talking stones final f - ismeo · syed m. niaz ali shah massimo vidale season 4: september-december...
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ACT-FIELD SCHOOL PROJECT REPORTS AND MEMOIRS SERIES MINOR, 2
TALKING STONES
PAINTED ROCK SHELTERS OF THE SWAT VALLEY
LUCA M. OLIVIERI
FOREWORD BY MASSIMO VIDALE
WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY
M. DI CHIARA AND M.W. MEISTER
PAKISTAN-ITALIAN DEBT SWAP PROGRAM ITALIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL MISSION IN PAKISTAN
DIRECTORATE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND MUSEUMS, GOVERNMENT OF KHYBER-PAKHTUNKHWA
A volume published under the auspices of the ASSOCIAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE DI STUDI SUL MEDITERRANEO E L'ORIENTE
(ISMEO)
With the support of the Italian Embassy in Pakistan
Printing costs were generously supported by a private grant Translation by K. SCRIVEN-HALDIS, revision by M. VIDALE
This work is based on the Author's PhD dissertation (Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany) "Painted Rock Shelters of the Swat-Malakand Area. From Bronze Age to Buddhism. Materials for a Tentative Reconstruction of the Religious and Cultural Stratigraphy of Ancient Swat" (OLIVIERI 2012 = http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/diss/receive/FUDISS_thesis_000000040006 ).
Cover: The rock shelter of Sargah-sar (Kotah) (Photo by LMO)
ISBN-10: 9 6 9 - 3 5 - 0 0 0 0 - 0
ISBN-13: 978-969-35-0000-0
All rights reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, digital, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, without the prior permission.
2015Published by:Afzaal Ahmad Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore.
622.2 Olivieri, Luca M.
Talking Stones: Painted Rock Shelters
of the Swat Valley/ Luca M. Olivieri.-
Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2014.
250 pp.
1. Archaeology. I. Title.
Sang-e-Meel Publications25 Shahrah-e-Pakistan (Lower Mall), Lahore-54000, PAKISTAN
Ph. + 92-423-722-0100 / +92-423-722-8143 Fax: +92-423-724-5101http://www.sang-e-meel.com e-mail: [email protected]
ACT-FIELD SCHOOL PROJECT REPORTS AND MEMOIRS
PUBLICATION PLAN (to date)
Volume I (2013)
Construction Activities in Swat District (2011-2013)Khyber-Pakthunkhwa – Pakistan
THE NEW SWAT ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUMARCHITECTURAL STUDY AND MASTERPLAN
Ivano Marati and Candida Vassallo
Volume II (2014)
Excavations and Conservation Activities in Swat District (2011-2013) Khyber-Pakthunkhwa – Pakistan. 1
THE LAST PHASES OF THE URBAN SITE OFBIR-KOT-GHWANDAI (BARIKOT).
THE BUDDHIST SITES OF GUMBAT AND AMLUK-DARA (BARIKOT) Luca M. Olivieri and others
Volume III (in press)
Excavations and Conservation Activities in Swat District (2011-2013) Khyber-Pakthunkhwa – Pakistan. 2
EXCAVATIONS AT THE PROTOHISTORIC GRAVEYARDS OF GOGDARA AND UDEGRAM
Massimo Vidale and others
Volume IV (in preparation)
Excavations and Conservation Activities in Swat District (2011-2013) Khyber-Pakthunkhwa – Pakistan. 3
RESTORATION AND CONSERVATIONS ACTIVITIES AT SAIDU SHARIF I AND JAHANABAD
Edited by Luca M. Olivieri
Volume V (in press)
Excavations and Conservation Activities in Swat District (2011-2013) Khyber-Pakthunkhwa – Pakistan. 4
THE GHAZNAVID MOSQUE AND THE ISLAMIC SETTLEMENT AT MT. RAJA GIRA, UDEGRAM
Alessandra Bagnera
Special Volume (2014)
BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE IN THE SWAT VALLEY, PAKISTANSTUPAS, VIHARAS, A DWELLING UNIT
Domenico Faccenna and Piero Spagnesi
* * *
Series Minor, 1 (2014)
DIGGING UP FIELDWORK GUIDELINES FOR ARCHAEOLOGY STUDENTS
Luca M. Olivieri
Series Minor, 2 (2015)
TALKING STONESPAINTED ROCK SHELTERS OF THE SWAT VALLEY
Luca M. Olivieri
Series Minor, 3 (in preparation)
ON SWATBIBLIOGRAPHIC REPERTORY FOR ARCHAEOLOGY STUDENTS
