tea.,production technology of tea

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Production tech and medicinal use of tea Department of Agronomy

Dr.Ijaz

Faculty of Agricultural Sciences & Technology

M.Yaseen Kanju ROLL NO 44

TEA.Camellia sinensis

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Contents:NomenclatureOriginHistoryTea cultivation in PakistanBotany and morphologyMedicinal usesDistributionProduction technologyBibliography.

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Nomenclature:Family: Theaceae

Genus: Camellia

Species: Camellia sinensis

5-crop production.

Origin:Tea plant cultivation began about 4,000

years ago in its native country, China.

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History: Japanese discovered the plant in the 8th

century and cultivation was established by the 13th century.

By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, tea cultivation spread to Russian Georgia, Sumatra, Iran, India, Uganda, Kenya, Congo, Argentina, Brazil, and Peru.

.Grown throughout the world including China, Japan, Sri lanka, Nepal, Kenya, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Argentina and Australia

7crop production

Tea production:Tea production throughout -4 million metric tones

Cultivated in more than 35 countries.

China is responsible for 35% of world production India for 25%Kenya for 8%Sri Lanka for 7%

Pakistan is 5th largest importer of tea with imports ranging up to 120,345 metric tones

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History of tea cultivation in Pakistan:Tea cultivation started in Pakistan in 1958 at

village Baffa (District Mansehra) under the auspices of Pakistan Tea Board

PTB identified 64000 ha of land suitable for tea plantation in Mansehra, Battagram, Swat (KPK) and 2000 ha in AJ&K.

9www.nthri.com

History of tea cultivation in Pakistan:National Tea & High Value Crops Research

Institute (NTHRI) is working under the auspices of PARC

Established in 1986 as National Tea Research Station

50 acres of land in district Mansehra

Upgraded to the level of Institute in 1996.The Institute was re-organized as (NTHRI)

during 2013.

10www.nthri.com

Botany & morphology of tea:A small evergreen shrub cultivated to a

height of 7 to 8 feet, but growing wild up to 30 feet high, and much branched.

Stem: Bark rough, grey.

Leaves: Dark green, elliptical, on short stalks.

Blunt at apex, base tapering, and the margins are shortly serrate

Young leaves are hairy while older leaves are glabrous.

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Botany & morphology of tea:

Flowers: Solitary or two or three together on short branchlets , somewhat drooping, 1 to 1 1/2 inches wide.

Sepals: five, imbricate,

Petals: usually five or up to nine, unequal, spreading, white in color

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Tea plant:

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Locality and distribution: In tea producing areas of Pakistan:

The elevation is between 1000 and 1900m above sea level.

The minimum temperature in January is -1C and the maximum is 32C.

In dry season annual rain fall is 1200mm.

Soils in these areas are moderately deep sandy loams with a PH value of 5.5-6.5.

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PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

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Seedbed preparation:

Tea plants are usually started in nurseries as seedlings and then transplanted to the plantation fields.

The nursery soil should be well drained and deep loam in nature with pH of 4.5 to 4.8.

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Pre-treatment of rooting medium• Treating with Aluminum sulphate can

reduce soil pH.

• For this purpose the nursery soil is formed into beds of one meter width, 8 cm height

• Then the beds are drenched with 2% solution of Aluminum sulphate applied @ 10 liters/2.5 sq.m

• Over this another layer of 8 cm is spread and again drenched with equal quantity of water . 17

http://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_plantation%20crops_tea.html, crop production

Preparation of sleeves

Polythene sleeves of 150 or 200 gauge, 10 cm width and 30 - 45 cm length may be used.

Drainage holes may be provided at the bottom.

The lower 3/4 of the sleeves should be filled with 1:3 sand and soil mixture and the top 1/4 with 1:1 sand and soil mixture and staked in rows.


Preparation of cuttings:

Cuttings are taken during: April – May August – September

Semi-hard wood cutting with 1 leaf and 1 internode is taken.

A slanting cut is made at the basehttp://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_plantation%20crops_tea.html, crop production 19

Planting of cuttingsThe sleeves are watered thoroughly.

The cuttings are inserted in the hole and the soil around is pressed firmly to avoid airspace.

Small polythene tents are provided which maintain high humidity and regulate the temperature.

