipe in thelaboratory.

Fig. 47: Hydrostatic pressuretesting (“I-stage” test).

Fig. 45: Memory test of Com-pact Pipe (“M-stage” test).


2211

55.. SSyysstteemm ddeessiiggnn aassppeeccttss

Functional requirements and recommendations are given inEN 752-4, EN 805 and EN 12007-4 for drain and sewer appli-cations, water supply applications and gas supply applica-tions, respectively.

Reasons for rehabilitation may be:• Need to separate the pipe wall from the fluid to prevent

damage from the one to the other (e.g. internal corrosion,or water contamination)

• Need to stop leakage, either infiltration of ground water orexfiltration of transported fluid

• The pipeline is structurally not sound• The pipeline is hydraulically not suitable anymore.

The choice of the adequate rehabilitation system will dependupon which performance parameters the pipe fails to meetand why the failures occur.

Consequently the following main design criteria can be distin-guished:1. Condition of existing pipeline2. Installation aspects3. Structural aspects4. Hydraulic aspects

In general, each system of rehabilitation has its own limitingparameters of structural strength. The economics of eachsystem need to be assessed as part of the design process.

55..11.. CCoonnddiittiioonn ooff tthhee eexxiissttiinngg ppiippeelliinnee

The designer needs:a) general information about the existing pipeline, at least

• type of pipe• dimensions• fluid characteristics

b) information about the functional performance affected bythe condition of the pipeline, at least• geometric specialities (e.g. misalignment)• flow typicalities (e.g. sediments, root intrusion,

protruding laterals)• structural defects (e.g. cracks and corrosion)

c) information about the site conditions that may influenceinstallation, at least• access to the pipeline (e.g. depth, traffic, other services

underground)• construction constraints (e.g. groundwater, section

lengths, side connections and need for by-pass flow)

55..22.. IInnssttaallllaattiioonn aassppeeccttss

During insertion, caution shall be taken to avoid over-stres-sing of the liner pipe. The pulling force is limited by applyingthe following formula:

F ≤ �/4 . (du2 – di2) * �t (1)

where: F = Maximum pulling force [N]�t = Allowable pulling stress [MPa]du = Nominal outside diameter liner [mm]di = Nominal inside diameter liner [mm]

The values for the allowable pulling stress are materialdependent (see table 9).

Table 10: Allowable pulling stress depending on material.

Material Pulling stress [mPa]PE 80 8.0PE 100 10.0

For a range of nominal diameters of PE pipes the allowablepulling forces are presented in table 10. The pulling headconfiguration may set lower limits.

Table 11: Allowable pulling forces depending on pipe materialand geometrics, at 20 °C

PE type SDR Pulling force (kN) per pipe diameter (mm)100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

PE 80 32 8 17 31 48 69 94 122 154 19126 9 21 37 59 84 114 149 188 232

17,6 14 30 54 84 122 165 215 272 33711 21 47 83 130 187 254 333 413 520

PE 100 32 10 21 38 59 86 115 152 193 23926 12 26 47 73 105 143 185 235 29017 17 39 70 109 156 213 278 351 43511 26 58 104 162 234 318 416 527 650

Depending on the technique applied, there may be otherinstallation aspects to take into account. In such cases, theinstaller shall follow the instructions in the relevant instal-lation documentation.

55..33.. SSttrruuccttuurraall aassppeeccttss55..33..11.. GGeenneerraall

The main design criterion for pipes used for rehabilitation ofexisting pipelines is the ability to withstand load, both inter-nal and external, in operation.Compared to pipes buried directly with traditional opentrenching, loads acting on a liner are different, because thelining pipe is installed without disturbing the equilibriumbetween existing pipe and its surround. Because of this,external soil and traffic loads generally are of considerablyless significance and the designer should focus more on theeffects of groundwater pressure in combination with anynegative internal pressure (vacuum).


2222

55..33..22.. NNoonn--pprreessssuurree ppiippee aapppplliiccaattiioonnss

Plastic lining pipes used for rehabilitation of sewers and othernon-pressure pipelines require independent ring stiffness tofulfil the structural function.

