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BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Taxonomy and Animal Phylogeny

! Miller and Tupper Chap. 7

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Number of Species

Approx. 1.5 million species

known

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Taxonomy = Systematics = Phylogeny

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Taxonomic Hierarchy

AnimaliaChordataMammaliaPrimateHominidaeHomo

sapiens

Kingdom

OrderClass

Phylum

Genusspecies

Family

!Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

Tab. 7.1

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Binomial Nomenclature

“Ape”

“Abeille à miel” “Honeybee” “Honningbier”

“Mi Feng”Apis mellifera

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Phylogenetic Trees

Fig. 7.6

2

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Homologies

Inheritance due to having shared a

common ancestor

Fig. 4.11

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Analogies (Similarity due to Convergence)

Shark: Class Chondricthyes

Orca: Class Mammalia

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Grouping for Classification

Fig. 7.2

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

EukaryaArchaeaBacteria

Chromalveolata

DiscicristataExcavata Alveolata Stramenopila Rhizaria Plantae Opisthokonta Amoebozoa

Unikonta

Bacte

ria

Archae

a

Diplo

monad

s

Parab

asal

ids

Euglenid

s

Ciliat

es

Dinofla

gella

tes

Apicom

plexa

Oomyc

etes

Diato

ms

Brown a

lgae

Foram

inife

ra

Chlora

rach

niophyt

es

Glauco

phyte

algae

Red a

lgae

Green

alg

ae

Land p

lants

Fungi

Choanofla

gella

tes

Animal

s

Lobose a

moeb

ae

Cellu

lar s

lime

mold

s

Plasm

odial

slim

e m

olds

Greenplants

Protista: Polyphyletic!

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Paraphyletic = Opinion

Hyobates Pongo Gorilla Pan Homo

Pongidae HominidaeHylabatidae

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Cladistic Approach

Gorilla Chimpanzee HumanGorilla Chimpanzee Human

Pongidae Hominidae Hominidae

3

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Traditional vs. Cladistic Approach

Class Reptilia isparaphyletic

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Class Reptilia ismonophyletic

Traditional vs. Cladistic Approach

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Plesiomorphie = ancestralApomorphie = derived

PoriferaCnidariaCtenophoraPlatyhelminthes

GastrotrichaGnathostomulidaCycliophoraRotiferaAnnelidaMolluscaSipunculaNemertea

BryozoaBrachiopodaPhoronidaArthropodaOnychophoraTardigradaNematomorpha

NematodaPriapulidaKinorhynchaLoriciferaEchinodermataHemichordataChordata

Protista

Animalia

Symplesiomorphies

Autapomorphies

Synapomorphies

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia

! 1) Level of Organization– Cellular– Tissues• Endoderm (digestive tract)• Mesoderm (connective tissues, muscles, vascular

system)• Ectoderm (skin)

– Organs– Organ systems

• digestive, reproductive, circulatory, respiratory…

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

2 – Body Symmetry

Asymmetry

Fig. 7.7

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Radial Symmetry

Can divide along radius (-ii) through oral-aboral axis Fig. 7.8

4

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Bilateral Symmetry

Céphalization

Cephalization

Median PlaneFig. 7.9

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia

! 3) Embryonic Development– Fertilized ovule give a

zygote (1 single cell)– Cellular division in

zygote produces blastula, which is formed of blastomeressurrounding a blastocoel

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

! 3) Embryonic Development– Invagination forms the

gastric cavity (by the process of gastrulation)

– Opening to the invagination called the blastopore

– Becomes a gastrula, blastocoel eventually fills in Blastopore

Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

! 4) Tissues and Body Cavities

Ectoderm

Mesoglea

Endoderm

Diploblastic Body Plan

Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia

Fig. 7.10

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

! 4) Tissues and Body Cavities

Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia

Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Eucoelomate

Fig. 7.11

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

AcoelomateEctoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

5

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

PseudocoelomateEctoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

EucoelomateEctoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

5) Protostome Development

Fig. 8.11

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

5) Deuterostome Development

Fig. 8.11

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

• Cellular Organization

• unicellular (1)• Parazoa, w/o tissues (2)

• Tissue Organization

• Diploblasts (3)

• Triploblastes (4)

• Bilateral Symmetry (5)

• Embryonic Development

• Protostomes (6)

• Deuterostomes (7)

PoriferaCnidariaCtenophoraPlatyhelminthesGastrotrichaGnathostomulidaCycliophoraRotiferaAnnelidaMolluscaSipunculaNemerteaBryozoaBrachiopodaPhoronidaArthropodaOnychophoraTardigradaNematomorpha

NematodaPriapulidaKinorhynchaLoriciferaEchinodermataHemichordataChordata

Protista

23

1

Animalia

54

76

BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Next Class: Protozoa

! Miller and Tupper Appendix C

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BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function

Questions?

© Photo A.Brown