Talking along the NileIppolito Rosellini, travellers and scholars of the 19th century in Egypt

edited by Marilina Betròand Gianluca Miniaci

Proceedings of the International Conference held on the occasionof the presentation of Progetto Rosellini. Pisa, June 14-16, 2012

Indice

Greetings and introductions

Massimo Mario Augello 9

Cosimo Bracci Torsi 11

Marilina Betrò 13

IlProgettoRoselliniMarilina Betrò 15

Contributions

19thcenturyepigraphersaskeytotheidentificationofBaqetIII’sbirdsinBeniHassanRozenn Bailleul-LeSuer-John Wyatt 19

Egyptinthe1840saccordingtoGeorgAugustWallinPatricia Berg 35

TheLorenaArchiveinPragueandthecollectionfromtheTuscanExpeditiontoEgyptintheFlorenceMuseumMarilina Betrò 43

GirolamoSegatoel’esplorazionedellaPiramidediGioseraSaqqara(dicembre1820-marzo1821)Edda Bresciani 59

Quelquesnotesd’historiographiesurlaChambredesAncêtresElisabeth Delange 69

DayafterdaywithFlindersPetrie.PocketdiariesfromthearchiveofthePetrieMuseumofEgyptianArchaeology,UniversityCollegeLondonPaolo Del Vesco 83

Lettere e Documenti di Bernardino DrovettiAccademiadelleScienzediTorino“Untesorettodioltremilledocumentiprivati”Laura Donatelli 93

WhoDiscovered“Belzoni’sTomb”?AGlimpsebehindtheScenesofEarlyExplorationandtheAntiquitiesTradeBeatrix Gessler-Löhr 101

Jean-FrançoisChampollionetlaNotice descriptiveSylvie Guichard 125

LetterediIppolitoRoselliniaMicheleArcangeloMigliariniMaria Cristina Guidotti 131

ÀlarecherchedeItj-Taouy/el-Licht.ÀproposdesdescriptionsetcartesdusiteauXIXesiècleDavid Lorand 137

TracingalinetomodernEgyptology:IppolitoRosellini,VladimirPropp,andthecryptohistoryofthe“DizionarioGeroglifico”Gianluca Miniaci 151

FromLepsiustoBorchardt:archaeologicalinvestigationsattheFifthDynastySunTemplesinAbuGhurabMassimiliano Nuzzolo 163

LememoriediAmaliaNizzoli:versounanuovaedizioneSergio Pernigotti 177

L’ereditàintellettualediIppolitoRosellininegliArchividiEgittologiadell’UniversitàdegliStudidiMilanoPatrizia Piacentini 187

CollectingTypes:Rosellini,Petrie,Montelius.ThebeforeandtheafterStephen Quirke 197

CarloVidua,egittologoitalianoAlessandro Roccati 211

NovitàsuTakerhebGloria Rosati 215

Catalogare,condividere,ricercareStrumentiwebalserviziodegliarchiviedell’archeologiaMarco Rufino-Federica Facchetti 223

TheMarquis’excavations.AtaleoftwodiariesPaul Whelan 229

Plates 257

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The Marquis’ excavations. A tale of two diariespaul Whelan

InAugust1898WilliamGeorgeSpencerScottCompton – who had become the 5thMarquisofNorthamptonin thepreviousyearandwhosharedhisfamily’slong-standinginterestinan-cientEgypt–wasgrantedaconcessiontoex-cavatepartofthenecropolisofwesternThebes,which included the extensive and long-occu-piedburialgroundknownasDraAbuel-Naga(Fig.1)1.TheMarquisenlistedtheservicesofEgyptologists Percy Newberry and WilhelmSpiegelbergtosupervisetheexcavationswhichweretolastforjustoverthreemonthsfromNo-vember4th1898untilFebruary9th1899.Duringthattime,andemployingoftenmorethaneightyworkers2, they investigated two ruined NewKingdomtemplesanddiscoveredmanydozensof tombs of various periods. Regrettably, thereport of theirwork,which appeared in 1908–afullnineyearsaftertheexcavations–fallsfarshortofthestandardsexpectedtodayforar-chaeologicalpublications.Accordingtoitspref-ace,onlythe“principalresults”werepublishedandamorecomprehensiverecordofeverything“importantandunimportant”discoveredwouldbe found in the “Journal of Excavations” de-posited in the Egyptological Institute of the

1 The2ndMarquisofNorthamptonvisitedEgyptin1850andmadeatleastonesketchofthetemplesiteatArmant(Newberry1905,p.100).2 This is the figure given in the published report(Northampton/Spiegelberg/Newberry 1908, p. 4). Ac-cordingtotheaccountledgeroftheexpedition(alsointheGriffithInstitutearchives),theactualfigurereached87workers in the periodNovember 28th-3rd December1898.

University of Strasbourg3, although if aworkbearingthistitleeveractuallyexistedithasyettocome to light.Fortunately, someadditionalinformation relating to the Marquis’ excava-tionscanbefoundinthearchivesoftheGriffithInstituteOxford.Most importantamong thesearchiveresourcesisadiarybelongingtoPercyNewberrywhoservedastheexpedition’sdirec-tor,andawrittenrecordkeptbyhiscolleagueWilhelmSpiegelbergwhooversawexcavationsand provided expert philological knowledge4.Inquitedifferentways,thedocumentsofthesetwoEgyptologistscontributetoamorenuancedviewoftheprogressoftheirexcavationsandofthemanydiscoveriesmadethancanbefoundinthepublishedreport,aswellasprovidingin-sightsintotheirsocialandprofessionallivesinEgyptoverthecourseofthesecondhalfoftheexcavations.Andthoughbothdiarieshave,es-peciallyinrecentyears,provedvaluabletobothresearch Egyptologists and field excavatorsworkingatDraAbuel-Naga5,noseparatestudyoftheircontentsorcomparisonofthetwohasbeen undertaken and thus some scholarsmaybe unaware of the range of information con-

3 Northampton/Spiegelberg/Newberry1908,p.ix.4 TheGriffith Institute alsohasother archivalmaterialrelatingtosometombsencounteredbytheMarquis’ex-peditionmadebeforeandafterwards(foradiscussionofthismaterialseeGalán2009,p.155-81.5 Recent publications include: Whelan 2007; Galán2009;Miniaci2009.IamextremelygratefultoCatWarsiof the Griffith Institute for her assistance withmy re-searchandforadditionalinformationaboutthetwodia-ries,andtotheGriffithInstituteforpermissiontopublishhereimagesfromthearchive.