The Wavin systems for renovating non-pressure applications,Compact Pipe, Wavin TS and conventional PE pipe provide an independent new pipe system with the quality and thestructural performance of a conventional PE pipeline built inan open-trench installation.Detailed design shall follow the appropriate calculationmethods as described, for example, in the German ATV A127and M127 [19, 20]. In these, the different kinds of loading aredealt with in detail: e.g. earth and traffic loads, groundwaterpressure, support from the host pipe (depending on thecloseness of fit of the liner).

Application of these calculation methods leads to thefollowing rules of thumb:a) When the existing pipeline is surrounded with a stable,

consolidated surround, where the depth of cover is lessthan 5 m, and where the ground water table is less than4 m over the pipe, a durable, long term (> 50 years) solu-tion is provided with PE 80 pipe SDR 26.

b) When the existing pipeline faces more serious damages,thicker liners are required: PE 80 pipe SDR 17. This pipetype generally withstands ground water pressure up to10 m over the pipe.

55..33..33.. PPrreessssuurree ppiippee aapppplliiccaattiioonnss

As explained in clause 2.2.2. of this Technical Manual, from astructural point of view distinction is made between indepen-dent and interactive pressure pipe liners.Independent pressure pipe liners, such as Compact Pipe, arecapable on their own of resisting without failure all applicableinternal loads throughout their design life, without relying onthe existing pipeline for radial support. They also provide thering stiffness and the capability to resist external loads.Interactive pressure pipe liners, such as Compact SlimLinerand Neofit, are not capable on their own of resisting withoutfailure all applicable internal loads throughout their designlife, and therefore rely on the existing pipeline for radialsupport. Specifically, an interactive liner transfers all or partof the internal pressure stress by radial contact to the existingpipe wall, but retains a long-term capability to span anycorrosion holes or joint gaps in the existing pipeline.

Internal pressureFor pressure pipes the choice of the material and the SDRclass depend on the operational pressure, complying with theinternational standards EN 1555 and EN 14401.Background for design is the relationship between internalpressure on the one hand and material and geometric charac-teristics of the pipe on the other:

Barlow’s formula P = 20 * � / (SDR-1) (2)with � = MRS / c

where: P = operating pressure [MPa]SDR = standard dimension ratio� = tangential wall stress [MPa]MRS = minimum required strength [MPa]c = design coefficient

This can be worked up to the table 11:

Table 12: Maximum operating pressures in differentapplications

Pipe characteristics Max. operating pressure [bar]PE type SDR Water/Industrial Gas

c = 1.25* c = 2.0*PE 80 (MRS 8) 26 5.1 3.2

17,6 8.0 4.811 12.8 8

PE 100 (MRS10) 26 6.4 417 10 611 16 10

* minimum values in EN standards

In case where the pipe material is exposed to temperaturesother than 20 °C, the allowable pressures may have to be de-rated. In table 12 de-rating factors for higher temperatureapplications, as presented in EN 12201 for PE 80 and PE 100,are listed.

Table 13: Temperature influence on allowable pressure

Temperature De-rating factor*20°C 1.0030°C 0.8740°C 0.74* For other temperatures between each step interpolation is allowed.

Note: when temperatures are lower than 20°C, up-rating ofthe allowable pressures would be applicable, but this isusually not done, implying that then an even higher factor ofsafety on the allowable pressure is present.


2233

Risk of bucklingThe risk of buckling due to external loads, in particularground water pressure, is extremely low with pressure pipeapplications. The same as presented with non-pressure appli-cations (see previous pages) applies here, but the pipes arein general at least of the SDR class 26 and have an evenbetter fit than in non-pressure applications (higher amount ofsupport of the host pipe).Very important here is the fact that a pressure pipe is underinside pressure for most of its life time, which gives an extracounter force against a possible buckling.Any risk of buckling due to internal negative pressures isextremely low as well, as is demonstrated in Chapter 5.4.,where the issue ‘water hammer’ is dealt with.

