team-centered approach to instrument processing and infection

AbstractInfection prevention must be the first priority in the dental health-care setting. It is the foundation of safe dentistry. In order to meet the chal-lenges of safety, time management, and asepsis, the Dental Health-Care Provider (DHCP) must have a plan for infection control. The plan should be coordinated by an individual in the office called the Infection Preven-tion Coordinator (IPC). The IPC has a vast amount of responsibilities including monitoring for adherence to instructions for use on FDA-ap-proved medical devices, the reprocessing and care of dental instruments, and proper use of disposables. Utilizing the 2013 CDC guidelines and the 2016 Summary of Infection Prevention Practices in Dental settings can help to significantly reduce the risk of microbial transmission. Infection prevention strategies must be implemented in the operatory as well as the sterilization area, including instrument reprocessing. As there are a variety of methods, choosing a system that minimizes risk, maximizes productivity, and preserves instruments is essential. All these tasks must be monitored to assure infection prevention is effective.

Educational ObjectivesThe overall goal of this course is to provide information on infection control in the dental office. Upon completion of the course, the clinician will be able to do the following:1. Describe the chain of infection and modes of

transmission of microorganisms in the dental setting.2. Define and explain the four basic principles and

goals to reduce microbial transmission.3. Discuss the function and role of the Infection

Prevention Coordinator (IPC) in the sterilization process.

4. List and describe instrument processing steps, safety measures, and use of instrument management systems in this process.

5. Express the role and importance of following manufacturer Instructions for Use (IFU’s), indicators and monitoring systems in sterilization.

.

Author ProfileNoel Brandon Kelsch, RDH, RDHAP, AS, BS is an international speaker, writerand Registered Dental Hygienist in Alternative Practice. She is the infection control columnist for RDH magazine, a syndicated newspaper columnist and has been published in many books and magazines. She has brought the message of oral health to media networks from Disney Radio to ESPN. Noel’s research on infection control and cross contamination continues to enlighten dental professionals and protect patients. Noel is one of the founders of Support Clean Dentistry and has received many national awards including: Top 25 Women in Dentistry 2014, Who’s Who in Infection Control 2014, Colgate Bright Smiles Bright Futures, RDH Magazine Sun Star Butler Award of Distinction, USA magazine Make a Difference Day Award, President’s Service Award, Hu-Friedy Master Clinician Award. Noel can be reached at [email protected] .

Author DisclosureNoel Brandon Kelsch, RDHAP, has no commercial ties with the sponsors or the providers of the unrestricted educational grant for this course.

This educational activity has been made possible through an unrestricted grant from Hu-Friedy. This course was written for dentists, dental hygienists and assistants, from novice to skilled. Educational Methods: This course is a self-instructional journal and web activity. Provider Disclosure: PennWell does not have a leadership position or a commercial interest in any products or services discussed or shared in this educational activity nor with the commercial supporter. No manufacturer or third party has had any input into the development of course content.Requirements for Successful Completion: To obtain 3 CE credits for this educational activity you must pay the required fee, review the material, complete the course evaluation and obtain a score of at least 70%.CE Planner Disclosure: Heather Hodges, CE Coordinator does not have a leadership or commercial interest with products or services discussed in this educational activity. Heather can be reached at [email protected] Disclaimer: Completing a single continuing education course does not provide enough information to result in the participant being an expert in the field related to the course topic. It is a combination of many educational courses and clinical experience that allows the participant to develop skills and expertise.Image Authenticity Statement: The images in this educational activity have not been altered.Scientific Integrity Statement: Information shared in this CE course is developed from clinical research and represents the most current information available from evidence based dentistry. Known Benefits and Limitations of the Data: The information presented in this educational activity is derived from the data and information contained in reference section. The research data is extensive and provides direct benefit to the patient and improvements in oral health. Registration: The cost of this CE course is $59.00 for 3 CE credits. Cancellation/Refund Policy: Any participant who is not 100% satisfied with this course can request a full refund by contacting PennWell in writing.

Supplement to PennWell Publications

PennWell designates this activity for 3 Continuing Educational Credits

Dental Board of California: Provider 4527, course registration number 03-4527-15138 “This course meets the Dental Board of California’s requirements for 2 units of continuing education.”

The PennWell Corporation is designated as an Approved PACE Program Provider by the Academy of General Dentistry. The formal continuing dental education programs of this program provider are accepted by the AGD for Fellowship, Mastership and membership maintenance credit. Approval does not imply acceptance by a state or provincial board of dentistry or AGD endorsement. The current term of approval extends from (11/1/2015) to (10/31/2019) Provider ID# 320452.

Go Green, Go Online to take your coursePublication date: March 2009Review date: March 2011, Aug 2014, Nov. 2016 Expired date: Oct. 2019

Team-Centered Approach to Instrument Processing and Infection ControlA Peer-Reviewed Publication Written by Noel Brandon Kelsch, RDH, RDHAP, AS, BS

Earn3 CE creditsThis course was

written for dentists, dental hygienists,

and assistants.

INSTANT EXAM CODE 15138

2 www.DentalAcademyOfCE.com

Educational ObjectivesThe overall goal of this course is to provide information on infec-tion control in the dental office. Upon completion of the course, the clinician will be able to do the following:1. Describe the chain of infection and modes of transmission of

microorganisms in the dental setting.2. Define and explain the four basic principles and goals to

reduce microbial transmission.3. Discuss the function and role of the Infection Prevention

Coordinator (IPC) in the sterilization process.4. List and describe instrument processing steps, safety

measures, and use of instrument management systems in this process.


AbstractInfection prevention must be the first priority in the dental health-care setting. It is the foundation of safe dentistry. In order to meet the challenges of safety, time management, and asepsis, the Dental Health-Care Provider (DHCP) must have a plan for infection control. The plan should be coordinated by an indi-vidual in the office called the Infection Prevention Coordinator (IPC). The IPC has a vast amount of responsibilities including monitoring for adherence to instructions for use on FDA-approved medical devices, the reprocessing and care of dental instruments, and proper use of disposables. Utilizing the 2013 CDC guidelines and the 2016 Summary of Infection Prevention Practices in Dental settings can help to significantly reduce the risk of microbial transmission. Infection prevention strategies must be implemented in the operatory as well as the sterilization area, including instrument reprocessing. As there are a variety of methods, choosing a system that minimizes risk, maximizes pro-ductivity, and preserves instruments is essential. All these tasks must be monitored to assure infection prevention is effective.

IntroductionAn efficient and orderly sterilization process in a dental office can make the difference between a safe visit and a visit that puts the patient and staff at risk. In order to meet the challenges of safety, time management, and asepsis, the dental health-care provider must have a plan for infection control, including the use and care of dental instruments. The plan must meet the guidelines of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Utilizing an infection prevention coordinator in the office can streamline the process and create a culture of safety.

The chain of infectionFive key components must exist in order for disease to occur. These conditions, called the chain of infection, are:1. an appropriate portal of entry for a pathogen into a new host;2. a person who is not immune to the pathogen;

3. a pathogen in sufficient numbers to cause infection;4. a place for the pathogen to reside and multiply, and; 5. a way for the pathogen to leave its reservoir and reach the new

host.Working as a team to create a culture of prevention can be as

simple as working together to find ways to break the chain. Here are simple examples for breaking each link:1. A portal of entry for a pathogen into a new host: Wear a mask

properly. 2. A person who is not immune to the pathogen: Get im-

munized.3. A pathogen in sufficient numbers to cause infection: Flush

water and treat lines where bacteria can be harbored.4. A place for the pathogen to reside and multiply: Clean and

disinfect clinical contact surfaces.5. A way for the pathogen to leave its reservoir and reach the

new host: Identify and isolate patients who are ill, postpone dental treatment for patients with symptoms.1

Culture of Safety: Culture is a quality in a society or group that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent. Applying a culture of infection control safety to the dental setting can bring together staff as a team and create an environment of excellent infection prevention and safety. Involving all staff in the process of implementation helps to increase understanding and compliance.