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tained in each.Now that theGriffith Institutehasmadehighresolutiondigitalcopiesofbothdiariesandtheircontentisreadilyaccessibletoallscholarsincludingthoseunabletovisit thearchiveinperson,itseemsworthwhiletopres-

enthereabriefoverviewofbothresourcesandamiscellanyofexamplestoillustratethecon-tributionstheircontentscanmaketoourknowl-edgeoftheMarquis’expedition,thepersonali-tiesandactivitiesoftheexcavatorsthemselves,

Fig.1-SketchmapshowingtheextentoftheMarquis’concessioninwesternThebes(afterTheMarquisofNorthampton,SpiegelbergandNewberry1908,pl.II).

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andalso thebroadercontextofEgyptologyattheveryendofthenineteenthcentury6.Of the two records,Wilhelm Spiegelberg’s isthebetterknownandmorefrequentlyexploited,beingentirelyfilledwithdetailsof the tombs,inscriptionsandartefactsdiscoveredbytheex-pedition. Spiegelberg used two larger formatnotebooks(eachmeasuringapproximately20.5cmby25.7cm)fillingatotalof115pages;95pagesinthefirst,coveringtheperiodofNovem-ber7th1898toJanuary27th1899and20pagesofthesecondvolumecoveringtheremainderoftheirexcavationswhichendedonFebruary9th7.Itisprobablethatthisrecordis,orwasintendedtobethebasisfor,theaforementioned“JournalofExcavations”purportedlygiventotheEgyp-tologicalInstituteatStrasbourgbytheexcava-tors8. Indeed, thoughSpiegelberg’s recordhasbeenreferred toasa“traveldiary”9andmorefrequentlyasa“diary”–notablyintheGriffithInstitute’sownTopographicalBibliography10–itisneither,containingalmostexclusivelydat-edrecordsofantiquitiesdiscoveredbytheex-peditionandthusbeingfarclosertoa“JournalofExcavations”; for this reason theexcavatorhimselfentitleditFundjournal(findsjournal).Theentrieswerenotmadeforeachandeveryday,presumablybecausetheflowofdiscover-ieswas governedby the pace of excavations,andperhapsalsobytheirimportance.Although

6 IwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetoProfes-sorMarilinaBetròfororganisingamoststimulatingcon-gressandforherwarmandgeneroushospitality.IalsowishtothanktheFondazioneCassadiRisparmiodiPisaformaking thecongresspossibleandforproviding theidealvenueatPalazzoBlu.Last,butbynomeansleast,IwouldliketothankGianlucaMiniaciforhismanykind-nessesbeforeandduringmyvisittoPisa.7 Thiswaswhentheexcavationsended,thoughepigra-phyandotherrecordingworkcontinuedafterFebruary9th1899.8 IfSpiegelberg’soriginaldiarywasthe“JournalofEx-cavations”,thereisnodirectconnectionwithStrasbourgintheknownandrathertortuousroutebywhichiteven-tuallyenteredtheGriffithInstitute(Galán2009,p.159).9 Grimm1995,p.92n.62(referredtoasa“Reisetage-buch”).IamgratefultoBeatrixGeßler-Löhrforpointingmetothispublication.10 PMI2,1,xviii.

afewpagesinthefirstvolumearefilledalmostentirely with written descriptions11, the vastmajorityconsistofmuchshorternotesaccom-paniedbysketchesofobjects,plansoftombs,copiesof inscriptionsandeventheoccasionalimpressionofascarabsealmadeinwax12.Withsomuchdetailedinformationonalmosteverypage, it is clear that Spiegelberg intended hisFundjournaltobeanaide memoirforhimselfaswell as forNewberrywhenwriting up thepublished report.Even so, a gooddeal of thematerialcontainedwithinitnevermadeitintoprint,andwhatdidwasnotalwayscompleteor,insomeinstances,wasincorrect.ThusSpiegel-berg’srecord presentsuswiththepossibilitytosubstantially augment our existingknowledgeof many of the discoveries made during theMarquis’excavationsoveracenturyago,asthefollowingselectionwillattempttoshow.ThepublishedreportgivesdetailsofafragmentfromonesideofamodelcoffindedicatedtoanindividualcalledSobeknakht,andisdescribedthus:“Ononesidethesacredeyesareroughlydrawn inblack ink;on theother sideare twovertical lines of cursive hieroglyphs”13. Suchcharacteristics would fit the standard decora-tive format ofmany full-size rectangular cof-finsespeciallyoftheFirstIntermediatePeriod-MiddleKingdom,whicharedecoratedontheouterfacewithapairofwedjat-eyesandontheotherside–theinnerfaceofthecoffin–witha cursive inscription comprising an offeringformulaandnameofthedeceased14.However,thisarrangementwouldbeverystrangeindeedtofindonamodelrectangularcoffinfromthisor any other period. While miniature coffinsareattestedfromthe11thDynastyonwardsandareoftenaccuratelyrenderedsimulacraoftheirlarger counterparts, even down to the use of

11 Most evident on p. 6-9, which mostly refers to thefirstfewdaysofexcavationsaroundtheruinedtempleofAhmes-Nefertariandinthenorth-easternsectionofDraAbuel-Nagabetween9th-16thNovember1898.12 Fundjournalp.44(seealsoFig.2ofthisarticle),50-2,69f,92,94f,102,109,112-3.13 Northampton/Spiegelberg/Newberry1908,p.30,no.5andpl.XVIII(cursiveinscription).14 Willems1988,p.118-22and228-9.