Gap and hole spanningAs mentioned in the beginning of this Chapter, interactivepressure pipeliners, such as Compact SlimLiner and Neofit,rely on the strength of the host pipe and pass on the internalpressures to this host pipe.The design on internal pressure with interactive liners is onlyrelevant if substantial gaps (e.g. in open joints) or holes (e.g.corrosion pits) have to be bridged.Design graphs for gap and hole spanning have been set upfrom a series of experiments and FEM analyses, from whichthe allowable pressure can be derived as a function of SDRwith gap spanning, and hole size/wall thickness with holespanning, respectively. Note: In figures 48 and 49 possibilities with 24 bar pressureare shown.

The graphs in figures 48 and 49 are valid for all kinds ofclose-fit linings where the liner pipe is not extremely over-expanded. If over-expansion is the case, it is recommendedfor extra security to de-rate the pressure capability of thelining against bridging gaps or holes.

Table 14: De-rating factors for gap and hole spanning at over-expanded close-fit linings

Expansion De-rating factor[%] [-]0 – 3 1.03 – 10 2.0

Fig. 48: Long term (50 years) gap-spanning capability for PE 80 interactive liners.

Figure 49: Long term (50 years) hole-spanning capability forPE 80 interactive liners.

failu

re p

ress

ure

(bar

)

internal diameter of host pipe/lining thickness (D/t)

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

20 mm interspace

50 mm interspace

80 mm interspace

max. interspace = 20 mm24 bar

SDR = 27 SDR = 42

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

failu

re p

ress

ure

(bar

)

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

void diameter/lining thickness (d/t)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

24 bar

d/t = 10.2


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55..44.. HHyyddrraauulliicc aassppeeccttss

If a pipeline is rehabilitated, of course leaks are sealed andtightness is restored. Apart from that it shall be ensured thatadequate hydraulic capacity is provided.

Hydraulic capacityTo choose the most economic renovation technique it isnecessary to determine the required hydraulic capacity.

The following formulae apply for calculating the flow in pipe-lines:

Continuity equation: Q = v * �/4 * Di2 (3)

where: Q = flow capacity or discharge (m3/s)v = flow velocity (m/s)Di = internal pipe diameter (m)

Reynold’s Number: Re = v * Di / � (4)where: m = kinematic viscosity of the fluid (m2/s)

where: i = pressure loss per metre (m/m), or: x 100 (%)� = friction coefficient (-)g = gravitational constant (m/s2)

Colebrook / White:1/�� = -2 log [ (2.51 / Re��) + (k / (3.71 * Di)) ] (6)

where: k = pipe wall roughness (m)

The material-dependent k-values are presented in table 14.

Table 15: Pipe wall roughness of pipelines

Pipe condition k[mm]

thermoplastics pipe 0.01smooth asbestos-cement pipe 0.02new steel pipe, new pre-stressed concrete pipe. 0.05asbestos-cement pipe, new zinc coated steel pipe 0.10slightly corroded steel pipe, clay pipe 0.20corroded steel pipe, cement coated pipe,new iron pipe, smooth concrete pipe, 0.50concrete pipe, considerably corroded steel pipe, iron pipes with small blares 1.00heavily corroded steel pipe, deteriorated concrete pipe, heavily corroded iron pipe. 2.00extremely corroded steel pipe, Iron pipe with extreme blares 5.00

Any additional benefits of hydraulic smoothness and conti-nuity of invert provided by the lining system should be takeninto account with the design.The change in flow capacity as a result of lining with a close-fit PE pipe (2% gap and k = 0.01 mm assumed) is presentedin the following graph for different SDR values in relation tothe roughness of the host pipe.

From this graph the following can be deducted:• lining a heavily corroded cast-iron pipeline (k = 2 mm) with

a thick-walled Compact Pipe SDR 17 gives a flow improve-ment of 10%

• lining a concrete sewer (k = 1 mm) with a Compact PipeSDR 26 gives also a flow improvement of 10%

• lining a cement-coated pipeline (k = 0.5 mm) with aCompact SlimLiner SDR 51 gives a flow improvement of14%

• for Compact SlimLiner (SDR 51) it is shown that the flowimproves already when the roughness of the host pipe isonly 0.25 mm.