Modes of transmissionIn looking for methods of prevention, it is good to review the modes of transmission. How does the disease get transmitted from one person to another? During and following dental treatment, diseases can be transmitted between patients and dental staff.

Figure 1. Modes of transmission

In general, it is more likely that diseases would be transmit-ted from patients to clinicians (than vice versa), because clinicians have frequent contact with patients’ saliva and blood during dental procedures whereas patients have limited exposure.

Occupational exposureExposure of DHCPs and patients to pathogenic microorganisms can result from transmission through:• Direct contact with blood, oral fluids, or other patient tissues;

www.DentalAcademyOfCE.com 3

• Direct contact of intact or nonintact skin with blood, oral fluids, or other potentially infectious patient materials;

• Contact of conjunctival, nasal, or oral mucosa with droplets (spray or spatter) containing microorganisms generated from an infected person and propelled a short distance (e.g., by coughing, sneezing, or talking)

• Inhalation of airborne microorganisms that can remain suspended in the air for long periods; 2

• Indirect contact with contaminated objects (e.g., instruments, equipment, or environmental surfaces)1

Cross-contamination During treatment, areas of the operatory can become contaminated with pathogens from blood, saliva, and other body fluids. For ex-ample, when working with equipment such as ultrasonic scalers and high-speed handpieces, aerosols are created that can land on envi-ronmental surfaces. When DCHPs touch those surfaces, the micro-organisms can be transferred to their hands. If DCHPs do not wash their hands and then touch their eyes, mouth, or nose, opportunistic microorganisms can enter the DHCP as a host. If the DHCP greets a patient and shakes his or her hand, transfer of the pathogen to the patient can also occur. This process, called cross-contamination or cross-infection, can place the DHCP and patients at risk.3

Limiting exposure through infection controlAlthough a DHCP’s work may increase the risk of infection, a number of procedures used routinely in dental settings can help minimize that risk. Infection control refers to the basic principles and series of steps that help prevent disease transmission. Fol-lowing the guidelines that the CDC has provided can help to significantly reduce the risk of microbial transmission in the dental setting. The goal of each of the five basic principles is to break one or more links in the chain of infection.4

Universal precautions were created in the 1980s to help pro-tect against bloodborne disease transmission.5 In dentistry, these include hand washing; use of personal protective equipment such as gloves, eyewear, and face protection; and recommendations for proper handling of patient-care items and contaminated surfaces. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines, PPE may be disposable or reusable if properly laun-dered, repaired, and stored after each use. The CDC guidelines contain a considerable amount of information on PPE including types of PPE, anticipated exposure, and do’s and don’ts for PPE, among others.5As the word “universal” suggests, the precautions are applied when treating all patients, regardless of health history or presumed risk of bloodborne disease. In the mid-1990s, the term “standard precautions” was introduced.5 While universal precautions focus mainly on preventing exposure to blood, stan-dard precautions guard against exposure to all body fluids (except sweat, which is not considered infectious.)5 In the dental setting, there is little practical difference between universal and standard precautions. All of the precautions traditionally used to protect against blood and blood-contaminated saliva also protect against exposure to any other fluids that would typically be encountered

in the dental setting. The DHCP should treat every patient as if he or she could be a source of infection.

Table 1. The Five Basic Infection Prevention Principles

Keep yourself healthy. This has a major impact on disease transmission. It emphasizes the need for dental personnel to be protected through immunizations, work restrictions, and regular hand hygiene.

Avoid contact with blood and body fluids. This focuses on the use of standard precautions, engineering controls, and work practice controls. This principle also emphasizes the use of personal protec-tion equipment (PPE) to prevent bloodborne exposure, as well as the management of post exposure incidents.

Limit contamination. This involves conducting general house-keeping, covering and disinfecting environmental surfaces, minimiz-ing sprays and splashes, properly disposing of medical waste, and maintaining water quality in dental unit water lines.2

Make objects safe for use. Single-use items and thorough clean-ing and sterilization of patient-care items help in this area. Using instrument management systems can help minimize handling, sharps injuries, and exposure. Simply placing an instrument setup into a cassette limits DHCP exposure to sharps and contaminated instruments and allows for a more automated cleaning process.

Follow use instructions for use (IFU): Every medical device approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and every disin-fectant approved by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has an IFU. Offices are required to train any staff that will come in contact with the item to ensure understanding and compliance to the IFU.

Using standard precautions limits cross-contamination and cross-infection.6 Single-use surface barriers such as plastic wrap or sheaths prevent contamination of surfaces.7 These barriers should be used on as many surfaces as possible, and especially on surfaces that are difficult to access or disinfect (such as X-ray tubes and intraoral cameras). The use of FDA-approved bar-riers is reliable, saves time, and reduces exposure to chemicals. 8 Clinical contact surfaces that do not have barrier covers or become contaminated during removal of the barrier require surface disinfection.9 Disinfection should be carried out using an EPA registered disinfectant with tuberculocidal activity (i.e., CDC intermediate-level disinfectant) or a low-level disinfectant. Personnel and patients rarely come in contact with housekeeping surfaces. These require regular cleaning to remove soil and dust. These areas include floors, walls, and some countertops. Clean-ing should include use of an EPA-registered hospital disinfectant with no tuberculocidal activity (i.e., CDC low-level disinfec-tant) or an intermediate-level disinfectant if blood is visible. In summary, with vaccination; appropriate hand hygiene; careful handling of sharp items; use of barrier techniques; and proper cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization procedures, you can meet many requirements for a safe workplace.

The office protocol for instrument processing should be written, posted, and readily available. All staff involved in any procedures from processing to distribution of instruments must


be trained in the protocol. It is the role of infection prevention coordinator to develop and implement protocols and procedures and ensure that they are being followed in order to keep both the staff and patients safe. This person should be trained in infection control and up-to-date in state laws and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and CDC recommendations (see Table 2).10

Table 2: Role of IPC

Develop and educate staff on infection prevention policies and procedures based on evidence-based guidelines, regulations, or standards. Stay up to date on regulations and requirements, policies and procedures and incorporate them into the program.

Develop and maintain infection prevention and occupational health programs.

Develop policies and procedures tailored to the dental setting and reassessed on a regular basis (e.g., annually) or according to state or federal requirements. Maintain related permits, licenses, and other documents

Take into consideration the types of services provided by DHCP (task specific) and the patient population served, extending beyond the (OSHA) bloodborne pathogens standard to address patient safety.

Ensure that equipment and supplies (e.g., hand hygiene products, safer devices to reduce percutaneous injuries, and personal protec-tive equipment) are available, and maintain communication with all staff members to address specific issues or concerns related to infection prevention.

Ensure that all dental settings have policies and protocols for early detection and management of potentially infectious persons at initial points of patient encounter.

Provide education and training during orientation to the setting, when new tasks or procedures are introduced, and at a minimum, annually. Training records should be maintained according to state and federal requirements. Monitor compliance through checklists, interviews, observations, etc.

Ongoing assessment, education, and training are critical for the success of any infection control program. A culture of safety in infection control will provide a solid base for implementing an effective program.