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thewedjat-eyemotif, none that are known tomehavetheirinteriorsurfacesinscribedinanyway15.Withoutaccesstotheartefact(itswhere-aboutsareunknowntome)andwithonly thepublishedreportasevidence,onewouldhavetoconcludethatitrepresentsaratherexceptionalexampleofamodelcoffinoftheMiddleKing-domorsomewhatlaterperiod.Fortunately,anentry in Spiegelberg’s Fundjournal providesmuchmoredetailandshowsthatthepublishedinformation is actually incorrect (Fig. 2)16.Asketchof the coffin fragment and the inscrip-tionaccompaniedwithabriefwrittennotein-dicates that the dedicationwas not on the in-sideofthecoffinatall,butactuallybelongstoasecondfragmentofthecoffin’slid.Notonlyisthiswhereonewouldexpecttofindanoffer-ing formula and dedication17, but also ink in-scriptionswiththeofferingformulawritteninhieroglyphsand theowner’snameadded inamore cursive, often hieratic, hand such as onthisexampleare fairlycommonforaclassofmodelcoffinofthelate17th-early18thDynastyassociatedwith thedistinctiveso-called ‘stickshabtis’foundinconsiderablenumbersatThe-bes,andnotleastbytheMarquis’expedition18.Therefore, far from being unique, this modelcoffinactuallybelongs to a typewell attestedatThebes.Further support for its lateSecondIntermediatePeriod-earlyNewKingdomdat-ingcomes fromanotherusefulpieceof infor-mationomittedfromthepublisheddescription,

15 Arnold1988,p.34-9(Lisht-13thDynasty-SecondIn-termediatePeriod);Bourriau1988,p.93,no.74(Aby-dos - late 12th Dynasty); D’Auria/Lacovara/Roehrig1988,p.126no.55(provenanceunknown-lateMiddleKingdom-SecondIntermediatePeriod);Grajetzki2006(Thebes?-13thDynasty-SecondIntermediatePeriod);examplesfromThebesincludeseveral11thDynastyex-amplesfoundwithinorclosebyMontuhotepII’smortu-ary complexatDeir el-Bahari:Naville1907,p. 49-50andpl.XI.Relevantalsoarethefewminiaturerectangu-lar(solidwood)coffinsthatdisplaythewedjat-eyemotifon early-midMiddleKingdommodel boats forwhichsee:Reisner1913,p.35-6no.4847(Meir),p.37-8no.4850(Meir).16 Fundjournalp.44.17 Whelan2007,p.25.18 Whelan2007,p.40-1.

whichisvisibleinSpiegelberg’ssketchofthefragmentofcoffinside.Itisclearthatnotonlyisthefragmentanalmostcompletesidepanel,but also preserves farmore extensive decora-tion than one might otherwise have gatheredfrom the published report displaying, besidesa series of painted bands, a centrally placedshen-symbolbelowthepairof wedjat-eyesthathassomerelevancefordating.Asalreadymen-tioned,bothfull-sizeandmodelcoffinsof theFirstIntermediatePeriodandMiddleKingdomare frequently painted with a pair ofwedjat-eyes,howeverthosewiththeadditionofashen-symbolarefarlesscommonandonlyfoundoncoffinsofthelate12th-13thDynastiesonwards19

19 Full-size coffins: Hayes 1953, p. 314-5, fig. 204(Meir),p.347-8,fig.228(Thebes);Hayes1959,p.347-8,fig.228(Thebes);Grajetzki2010,p.48andbackcoverimage (Thebes), p. 59-60 (fromThebes?); Lapp 1993,Tfl.19d(Meir),34b(Thebes);Lapp1996,pl.11(The-

Fig.2-Page44ofSpiegelberg’sFundjournalwhichincludesdetailsofafragmentofmodelcoffinthatclarifyandcorrecttheentryforitinthepublishedreport©GriffithInstitute,Univer-sityofOxford.

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andrestricted tocertainregions,mostnotablyMeirandThebes20.InrespectofThebes,itcanbesuggestedthatitsusedoesnotoccurbeforethe late13thDynasty-Second IntermediatePe-riod following the dating of full-size coffinsfromtherewiththisdecoration21.Itisalsosig-nificantintermsofcoffinchronologythatnoneofthepublishedfull-sizeThebancoffinsofthe11th-late12thDynastiesdisplaythecombinedwedjat-eyes and shen-symbol22. So far, of thefewmodel coffinsfromThebeswithbothmo-tifspresent,allappear todate to the lateSec-ondIntermediatePeriodandearly18thDynastywithpossiblythelatestfirmlydatableexamplebelonging to the notableTheban elite,Tetiky,inwhosetombcomplex(TT15)manywerede-posited23.Thus,withtheextradetailscontainedin Spiegelberg’s Fundjournal the fragmentsdiscoveredby theMarquis’ expeditioncanbe

bes); Grajetzki 2010, p. 50-1 (coffinsMMA 32.3.428,32.3.429and32.3.431allthreearefromThebesandhavea combined shen-symbol andwedjat-eyemotif – thesefeaturesareunpublished,buthavebeenobservedbythepresentwriter);Tiradritti2010,p.336andpl.115(The-bes-lateSecondIntermediatePeriod-early18thDynas-ty).Thecombinationofthesesymbolsoncoffinsmaybeconnectedwiththeirappearanceonstelae,forwhichsee:Grajetzki2001,p.61-5.20 The laterdatingofcoffins fromMeirwith theshen-symbolissupportedbytheabsenceofsuchsymbolsonmodelcoffinsfromthesite(seefootnote15).Theappar-ent regionally restricted use of the combinedmotifs ishighlighted in thestudyofover200full-sizerectangu-larcoffinsfromAssiutofwhichnonedisplaytheshen-symbolbetweenwedjat-eyes(Hannig2006,p.41-5forspecificdiscussionof the wedjat-eyemotif andpassimforthedecorationofthecorpusofcoffins).21 Miniaci2011,p.15-20;Grajetzki2010,p.50-1(cof-fins MMA 32.3.428, 32.3.429 and 32.3.431 all haveshen-symbol with thewedjat-eyemotif) and p. 55 fora coffindated to the lateSecond IntermediatePeriod -early18thDynasty.22 Lapp1993,Tfln.33a-c,34a,35-8;Polz2007,p.59-69(fordatingtothesecondhalfofthe12th-13thDynastyseeLoprieno2007,p.76-80).23 Bovot2003,p.46and85(E32373).Fortheoriginaldiscovery of the miniature coffins (with stick shabtis)see:Newberry1912,p.19-21andpls.XI-XII. It is in-terestingtonotethatthemorerefined(later?)miniaturecoffins containing shabtis belonging toTetiky’s familythatwerefoundburiedaroundthetombshafthadneitherwedjat-eyesnorshen-symbols(ibid.,p.19,pl.X).