It appears that in most cases the loss in internal diameter(2 x wall thickness + gap) is easily compensated by thesmoother bore, and improvement in flow is most likely.

The values in fig. 50 apply for a pipe, excluding joints etc.Pipelines with joints will exhibit considerable higher k-valuesthan shown above. When such pipelines are lined with acontinuous plastic liner without joints, the difference betweenthe old system k-value and the new system k-value becomeseven more significant.

Darcy / Weisbach: i = � *1

*v2 (5)

2g Di

Fig. 50: Flow improvement for close-fit PE liners compared toexisting pipe as a function of the roughness of the old pipe.

Pipe roughness of host pipe [mm]

Flow

impr

ovem

ent

[%]

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

SDR 51SDR 41SDR 34SDR 26SDR 17

0 1 2 3 4 5


2255

Water hammerAn effect that has to be considered in re-designing pressurepipelines is the possible occurrence of water hammer. Thisphenomenon arises when a valve is suddenly shut, causing apressure wave to run through the pipeline, followed by anegative pressure.The pressure wave itself runs at a very high speed dependingon pipe material type: e.g. with PE pipes ≈ 300 m/s and withsteel ≈ 1200 m/s.The peak of the pressure wave depends on pipe material andpipe stiffness and can have a significant influence on design.Pressure peaks due to water hammer can be calculated as fol-lows:

Joukowski’s formula:∆p = 1 / ( � { ρ * (1/K + Sp) } ) * ∆v / g (7)

where: ∆p= pressure peak (Mpa)ρ = density of water =1000 (kg/m3)K = stiffness of water =2000 (Mpa)Sp = pipe stiffness characteristic∆v= velocity drop to 0 (m/s)g = gravitational constant (m/s2)

pipe stiffness characteristic:Sp = (1-ν2 ) / { Ep * (Di / e) } (8)

where: n = Poisson’s ratio (-)Ep = mod.of elasticity of pipe (Mpa)Di = internal pipe diameter (mm)e = pipe wall thickness (mm)

Working out these formulae for different pipe types leads tothe following graph:

This graph demonstrates that, closing a valve instantaneouslyleads to pressure peaks that may be substantial with rela-tively thin-walled steel pipes: ∆p = 12 bar. It shows on theother hand that with PE pipes the peaks are not high, e.g.with PE SDR 26 pipes: ∆p = 2 bar, and this only for fractionsof seconds. The negative pressure that follows the pressurewave is to be set at –0.8 bar for all. Also here, the extremelyshort time prevents that the pipe suffers in any way.

DeformationParticularly in case of renovating an existing sewer, which iscracked, sometimes questions are posed regarding the effectof deformation on the flow quantity discharged from the pipe-line. This effect can also be analysed, but here even morecomplex calculations are required, with the internal perimeterto be calculated with a formula containing a so-called com-plete elliptic integral of the second kind. In doing this it canbe learned that the effect is negligible: with 10% averagedeflection of the pipe, the reduction in flow capacity is only2.36% (details available on request).

Filling degreeImprovement in flow capacity for gravity sewers means thatthe water depth or filling degree will change (will becomelower) and hence the storage capacity will increase.

Self-cleansingThe gradient and the roughness of the pipe rule this ability.The k-value of a plastic liner is in any case better than that ofa traditional pipe and hence the self-cleansing effect im-proves.

AbrasionAbrasion depends obviously on the fluid/slurry transported,but also on the pipe material. Research has shown thatplastic pipes, and in particular PE pipes, show remarkablegood results in comparison with pipes of traditional materials.Table 15, containing average results from several tests, extrac-ted from Janson’s publication (ref. 29) shows the differencesand the improved resistance to abrasion/wear that resultingfrom lining the existing pipeline with a PE pipe.

Table 16: Abrasion

Material Specific abrasion Abrasion,[�m] relative to PE

PE 0.17PVC 0.75 4,4 xsteel 1.72 10 xcast-iron 2.09 12 xclay 4.31 23 xconcrete 15.90 94 xasbestos cement 17.28 102 x

Chemical resistancePE pipes like Compact Pipe, Compact SlimLiner and Wavin TSare resistant to public waste water with a pH between 2(acid) and 12 (alkaline). In case of industrial waste water thechemical resistance data given on www.wavin.de shall beconsulted.