Edited by Aatif Iqbal and Rafiullah Khan
* * *
Archival Studies, 1 (2015)
SIR AUREL STEIN AND THE ‘LORDS OF THE MARCHES’NEW ARCHIVAL MATERIALS
Luca M. Olivieri
ARCHAEOLOGY COMMUNITY TOURISM -FIELD SCHOOL (ACT)
A PROJECT BY PAKISTAN-ITALIAN DEBT SWAP AGREEMENT (PIDSA)
IMPLEMENTED BY ITALIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL MISSION IN PAKISTAN (ISMEO)
DIRECTORATE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND MUSEUMS, KHYBER-PAKHTUNKHWA PROVINCE
WITH THE COLLABORATION OF ISTITUTO SINDACALE PER LA COOPERAZIONE ALLO SVILUPPO (ISCOS-CISL)
UNDER THE VIGILANCE OF DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND MUSEUMS
MINISTRY OF INFORMATION, BROADCASTING AND NATIONAL HERITAGE, GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN
TECHNICAL SUPPORT BY PIDSA TECHNICAL SUPPORT UNIT - ISLAMABAD
FUNDED BY MINISTERO DEGLI AFFARI ESTERI E DELLA COOPERAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE (MAECI)
DIREZIONE GENERALE PER LA COOPERAZIONE ITALIANA ALLO SVILUPPO (DGCS, UFFICIO V) EMBASSY OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLIC IN PAKISTAN
UNITÀ TECNICA LOCALE (UTL) PAKISTAN, COOPERAZIONE ITALIANA ALLO SVILUPPO (ITALIAN DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION - LOCAL TECHNICAL UNIT, PAKISTAN)
SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONS
MINISTERO DEGLI AFFARI ESTERI E DELLA
COOPERAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE (MAECI), DIREZIONE GENERALE PER LA PROMOZIONE DEL
SISTEMA PAESE (UFFICIO VI)
ISTITUTO SUPERIORE PER LA CONSERVAZIONE E IL
RESTAURO (ISCR), MINISTERO DEI BENI, DELLE
ATTIVITÀ CULTURALI E DEL TURISMO (MIBACT)
MINISTERO DEI BENI, DELLE ATTIVITÀ CULTURALI E
DEL TURISMO (MIBACT), DIREZIONE GENERALE PER IL
PAESAGGIO, LE BELLE ARTI, L'ARTE E L'ARCHITETTURA
CONTEMPORANEE
MINISTERO DEI BENI, DELLE ATTIVITÀ CULTURALI E
DEL TURISMO (MIBACT*), SOPRINTENDENZA PER I BENI
ARCHEOLOGICI DEL FRIULI VENEZIA GIULIA
CIVIL MILITARY LOGISTIC CENTER (CMLC), 19TH
DIVISION, PAKISTAN ARMY, MINGORA
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR
QUAID-I AZAM UNIVERSITY, TAXILA INSTITUTE OF
ASIAN CIVILIZATION, ISLAMABAD
HAZARA UNIVERSITY, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SCHOOL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE AND CREATIVE
TECHNOLOGIES
UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLOGNA, “ALMA MATER STUDIORUM” DIPARTIMENTO DI BENI CULTURALI
UNIVERSITÀ DI FIRENZE*, FACOLTÀ DI ARCHITETTURA, DIPARTIMENTO DI COSTRUZIONI E RESTAURO
UNIVERSITÀ DI PADOVA, DIPARTIMENTO DEI BENI
CULTURALI: ARCHEOLOGIA, STORIA DELL’ARTE, DEL
CINEMA E DELLA MUSICA
UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA 1, “LA SAPIENZA”, DIPARTIMENTO
DI STORIA, CULTURE, RELIGIONI
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, DEPARTMENT OF ART
HISTORY
DREXEL UNIVERSITY, PHILADELPHIA, ART AND ART
HISTORY DEPARTMENT
EMBASSY OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN IN
ITALY
MANAGEMENT AND TECHNICAL STAFF
Luca M. Olivieri, scientific co-Director, Project Manager (IsIAO and University of Bologna; currently ISMEO)
Fazal Dad Kakar (Director General DOAM, Govt. of Pakistan, until May 2014) scientific co-Director until April 2011
Saleh Mohammad (late), scientific co-Director (Director DOAM KP; until July 2011)
Nidaullah Serai, scientific co-Director (Director DOAM KP; until January 2012; April-August 2013)
Shah Nazar Khan, scientific co-Director (Director DOAM KP; until April 2013)
Mohammad Nasim Khan, scientific co-Director (Director DOAM KP; until June 2014)
Abdul Samad, scientific co-Director (Director DOAM KP, current)
Arshad Khan, Honorary Project Advisor
Feryal Ali-Gohar, Project Consultant
Irma Gjinaj, Financial Manager (ISCOS; until September 2011)
Mario Barberini, Financial Manager (ISCOS, current)
