TCL

TCL Tutorial

Original written by Rick In 2003

Revision by maa In 2004/6

TCL .........3

TCL .....4

......9

String ......9

List ....17

Array ..............20

...22

If Then Else...........................23

Switch.......................................24

While.....................................26

For........................................27

Foreach........................................28

Break Continue............................29

Catch........................................29

Procedure......30

TCL .....32

TCL

TCLTool Command LanguageTickleScripting Language(Interpreter)TCL

1.

2. TCL UNIXShell languagesBourne Shell (sh)C Shell (csh)Korn Shell (ksh) PerlTCL (variableflow controlprocedure) (Process)

3. (embed) TCL

TCL

(UNIXWindowsMacintosh ) TCL

(Regular Expressions) (pattern)

C TCL Extension Library TCL Tk extension TCL GUI Programming expect extension

package(ftp, httpemail, dns, msn, icq ) (TK, BWidget, Tktable, SpecTCL, VisualTCL, ActiveState KOMODO) (incrTcl, XOTcl, SNIT ) (MetaKit, daFT )

TCL TCL Package TCL Script (TCL ) TCL Script

TCL

TCL Script TCL (TCL command) TCL

command arg1 arg2 arg3 .

TCL

() (grouping) TCL (substitution) TCL () TCL

TCL Script

# Demo1.tcl

puts stdout one; puts stdout two

set x 4

set y 6

puts "$x + $y = [expr $x + $y]"

puts {$x + $y = [expr $x + $y]}

puts "Hello\n\nTCL!"

% ./Demo1.tcl

one

two

4 + 6 = 10

$x + $y = [expr $x + $y]

Hello

TCL!

TCL

(substitution symbols)

$

$ set x puts x Console

set x 5

puts stdout $x

$

[ ]

TCL Demo1.tcl L5

puts "$x + $y = [expr $x + $y]"

x y TCL expr exprTCL x y expr expr

(grouping symbols)

TCL

{ }

TCL Demo1.tcl L6

puts {$x + $y = [expr $x + $y]}

TCL $x + $y = [expr $x + $y]TCL

puts {$x + $y =

[expr $x + $y ]

}

\

C base \n TCL (VB )

TCL

#

# # TCL

puts hello ;# here is comment

# TCL # puts

TCL TCL set

set x 5

set y 6

set PI 3.14

set PI*2 6.28 ;# PI*2

puts $PI*2

set PI

TCL set set PI ( $ )

unset

unset x y PI

info exists incr info exists

if {![info exists counter]} {

set counter 0

} else {

incr counter ;# counter 1

}

TCL info global

% info global

argv argv0 tcl_version tcl_interactive var auto_oldpath errorCode auto_path errorInfo unknown_handlers unknown_handler_order auto_index env tcl_patchLevel argc tcl_libPath _ tcl_platform tcl_library

argc argv0 TCL Script argv listenv tcl_version TCL

(Substitution and Grouping)

TCL

TCL

TCL

TCL

$ TCL

TCL

TCL

if {$x > 1}{puts $x}

^ if

TCL

- ~ !

(Unary minus) / NOT(Bit-wise not) / NOT(Logical not)(string)NOT

* / %

(Multiply) / (divide) / (remainder) (string)

+ -

(Add)(subtract)

>

(Shift Left / Right)

< > =

(less)/(greater)/(less than or equal)/(greater than or equal)10

== !=

(equal)/(not equal)0/1

&

AND(Bit-wise and)

^

XOR(Bit-wise exclusive or)

|

OR(Bit-wise or)

&&

AND(Logical and)10

||

OR(Logical or)01

x ? y : z

x y z

TCL

string

list

array

handle I/O channelsocket, thread

String

TCL stringappendformatscan binarystring

% set name Brent Welch

% string length $name

=>11

string string string

% string rick

bad option "rick": must be bytelength, compare, equal, first, index, is, last, length, map, match, range, repeat, replace, tolower, toupper, totitle, trim, trimleft, trimright, wordend, or wordstart

string

string bytelength str

(UTF-8 encoding)string length

string compare ? -nocase? ?-length len?str1 str2

01

-nocase

% string compare nocase Rick rick

=>0

-length

string compare length 3 rick ricp

=>0

string equal ?-nocase? str1 str2

str1str210

string first subString string

startIndex

string -1startIndex

% string first rick ilovericktoo

=>5

string index string charIndex

indexindex0endend-N

% string index rick 2

=>c

% string index rick end

=>k

% string index rick end-2

=>i

string last string

string -1startIndex

% string frist rick rickANDrick

=>0

% string last rick rickANDrick

=>7

string length string

string map ?-nocase? charMap string

charMap

% string map {i c} rick

=>rcck

% string map {ri ja} rick

=>jack

% string map {r j i a} rick

=>jack

string match ?-nocase? pattern str

pattern10 glob style pattern match

?