Fig. 51: Pressure peak [mPa] due to Water Hammer.

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

Sp

Pressure peak [mPa]PVC SDR 26

Steel SDR 65PE SDR 26

PE SDR 11


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66.. CCaassee HHiissttoorriieess66..11.. SSlliipplliinniinngg

Water pipeline in Tunstall, UKTotal length: 3,800 m, 24".Problem: 100-year-old cast iron main, passing through severalvillages, supplying 56,000 customers, suffered from majorpipe bursts. Furthermore tuberculation became a prominentproblem (build up oxides, lime, etc.), causing flow capacityand flow quality problems.Solution: PE 100 DN 500 x 29.7 SDR 17, supplied in lengthsup to 18 m.Highlight: record lengths up to 1,300 m lined in one go;whole job completed within remarkable 5 weeks.

Water pipeline in Rawa Mazowiecka, PolandTotal length: 1,486 m, DN 400.Problem: Leaking steel main, running through private areasand parts of a protected forest.Solution: PE 100 DN 355 x 21.1 SDR 17.Highlights: high ground water table.

Water pipeline in Rotterdam, The NetherlandsTotal length: 1,520 m, DN 1,220.Problem: Cement-coated concrete pipeline with leaks causingsacking of the pipeline + decaying cathodic protection causingincreased amount of corrosion.Solution: PE 100 DN 900 x 53.3, SDR 17.Highlights: Main water supply pipeline of the city, ending inthe centre of town; work did not hinder traffic and com-mercial activities.

66..22.. CCoommppaacctt PPiippee

Water pipeline in Bayonne, FranceTotal length: 600 m, DN 250.Problem: Corrosion and leaking connections of a twin cast-iron pipeline for potable water transport in a historical bridge.Solution: Compact Pipe PE 100 SDR 17.Highlights: only 3 small pits were required for the wholelining process. Traffic on the bridge was not hindered.

Sewer in Wildemann, GermanyProblem: untight clay ware sewer DN 200 located 1.5 m deepin a river, causing extreme infiltration: 5 x the normal amountof ‘water’ had to be led to the purification plant.Solution: Compact Pipe DN 200, PE 80, SDR 26.Highlights: During reversion of the Compact Pipe the level ofwater in the shafts rose to 1.2 m over the crown of the pipe.Even although this water was only 5°C, the Compact Pipereverted perfectly, sealing the line completely and thus pre-venting further infiltration.

Fig. 53: Compact Pipe inBayonne, France.

Fig. 54: Compact Pipe inWildemann, Germany.

Fig. 52: Sliplining in Tunstall,UK.


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Gas pipeline in Padua, ItalyTotal length: 8.4 km, DN 200, 300 and 400.Problem: Leakages in the steel and cast-iron pipes. Pipelinesituated in historical centre.Solution: Compact Pipe PE 80 SDR 26.Highlights: successful close-fit lining of a pipeline with verysmall bends in very narrow circumstances.

Industrial pipeline in Budapest, HungaryTotal length: 29.2 km, DN 150, 200, 250, 400.Problem: Corrosion of the fire fighting pipeline of the oilrefinery plant. For safety reasons, the pipeline had to berenovated very quickly.Solution: Compact Pipe PE 100 SDR 17.Highlights: several 90° bends in DN 400.

Sewer pressure pipeline in Wrocław, PolandTotal length: 8.8 km, DN 400 and 500.Problem: Corrosion and leaking connections of a twin cast-iron pipeline for potable water transport in a historical bridge.Solution: Compact Pipe PE 80 SDR 26.Highlights: River crossings, high depths of cover and many45° bends in the pipeline track; renovation carried out in only4 months.

Water pipeline in Bærum, NorwayTotal length: 5.2 km, DN 150 and 200.Problem: Corrosion of the major water supply line of this sub-urban village of Oslo.Solution: Compact Pipe PE 100 SDR 17.Highlights: cold weather conditions during installation withambient temperatures down to –15°C.