Shehryar Mannan Rana, Administrator
M. Hafeez (Administrator; Representative DOAM, Govt. of Pakistan, retd.)
Ivano Marati, Architect
Candida M. Vassallo, Architect
Claudio Cristilli, Engineer (AIRES, University of Naples 'Federico II')
Zareef Khan, Site Engineer
Roberto Dentici, Technical Advisor (March-June 2012)
Faiz-ur-Rahman, DOAM KP Focal person, Curator Swat Museum
Amanullah Afridi, DOAM KP Representative, Assistant Curator Swat Museum (currently Field Officer DOAM HQ Peshawar)
Munir, DOAM KP, Technical Responsible Swat Museum
Balqees Begum Durrani, DOAM KP Representative
Nawaz-ud-Din, DOAM KP Representative
Syed M. Niaz Ali Shah, DOAM KP Representative
Saeed Akbar, Tourist Consultant
Massimo Vidale, Chief Trainer (ISCR; currently University of Padova)
Michele Cupitò, Trainer University of Padova)
Roberto Micheli, Trainer, (MiBACT*)
Francesco Martore, Restorer (IsIAO)
Fabio Colombo, Restorer (IsIAO)
Danilo Rosati, Restorer (IsIAO)
Giuseppe Morganti, Consultant Restorer (MiBACT)
Roberto Sabelli, Consultant Restorer (University of Firenze*)
Francesco Genchi, Trainer (University of Bologna)
Giuseppe Salemi, Trainer (University of Padova)
Maria Letizia Pulcini, Trainer (University of Padova)
Edoardo Loliva, Photographer (ISCR)
M. Aurangzaib Khan, Photographer
Ilaria Scerrato (University of Roma 1)
Shafiq Ahmad, Project Assistant
Akhtar Munir, Field Officer
Ali Khan, Driver
Fazal Mabud, Driver
Hamid Shehzad, Driver
Aziz-ur-Rahman, Guesthouse Manager (until June 2014)
Ubaid Khan, English Teacher (until June 2013)
Murad, Artist
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS IN THE FIELDWORK
SEASON 1: MARCH-JUNE 2011
Amanullah Afridi (Assistant Curator Swat Museum) Ghani-ur-Rahman (Quaid-e Azam University) Faiz-ur-Rahman Luca M. Olivieri Abdul Samad (DOAM Consultant; Hazara University) Zain-ul-Wahab (Hazara University)
SEASON 2: SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER 2011
Amanullah Afridi (DOAM Representative) Arsalan Butt (Quaid-i Azam University) Ashraf Khan (Quaid-i Azam University) Faiz-ur-Rahman Ghani-ur-Rahman Haroon Khan (Quaid-i Azam University) Idris Khan (Quaid-i Azam University) Ifqut Shaheen (Quaid-i Azam University) Ikram Qayyum (Quaid-i Azam University) Iqbal Aatif (Hazara University) Edorado Loliva (ISCR) Francesco Martore (IsIAO) Luca M. Olivieri Misbah-ullah (Peshawar University) Muhammad Amin (Quaid-i Azam University) Muhammad Ibrahim (Quaid-i Azam University) Muhammad Rizwan Mughal (Quaid-i Azam University) M. Shoaib Alam Khan (Quaid-i Azam University) Muhammad Shoaib Riaz (Quaid-i Azam University) Munir (Engineer, Swat Museum) Noor Agha (Hazara University) Qamar-un Nisar (Quaid-i Azam University) Rafiullah (Quaid-e Azam University) Rimsha Asghar (Quaid-i Azam University) Sadeed Arif (Quaid-i Azam University) Saiba Lai-Venti (Quaid-i Azam University) Saiqa Akhtar (Quaid-i Azam University) Samina Batool (Quaid-i Azam University) Sajad Ahmad (Quaid-i Azam University) Sangeen Khan (Peshawar University) Syed M. Niaz Ali Shah (DOAM Representative) Tayyba Jadoon (Quaid-i Azam University) Tehmina Shaheen (Quaid-i Azam University) Uzma Sumro (Quaid-i Azam University) Massimo Vidale (ISCR)
SEASON 3: MARCH-JUNE 2012
Amanullah Afridi Arsalan Butt Fabio Colombo (IsIAO) Michele Cupitò (University of Padova) Ehsan Javed (Hazara University) Faiz-ur-Rahman Idris Khan Ikram Qayyum Iqbal Aatif Edorado Loliva Francesco Martore Misbah-ullah Giuseppe Morganti (MiBACT) Muhammad Ibrahim
Muhammad Rizwan Mughal Munir Luca M. Olivieri Roberto Sabelli (University of Firenze) Sangeen Khan (Hazara University) Syed M. Niaz Ali Shah Massimo Vidale
SEASON 4: SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER 2012
M. Aurangzaib Khan Fabio Colombo Faiz-ur-Rahman Francesco Genchi (University of Bologna) Ehsan Javed Irfan Ali (Hazara University) Iqbal Atif Francesco Martore Roberto Micheli (MiBACT*) Misabh-ullah Munir Syed M. Niaz Ali Shah Luca M. Olivieri Ilaria Scerrato (University of Roma 1) Saddam Hussain (Hazara University) Massimo Vidale (University of Padova) Muhammad Zahir (Hazara University) Sangeen Khan