*

[ ][abc] abc [a-z]

\?

% string match tcl* tcltk

=>1

% string match tcl* rick

=>0

?

% string match ric? rick

=>1

% string match ri?? rick

=>1

% string match ric? rickpeng

=>0

[ ]

% string match {[a-z]} rick

=>0

% string match {[a-z][a-z][a-z][a-z]} rick

=>1

string range str i j

strij end

% set x [string range iloverick 2 5]

=>over

string repeat str count

strcount

% string repeat rick 3

=>rickrickrick

string replace str first last ?newstr?

newstrFirstlastnewstrnewstr

% string replace iloverick 1 4 hate

ihaterick

string tolower string ?first? ?last?

% string tolower ILOVERICK 1 4

=>IloveRICK

string totitle string ?first? ?last?

% string totitle iloverick 1 4

=>iLoverick

string toupper string ?first? ?last?

% string toupper iloverick 1 4

iLOVErick

string trim string ?chars?

charschars

% string trim ililoverick rick

lilove

% string trim kkkloverickkkkk rick

=>love

string trimleft string ?chars?

string charschars

% string trimleft iloverick i

=>loverick

% string trimleft kkkloverickkkk lk

=>overickkkk

string trimright string ?chars?

string charschars

% string trimright iloverick rick

=>ilove

string wordend str index

str

% string wordend {I love rick} 5

=>6

string wordstart str index

str

% string wordstart iloverick 9

=>0

string

string compare string equal

if {[string compare $s1 $s2] == 0} {

# s1 and s2 are equal

}

if {[string equal $s1 $s2]} {

# s1 and s2 are equal

}

== ack TCL 160xa10 string compare string equal

if { 0xa == 10} { puts ack }

append

append

% set foo rick

rick

% append foo i love you

rickiloveyou

format

Cprintfformat

format spec value1 value2

spec

(position specifier)

(flags)

(field width)

(precision)

(word length)

(conversion character)

(Grouping)

d

(Signed integer)

u

(Unsigned interger)

i

hex(0x)octal(0)

o

(Unsigned octal)

x or X

(Unsigned hexadecimal)x

c

ASCII

s

f

a.b

e or E

a.bE+-c

g or G

%f%e

i$i1 format

% format {%2$s} one two three

=>two

TCL $ $ i$ (grouping) $

% format %2\$s one two there

=>two

-

+

space

0

0

#

octal0Hex0x

scan

Cscanfscan

scan string format ?varName? ?varName?

% scan a 123 Rick char num str

% puts char = $char num = $num str = $str

=> char = 97 num = 123 str =rick

scan format %c ASCII

Binary

binary format template value ?value .?

Binary scan value template variable ?variable ?

binary template manual page

c (template) 97 ASCII

% binary format c 97

=>a

c (template) 6 ASCII var1

% set input 6

% binary scan $input c var1

% set var1

=> 54

scan list

% binary scan abcde c3 list

% set list

=> 97 98 99

% lindex list 1 ;# list 1

=> 98

scan

% binary scan abcde ccc x y z

% puts x = $x y = $y z = $z

% x = 97 y = 98 z = 99

List

TCL list list, lindex, llength, lrange, lappend, linsert, lreplace,

lsearch, lset, lsort, concat, join, and split list list list list foreach list

list TCL array list

list arg1 arg2..

list list

% list rick test

=>rick test

set list

% set mylist {rick test}

=>rick test

lindex list i

listi index list

% set x {r i c k}

=>r i c k

% lindex $x 2

=>c

llength list

list

% set x {r i c k}

=>r i c k

% llength $x

=>4

lrange list i j

listij

% set list {t p t s 1}

=>t p t s 1

% set y [lrange $list 1 2]

=>p t

lappend listVar arg arg..

listVar

% set list rick

=>rick

% lappend list iloveyou

=>rick iloveyou

Linsert list index arg arg..

i

% set list {i love rick}

=>i love rick

% linsert $list 1 really

=>i really love rick

lreplace list i j arg arg

list i j lreplace list

% set list {i love rick}

=>i love rick

% set list2 [lreplace $list 1 1 hate]

=>i hate rick

lsearch ?options? list pattern

pattern -1 Glob

% set list {i love rick}

=>i love rick

% lsearch $list love

=>1

lset listVar index

?index? value

value list i

% set list {i love rick}

=>i love rick

% lset list 1 hate

=>i hate rick

lsort ?switches? list

switch list -ascii, -dictionary, -integer, -real, -increasing, -decreasing, -index ix, -unique, -command command.