Sewer gravity line in Heerlen, The NetherlandsTotal length: 500 m, DN 600/400 and 450/300 egg profile.Problem: damaged sewer in busy shopping centre.Solution: Compact Pipe PE 80, DN 350 and DN 500; SDR 32.Highlights: first rehabilitation of larger sized egg shapedsewers with PE close-fit pipes.

Gas pipelines in Madrid, SpainTotal length: 9 km, with sizes ranging from DN 150 toDN 400.Problem: corrosion, and/or wish to upgrade low to mediumpressure lines.Solution: Compact Pipe, PE 80 SDR 26 or PE 100 SDR 17.Highlights: minimum excavations, long radius bends up to180° per section, narrow site conditions.

Fig. 55: Compact Pipe inPadua, Italy.

Fig. 57: Compact Pipe inBærum, Norway.

Fig. 58: Compact Pipe inHeerlen, The Netherlands.

Fig. 59: Compact Pipe inMadrid, Spain

Fig. 56: Compact Pipe inBudapest, Hungary.


2288

Gas pipelines in Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesTotal length: 600 m, with sizes DN 150, 250 and 400.Problem: salt ground water infiltration in sewer and irrigationpipeline.Solution: Compact Pipe, PE 80 SDR 17 or PE 100 SDR 17.Highlights: extreme high depths of cover, with substantialamount of infiltration.

66..33.. CCoommppaacctt SSlliimmLLiinneerr

Water pipeline in Esztergom, HungaryProblem: corrosion.Solution: Compact SlimLiner DN 100, PE 80, SDR 36.Highlights: steep road gradients, small access pits.

Water pipeline in Opoloniza, PolandProblem: leaking asbestos-cement pipeline.Solution: Compact SlimLiner, DN 150, PE 80, SDR 51.Highlights: minimum excavations, narrow site conditions.

Water pipeline in Kassel, GermanyProblem: corrosion and leakages in cast-iron pipeline.Solution: Compact SlimLiner, DN 250, PE 80, SDR 51.Highlights: pipeline located under 4-lane motorway.

Fig. 60: Compact Pipe in AbuDhabi, UAE.

Fig. 61: Compact SlimLiner inEsztergom, Hungary.

Fig. 62: Compact SlimLiner inOpoloniza, Poland.

Fig. 63: Compact SlimLiner inKassel, Germany.


2299

66..44.. NNeeooffiitt

Water service lines in Melun, FranceProblem: lead contamination of 3/4" potable water from thelead service pipes.Solution: Neofit DN 10.Highlights: very quick installation, at a very low price.

Water service lines in Melbourne, AustraliaProblem: leaking copper service pipe 20 m and because ofcorrosion discoulourisation of potable water.Solution: Neofit DN 10.Highlights: minimum excavations, lining through existing fit-tings that could be reconnected; extreme low-cost, back inservice within 1 hour.

Water service lines in Vienna, AustriaProblem: lead contamination from 1" lead services.Solution: Neofit DN 15.Highlights: working in busy city centre without obstructingsocial life.

66..55.. WWaavviinn TTSS

Gas pipeline in Poznan, PolandProblem: leaking joints in DN 150 cast iron gas pipe, 80 yearsold.Solution: pipe bursting with TS pipes DN 180 SDR 11(upsizing).Highlights: very quick installation without any reduction offlow capacity.

Fig. 64: Neofit in Melun,France.

Fig. 66: Pipe bursting withWavin TS in Poznan, Poland.

Fig. 65: Expanded Neofitliner.


3300

77.. RReeffeerreenncceess77..11.. SSttaannddaarrddss,, rreeqquuiirreemmeennttss aanndd rreegguullaattiioonnss

1) EN 752-5, Drain and sewer systems outside buildings –Part 5: Rehabilitation.

2) EN 805, Water supply – requirements for systems andcomponents outside buildings.

3) EN 1295-1, Structural design of buried pipelines undervarious conditions of loading – Part 1: General require-ments.

4) prEN 1295-2, Structural design of buried pipelines undervarious conditions of loading – Part 2: Details aboutestablished methods.