Putting it all together: The role of the IPC: The IPC has brought a whole new duty to the dental office. The role of the IPC will make a difference to everyone in the dental setting. This program involves not just the initial implementation but on going updates, tasks such as making sure that there is personal protec-tive equipment, training the staff and monitoring the program. It requires time set aside for the IPC and funding to be devoted to be successful.

Who should be selected as the coordinator? The IPC must have infection control training and be knowledgeable on the subject. In order to stay knowledgeable training for the IPC must be on going. As science moves forward in infection control new findings change the protocols and procedures. The IPC should

regularly be attending infection control courses, staying up to date on local, state and federal laws that apply to infection control in dentistry.

There are several resources for training and education, for example: • Read the Occupational Safety and Health Administration

(OSHA) standards (osha.gov)• Check out the CDC Guidelines & Recommendations

web page. There is everything from slide presentations to frequently asked questions on this site. Watch the videos, download, and use their PowerPoint presentations for staff training staff. http://www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/infectioncontrol/

• The 3 documents that can be the frame work for the IPC are: 1. Summary of Infection Prevention Practices in Dental

Settings: Basic Expectations for Safe Care http://www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/infectioncontrol/pdf/safe-care.pdf 2. Infection Prevention Checklist for Dental Settings http://www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/infectioncontrol/pdf/safe-care.pdf 3. Recommendations from the Guidelines for Infection

Control in Dental Health-Care Settings, 2003 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr5217.pdf

How does an office implement this program? All offices will have to set aside time and funding for this duty and imple-mentation. The IPC will need time to develop the program. After the program is developed, time for staff training and observation of compliance will have to be set aside.

What will the IPC be teaching? Previously it was required by OSHA that all offices at a minimum have yearly bloodborne pathogen training. Additionally, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires that those using any disinfectant are trained to the IFU and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) require that all office staff are trained to and follow the IFU for medical devices such as curing lights and sterilizers. Eighteen states require infection control continuing education courses for dental professionals. The IPC will apply all the re-quired training to the dental setting. (Centers for Disease Con-trol and Prevention. Summary of Infection Prevention Practices in Dental Settings: Basic Expectations for Safe Care. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Oral Health; March 2016.)

A culture of safety in infection control will provide a solid base for implementing an effective program.

Instrument processing – a team approachAfter the patient is dismissed, the operatory must be prepared for the next patient, including the treatment of surfaces (always two steps, clean and disinfect) and instrument processing. This process must be performed correctly every time to ensure items are properly processed. Having working, organized, sharp, debris-free, and sterile (or disposable) instruments aids in the

http://www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/infectioncontrol/

http://www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/infectioncontrol/pdf/safe-care.pdf


office’s production, the quality of dentistry, and the safety of patients and staff. Quality sterile dental instruments are key to the practice of dentistry.

All team members with the possibility of exposure to con-taminated instruments and equipment must be trained in the multiple steps required for instrument processing as well as the cleaning and sterilization of specialized equipment. Each dental practice should have policies and procedures in place for contain-ing, transporting, and storing instruments before cleaning and sterilization.

Choosing a system that minimizes risk, maximizes pro-ductivity, and saves money is important. In addition, while some instruments must be disposable, limiting the disposal of reusable devices helps keep the world greener. Using instru-ment cassettes minimizes DHCP contact with contaminated instruments, organizes the instruments for safe and efficient processing, keeps the instruments free from debris, protects instruments from damage, and helps instruments remain sterile after processing. Sterilization cassettes also standardize procedural setups by organizing the instruments by procedure or type of user. This standardization enables any staff member to quickly identify the proper cassette for every procedure. Cassettes help eliminate lost instruments during instrument processing or transportation to and from the operatory. Dr. Lou Graham found that by creating standardized setups and using the cassette system in his office, his staff saved an average of five minutes per procedure, which allowed the staff to spend more time with patients and contributed to productivity and therefore revenue generation.11 Instrument processing requires consideration of the necessary equipment, workflow, and stages involved. All contaminated instruments must be in closed con-tainers for transportation.

Tips for the Team – Cassettes:The clinician’s last task before removing gloves should be assuring all instruments are accounted for within the cassette. The clinician should then close the lid and lock the unit. This will prevent loss of instruments, exposure to sharps, and the possibility of instruments falling off the tray in transportation.

The role of the IPC- Putting it into place: The IPC will add cassettes to the office protocol. They will ensure there are cassettes for all instru-ments and that all new staff are trained in transporting instruments before allowing them on the clinic floor. The IPC will periodically moni-tor for compliance and will retrain non-compliant staff.

In general, the processing can be divided into a chairside com-ponent and a processing area component.

Chairside procedureSingle-use disposable instruments are designed to be used only once and discarded appropriately. They are FDA approved for single use only and cannot be cleaned, disinfected, or sterilized. These include blades, needles, prophylaxis angles, carpules, prophy cups and brushes, evacuator tips, saliva ejectors, and air/water syringe tips.12 These items are becoming more readily available and economical. They eliminate the chance of cross-contamination, the need for extensive postoperative handling (with a risk of sharps injuries) and exposure to sterilization chemicals. Most single-use devices are labeled by the manufac-turer as single use and do not have reprocessing instructions.13 Disposing of all single-use items immediately after treatment limits the risk of sharps injuries.

Disposal of sharps and prevention of sharps injuries Disposing of sharps is one of the riskiest tasks in dentistry.7, 14, 15

All operatories that include use of disposable sharps (needles, blades, wires, etc.) should have a sharps container in the room.7 All sharps should be removed from the tray and disposed of as soon as treatment is completed to decrease the risk of a sharps injury.

Figure 3. Sharps Container

Tips for the Team - Sharps:Sharps should be removed from the tray as soon as possible and disposed of as close to the point of contact as possible.

The role of the IPC- Putting it into place: The IPC will add the disposal of sharps as close to the point of contact to the office protocol. They will make sure there are sharps containers available in all care delivery areas. The IPC will train the staff to immediately dispose of sharps after use and periodically monitor for compliance, retraining non-compliant staff.

Dispose of sharps

Noncritical;semicritical

heat-sensitive

Receiving and sorting of

instruments

High-level disinfectant/

sterilant

Store in dry, protected area

Handpieces Critical; semicritical heat-resistant instruments

Wipe externally; remove bur

Mechanical cleaning of instruments

Dry and package instruments

Autoclave;Allow to dry

Autoclave/dry heat/chemiclave; allow to dry if wet

Store unopened in dry, protected area

Pre-sterilization cleaning and

maintenance; pouch

Dispose of waste

Mechanical cleaning of instruments

Transportation

Figure 2. Instrument processing flow


Disposal of non-sharps patient-care itemsIt is important to contact your area waste management system to see if they allow empty carpules to go out with the general trash. Regulations vary by state for the disposal of intact, broken, blood-filled or empty carpules. Most disposable items can go out with the general trash. The exception is cotton materials that are soaked with blood to the point that blood can be wrung out of them. Clearing the tray of all nonsharps disposables early on will give the DHCP a clear view of sharps and instruments and decrease the likelihood of injury.5 Many states are now requiring a medical waste container for expired or unused dental carpules.

Tips for the Team – Carpules: Dental carpules are single-use items and cannot be reprocessed with alcohol or a disinfectant. Bacteria, disinfectants, etc. can contami-nate or penetrate the semipermeable membrane of the carpule and transmit disease or possibly cause parathesia. In addition, the anesthetic is immediately contaminated during aspiration.