% set list [list maa cxlin ognoc]

% lsort $list

=>cxlin maa ognoc

concat list list

list

% set list1 [list 1 maa]

% set list2 [list 2 cxlin]

% set list3 [list 3 ognoc]

% set listAll [concat list1 list2 list3]

% llength $listAll

=>6

join list ?joinString?

list joinString

% set list [list i love rick]

% join $list

=>i love rick

% join $list ###

=>i###love###rick

split string

?splitchars?

list splitChars

% set list [split a b c]

% length $list

=>3

% set list [split a#b#c #]

=>a b c

% lrange $list 0 end

=>a b c

list foreach foreach(array names index)

% foreach index [array names env] {

% puts $index = $env(index)

% }

=>OS = Windows NT

=>windir = C:\Windows

=>ComSpec = C:\WINDOWS\system32\cmd.exe

=>()

foreach list join

proc join {list sep{} } {

set s {} ;# s is the current separator

set result {}

foreach x $list {

append result $s $x

set s $sep

}

return $result

}

Array

TCL array Perl associative array TCL set

% set price(apple) 10

% set price(orange) 12

% set quantity(apple) 5

% set discount(apple) 0.8

puts $price(apple)

=>10

array exists arr

arr 1

% set price(apple) 10

% array exists price

=>1

array get arr

?pattern?

arr list (Pattern)

% set price(apple) 10

% set price(orange) 12

% array get price

=>orange 12 apple 10

array names arr

?mode? ?pattern?

arr list mode ( exact-glob(default) regexp)

% array names price

=>orange apple

array set arr list

list

% array set price [list apple 10 orange 12]

% array get price

=>orange 12 apple 10

array size arr

arr

% array size price

=>2

array unset arr

?pattern?

% array set price [list apple 10 orange 12]

% array get price

=>orange 12 apple 10

% array unset price app*

% array get price

=>orange 12

% set price(apple) 10

% array get price

=>orange 12 apple 10

% array unset price

% set price

=>can't read "price": no such variable

array startsearch arr

(token id)

array nextelement arr id

token-id

array anymore arr id

token-id10

array donesearch arr id

id

array statistics arr

arr(hash table)

foreach

% set price(apple) 10

% set price(orange) 12

% array get price

=>orange 12 apple 10

% foreach {key value} [array get price] {

price($key) = $value

}

=>price(orange) = 12

=>price(apple) = 10

% foreach key [array names price] {

price($key) = $price($key)

}

array get foreach TCL list array (iterate)

% set searchToken [array startsearch price]

% while {[array anymore price $searchToken]} {

set key [array nextelement price $searchToken]

set value $price($key)

puts $key = $value

}

array donesearch price $searchToken

=>orange = 12

=>apple = 10

TCLTCL(Statement)whileforforeachifswitchcatchbreakcontinuereturnerrorTCL

(command body)

set x 2

set y 3

if {$x < $y} {

puts x is less than y!

}

TCL() if if (command body)ififTCL Script

ififTCLif

If Then Else

If

if expression ?then? body1 ?else? ?body2?

if (expression) (body1) (body2)

if {$x > 0} {

puts x is greater than zero!

} else {

puts x is less than zero!

}

thenelsethenifelseif

if {$temperature < 24} {

puts Its cool!

} elseif {$temperature < 30} {

puts Its a little hot!

} else {

puts Its quite hot!