addedwithgreaterprecision to the small cor-pus of distinctively decorated model coffinsfrom a transitional period inTheban funeraryculture.Thesekindsofunpublisheddatainthe Fundjournalalsohavetheobviouspotentialtoassist in the visual and contextual identifica-tionofthemanyartefactsfromtheexcavationsthatweregiventotheUniversityofStrasbourgandother institutionseitherbyconsentof the5th Marquis of Northampton or perhaps fromSpiegelberg’sownprivatecollection24.SeveralpagesoftheStrasbourgUniversity’sobjectin-ventoryareapparentlyfilledwith“Objetsissusdes fouilles deDrah-Abu’lNegga etGurnah,hiver1898/9925anditwillbeinterestingtoseeif Frédéric Colin’s current project concerningthismaterialwillbringupmatcheswithobjectsrecordedintheFundjournal.Another useful yet rarely exploited aspect ofthediaryisthatsincemostartefactsaredatedtowithin a day or so of their discovery it ispossibletoassignapproximatespatialrelation-shipstomanyindividualartefactsorgroupsofobjects. For example, it appears that none ofthe ‘stick shabtis’ thatwere reported to havebeenfoundinconsiderablenumbersduringtheexcavations and that feature so prominentlyin the published report came from the north-eastern part of the site, since the earliest re-cordofsuchobjectsisdatedtoDecember12th1898, a full nineteen days after excavationsthere had ended26. Therefore, any concentra-

24 Uptonow,onlyarelativelysmallpercentageofob-jectsinStrasbourgUniversitytohavebeenpublishedareidentifiedascomingfromtheMarquis’excavations(nonearementionedinthearticleonthecollectionbyBucherandLeclant 1953-1956; none are included in the 1973exhibitionof328objects froml’Institutd’Égyptologie,forwhichsee:Parlebas1973;justoneispublishedinCo-lin2010,p.41).ItshouldalsobenotedthatSpiegelbergformedhisownprivatecollectionofantiquitiessomeofwhichmighthavecomefromtheMarquis’excavationsorwerepurchased fromlocaldealersand it ispossiblethat the provenance of somemay bemore confidentlyidentifiedwithhelpfromthe Fundjournal.25 Colin2010,p.38.26 The excavations in north-eastern Dra Abu el-Nagalasted from 14th-23rd November (Northampton/Spiegel-berg/Newberry1908,p.10-2).

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tions of ‘stick shabti’ depositswere confinedtothemiddleandsouthernsectionsofDraAbuel-Naga,asettingcorroboratedbymorerecentexcavations in this area27.What does seem alittle surprising is that this aspect and indeedotherpiecesofdetailedinformationrelatingto‘stick shabtis’ recorded by Spiegelberg werenot included in the published report giventhattheyarethefocusoftwoofitschapters28.Besides thepossibilityof assigningageneraldistributionpattern foranartefact type,moreprecisefind spots canbemade for individualobjectswhereSpiegelbergincludesaparticularpointofreferenceinassociationwiththeentry.Wherethisreferencepointcanberelatedtoaknownfeature(atomb)stillvisibleinthemod-ernDraAbuel-Nagalandscape, it ispossibleto extrapolate a reasonably secure and fairlytightzoneofdiscoveryforanartefact,aswillbehighlightedalittlelater.It is evident from theFundjournal that Spie-gelbergwaslargelyorevensolelyresponsiblefordocumentingthemanyartefactsdiscoveredbytheexpeditionasawhole,notleastbecauseNewberry’sdiaryisalmostdevoidofanysuchmaterial,andheappearstohavekeptnootherrecord,butalsobecauseweknowthatSpiegel-bergincorporatedinformationgiventohimbyNewberry (Fig. 3)29.This is not so surprisinggiventhatattimes,especiallyintheearlierstag-esoftheirinvestigations,bothexcavatorscouldbe working in two different sectors of theirconcession.Spiegelberg’smeticulousapproachtothemaintenanceoftheFundjournaltellsussomethingaboutthemanhimselfandalsoac-countsforthenearabsenceofanypersonaltriv-iarecordedinitandvirtuallynodetailsaboutany of the people he must have encountered

27 Whelan2007,p.4-8.28 Newberry1908aand1908b.29 The division of work is also evident by compar-ingdates inNewberry’sdiarywith theaccounts ledger(brieflydiscussedlaterandseealsoFig.9);on6thJanuary1899Newberrynotes“took20men+beganworkbehindIdrîseshouse”(p.7),whereastheaccountsledgerforthatday(p.24-5)showsthatactuallyatotalof51menwereemployed,andsopresumably31workerswereassignedtoSpiegelberg.

during the excavations. In fact, besidesNew-berry,thenamesofonlyfourotherindividualsaretobefoundintherecord(Fig.4).ThefirstistheBritisharchitectSomersClarkwhovisitedtheexcavationson15thNovember1898andof-feredSpiegelberghisprofessionalexpertiseonarchitecturalrecording30.ThesecondisHowardCarterwho ismentioned inanentrydated3rdDecember189831whenheattendedtheexcava-tions toexamineaproblematicarchaeologicalstratigraphy encounteredby theGerman. It isa littlestrange that theprofessionalassistanceofneitherEgyptologistisacknowledgedinthepublished report, though this is probably be-

30 Fundjournal p. 9. In the same year SomersClarkealsoassistedtheEgyptExplorationFund’sThebanex-peditionandiscreditedwithprovidinganarchitecturaldescription of part of Hatshepsut’s mortuary templeat Deir el-Bahari (Naville 1898, preface; also Davies1982,p.60).31 Fundjournalp.31.

Fig.3-Page11oftheFundjournalshowsaplan(top)drawnbySpiegelbergfromanoriginalmadebyNewberry-note“nachNewberry”inthetoprightcornerofthepage©GriffithInstitu-te,UniversityofOxford.

