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Tarek Al Saati, J.R. Eng.

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Introduction to Petroleum

• Definitions

• Chemistry

• History

• Formation

• Accumulation

• Traps

• Conventional and Non-Conventional oil reservoirs

• Petroleum Industry

Petroleum Engineering

Reservoir Engineering

Total E&P in two words

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A hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon and other bonded compounds.

Petroleum is a mix of naturally occurring, flammable liquid found in rock formations in the Earth consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, plus other organic compounds.

• When petroleum comes straight out of the ground as a liquid it is called crude oil if dark and viscous, and condensate if clear and volatile.

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The alkanes, also known as paraffins, are saturated hydrocarbons with straight or branched chains which contain only carbon and hydrogen and have the general formula CnH2n+2.

The cycloalkanes, also known as naphthenes, are saturated hydrocarbons which have one or more carbon rings to which hydrogen atoms are attached according to the formula CnH2n.

The aromatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated hydrocarbons which have one or more planar six-carbon rings called benzene rings, to which hydrogen atoms are attached with the formula CnHn.

Asphaltenes consist primarily of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, as well as trace amounts of vanadium and nickel. The C:Hratio is approximately 1:1.2, depending on the asphalting source.

Four different types of hydrocarbon molecules appear in crude oil:

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The story of oil and natural gas begins far back in time as long as 500 million years ago. Over the 4.5 billion years of it's lifetime the earth has been in an extremely slow but constant process of change.

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Biological origin of petroleum from organically rich source rocks

Migration of oil and gas from source to trap

Reservoir rocks that hold the gas or oil

Traps and seals that allow accumulation and concentration.

The Petroleum Systems approach has four elements:

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Formation of petroleum occurs from hydrocarbon pyrolysis, in a variety of mostly endothermic reactions at high temperature and/or pressure.

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• In ancient seas, plants, animals and microorganisms abounded.

• When they died they sank to the bottom of the sea where they usually became a source of food for scavengers and decomposers.

• In certain circumstances, such as highly acidic conditions or lack of oxygen, the remains of the dead organisms did not fully decay and the accumulated material became mixed with silt and clay, to form a sedimentary deposit.

• Today's oil formed from the preserved remains of prehistoric zooplankton and algae, which had settled to a sea or lake bottom in large quantities under anoxic conditions (the remains of prehistoric terrestrial plants, on the other hand, tended to form coal).

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Over geological time the organic matter mixed with mud, and was buried under heavy layers of sediment resulting in high levels of heat and pressure (known as diagenesis).

This caused the organic matter to chemically change, first into a waxy material, known as kerogen, which is found in various oil shales around the world, and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons in a process known as catagenesis.

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FORMING HYDROCARBONS

Burying and structuring

Sedimentary deposit and filling

Marine or lacustrine

environment: organic matter

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• Hydrocarbons tend to migrate upwards through the rock unless prevented by an impermeable layer of rock (cap rock).

• As rock layers are often not uniformly horizontal, this migration of fluids is to the highest contained part of a geological structure, known as a trap.

• The rock in which the oil or gas lies is called the reservoir, while the rock in which it originated is called the source rock.

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There are two types of traps - Structural and Stratigraphic

• Structural Traps Formed by a deformation in the rock layer that contains the

hydrocarbons. Main Types: Domes, anticlines, and fault traps. Tectonic forces created these structures after sedimentation and

lithification.

• Stratigraphic Traps Formed when other beds seal a reservoir bed or when the permeability

changes (facies change) within the reservoir bed itself. A stratigraphic trap accumulates oil due to changes of rock character

rather than faulting or folding of the rock. The term "stratigraphy" basically means "the study of the rocks and

their variations".

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Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs to form:

A source rock rich in hydrocarbon material buried

deep enough for subterranean heat to cook it into oil.

A porous and permeable reservoir rock for it to

accumulate in.

A cap rock (seal) or other mechanism that prevents it

from escaping to the surface.

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Oil sands are reservoirs of partially biodegraded oil still in the

process of escaping and being biodegraded, but they contain

so much migrating oil that, although most of it has escaped,

vast amounts are still present.

