TCP/IP, How it works.Rhys McBreen

(How the internet works)

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ContentsThe Layers and what they doIP Addressing

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Layers Application Layer Host-to-Host Layer Internet Layer Network Interface Layer

These layers stack on top of each other to form the basic TCP/IP structure and functionality

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Application LayerThis has to accommodate for all of the things

an application might want to do, so it has the most protocols of any layer, these are a few:Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)File Transfer Protocol (FTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

(SMTP)Domain Name System (DNS)Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

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Hypertext Transfer ProtocolThis is used for viewing pages on the internet

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File Transfer ProtocolIs for simple file transfer, like downloading a

file.

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Simple Mail Transfer ProtocolIs for things like hotmail, etc.This is the protocol for mail transfer from a

mail server to a client computer

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Domain Name SystemEver wondered how your computer knows

what server to connect to when you type in ‘facebook.com’? This is the protocol that gets the IP address of the server from one of the many DNS servers across the world.

This finds the nearest DNS server, connects to it, and requests the IP of the website your trying to access.

For example, facebook.com turns into 69.63.189.11

This is used because facebook.com is far easier to remember than 69.63.189.11

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Routing Information ProtocolThis gives a computers network card

information as to where to route the packets through

Instead of the computer sending the packet to every other computer on the internet, this gives a simple, easy path for the data to go through

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Host-to-Host (Transport) LayerThis is what the application layer calls on if

it needs data, or needs to send dataThis has two protocols:

Transmission Control ProtocolUser Datagram Protocol

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Transmission Control ProtocolThis give a one to one connection service that

is reliableThis also manages errors such as packet loss,

sequencing and acknowledgment of how many packets were sent

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User Datagram ProtocolUDP is a one to one or one to many

communication serviceIt’s very unreliable and connectionlessUDP is used when:

the data wanting to be sent is very small (one packet)

you don’t want to have the bother of setting up a TCP connection

when the applications provide reliable delivery

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Internet layerThis handles addressing, packaging and

routing functionsThis has many protocols such as:

Internet Protocol (IP)Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)Internet Control Message Protocol

(ICMP)Internet Group Management Protocol

(IGMP)

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Internet ProtocolThis is an unreliable, connectionless protocol

for routing between hostsThis protocol makes its best effort to get the

data to the receiving hostIf a piece of data does not get through, this

protocol does not attempt to recover that piece of data.

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Address Resolution protocolThis resolves the MAC address (a unique

number given to every network capable device)

It helps to deliver the packets to the receiving host by giving the packets a path to go through

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Internet Control Message ProtocolThis is the protocol that makes sure that all

of the packets go through the networkIf a packet is not delivered, or is lost during

transmission, this protocol sends another request to send the packet

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Internet Group Management ProtocolThis manages groups of hosts (computers,

routers, etc)The groups can be of any size

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Network Interface LayerThis handles placing ‘packets’ of data on and

off of the network mediumThis is designed to give the layers that stack

on top of this to be able to function normally across any network medium

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IP AddressingIP addresses consist of 4, 8 bit “octets” that

when grouped together, make up the IP address of any network capable device.

There are 3 classes of IP address:Class AClass BClass C

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Class A IP AddressesThese IP addresses make up the base on

which all network capable devices standThese types of IP addresses allow 126

networks and 16,777,214 devices. These are used for major networks or ISPs

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Class B IP AddressesThese classes of IP addresses are for large

networks, such as universities, schools and large businesses

They allow for 16,384 networks, under each class A IP address, and 65,534 hosts, or users, in each network

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Class C IP AddressesThese are for smaller networks, such as home

networks, small businesses, and other places such as libraries

These IP addresses allow for over 2,097,152 networks, but each with only 254 devices

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Bibliographyhttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc786128(WS.10

).aspx

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