The role of the IPC- Putting it into place: The IPC will include in office protocols, training, checklists and observation the single use of dental carpules and proper disposal.16, 17, 18, 19, 20

Tips for the Team - Handpieces:The CDC states, “Dental handpieces and associated attachments, includ-ing low-speed motors and reusable prophylaxis angles, should always be heat sterilized between patients and not high-level or surface dis-infected. Although these devices are considered semi-critical, studies have shown that their internal surfaces can become contaminated with patient materials during use. If these devices are not properly cleaned and heat sterilized, the next patient may be exposed to potentially infectious materials.” 13 A high alert was given by the CDC and FDA in September 2015 reminding healthcare providers that they are required to follow IFUs. Handpieces and their motors must be sterilized.21

The role of the IPC- Putting it into place: The IPC will add to the office protocol the sterilization of handpieces between every patient. They will make sure the office has enough handpieces available to allow sterilization between patients. They will train all staff to the IFU for this medical device and will periodically check compliance and retrain non-compliant staff.

The instrument processing area:The flow, layout, and appropriate use of the instrument process-ing area are determining factors in successful sterilization. Office policy should include the use of puncture- and chemical-resis-tant utility gloves by DHCPs when cleaning dental instruments and working with chemicals. This includes both the sterilization area and the operatory during cleanup after patient care. Heavy-duty gloves should be used only on the dirty side of the instru-ment processing area. They should be disinfected according to the manufacturer’s directions using a protocol that does not require barehanded contact with the contaminated side of the gloves. Patient exam gloves are not intended to take the place of sharps- and chemical-resistant utility gloves. Latex gloves are not puncture-resistant and can break down in the presence of chemicals. OSHA guidelines specifically state, “The person

handling the instruments through removal, cleaning, packaging and sterilization needs to use heavy-duty gloves to help prevent injury with sharp contaminated instruments.” DHCPs com-plain that heavy-duty gloves do not have the same tactile sensi-tivity as examination gloves. However, the fine tactile sensitivity that is needed during dental procedures is not necessary during instrument cleaning and sterilization. Additionally, there are now utility gloves sized to meet your individual needs.

Figure 4. Use of Utility Gloves

The DHCP must wear proper protective equipment, includ-ing utility gloves, mask, glasses, and clinic gown or jacket, during instrument processing. If splash is anticipated, both a splash guard to protect the face and a chemically resistant apron should be worn. Properly fitting masks, protective eyewear and a full gown must also be utilized to avoid contact with splashes, sprays, and aerosols that are present in the sterilization area. The instrument processing area should be separated into four specific areas as far apart as pos-sible and with clearly defined “clean” and “dirty” areas.

The four areas of instrument processing:1. Receiving, cleaning and decontamination Cassettes and instruments are placed here for removal of

debris before processing. This area should be clearly defined to prevent cross-contamination. It is recommended that instrument handling be minimized, as this is where a high percentage of sharps injuries occur. Specific containers are also available for syringes, burs, and other instruments. Hinged instruments such as forceps, needle holders, and scissors are processed in the open position. Instrument

cassettes facilitate this protocol better than pouches alone. Handpieces must be heat sterilized after single-patient use, and it is important to follow the manufacturer’s instructions on cleaning, lubrication, and sterilizing headpieces to ensure proper sterilization and to avoid handpiece damage.

Figure 5. Hinged instruments should always be processed (cleaned and sterilized) in the open position.


2. Preparation and packaging This area must have enough space for safe packaging

and preparation. Supplies should be readily available to eliminate the chance of contaminating drawer handles and cupboards. Before preparing and packaging, all instruments and other patient-care items should be inspected for cleanli-ness and completely dried.

3. Sterilization This is the most important area in the process. Con-

taminated items go into the sterilizer. If the sterilizer is working properly and the appropriate process is followed, instruments and other patient-care items will be sterile. To prevent contamination of the door and handles of the steril-izer during the loading process, simply open the sterilizer door with a paper towel.

Tips for the Team – Instrument processing areas: • Every DHCP should have a personal set of heavy –duty sharps and

chemical-resistant utility gloves that are their size, disinfected, and evaluated for cracks and integrity daily. It is a great advantage to have pairs that can be autoclaved. This will help with compliance and guard against chemical exposure and sharps injuries.

• To prevent having to change gloves, keep a spare set of clean cotton forceps or a set of tongs to open and take things out of drawers and cupboards.

• Keep sterilization pouches in an open, easy-to-access location to eliminate the risk of cross-contamination from opening drawers and cupboards. Fold the perforation lines ahead of time to simplify the process when utility gloves are one. Do not store sterilization pouches near heat.

• Having the sterilizer divide the room into clean and dirty sides is a simple way to help everyone understand the concept.

• An instrument management system that includes procedure tubs and cassettes saves time and is the most efficient and organized way to manage instruments and consumable products.

• Procedure tubs and cassettes limit exposure to pathogens and sharps injuries.

The role of the IPC- Putting it into place: The IPC will add the use of utility gloves to the protocol list for the office. They will make sure that everyone member of the team that is working with chemicals or sharps will have their own pair of sharps and chemical resistant utility gloves. They will train the staff to use them before they work on the clinic floor. They will train staff to: 1. Use them dur-ing instrument processing, when breaking down the room and when working with chemicals. 2. Check regularly for defects. 3. Disinfect between uses. The IPC will periodically monitor for compliance and will retrain non-compliant staff.

4. Storage The storage of instruments and cassettes following steriliza-

tion should preserve the integrity of the packaging material. Sterilized items should be stored in a clean, dry environment away from areas where contaminated instruments are present. Do not store instruments or supplies under sinks, over sterilization devices, or in areas where moisture or environmental factors could contaminate the packaging. To optimize organization of supplies, keep tubs for supplies in a central location. Having a separate tub for different procedures saves time searching for and gathering supplies and maximizes use of materials. A simple inventory list ac-companying each tub will help all staff maintain the system easily. These tubs can act as portable operatory drawers for storing, organizing, and transporting consumable materials to and from storage, the sterilization area, and the operatory.

Figure 6. Organization of Consumable Materials in Tubs

Transporting instrumentsOnce all disposables and sharps are removed from the counter or chair tray and placed in the proper receptacles, all instru-ments should be kept in cassettes to limit handling and decrease the risk of sharps injury. Using instrument cassettes and sorting devices can make all the difference in the preparation and pack-aging area. Cassettes not only hold the instruments securely during cleaning and sterilization, but they also limit dulling, instrument loss, sharps injuries, warping of instruments, and the frustration of trying to find missing instruments .22 Using cassettes also helps avoid overloading the sterilizers with con-taminated instruments, which can affect sterilization efficacy. Cassettes can be used for all instruments associated with specific procedures. A wide variety of cassettes are available to meet all instrument needs. Cassette accessories are available and sized for specific items such as burs.

Table 3. Instrument Categories and Treatment

Category Description Example TreatmentCritical Instruments penetrate mucosa or bone Surgical instruments Heat sterilizationSemi-critical Instruments come in contact with oral mucosa Handpieces Heat sterilization

Heat-resistant instruments Heat sterilizationHeat-sensitive instruments Immersion in high-level disinfectant/sterilant

Non-critical Instruments come in contact with intact skin Extra-oral instruments Immersion in high-level disinfectant/sterilant or process in intermediate-level disinfectant


The CDC guidelines state that “contaminated instruments should be handled very carefully to prevent exposure to sharp instruments that can cause percutaneous injury. Instruments should be placed in an appropriate container at the point of use to prevent percutaneous injuries during transportation to the instrument processing area.” Locking, covered tubs developed for transport and storage of consumable materials help reduce exposure to cross-contamination. Using a color-coded system for cassettes and tubs helps organization. Tubs are available in colors that match cassette rails, allowing staff to match tubs and cassettes by procedure. For example, blue cassette rails and a blue tub can represent a composite procedure. All the consumable materials for composite procedures can be stored and organized in the blue tub and instrumentation stored in the cassette with blue rails, allowing for quick identification. Antibacterial properties such as Microban protection are integrated into the tub and tub components during the manufacturing process. Microban protection begins to work as soon as a microorganism comes into contact with the surface, and works continuously to inhibit microbial growth that can cause stains, odors, and product degradation. Microban is registered with the EPA for these applications.