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cause Newberry rather than Spiegelberg waslargely responsible for writing it32. The thirdnamementionedoccursonnolessthansixteenoccasions and belongs to the well-known lo-calantiquitiesdealer IdrisAwad33,butalwaysonly in reference tohis house inDraAbuel-Naga, sincehehaddied in1898 shortly afterthestartoftheMarquis’excavations.Spiegel-berg provided a fitting epitaph for the dealerin hiswork published in the same year,Zwei Beiträge zur Geschichte und Topographie der thebanischen Necropolis im Neuen Reich, de-scribingIdrisasprobablythemostknowledge-able livingperson in theThebannecropolis34.

32 ThepublicationonlyacknowledgesCarterforhiswa-tercolour painting (Northampton/Spiegelberg/Newberry1908,p.ixand13).33 Bierbrier2012,p.273.34 “Aufs beste unterstützt von dem vortrefflichen IdrisAwad,wohldembestenKennenderthebanischenToten-stadtunterdenheutigenBewohnernderselben”(Spiegel-berg1898,p.2).

ThefourthpersondoesnotappearintheactualpagesoftheFundjournal,butfromapersonalletterpastedinthebackofthesecondvolume(Fig. 5), which although not directly associ-ated with theMarquis’ excavations, does be-longtoasignificantperiodinSpiegelberg’slifethatultimatelyrelatestohisinvolvementwiththeMarquis.Dated 1896, the letter iswrittenbyoneArthurMasonWorthingtonconcerningsomedrawingshehadmadeinthetombsatAs-wanandthathewishedtogivetoSpiegelberg.AtthetimethisletterwaswrittenSpiegelbergwas thenewlyappointed lecturer for theFac-ultyofPhilosophyatStrasbourgUniversityandwasinEgyptforthefirsttime,havingtravelledthereattheendofthepreviousyear,partlytogain first-hand experience of the ancient cul-turehehadchosentostudy,butalsotoacquireartefactsandphotographsfortheUniversity35.

35 AshortsummaryofhiscareerpathisgiveninGrimm1995,p.1;Colin2010,p.28-9.

Fig.4-(left)Page9oftheFundjournalrecordingthevisitofSomersClark;(right)Page31recordsthevisitofHowardCarter©GriffithInstitute,UniversityofOxford.

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SpiegelbergmayhaverelishedtheopportunitytoaddWorthington’sdrawingstotheresearchmaterialhehadalreadycollectedandkepttheman’scontactdetailsforanyfuturecorrespon-dence36. Even thoughWorthington was not aprofessionalEgyptologist, hewasnonethelessadistinguishedscholar,beingaFellowof theRoyalSocietyaswellasProfessorofPhysicsattheRoyalNavalEngineeringCollege,Devon-port37,whowentontoachieveconsiderablere-nownforhisscientificworkonthecharacteris-ticsofliquids38.Besides contact with Worthington, 1896 wasalso the year that Spiegelberg and Newberrybecamefirm friends. In the foreword toSpie-gelberg’sabovementionedbookonthehistoryandtopographyofThebesintheNewKingdomhestatesthathedidnotsuspecthewouldfind

36 Itwouldbeinterestingtoseeifanyfurthercorrespon-denceorcontacttookplacebetweenthem.37 Monthly Notices 1917,p.308.38 Worthington1908.

sucha splendidco-worker inhis friendNew-berry39.Theamicabilitywasclearlymutual,foritwasmostlikelyNewberrywhorecommendedSpiegelbergtotheMarquistwoyearslater.Fur-thermore,itisnocoincidencethatthetombsofDjehuty(TT11)andHery(TT12)wereamongthose excavated by the Northampton expedi-tion,sinceSpiegelberghadalreadyconductedapreliminaryinvestigationofthelatterandmadesqueezesofsomeofitsreliefsin1895-9640.In contrast to Wilhelm Spiegelberg’s Fund-journal, PercyNewberry used a small pocketyeardiary (measuringapproximately10cmx15.6cm)witheachpagedividedintothreedaysallowingjustenoughspacetowriteabriefentryfor each day.Unfortunately, this diary coversonlythesecondhalfoftheexcavationswhichre-commencedonJanuary5th1899.Newberryalmost certainlywrote another diary coveringthestartoftheexcavationsonNovember7thun-tiltheendofDecember1898,buteitherthishasnotsurvivedorhasyettobefound41.Contents-wise,Newberry’sdiary is almost thecompleteoppositetothatkeptbySpiegelberg,containingvery little technical information re-lating to the discoveries made by the expedi-tion;neverthelessitsimportanceliesinthefactthatmanyentriesrevealawealthofdetailaboutdailyevents,includingthefellowEgyptologists

39 “Ich ahnte damals noch nicht, welchen vortrefflichen Mitarbeiter ich in meinem Freunde Newberry finden würde…”(Spiegelberg1898,forward).40 ThetombisnotedinarecordintheInstituteofEgyp-tologyStrasbourgashavingbeenopenedbySpiegelberginJanuary1896(Colin2010,p.37);certainlyhemadesqueezesinthetombofHeryinthatyear(Galán2009,p.158,164-5andfigs.4-5),butintheofficialreportrefer-enceismadetothediscoveryofamummifiedibisinthesametombin1895(Northampton/Spiegelberg/Newberry1908,p.23).41 Theexistenceofadiaryfor1898mightbeassumedfromseveralstudieswhichrefertoNewberry’s1898/1899diaries(forexample:Colin2010,p.47note41),butitisprobablyaconfusioncausedbythecrossed-throughla-bel on the separate accounts ledgerwhich reads “LordNorthampton’sExcavations1898/9”.Since theGriffithInstituteiscurrentlyworkingonacatalogueofalltheirarchivalmaterialit isconceivablethatadiaryfor1898mayyetcometolight.

Fig. 5 -A letter pasted in the back of the second volume ofthe FundjournalwrittenbytheBritishacademicArthurMasonWorthingtonofferingSpiegelberghiscopiesofAswantombin-scriptions©GriffithInstitute,UniversityofOxford.