}

switch

Switch

switch (pattern matching)switch

switch flags value pattern1 body1 pattern2 body2 ?default defaultBody?

switchdefaultdefault

switchflags

-exact value

-globglob style string matchglob style switch

-regexp (Regular Expression)

--switchflag (value) -- value - valueflag

switch

set x 5

set y 5

switch -glob -- $x \

$y { puts x = y } \

{[0-9]} { puts x = 5 } \

default { puts x > 10 }

switch -glob -- $x {

$y { puts x = y }

[0-9] { puts x = 5 }

default { puts x > 10 }

}

x = y

x = 5

TCL (substitution)switchTCL () $y 5TCL[0-9]switchxyx = y

switchswitch $y x$yTCL [0-9] x5 [0-9] x = 5

set var see

switch -glob -- $var {

{see} -

{saw} -

{seen} { puts All mean the same thing!}

}

=>All mean the same thing

While

while booleanExpr body

while while autoexec.bat Consolegets -1

set fileId [open c:/autoexec.bat r]

while {[gets $fileId line] >= 0} {

puts stdout $line

}

close $fileId

whileTCL TCLwhile $i 0whilewhile

set i 0 ; while $i06/22/04 22:04:11

=>06/22/04 22:04:12

clock secondsclock format {%D %T} %m/%d/%y %H:%M:%Safter (millisecond)

whilefor (forinitialfinal)

set fileId [open c:/autoexec.bat r]

for {} {[gets $fileId line] >=0} {} {

puts stdout $line

}

close $fileId

for (iterate)listlist

for {set i 0} { $i < [llength $list] } {incr i} {

puts [lindex $list $i]

}

forlistforllengthlindexlistforeach

Foreach

foreach listVar list body

foreachlist (iterate)

set total 0

set numList [list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10]

foreach num $numList {

set total [expr $total + $num]

}

puts stdout total = $total

=>total = 55

foreachlist

foreach {key value} {apple 10 orange 12} {

puts $key=$value

}

=>apple=10

=>orange=12

array getlistforeach

set price(apple) 10

set price(orange) 12

foreach {key value} [array get price] {

puts $key=$value

}

=>orange=12

=>apple=10

break continue

breakcontinuebreakcontinue (iteration)

Catch

catch command ?resultVar?

TCLopenTCLTCL Scriptcatchcatchcatchcatch00

catchTCL

if {[catch {open c:/autoexec.bat r} fileId ]} {

puts opening file error: $fildId

} else {

while {[gets $fileId line]} {

puts $line

}

close $fileId

}

Procedure

TCL procedureTCLTCL procprocedure

proc procName argList body

procprocedureprocedureprocedureprocedurereturnTCL

procedure

set PI [expr 2 * asin(1.0)]

proc c_area {rad} {

global PI

return [expr $PI * $rad $rad]

}

% c_area 3

=> 28.2743338823

PIradprocedureexprTCLasinPIc_area (Scope) global

(default value)c_arearad1

set PI [expr 2 * asin(1.0)]

proc c_area { {rad 1} } {

global PI

return [expr $PI * $rad $rad]

}

% c_area 3

=> 28.2743338823

% c_area

=> 3.14159265359

args (TCL listargs)

proc printArgs { args } {

puts Total arguments: [llength $args]

puts The argument list = [lrange $args 0 end]

}

% printArgs

=>Total arguments: 0

=>The arguments list are:

% printArgs one two three

=>Total arguments: 3

=>The arguments list are: one two three

TCLrenameTCLunknownoriginalUnknown

rename unknown originalUnknown

unknownunknownoriginalUnknownunknownunknownrenameexecexec

rename exec {}

TCL

TCL

after

append

array

binary

break

catch

cd

clock

close

I/O (stream)

concat

listlist

console

(Console)

continue

(iteration)

error

eof

eval

TCL ScriptTCL

exec

expr

fblocked

I/O channel

fconfigure

I/O channel

fcopy

I/O channel I/O channel

file

fileevent

I/O callback

flush

I/O buffer

for

foreach

format

C printf

gets

I/O

glob

(pattern)

global

procedure global procedure

history

if

incr

info

TCL

interp

TCL interpreter

join

list

lappend

list

lindex

list

linsert

list

list

listlist

llength

list

load

TCL shared library

lrange

list

lreplace

list

lsearch

(pattern)

lsort

list

namespace

namespace

open

package

package

pid

process id

proc

TCL procedure

puts

I/O

pwd

read

I/O

regexp

(Regular Expressions)

regsub

rename

TCL

return

procedure

scan

seek

I/O

set

socket

TCP/IP

source

TCL Script

split

list

string

subst

()

switch

tell

I/O

time

TCL

trace

unknown

TCL

unset

variable

namespace

vwait

TCL(event-loop)

while

3 34