Cassettes with an efficient hole pattern are preferable, as they allow steam and chemicals to permeate while protecting instruments from protrusion. Cassettes are designed to fit into ultrasonic baths and sterilizers, minimizing handling, saving time, increasing productivity, and reducing the risk of infection from contaminated instruments. Instruments and cassettes must be transported to and from the operatory and sterilization area in rigid, leak-proof trays or containers.2

Figure 7. Tubs and Cassettes

Procedure tubs increase the efficiency of materials management and eliminate time-consuming tray preparation for every procedure. Having tubs preloaded with items for procedures such as endodontics, orthodontics, bonding, etc. streamlines setup and increases efficiency. This system eliminates the time and frustration of having to gather several supplies from several areas. Specially designed dental supply tubs with dividers are great places to store your spare tips and handles for instruments with replaceable tips and endo files. This system of organization can also include a simple pull tag for inventory reordering that is stored right in the tub. These tubs give you a clear view of the inventory and keep the items organized, saving you time, money, and frustration.

Tips for the Team – Cassettes and tubs:• Cassettes save time, prevent dulling of instruments and sharps

injuries, prevent instrument loss, and reduce the chance of cross-contamination during transportation or processing.

• Locking covered tubs developed for transport and storage of con-sumable materials help reduce cross-contamination and protect materials if the tub is dropped.

• Color-coded systems for cassettes and tubs help optimize office productivity and organization.

• Antibacterial properties in tubs inhibit microbial growth, reduc-ing staining and odors.

• Matching cassette rail and tub colors by procedure allow for quick identification and improved workflow efficiency.

• Simplify staff training on needs for procedures: color coding systems, supplies ordering and inventory, gathering necessary supplies and preparing for procedures.

Precleaning solutionsThere are days in dentistry when the instrument processing sys-tem will get “backed-up.” Planning for those times is important. If instruments cannot be cleaned immediately, it is important to put them in a precleaning solution or spray them with precleaning gel or foam. Leaving instruments sitting in the open air allows the de-bris to harden, making it more difficult to remove. The chemicals and steam involved in the sterilization process cannot penetrate debris. A precleaning solution or spray may contain enzymes to help break down debris, as well as rust inhibitors. Instruments should be thoroughly rinsed after immersion. Sterilants and high-level disinfectants should not be used as holding solutions.

Cleaning of instrumentsCleaning is a vital step in instrument processing. Heavily con-taminated instruments pose a threat to personnel and patients, as dried blood, saliva, or dental materials may insulate bloodborne pathogens from the direct microbial effects of heat or chemical sterilization. Organic contaminants also may retard or inactivate chemical disinfectants, contributing to corrosion and interfering with the instrument’s functioning. Cleaning to remove debris and organic contamination from instruments should always occur before disinfection or sterilization. If blood, saliva, and other contamination are not removed, these materials can shield microorganisms and potentially compromise the disinfection or sterilization process.23

OSHA standards state that “all procedures involving blood or other potentially infectious materials shall be performed in such a manner as to minimize splashing, spraying, spattering, and generation of droplets of these substances.”24 Scrubbing in-struments by hand is discouraged because it creates aerosols and the potential for sharps injuries. One 10-year study by the New York University College of Dentistry found that 41% of expo-sures occurred during instrument cleanup. Risks in the receiving area and during decontamination can be minimized by following simple steps. Using cassettes and tubs and simply carrying in-struments in a covered container saves time, costs very little, and minimizes potential exposure.7 Automated systems are the most


effective and safest method of decontamination and substan-tially reduce instrument handling.2, 25Automated devices include ultrasonic cleaners and automated dental disinfectors/washers. Ultrasonic cleaners utilize sound waves above human audibility that result in the formation of oscillating bubbles (cavitation) that then collapse and implode. Ultrasonic detergents are also avail-able for use. More recently, some ultrasonic manufacturers have employed a new technology that uses a variable frequency as op-posed to a fixed frequency in order to deliver reliable cavitation to all areas of the solution and reduce the potential for hot spots that could weaken cleaning ability. Additionally, some manufactur-ers are using materials with antimicrobial activity in the interior chamber of the ultrasonic unit. Regardless of the ultrasonic unit selected, it is important to suspend the instruments in a basket in the ultrasonic bath, as laying them flat inside the bath can result in inadequate cleaning and removal of debris. Also, refer to the manufacturer’s instructions on how much weight can be put in the ultrasonic, as it is very important not to overload it. Instru-ments should be either in cassettes or loose. Do not band your instruments together because the band can limit the areas that are exposed to the automated cleaning system and some areas will not be cleaned. Ultrasonic baths have timers, and instruments should remain in the bath for the full length of time recommended by the manufacturer. Enzymatic solutions should be changed every shift (at least daily) or more often if receiving heavy loads of contami-nated instruments (degree of contamination and frequency of use are contributing factors in determining how often to change the ultrasonic solution). Enzymatic detergents should be used rather than general purpose detergents. Enzymatic detergents contain proteolytic enzymes which break up bioburden more rapidly than nonenzymatic detergents. This further reduces the need for hand scrubbing.

Tips for the Team - Monitoring ultrasonic cleaner and washer-disinfector:It is important to monitor the system you are using to clean/de-contaminate your instruments to make sure the system is working properly. There are systems available that will check the effective-ness of both the ultrasonic cleaner and washer-disinfector. For the ultrasonic cleaner, these devices monitor cavitation, time, tempera-ture, detergent amount, and number of instruments. For the washer disinfector, they monitor time, temperature, enzyme soak, detergent concentration, and spray arm function. These tests are easy to read and give very accurate, reliable results.

Instrument washers/disinfectors are a class of device tradi-tionally used by central sterilization services such as those in hos-pitals but are being utilized more frequently in the dental office because of the reliability, ease of use, and steps they save. These medical devices wash, rinse, and dry instruments, reducing the risk of pathogen transmission during subsequent instrument handling while processing. It is important to verify that the unit you are using has FDA clearance.

Instrument examinationExamine all instruments closely, checking for broken instruments, burs, and debris. Remove damaged instruments from service. Rerun instruments that do not come out of the ultrasonic bath or automatic washer free of debris or soak them in a presoak. If hand scrubbing becomes necessary: • Scrub one instrument at a time with a long-handled brush.• Do not scrub until the item has been run through a mechani-

cal cleaner to remove as much organic matter as possible.• Hold the instrument down low in the sink, preferably under

water, to reduce aerosol formation as much as possible.• Wear proper personal protective equipment including utility

gloves, splash guard and waterproof apron.

Tips for the Team – Cleaning and examination:• Presoaks and sprays prevent debris from drying or hardening on

instruments.• Automated systems are the most effective and safest method of

decontamination.• Monitor the ultrasonic cleaner daily with an empty load for a

machine relase and periodically throughout the day with instru-ments for a load release, if needed.

• Run a monitor test of the washer-disinfector in the morning to release the equipment for use and a minimum of one monitor per load for load release.

The role of the IPC- Putting it into place: The IPC will make sure that the instruments are not being left to dry with debris on them. They will make sure the staff is trained to use presoaks and will monitor that they are using them if they are not able to immediately clean the instruments.