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andothervisitorsNewberryencounteredduringthesecondhalfof theseason.Thesheernum-ber of names recorded in his diary (over onehundredandthirtywesternersandnativeEgyp-tians)indicatesthevigourwithwhichNewberrymaintainedexistingsocialandprofessionalrela-tionshipsandhisoftenpro-activeestablishmentofnewones.Hisinitiativeinthiswaycertainlyhelpedhisowncareer advancement andocca-sionallythatofhisclosecolleagues.In 1898 Percy Newberry turned 30 years ofage and was freelance after several years ofemploymentwith theEgyptExplorationFundwhen he was retained by the 5th Marquis ofNorthampton. Besides directing the excava-tions, Newberry was responsible for liaisingwiththeMarquisofNorthamptonandprovid-inghimwithprogressreports,especiallywhenthelatterwasabsentfromLuxorontravelstootherpartsofEgypt,andalsotorequestfundsfor the expedition, all of which are noted inthe diary. He also hired the local workforceandactedaspaymaster,keepingadetailedac-counts ledger for the expedition. In addition,it seems that of the two Egyptologists, New-berrywasalsosolelyresponsibleforentertain-ingtheMarquis,hisfamilyandfriendsduringtheir visits to the excavations.With so manydistractions,itisunderstandablewhyhewouldnothavebeenbestplaced to record thefinds.NewberryseemstohaveleftthedecisionastowhatinformationmadeitintotheFundjournallargelytoSpiegelbergandthismightexplainanumberofdiscrepanciesbetweencertainstate-ments made about discoveries in Newberry’sdiaryandthefinalexcavationreport.OnJanu-ary19th1899Newberrynotedthepossibledis-coveryofthetombofAmenhotepI(Fig.6a)42.Thiswouldhavebeenaremarkableeventhaditbeen true,butofcourse thewhereaboutsofthis royal sepulchre has still to be positivelyidentified43. Icanthinkof twopossibleexpla-nationstoaccountforNewberry’serror,though

42 Diaryp.15.ThefollowingdayNewberryre-evaluatedthediscoverysuggestingthatitcouldbelongto“aprin-cess?ofAmenhetep’sfamily”.43 Polz1995,p.8-21.

neither is completely satisfactory. Firstly, thatNewberry mistakenly refers to the tomb ofHery (TT12)whichcertainlydates to theendofthe17thorearly18thDynasty44.Thissugges-tionwouldfitwiththetimingoftheentrysinceNewberry notes the discovery of the tomb ofDjehuty(TT11),whichsharestheentrancewithTT12,just twodayslater(January21st) inthefinalentryonthesamepage.ThispossibilityisalsoborneoutbySpiegelberg’sdiarywhichonJanuary18thand19th(pages73-75)recordstheinvestigationofthesharedentrance,butatthatpointrecordsonlythenameofHery.Newber-ry’smentionof‘heapsofdemoticinscriptions’,also in theJanuary19thentry,wouldcertainlyberelevantforbothTT11andTT12whichwerere-usedinlaterperiods45.AsecondexplanationisthatNewberrywasexcavatinginanotherpartof theconcessionanddiscovered,erroneouslyasitturnedout,whathebelievedtobean18thDynastyroyaltomb.Thepublishedreportmen-tions fragments of sarcophagi recovered fromtombslocatedattheeasternendofDeirel-Ba-hari(referredtoas“el-Birabe”)whichborethenameof(thedeified)AmenhotepI46.Whenthefirst inscribed fragment came to light perhapsNewberrybelievedhehadfoundtheroyaltomb(especiallyasthiswasclosetothesmalltempleofthesameking)47.Most interestingly, Newberry’s diary revealsglimpsesof theexcavator’ssocialandprofes-sional life in Egypt, which was particularlyactive in the few days leading up to the re-commencementofexcavationsfollowingafewdaysbreak afterChristmas.Thoughbrief, theentries for thisperiodarepackedwith illumi-nating detail. From January 1st-3rd Newberrywas inCairowithSpiegelberg (Fig.6b)48.On

44 Kampp1996,vol.1,p.192.45 Northampton/Spiegelberg/Newberry1908,p.23.46 Northampton/Spiegelberg/Newberry1908,p.38.47 Spiegelberg1898,p.1-5.48 AccordingtoSpiegelberg’s Fundjournal,thelastentryfor1898wasmadeonDecember29th (p.57)and theirdeparturetoCairowasmostlikelyonthefollowingday.Confirmationofthiscomesfromtheexpeditionaccountsledger,whichshowsonlyonemanwasemployedonDe-cember30thand31stasopposedto52menonDecember

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the final day before their departure to Luxor(January3rd),NewberrywaskeptbusyinCai-rowithamixtureofpersonalandprofessionalsocialising;inthemorninghewentwithSpie-gelbergandtherenownedclassicalphilologistRichardAugustReitzensteintotheCairoMu-seumandmetwithwhatcanonlybedescribedasaroll-callofmanyofEgyptology’sluminar-ies of the day:Adolf Erman, Émile Brugsch,Ludwig Borchardt, Friedrich von Bissing,JamesQuibell andÉmileChassinat.ThiswasfollowedbyatriptoGizatoseetheArabFarag,anexcavatorandantiquitiesdealerwell-known

29thindicatingthatworkhadended.NewberrymusthavebeeninCairofromDecember31statthelatestsincehewasabout inCairo early in themorningof January1st1899(Newberrydiaryp.6).

to western Egyptologists including FlindersPetrie49.Itisreasonabletospeculatethatthesemeetings were related to Reitzenstein’s andSpiegelberg’sacquisitionin1898and1899ofimportant Greek and Egyptian papyri for theStrasbourg University from a fund of 12,000marksdonatedbythePrussiancrownprince50.After themorning’sbusyactivities,Newberry

49 Drower1985,p.143,207-8.50 Colin 2010, p. 30-2.While any connection betweenFaragandReitzenstein’sandSpiegelberg’spurchaseofpapyriremainstobeestablished,thedealerisknowntohavesold importantGreekpapyri toPetrie in themid-1890’s(Drower1985,p.207-8).Evenso,FaragappearstohavebeeninathorninPetrie’ssideforexcavatinginareas hewas interested in and once referred to him as“thatbruteofaplunderer” (quoted inDrower1985,p.191;seealsoQuirke2010,p.123-4).