Cuttings may take 10 - 12 weeks for rooting.

After 90 days the polythene tent may be removed gradually over a period of 10 - 15 days.


Method of planting:

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Tea nursery:

22-http://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_plantation%20crops_tea.html,

Seed bed with polythene tent:

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Hardening of the cuttings

Hardening of 4 - 6 months old young cuttings is done by removing shade gradually over a period of 4 - 6 weeks.

Starting from a few hours exposure to sun and extending the time of exposure gradually.


Season and planting

May - June or September – October

Sleeves should be opened lengthwise without injuring the roots

Planted in the pit and the soil is gently pressed.


Methods of planting;

Single Hedge SystemIn this method, the spacing adopted is 1.20 x 0.75 m accommodating 10,800 plants/ha.

Double Hedge SystemIn this method, the spacing adopted is 1.35 x 0.75 x 0.75 m accommodating 13,200 plants/ha.

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Training young plants:

Centering

• To induce more laterals.

• Centering should be done 3 - 5 months after planting.

• The main leader stem should be cut, leaving 8 - 10 matured leaves.


Pruning:Pruning is done to maintain convenient

height of bush and to remove dead and diseased branches.

First pruning is done at 15-20 cm height when plant is 3 years old

4th year plant is pruned to a height of 40-55 cm

From 5th year to onwards plant are maintained at 80-100 cm height.

28crop production

Irrigation: Tea grows best in a moist environment with

rainfall well distributed throughout the year.

In extreme dry spells one or more irrigation may be arranged.

Since a tea field is well drained and sloping a sprinkler irrigation system is the most suitable one.

In nurseries is provided to the seedlings with hand sprinklers to keep the beds properly moist.


Fertilizer:

In the initial stages of growth, application of rapeseed cake at the rate of 850-1000kg/ha as the base fertilizer in the months of September-October is recommended.

NPK fertilizer in a 4:2:1 ratio is applied to the young plants at the rate of 100,50 and 25 kg/ha.


Plucking:Plant comes into production in 4th year.

Plucking begins in march and ends in November.

Best quality tea is produced from spring plucking i.e. March- April

Second in May-July Inferior quality tea from August plucking.

Yield: the average yield of green leaves is 10t/hectare.

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Harvesting:

Harvesting: Freshly harvested leaves:

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Plant protection measures:

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Insect pest and remedies:Thrips:Profenofos 50 % EC @ 2.0 ml/lit.Quinalphos 25 % EC @ 7.5 ml/10 lit

Aphid:Spray phosalone 35 % EC @ 2.0 ml/lit

Red spider:Profenofos 50 % EC @ 2.0 ml/lit.Propargite 57 % EC @ 2.0 ml/lit.Spiromesifen 22.9 % SC @ 1.0 ml/lit.

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Diseases:Blister blight

Blister blight can be controlled by Spraying 210 g Copper oxychloride and Nickel chloride per ha at 5 days interval from June - September; 11 days intervals in October and November.

Red rust:Spray Hexagonazole 200 ml + Copper

oxychloride 210 g/ha

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Bibliography:Crop production, Shafi Nazir, 1994http://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/

horti_plantation%20crops_tea.htmlhttp://www.tocklai.net/activities/tea-cultivati

on/propagation/http://www.med.umich.edu/umim/food-pyra

mid/tea.htmhttp://www.kew.org/plant-cultures/plants/tea

_plant_profile.htmlhttp://www.health.harvard.edu/press_releas

es/benefit_of_drinking_green_tea

36shahbaz-

http://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_plantation%20crops_tea.html

http://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_plantation%20crops_tea.html

http://www.tocklai.net/activities/tea-cultivation/propagation/

http://www.tocklai.net/activities/tea-cultivation/propagation/

http://www.med.umich.edu/umim/food-pyramid/tea.htm

http://www.med.umich.edu/umim/food-pyramid/tea.htm

http://www.kew.org/plant-cultures/plants/tea_plant_profile.html

http://www.kew.org/plant-cultures/plants/tea_plant_profile.html

http://www.health.harvard.edu/press_releases/benefit_of_drinking_green_tea

http://www.health.harvard.edu/press_releases/benefit_of_drinking_green_tea

tea.,production technology of tea

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