Preparing and packaging, custom containers, wrapsAfter cleaning the instruments, it is critical to thoroughly rinse and dry the instruments.26 Rinsing is essential to remove chemi-cal and detergent residues. This prevents spotting, pitting, and staining of instruments by detergents, which can interfere with the smooth operation of instruments. Splashing should be mini-mized during rinsing. Packaging cleaned, dried instruments prior to placing them in the sterilizer is a standard of care that protects instruments. It is very important for instruments and cassettes to be dry prior to sterilization to reduce the occurrence of corrosion and discoloration. Following sterilization, storing the instruments in the packaging maintains their sterility until they are required for use on patients. Unprotected instruments can be contaminated with dust or spatter or by coming in contact with nonsterile sur-faces during transport, storage, and tray setup.27 Packaging must

The role of the IPC- Putting it into place: The IPC could add monitoring of these medical devices to the protocol list. Making sure supplies are available for monitoring both ultrasonic cleaner and/or washer-disinfector. They will confirm manufacturer IFUs are being followed.


be FDA cleared as a medical device to guarantee that the wrapping has been tested and is permeable to chemicals and steam. There are wraps available for every size of instrument.28 Packaging is not reusable unless otherwise indicated, and includes plastic tubing, wrap, and plastic/paper pouches. When it is necessary to process loose instruments, these should be packaged so that they lie in a single layer, permitting exposure of all areas of the instruments to the sterilizing agent. To maintain integrity of the package, follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for sealing the package and do not use staples, pins, or paper clips to seal packages. Do not overstuff packages.

Tips for the Team - Sterilization packaging:Sterilization pouches are a medical device approved by the FDA. Staff must be trained in proper usage of this device, and instructions must be followed.

Record the date and which sterilizer was used if there is more than one in your practice. This can be recorded on the packaging.

The role of the IPC- Putting it into place: The IPC will make sure all staff are trained on the IFUs of the sterilization wrap/pouch and that they are accessible at the point of use.

The CDC 2008 guidelines state that an internal and exter-nal indicator should be in each package. Companies now have pouches with both an internal and an external indicator. The dates and record of the sterilizer used if there is more than one in your practice should be placed on the packaging. This is re-corded so that if a positive spore test is obtained, all packages for the dates involved can be pulled.

Figure 8. Packaging and Cassette

Sterilization techniques:The basic methods of sterilization of heat-tolerant instruments are dry heat, steam under pressure (autoclave), and unsaturated chemical vapor. These are done with regulated medical devices that must be specifically designed to meet the needs of the den-tal setting. Each method has specific advantages and should be evaluated before a sterilizer is chosen. Take into consideration time, exposure to chemicals, temperature requirements, and ef-fects on instruments.

If the instrument is heat sensitive and is semicritical or noncrit-ical, it can be sterilized by immersing it in an EPA-registered high-

level disinfectant/sterilant, which may require up to 10 hours. Surface (intermediate-level) disinfectants may not be used in place of high-level disinfectants/sterilants. Current CDC guidelines from 2008 state: “Handpieces should be heat sterilized after each patient. Handpieces that cannot be heat sterilized should not be used.” High-level disinfection with chemical germicides cannot be biologically monitored to assure sterility, and extended contact with chemical germicides may corrode handpiece components.

Most sterilizer malfunctions are due to operator error. The most common reasons are inadequate space between instruments, improper packaging, overloading, and excessive packaging. Com-mon factors in the improper use of sterilizers include chamber overload, low temperature setting, inadequate exposure time, failure to preheat the sterilizer, and interruption of the cycle.

Monitoring sterilizers:There are three basic ways to monitor the sterilizer.27

1. Mechanical technique: This includes monitoring the cycle time and temperature by observing the gauges and displays during the process, and monitoring the computer printout, if available, to detect any malfunction. This should be done for every load.

2. Chemical indicators: An indicator should be placed inside and outside every package or cassette. Many companies now manufacture packages that already contain both internal and external indicators. Chemical indicators are affixed on the outside of each package to show that the package has been processed through a sterilization cycle, but do not prove that sterilization has been achieved. A chemical indicator should also be placed on the inside of each package to verify sterilant penetration.29 This distinguishes processed from nonprocessed items. It monitors sterilization parameters such as time, temperature, and, for autoclaves, pressure. It helps to identify gross sterilizer malfunction.30 Class 5 chemical indicators monitor the critical elements of sterilization; temperature, time, and steam. Class 5 integrators provide im-mediate feedback about the efficacy of the sterilization cycle. An indicator demonstrates if the instruments were adequately sterilized.

3. Biological indicators: This test is performed at least weekly for both test and control spores and with every load that contains an implantable device. It evaluates the effectiveness of the cycle killing Bacillus stearothermophilus or, more recently, Geobacillus stearothermophilus in autoclaves and chemical vapor sterilizers. In dry heat systems, it tests with Bacillus subtilis and, more recently, Bacillus atrophaeus. Tests can be run in the office or sent out for processing, and directly measure the effectiveness of the sterilization process. All implantable items must go through this process before they can be placed. It is important to follow the manufacturer’s steps and to use the proper test for your specific sterilizer. Do not use any items from a failed test. Pull all items that were processed during the time period following the last test that did not fail.31 Sending out for processing requires up to a


14-day waiting period, and there is a chance of mishandling in the mail system. In-office biological monitoring systems are very simple to use and provide initial results in as little as 24 hours. In-office biological monitoring assures the operator that no environmental factors have affected the testing during mailing and allows for planning of delivery of items such as implants that must have biological monitoring confirmed before placement.

Figure 9. Biological Monitoring System

Storage of instrumentsInstruments should be stored in a clean place, preferably in a closed drawer or cupboard, away from the area where contami-nated instruments are held and cleaned. They should not be stored under sinks or above sterilization devices. All instrument packag-ing should be checked for holes and tears before use. If there are any problems with the packaging, the instruments should be recleaned, repackaged, and sterilized. Unwrapped items are eas-ily contaminated. Unless an item is going to be used immediately, it should be wrapped. Unwrapped items should not be stored in drawers or cabinets because they cannot be kept sterile.32, 33

ConclusionsQuality, sterile dental instruments are the key to the practice of safe dentistry. Using a team approach with the IPC leading the way is the foundation to success. There are a variety of methods available to reach the goal of properly reprocessing instruments. Choosing a reliable, effective instrument management system and protocol that minimizes risk and stress, maximizes productivity, saves money, and limits damage to instruments is essential for DHCPs, patients, and the practice.

References:1. Tortora G, Funke B, Case C. 2007. Microbiology: An

Introduction (9th Edition), 408-431.2. Miller CH, Palenik CJ. Infection Control & Management

of Hazardous Materials for the Dental Team. 3rd Edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO., 2005.

3. Bently CE, Burkhart NW, Crawford JJ. Evaluating spatter and aerosol contamination during dental procedures. J Am Dent Assoc. 1994;125(5):579-84.Martin MV. New Concepts in Cross-Infection Control in Dentistry. Brit Dent J. June 8, 1990.

4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings, 2003. MMWR 2003:52 (No. RR-17).

5. CDC Guidelines: From Policy to Practice by OSAP, 2003, Annapolis, Md.

6. Palenik CJ, Burke FJT, Coulter WA, Cheung SW. Cross-infection control, Improving and monitoring autoclave performance in dental practice. Brit Dent J. 1990; 187:581-84. Kurita H, Kurashina K, Honda T. Nosocomial transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus via the surfaces of the dental operatory. Br Dent J. 2006;201(5):297-300.

7. Kohn WG, Collins AS, Cleveland JL, Jarte JA, Eklund KJ, Malvitz DM. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for infection control in dental health-care settings, 2003. MMWR recomm Rep. 2003;52 (RR-17):1-16.