Fig.6-(a:left)NewberrynotesthediscoveryofwhathebelievedtobethetombofAmenhotepI;(b:right)Newberry’spackeddayofactivitiesinCairoonthedayofhisdeparturetoLuxor(January3rd1899)©GriffithInstitute,UniversityofOxford.

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lunchedwithhisoldacquaintanceHenryLyons,thearmycolonelandexcavatorwhohadrecent-lybegunageological andcadastral surveyofEgypt51.Laterthatafternoonhewentshopping;buyingsilkembroideryforhiswifeandsome‘castings’forHowardCarterwhicharenotfur-ther described, but cost the relativelymodestsumof£1.Later that eveningheboarded the9.30pmtrainforLuxor,accompaniedbySpie-gelbergandGeorgesDaressy.Soonafter theirarrivalinLuxoronJanuary4thNewberrytooklunchathishotelat1.30pmbeforecallingupontheMarquisofNorthamptonwhowasaboardhisDhahabiyacalledMaat,whichwasclearlythemodeoftransportforwealthytravellersonaleisurelytourofEgyptinthelatenineteenthcentury52.The following day,Newberry aroseat6.30amandwalkedovertoDraAbuel-NagaaccompaniedbyGeorgesDaressy,Spiegelbergandthelocaleffendiinordertoresolveadisputethat had arisen in their concession.The diarydoesnotrevealthenatureofthedisagreement,onlythatitwassatisfactorilyresolvedandcon-sequentlyNewberrywasabletocommenceex-cavationsthesamedayemploying30workers.TheMarquiswaspresentattheopeningdayofworkandstayedforlunchwithNewberryandthenreturnedtotheexcavationsonthefollow-ingdayaccompaniedbyhischildrenaswellastwo siblingsof the26thEarl ofCrawford53. ItisinthisentrythatNewberrygivesthegenerallocationof theexcavationsat that timeasbe-ingbehindthehouseofthedealerIdrisAwad,whichcanbemorepreciselydefinedbycom-paringitwithSpiegelberg’sFundjournalentryforthesameday,sinceitincludesasketchplanshowingthework’slocation20msouth-eastofIdris’house54.Thisisoneoftherareinstanceswhereanexcavationeventisrecordedinbothdiaries.TheMarquis’ presence at the excava-tionsonseveralotheroccasionsisnotedinthediary,butfromitspageswealsoknowthathe

51 LyonswasonthesameboatasNewberryonhisveryfirsttriptoEgyptintheearly1890’s(Drower1985,p.172).52 Reid2002,p.84-6.53 January6th,Diaryp.7.54 Fundjournalp.57.

didnotstayinLuxorforthedurationofhistimeinEgypt,sailingsouthearlyinJanuarytospendsometimeatAswan,beforereturningonJanu-ary30th55.DuringhistwoorsoweeksabsencefromLuxorNewberrywrotetohimfourtimes,nodoubt keepinghis employer abreast of theexpedition’sprogress.Duringthecourseoftheexcavations,besidestheMarquis and his family,Newberry entertainedvarious Egyptologists and other distinguishedvisitors to Luxor. These dated encounters areusefulforestablishingpointsofcontactbetweenNewberryandothers.They revealNewberry’snear constant networking, socialisingwith oldfriends andcolleagues aswell asmakingnewacquaintances,someofwhomwouldservehimwell in futureyears.Of themanynamesscat-tered throughout the diary (see Appendix), anumber are also listedon a singlepage at thebeginning(afewaccompaniedwithaddresses),probablyasareminderofencountersmaderath-erthanachecklistofpeopletomeet56.OfalltheEgyptologistsmentioned the nameofHowardCarter stands out. Their friendship went backseveral years to 1891when Newberry’s influ-ence helped secure Carter’s employment withtheArchaeologicalSurveyoftheEgyptExplo-rationFund57.Intotalthereare16pageswherehis name appears, amounting to 23 separatedays, spanning January 4th -March 19th 1899,whenNewberrymetwithCarter,sometimesforlunch,butmostlyfordinneratCarter’shouse58.WecanimagineNewberrydiscussedtheday’sdiscoveries with Carter, whom we know wasconsulted at least once about theirwork fromthe abovementioned single entry in Spiegel-berg’sFundjournal,butitiscleartheyalsoen-joyedeachother’scompanyandonmorethanoneoccasionwouldplayagameofcardsafterdinner.FromtimetotimetheywouldbejoinedbyWilhelmSpiegelberg,whomNewberryoften

55 TheMarquismusthaveleftLuxorbeforethe13thsinceNewberrysentalettertohimonthatday(page11).56 Diaryp.2.57 James1992,p.14-6.58 January4th,6th-7th,11th-13th,17th,19th-20th,28th-30th;Feb-ruary2nd-4th,20th,22nd,26th;March3rd-4th,13th-14th,19th.

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nicknamed“Spiegie”inhisdiary,aswellasEd-ouardNavilleandCharlesSillem,anartistwhowasassistingCarteratthattimewithepigraphicwork in Hatshepsut’s temple at Deir el-Baha-ri59.Newberry continued to take an interest inCarter’scareer,ascanbeseenfromentriesrelat-ingtoanotherlandmarkevent;namelyhisfirstmeetingwith thewealthyAmericanTheodoreM.DavisonFebruary24th1899.DaviswasonatourofEgyptand,liketheMarquis,travelledinaDhahabiya(“theBedouin”)withanumberofladytravelcompanionsincludinghisrelativeEmmaB.Andrews60.Thisnewfoundrelation-shipwouldultimatelyprovebeneficialtoNew-berryandalsotoCarter,whowasintroducedtotheAmericanatthattime;bothwouldgoontoworkforDavisonexcavationsintheValleyoftheKings61.Carteralsobenefittedfromseveralcommissionstoproduceanumberoffinepaint-ingsfromDavisandEmmaB.Andrews.Indeed,NewberryhimselfalsocommissionedCarterto

