Task Analysis

Universidad de Costa RicaPosgrado en Computación e InformáticaDiseño de interfaz humano-computador

Overview

What is Task Analysis?

• Methods to analyze people's jobs:

– What people do

– What things they work with

– What they must know

What is Task Analysis?

• Task descriptions are often used to envision new systems or devices.

• Task analysis is used mainly to investigate an existing situation.

• It is important not to focus on superficial activities.

What are people trying to achieve? Why are they trying to achieve it?How are they going about it?

An Example

• In order to clean the house• Get the vacuum cleaner out • Fix the appropriate attachments• Clean the rooms• When the dust bag gets full, empty it• Put the vacuum cleaner and tools away

• Must know about:• vacuum cleaners, their attachments, dust bags,

cupboards, rooms etc.

Approaches to task analysis

• Task decomposition– Splitting task into (ordered) subtasks

• Knowledge based techniques– What the user knows about the task

and how it is organised

• Entity/object based analysis– Relationships between objects, actions and

the people who perform them

• Lots of different notations/techniques

General method

•Observe

•Collect unstructured lists of words and actions

•Organize using notation or diagrams

Differences from other techniques

Systems analysis vs. Task analysis

system design- focus - the user

Task Decomposition

Aims:Describe the actions people do.Structure them within task-subtask hierarchy.Describe order of subtasks.

Variants:Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA)

Most common

Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA)

• Involves breaking a task down into subtasks, then sub-sub-tasks and so on. – These are grouped as plans which specify how the

tasks might be performed in practice.

• HTA focuses on physical and observable actions.– Includes looking at actions not related to software or an

interaction device.

• Start with a user goal which is examined.– Identify the main tasks for achieving it.

• Tasks are sub-divided into sub-tasks.

Textual HTA description

Hierarchy description ...

0. In order to clean the house1. Get the vacuum cleaner out2. Get the appropriate attachment3. Clean the rooms

3.1. Clean the hall3.2. Clean the living rooms3.3. Clean the bedrooms

4. Empty the dust bag5. Put vacuum cleaner and attachments away

... and plansPlan 0: do 1 - 2 - 3 - 5 in that order. when the dust bag gets full do 4Plan 3: do any of 3.1, 3.2 or 3.3 in any order depending

on which rooms need cleaning

Textual HTA description

• Note that only the plans denote order.

• Plan number is defined by number of task detailed by subtasks.

Generating the hierarchy

1 Get list of tasks2 Group tasks into higher level tasks3 Decompose lowest level tasks further

Stopping rulesHow do we know when to stop?Is “empty the dust bag” simple enough?Purpose: expand only relevant tasksMotor actions: lowest sensible level

Tasks as explanation

• Imagine asking the user the question:What are you doing now?

• For the same action the answer may be:– Typing ctrl-B– Making a word bold– Emphasising a word– Editing a document– Writing a letter– Preparing a legal case

HTA as grammar

• Can parse sentence into letters, nouns, noun phrase, and so on.

The cat sat on the mat.

letter

noundet

noun phrase

. . . . . . . . .. . . lexical

syntax

Diagrammatic HTA

Diagrammatic HTA - Notation

Secuencia de Tareas Selección de Tareas

*

Iteración de Tareas Tarea Unitaria

Task sequence Task selection

Task iteration Unitary task

Refining the description

Given initial HTA (textual or diagram)How to check / improve it?

Some heuristics:Paired actions e.g., where is `turn on gas'

Restructure e.g., generate task `make pot'

Balance e.g., is `pour tea' simpler than making pot?

Generalise e.g., make one cup ….. or more

Refined HTA for making tea

Types of plan

Fixed sequence - 1.1 then 1.2 then 1.3

Optional tasks - if the pot is full 2

Wait for events - when kettle boils 1.4

Cycles - do 5.1 5.2 while there are still empty cups

Time-sharing - do 1; at the same time ...

Discretionary - do any of 3.1, 3.2 or 3.3 in any order

Mixtures - most plans involve several of the above

Waiting …

• Is waiting part of a plan?… or a task?

• Generally– Task – if ‘busy’ wait

• you are actively waiting

– Plan – if end of delay is the event• e.g. “when alarm rings”, “when reply arrives”

• In this example …– Perhaps a little redundant …– TA not an exact science.

Another example

0. In order to borrow a book from the library 1. Go to the library.2. Find the required book.

2.1 Access library catalogue.2.2 Access the search screen.2.3 Enter search criteria.2.4 Identify required book. 2.5 Note location.

3. Go to correct shelf and retrieve book.4. Take book to checkout counter.

Another example - plans

• Plan 0: do 1-3-4. If book isn’t on the shelf expected, do 2-3-4.

• Plan 2: do 2.1-2.4-2.5. If book not identified do 2.2-2.3-2.4.

• Exercise for students: draw the graphical representation.

Uses of HTA– manuals & documentation

Procedural ‘How to do it’ manual– From HTA description– Good for novices

• Assumes all tasks known.

To make cups of tea

boil water –– see page 2empty potmake pot –– see page 3wait 4 or 5 minutespour tea –– see page 4

–– page 1 ––

Make pot of tea

warm potput tea leaves in potpour in boiling water

–– page 3 ––

once water has boiled

Uses – requirements & design

Requirements capture and systems design– Lifts focus from system to use.– Suggests candidates for automation.

Detailed interface design– Task frequency guides default choices.– Existing task sequences guide dialogue design.

NOTE: task analysis is never complete.– Rigid task based design inflexible system

Summary

• Task analisys techniques are used to analize people´s work.

• Hierarchical task analisys helps to center in the user, not in the system.

• Hierarchical task analisys results are useful when designing and documenting the system.