8. Molinari JA, Palenik CJ. Environmental surface infection control. Compend Contin Ed Dent. 2004;25(suppl):30-7.

9. Palenik CJ. The effect of long-term disinfection on clinical contact surfaces. J Am Dent Assoc. 2012 May;143(5):472-7.

10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary of Infection Prevention Practices in Dental Settings: Basic Expectations for Safe Care. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Oral Health; March 2016. Pg 7.

11. Andrews N. A Clean Sweep, RDH Magazine, Nov. 2008.12. Martin MV. New concepts in cross-infection control in

dentistry. Brit Dent J. June 8, 1990.13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary of

Infection Prevention Practices in Dental Settings: Basic Expectations for Safe Care. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Oral Health; March 2016. Pg. 14

14. Ramos-Gomez F, Ellison J, Greenspan D, Bird W, Lowe S, Gerberding JL. Accidental exposure to blood and bodily fluid among health care workers in dental teaching clinics: A prospective study. J Am Dent Assoc 1997, 58(3):217-20.

15. Panagakos FS, Silverstein J. Incidence of percutaneous injuries at a dental school: A four-year retrospective study Am J Infect Control. 1997;25:330-4.

16. Haas DA. Localized complications from local anesthesia. Journal of the California Dental Association 1998.

17. Shannon IL, Wescott WB. Alcohol contamination of local anesthetic cartridges. J Acad Gen Dent 1974; 22:20–21.

18. Steen PA, Michenfelder JD. Neurotoxicity of anesthetics. Anesthesiology 1979; 50:437–453.

19. Myers RR, Kalichman MW, et al. Neurotoxicity of local

12 www.DentalAcademyofCE.com

anesthetics: altered perineurial permeability, edema, and nerve fiber injury. Anesthesiology 1986; 64:29–35.

20. Kalichman MW, Moorhouse DF, et al. Relative neural toxicity of local anesthetics. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1993; 52:234–240.

21. CDC Health Alert Network. CDC health advisory. [Internet] 2015 [cited 2015 September 11] Available at: http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00382.asp.

22. Sanchez E, Mac Donald G. Decontaminating dental instruments: testing the effectiveness of selected methods. J Am Dent Assoc. 1995;126;359-62.

23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary of Infection Prevention Practices in Dental Settings: Basic Expectations for Safe Care. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Oral Health; March 2016. Pg. 14-15.

24. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 29 CFR part 1910.1030, Occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens, final rules. Federal Register 1991,56(235)64004-64182.

25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities: Recommendations of the CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Advisory Committee. MMWR 2003; 52(no. RR-10) Oper Dent. 2005;30(1):16-25.

26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary of Infection Prevention Practices in Dental Settings: Basic Expectations for Safe Care. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Oral Health; March 2016. Pg. 15.

27. Organization for Safety and Asepsis Procedures Research Foundation. Monthly Focus: The Sterilization Process. Annapolis, Md.: OSAP, 1997.

28. Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Choosing sterilization wrap for surgical packs. Infect Cont Today. 2000;4:64-70.

29. Centers for Disease Control. Guideline for Disinfection

and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities, 2008. Available at: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/ guidelines/Disinfection_Nov_2008.pdf. Accessed May 2016.

30. Association of the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, Chemical indicators: guidance for the selection, use and interpretation of results. AAMI Technical Information Report No 25. Arlington, Va.: Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, 1999.

31. Nickerson P, Bhuta G, Orton B,B, Alvin B. Monitoring dental sterilizers’ effectiveness using biological indicators. J Dent Hyg. 1990; 64(2):69-73.

32. Palenik CJ, Burke FJT, Coulter WA, Cheung SW. Cross-infection control, Improving and Monitoring autoclave performance in dental practice.

33. Brit Cent J. 1990; 187:58 1-84. Rosa AC et al. Effects of handling and storage on sterile dental instruments. Acta Odontol Lainoam. 2001;14(1-

Author ProfileNoel Brandon Kelsch, RDH, RDHAP, AS, BS is an in-ternational speaker, writer and Registered Dental Hygienist in Alternative Practice. She is the infection control columnist for RDH magazine, a syndicated newspaper columnist and has been published in many books and magazines. She has brought the message of oral health to media networks from Disney Radio to ESPN. Noel’s research on infection control and cross contamination continues to enlighten dental pro-fessionals and protect patients. Noel is one of the founders of Support Clean Dentistry and has received many national awards including: Top 25 Women in Dentistry 2014, Who’s Who in Infection Control 2014, Colgate Bright Smiles Bright Futures, RDH Magazine Sun Star Butler Award of Distinc-tion, USA magazine Make a Difference Day Award, Presi-dent’s Service Award, Hu-Friedy Master Clinician Award. Noel can be reached at [email protected] .

Author DisclosureNoel Brandon Kelsch, RDHAP, has no commercial ties with the sponsors or the providers of the unrestricted educational grant for this course.

Notes


Notes


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1. Monitoring of the sterilizer requires: a. Biological monitoringb. Chemical monitoringc. Mechanical monitoringd. All of the above

2. The conditions that must exist for a disease to occur are called:a. Chain of infectionb. Chain of transmissionc. Chance of infectiond. None of the above

3. The role of the Infection Prevention Coordinator includes all but:a. Education of the staff on infection prevention strategiesb. Assure proper equipment and supplies are readily

availablec. Provide education and training to staffd. Notify government agencies of lapses in infection

control

4. Single use disposable items are designed to be:a. Reprocessed and used until they wear outb. Disposed of after usec. Reprocessed in liquid sterilant, not heat sterilizationd. All of the above

5. Between patients, Dental handpieces and associated attachments, including low-speed motors and reusable prophylaxis angles require:a. Cleaning and high level surface disinfectionb. Cleaning and high level surface disinfection and barrier

protectionc. Cleaning and Heat Sterilizationd. None of the above

6. Dental Carpules that are not used on a patient but are on the care tray require:a. Disposalb. Clean and disinfect with a high level disinfectantc. Clean and disinfect with a low level disinfectantd. No treatment if they were not used

7. Cassettes with an efficient hole pattern: a. Allow steam penetrate the cassetteb. Allow chemicals to penetrate the cassettec. Protect the instruments from protrusion and breakaged. All of the above

8. Sharps and chemical resistant utility gloves should be worna. When working with chemicalsb. When breaking down the operatoryc. In the sterilization area while processing dirty instru-

mentsd. All of the above

9. In general, it is more likely that diseases would be transmitted from ____________ . a. Clinicians to patientsb. Patient to patientc. Patients to cliniciansd. Dental staff to dental staff

10. IFU stands for _________ . a. Infection functional unitsb. Instructions for usec. Infection fulfillment utilization d. Instrument formation units

11. Following the directions and training to the IFUs is a. Suggested b. recommendedc. Requiredd. None of the above

12. A precleaning solution may contain:a. Enzymesb. Rust inhibitorsc. Bacteriad. A and B

13. Do not store single use sterilization pouches with chemical indicatorsa. In areas with heatb. Dry areasc. In moist areasd. A and C

14. The disadvantages of an instrument management system include:a. Eliminates multiple handling of instruments in

processes b. No hunting for lost instrumentsc. One-time purchase for long-term time management

solutiond. None of the above

15. OSHA standards state that “all procedures involving blood or other potentially infec-tious materials shall be performed in such a manner as to:a. Eliminate the patient in the processb. minimize splashing, spraying, spattering, and genera-

tion of droplets of these substancesc. Quickly complete the process d. None of the above