Oil shales are source rocks that have not been exposed to

heat or pressure long enough to convert their trapped

hydrocarbons into crude oil.

Technically speaking, oil shales are not really shales and do

not really contain oil, but are usually relatively hard rocks

called marls containing a waxy substance called kerogen.

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The petroleum industry is involved in the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often with oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing petroleum products.

The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol). Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics.

The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream and downstream. Midstream operations are usually included in the downstream category.

• Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is of importance to the maintenance of industrialized civilization itself, and thus is critical concern to many nations.

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Petroleum engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the subsurface activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gas.

• Petroleum engineering has become a technical profession that involves extracting oil in increasingly difficult situations as the "low hanging fruit" of the world's oil fields are found and depleted.

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• Petroleum engineering requires a good knowledge of many other related disciplines, such as:

Petroleum engineering focuses on estimation of the recoverable volume of hydrocarbon resource using a detailed understanding of the physical behavior of oil, water and gas within porous rock at very high pressure.

Reservoir simulation Well engineering Artificial lift systems Oil & gas facilities engineering

Geophysics Petroleum geology Drilling Formation evaluation Economics

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Petroleum engineers divide themselves into three types:

Reservoir engineers work to optimize production of oil and gas via proper well placement, production levels, and enhanced oil recovery techniques.

Drilling engineers manage the technical aspects of drilling exploratory, production and injection wells.

Production engineers manage the interface between the reservoir and the well, including perforations, sand control, downhole flow control, and downhole monitoring equipment; evaluate artificial lift methods; and also select surface equipment that separates the produced fluids (oil, natural gas, and water).

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Reservoir engineering is a branch of petroleum engineering, that applies scientific principles to the drainage problems arising during the development and production of oil and gas reservoirs so as to obtain a high economic recovery.

• The working tools of the reservoir engineer are: Subsurface geology

Applied mathematics

The basic laws of physics and chemistry governing the behavior of liquid and vapor phases of crude oil, natural gas, and water in reservoir rock.

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Evaluate available well & reservoir data.

Make the best predictions possible to help determine the recovery potential and commerciality of a field.

Can become involved during the exploration phase or after the field has been discovered and delineated to determine the reserves and plan development.

Analyze cash flow projections - based on hydrocarbon recovery estimations for the field over time, price hydrocarbon will sell for & upfront field development investment.

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Other job responsibilities include:Numerical reservoir modeling

Production forecasting

Well testing

Well drilling and workover planning

Economic modeling

PVT analysis of reservoir fluids

Reservoir engineers play a central role in field development planning, recommending appropriate and cost effective reservoir depletion schemes to maximize hydrocarbon recovery.

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Reservoir engineers often specialize in two areas:

Surveillance (or production) engineering:- Monitoring of existing fields and optimization of production

and injection rates.

- Using analytical and empirical techniques to perform their work, including decline curve analysis, material balance modeling, and inflow/outflow analysis.

Simulation modeling:- Conducting reservoir simulation studies to determine optimal

development plans for oil and gas reservoirs.

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E & P

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Reserve growth

Production growth

Technical costs decrease

Technical excellency

The Geoscience Technology Division « TG » contributes to E&P ’s targets worldwide:

GSR / TG - Technologies to the service of E&P

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Present in more than 100 countries

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Exploration & Production

Chemicals

Refining & Distribution

Gas and Power

Multi-Branch Player

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Oil

Renewable Energy

Electricity

Gas, but also Coal

Multi-Energy Player

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TRANSVERSAL : our capacity to work together – upstream, downstream and chemicals and using our different specialities

LISTENING : empathy, attention to others, understanding the logic of others, respecting others, understanding the needs of our interlocutors, the countries in which we work, finding solutions that satisfy their needs

BOLDNESS : controlled risk taking, innovation in R&D, in relationship with contractors and investors. Courage is daring to propose, to imagine, to invent, to arbitrate and to ACT.

SOLIDARITY : our jobs are difficult, exposed, often unjustly criticized. We must have a team spirit. Solidarity means sharing this project and its values.

This “TOTAL” behaviour will differentiate us from our competitors and allow our successful growth in a new environment

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Thank You For Your Attention

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