SEASON 5: MARCH-JUNE 2013
Amber Batool (Quaid-i Azam University) Arsalan Butt Amanullah Afridi M. Aurangzaib Khan Faiz-ur-Rahman Balqees Begum Durrani Ikram Qayyum Francesco Martore Massehullah Khan (Quaid-i Azam University) Muhammad Ibrahim Munir Nawaz-ud-Din Luca M. Olivieri Ilaria Scerrato
SEASONS 6-7: OCTOBER 2013/JUNE 2014
Amber Batool M. Aurangzaib Khan Ferooz Balochi (Quaid-i Azam University) Fawad Khan (DOAM Representative) Francesco Martore Luca M. Olivieri M. Letizia Pulcini (University of Padua) Massimo Vidale
SEASONS 8: OCTOBER-DECEMBER 2014 (planned)
Fabio Colombo Luca M. Olivieri Danilo Rosati (former IsIAO) Giuseppe Salemi (University of Padova) Massimo Vidale
LIST OF MAIN ABBREVIATIONS UTILIZED IN THE TEXT
AMSV: Archaeological Map of the Swat Valley Project asl: above the seal level c.: circa DoAM: Department of Archaelogy and Museums, Ministry of Culture, Government of Pakistan FORTHC. : FORTHCOMING fn.: footnote IAM: Italian Archaeological Mission in Pakistan IFRAO: International Federation of Rock Art Organizations IsMEO: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente IsIAO: Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente IUO: Istituto Universitario Orientale (currently: UNO: Università degli Studi di Napoli “L'Orientale”) KP: Khyber Pukhtunkhwa MAE - DGCC: Ministero degli Affari Esteri (currently: Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale - MAECI), Direzione Generale Cooperazione Culturale (currently: DGSP: Direzione Generale Sistema Paese) NAs: Northern Areas (presently: Gilgit-Baltistan) NWFP: North-West Frontier Province (currently: KP) m, km, ha: meter, kilometer, hectare sq m, sq km: square meter, square kilometer N, S, E, W: North, South, East, West ṚV: Ṛigveda
DRAWINGS BY L. M. OLIVIERI (LMO), M. VIDALE (MV) R. MICHELI (RM) AND F. MARTORE (FM)
PHOTOGRAPHS BY L.M. OLIVIERI, M. VIDALE, E. LOLIVA AND C. PRIIMANGELI (CP)
MAPS BY E. MORIGI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD (Massimo Vidale)
iii
MAPS vi
PREFACE
1
INTRODUCTION 5
Rock art in Swat and surrounding areas 5
The painted rock shelters of Swat 8
Topography and setting 10
Documentation techniques 11
Informed methods: rock art as visual art 12
Definitions 15
CATALOGUE
21
Gazetteer 22
Correspondence chart between Gazetteer and Plates 52
Charts of subjects (I-IX) 54
Graphics I-V 64
DISCUSSION
67
Elements of continuity and discontinuity 68
Items for chronology 73
Archaeological data 87
Topographic analysis and comparisons 93
Distribution chart of the major themes or groups of figures per site 100
Distribution chart according to the physical site features 102
Lexical and syntactical continuity/discontinuity 105
CONCLUSIONS 107
Marginality and acculturation: space and time 108
About the existence of a tribal belt 115
Who were the painters of the painted shelters 124
Distribution chart of cultural horizons 131
APPENDIX 1 Toponomastic lexicon (Matteo De Chiara)
133
APPENDIX 2 Note on the distribution of gumbats (Michael W. Meister)
135
APPENDIX 3 Grids, dots, lines and body modifications
139
List of plates 149
List of abbreviations 155
REFERENCES 159
GRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION Pls. 1-43
PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION Pls. I-XCIV
* * *
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE VOLUME
MATTEO DE CHIARA, Maître de Conférences, Institut National de Langues et Civilizations Orientales, CNRS - Mondes iranien et indien, Paris (France)
MICHAEL W. MEISTER, Professor of South Asian Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Department of History of Art, Philadelphia (USA)
MASSIMO VIDALE, Aggregate Professor, Università di Padova, Dipartimento dei Beni Culturali: Archeologia, Storia dell’Arte, del Cinema e della Musica, Padova (Italy)
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