16. The New York University College of Den-tistry found that ___of exposures occurred during instrument cleanupa. 10%b. 32%c. 41%d. 99%

17. Automated systems are the a. Least effective and safest method of decontamination

and substantially reduce instrument handlingb. most effective and safest method of decontamination

and substantially reduce instrument handlingc. not practical for decontaminationd. All of the above

18. After cleaning the instruments, it is a. Suggested to thoroughly rinse and dry the instru-

ments.b. Critical to thoroughly rinse and dry the instruments.c. Not necessary to thoroughly rinse and dry the instru-

ments.d. None of the above

19. Packaging for instruments must be FDA-cleared as a medical device to guarantee that the wrapping has been tested and is a. Permeable to chemicals and steam.b. Non permeable to chemical and steamc. Semi permeable to chemical and steamd. Impermeable to chemical and steam

20. If there are any problems with the packag-ing, the instruments should be a. Repackaged and sterilizedb. Taped with indicator tape and re-sterilized c. Re-cleaned, repackaged, and sterilizedd. Used as long as you see no debris

21. Cleaning is a vital step in instrument pro-cessing. Heavily contaminated instruments pose a threat to personnel and patients, as dried blood, saliva, or dental materials may insulate bloodborne pathogens from:

a. The instrument packageb. The direct microbial effects of heat or chemical steriliza-

tion.c. A and Bd. None of the above

22. Microban protection begins to work:a. 5 minutes after microorganism comes into contact with

the surfaceb. 31 minutes after microorganism comes into contact with

the surfacec. 2 hours after microorganism comes into contact with the

surfaced. As soon as a microorganism comes into contact with the

surface

23. A sharps container should be kept in: a. Away from patient care areasb. A remote locationc. Each operatoryd. None of the above

24. Standard precautions guard against exposure to:a. Bloodb. Blood and salivac. Blood and sweatd. All body fluids except sweat

25. Which type of contact with pathogenic microorganisms in the dental setting can lead to disease transmission?a. Directb. Indirectc. A and B d. None of the above

26. To prevent contamination of the door and handles of the sterilizer during the loading process:a. Do not touch the doorb. There is no risk, the door is sanitary. c. Simply open the sterilizer door with a paper toweld. None of the above

27. Do not store instruments or supplies:a. under sinksb. over sterilization devicesc. in areas where moisture or environmental factors could

contaminate the packaging.d. All of the above

28. The first step of instrument processing is:a. Receiving, cleaning, decontamination b. Preparing and packagingc. Sterilizationd. Storage

29. Critical instruments require:a. Immersion in high level disinfectantb. Immersion in high level sterilantsc. Immersion in intermediate level disinfectantd. Heat sterilization

30. All team members with the possibility of exposure to contaminated instruments and equipment ________ be trained in the multiple steps required for instrument processing and the cleaning and sterilization of specialized equipment.a. Can b. Should c. Mustd. May

Questions


PLEASE PHOTOCOPY ANSWER SHEET FOR ADDITIONAL PARTICIPANTS.

Educational Objectives1. Describe the chain of infection and modes of transmission of microorganisms in the dental setting.

2. Define and explain the four basic principles and goals to reduce microbial transmission.

3. Discuss the function and role of the Infection Prevention Coordinator (IPC) in the sterilization process.

4. List and describe instrument processing steps, safety measures, and use of instrument management systems in this process.


Course EvaluationPlease evaluate this course by responding to the following statements, using a scale of Excellent = 5 to Poor = 0.

1. Were the individual course objectives met? Objective #1: Yes No Objective #4: Yes No Objective #2: Yes No Objective #5: Yes No

Objective #3: Yes No

Please evaluate this course by responding to the following statements, using a scale of Excellent = 5 to Poor = 0.

2. To what extent were the course objectives accomplished overall? 5 4 3 2 1 0

3. Please rate your personal mastery of the course objectives. 5 4 3 2 1 0

4. How would you rate the objectives and educational methods? 5 4 3 2 1 0

5. How do you rate the author’s grasp of the topic? 5 4 3 2 1 0

6. Please rate the instructor’s effectiveness. 5 4 3 2 1 0

7. Was the overall administration of the course effective? 5 4 3 2 1 0

8. Please rate the usefulness and clinical applicability of this course. 5 4 3 2 1 0

9. Please rate the usefulness of the supplemental webliography. 5 4 3 2 1 0

10. Do you feel that the references were adequate? Yes No

11. Would you participate in a similar program on a different topic? Yes No

12. If any of the continuing education questions were unclear or ambiguous, please list them. ___________________________________________________________________

13. Was there any subject matter you found confusing? Please describe. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

14. How long did it take you to complete this course? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

15. What additional continuing dental education topics would you like to see? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

ANSWER SHEET

Team-Centered Approach to Instrument Processing and Infection Control

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Payment of $59.00 is enclosed. (Checks and credit cards are accepted.)

If paying by credit card, please complete the following: MC Visa AmEx Discover

Acct. Number: ______________________________

Exp. Date: _____________________

Charges on your statement will show up as PennWell

If not taking online, mail completed answer sheet to PennWell Corp.

Attn: Dental Division, 1421 S. Sheridan Rd., Tulsa, OK, 74112

or fax to: 918-831-9804

COURSE EVALUATION and PARTICIPANT FEEDBACKWe encourage participant feedback pertaining to all courses. Please be sure to complete the survey included with the course. Please e-mail all questions to: [email protected].

INSTRUCTIONSAll questions should have only one answer. Grading of this examination is done manually. Participants will receive confirmation of passing by receipt of a verification form. Verification of Participation forms will be mailed within two weeks after taking an examination.

COURSE CREDITS/COSTAll participants scoring at least 70% on the examination will receive a verification form verifying 4 CE credits. The formal continuing education program of this sponsor is accepted by the AGD for Fellowship/Mastership credit. Please contact PennWell for current term of acceptance. Participants are urged to contact their state dental boards for continuing education requirements. PennWell is a California Provider. The California Provider number is 4527. The cost for courses ranges from $20.00 to $110.00.

PROVIDER INFORMATIONPennWell is an ADA CERP Recognized Provider. ADA CERP is a service of the American Dental Association to assist dental professionals in identifying quality providers of continuing dental education. ADA CERP does not approve or endorse individual courses or instructors, nor does it imply acceptance of credit hours by boards of dentistry.

Concerns or complaints about a CE Provider may be directed to the provider or to ADA CERP at www.ada.org/cotocerp/.

The PennWell Corporation is designated as an Approved PACE Program Provider by the Academy of General Dentistry. The formal continuing dental education programs of this program provider are accepted by the AGD for Fellowship, Mastership and membership maintenance credit. Approval does not imply acceptance by a state or provincial board of dentistry or AGD endorsement. The current term of approval extends from (11/1/2015) to (10/31/2019) Provider ID# 320452

RECORD KEEPINGPennWell maintains records of your successful completion of any exam for a minimum of six years. Please contact our offices for a copy of your continuing education credits report. This report, which will list all credits earned to date, will be generated and mailed to you within five business days of receipt.

Completing a single continuing education course does not provide enough information to give the participant the feeling that s/he is an expert in the field related to the course topic. It is a combination of many educational courses and clinical experience that allows the participant to develop skills and expertise.

CANCELLATION/REFUND POLICYAny participant who is not 100% satisfied with this course can request a full refund by contacting PennWell in writing.

IMAGE AUTHENTICITYThe images provided and included in this course have not been altered.

© 2016 by the Academy of Dental Therapeutics and Stomatology, a division of PennWell

Customer Service 800-633-1681


team-centered approach to instrument processing and infection

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