5) EN 1555-2 , Plastics piping systems for gas supply – Poly-ethylene (PE) – Part 2: Pipes.EN 12201-2, Plastics piping systems for water supply –Polyethylene (PE) – Part 2: Pipes.

6) EN 12007-4, Gas supply systems - Pipelines for maximumoperating pressure up to and including 16 bar - Part 4:Specific functional recommendations for renovation.

7) EN 12889, Trenchless construction and testing of drainsand sewers.

8) EN 13380, General requirements for components used forrenovation and repair of drain and sewer systems outsidebuildings.

9) EN 13689, Guidance on the classification and design ofplastics piping systems used for renovation.

10) EN 13566-1, Plastics piping systems for renovation ofunderground non-pressure drainage and sewerage net-works — Part 1: General.

11) prEN 13566-2, Plastics piping systems for renovation ofunderground non-pressure drainage and sewerage net-works — Part 2: Lining with continuous pipes.

12) EN 13566-3, Plastics piping systems for renovation ofunderground non-pressure drainage and sewerage net-works — Part 3: Lining with close-fit pipes.

13) EN 13566-4, Plastics piping systems for renovation ofunderground non-pressure drainage and sewerage net-works — Part 4: Lining with cured-in-place pipes.

14) prEN 14409-1, Plastics piping systems for renovation ofunderground water supply networks — Part 1: General.

15) prEN 14409-3, Plastics piping systems for renovation ofunderground water supply networks — Part 3: Liningwith close-fit pipes.

16) prEN 14408-1, Plastics piping systems for renovation ofunderground gas supply networks — Part 1: General.

17) prEN 14408-3, Plastics piping systems for renovation ofunderground gas supply networks — Part 3: Lining withclose-fit pipes.

18) ISO/TR 11295, Techniques for rehabilitation of pipelinesystems by the use of plastics pipes and fittings.

19) ATV-A127, Statische Berechnung von Abwasserkanälen20) ATV-M127-2, Statische Berechnung zur Sanierung von

Abwasserkanälen und –leitungen mit Lining- und Monta-geverfahren.

77..22.. WWaavviinn ssyysstteemm ssppeecciiffiiccaattiioonnss

21) Wavinorm 302; Compact Pipe for non-pressure applica-tions.

22) Wavinorm 303; Compact Pipe for pressure applications; part W, water applications; part G, gas applications.

23) Wavinorm 304; Neofit for lining small diameter pipelines.24) Wavinorm 310; Compact SlimLiner for pressure applica-

tions.

77..33.. OOtthheerr ppuubblliiccaattiioonnss

25) Stein, D./Niederehe, W., “Instandhaltung von Kanalisatio-nen”, Berlin, 1999.

26) Kunststoffrohrverband e.V. (KRV), “Druckverlust-Tabellen”,Bonn 1991.

27) Elzink W.J./Schuurmans J., “Lining with Plastics Pipes -Experiences from Europe.“, Trenchless Asia, ISTT Confe-rence, Singapore, 1995.

28) Boot, J.C./Guan, Z.W./Toropova, I.L., “Structural design ofthin-walled polyethylene pipe linings for water mains”,Plastics Pipes IX, Göteborg 1995.

29) Janson, L. “Plastics pipes for water supply & sewagedisposal”, Stockholm, 1999.

30) Elzink, W.J., “Compact Pipe – Close-fit lining with PEpipes” ENEG, Lisbon 2001.

31) Elzink, W.J., “The need for rehabilitation”, Plastics PipesXI, Munich 2001.

32) Wróblewska, A./Kwietniewski, M./Roszkowski, A., “Deve-lopment of the pipeline market in Poland illustrated byCompact Pipe”, Plastics Pipes XI, Munich 2001.

33) Alferink, F., “Soil-pipe interaction: a next step in under-standing and suggestions for improvements for designmethods”, Plastics Pipes XI, Munich, 2001.

34) Elzink, W.J., “Quality assurance of Close-fit Liners”,Trenchless Egypt, ISTT Conference, Cairo, 2001.

35) Hamjediers, I., “Gelungene Compact-Slimliner-Premiere”,3R International, Essen, 03/2003.

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