59 James1992,p.59and85.60 ThemeetingsbetweenNewberryandCarterwerenot-edbyMrs.AndrewsinherdiarynowintheMetropolitanMuseumofArt (theirmeetings at this time are furtherdiscussedwithanextractfromherdiaryinJames1992,p.63-4).61 Newberry/Carter1904,Daviset al. 1907.

paintasceneofpigs tramplinggrain fromthetomb of Nebamun, which was discovered onJanuary31st189962,forthepublishedreportofthe Marquis’ excavations (Fig. 7). AccordingtoNewberry’sdiary,CarterbeganpaintingthesceneonFebruary22nd1899andhaditcomplet-edbyMarch4th63.One might assume from Spiegelberg’sFund-journalthat,atleastintermsofdiscoveries,theexcavationscametoanendonFebruary9th,yetNewberry’sdiaryreveals thatmuchworkstillremainedtobedoneafterthisdateandalmostuntilhisdeparture (andpossibly thatofSpie-gelbergalso)toCairoonMarch20th64.OnFeb-ruary9thNewberrywasarrangingphotographyandonmanysubsequentdayshewasbusytrac-ing inscriptions, photographing and drawing,or packingobjects untilfinallyonMarch18thhenotesinoneofhisshortestentries“FinishedworkforReport.Rainedinevening”65.

62 “Northampton spentwhole daywith us +we foundsomeremarkablepainting(pigs+c)”(page20).63 Diaryp.32and39.64 TheaccountsledgershowsthatuptoFebruary11thasmanyas61workerseachdaywerestillemployed(p.38-9),reducingto24fromFebruary13th-19th(p.40-1),andfinally13perdayfromFebruary20th-25th(p.42-3).65 Diaryp.47.

Fig.7-HowardCarter’swatercolourofasceneinthetombofNebamunpublishedinthereportoftheMarquisofNorthampton’sexpedition(TheMarquisofNorthampton,SpiegelbergandNewberry1908,pl.XIII).

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AnothernameappearingfrequentlyinthepagesofNewberry’sdiaryisthatofhisfirstwifeHel-ena(Fig.8)66.AtthetimeoftheMarquis’exca-vationsNewberryhadbeenmarriedfor4years,andalthoughHelenaappearsnottohaveplayedaparticularlyactiveroleinherhusband’sworkinEgypt, henotes numerous communicationsbetweenthem67.Ofthemanyletters,postcardsand occasional parcels sent byNewberry, themajority(totalling10)wereforhiswife,whomhe endearingly refers to throughout as Nelly.LittlehasbeenwrittenaboutHelenaNewberry(néeAders) and what has can sometimes be

66 Special thanksgo tomywifeJaneHamiltonforob-tainingcopiesofNewberry’smarriagecertificateandtheNationalArchives’censusdocumentfor1911(thelatterconfirmingtheidentityofHelena’smother).67 Helena was in Luxor in 1895-6 when Petrie stayedthree nights in the Newberry’s native house (Drower1985,p.219).

confused with Newberry’s second wife EssieWinifred,whomhemarriedin1907andiswellknown to Egyptology68.UnlikeHelena, Essiewasmore involvedwithherhusband’scareer,regularlyaccompanyinghim toEgyptaswellassharinghisinterestincollectingantiquities,especiallyancienttextiles–evenworkingwithhiminthetombofTutankhamun69.Even though Newberry kept a separate ac-countsledgerfortheexpeditionwithrecordsofthepaymentsmade to individualworkersandoverseers,which is also stored in theGriffithInstitute(Fig.9)70,healsomaderandomnotes

68 For example inDuggan2009, it is stated thatNew-berrymarriedHelenain1907(p.25footnote),butthisiswhenhemarriedEssie.69 Bierbrier2012,p.402.70 ItcanbepresumedthatNewberrydrewuponaroughorworkingcopy,perhapsalsosomeofthenotesrecordedinhisdiary,fromwhichhepreparedthisfinalneatlywrit-

Fig.8-CopyofthemarriagecertificateofPercyNewberryandHelenaAders.TheceremonywasheldonNovember26th1894inSydenham,London.Helena’smotherandsecondhusband(“thePlimmers”)appearinNewberry’sdiary©Crowncopyright.

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about the expedition finances in his daily di-ary.Thesejottingsweremadeonthebacksofpageswithotherbriefmemorandums.Amongtheminutiaofdetailweknowabout amountsloanedorpaidonaccounttoSpiegelberg,andthatNewberrykept(theexpedition?)moneyinablack tin, andwas required toconvert largedemoninationcurrency intosmallerchange topay for workers and incidentals – somethingthat today is stillanecessity formostvisitorsandexcavatorsinEgypt!71Besidesthesetidbitsabout theexpeditionfinances,detailsofNew-berry’spersonalprovisionscanbefound,whichincludesstandardfaresuchasfruit,breadandmilkaswellasmodestluxuriessuchashispre-ferredbrandofcigarettes,Hantower72.Hisdiaryalsocontains thenamesofasmanyasthirty-nineEgyptians(afigurethatexcludesEgyptianantiquitiesdealers,whoaredealtwithseparatelybelow),whichhelptobuildapictureofrelationshipsbetweenthewesternexcavatorandhis localworkforce.Appreciating the full

tenversionentitled“The Theban Necropolis Excavations 1898-1899. Account of Men’s Wages for the Marquis of Northampton”.71 Eventheamountschangedaregiven:p.8(£16),p.13(£15)andp.21(£10).72 Diaryp.49.

importanceofthenativeEgyptiancontributiontothedevelopmentofwesternEgyptologyandtotheoverallsuccessofexcavationshas,untilrecently, been largely overlooked73.Althoughthedepthof informationis limited, thenamesinNewberry’sdiaryandledgerofferastartingpointforfurtherresearchinthisareaandatthevery leastgive some recognition to theother-wiselargelyinvisibleexpeditionworkforce.AscanbeseenfromtheAppendixattheendofthisarticle,thevastmajorityoftheEgyptiannamesin the diary belong to workers employed byNewberry on theMarquis’ excavations, sincethe same named individuals also appear intheaccounts ledger.What the latterdocumentdoesnot reveal about theworkers,but is evi-dentinNewberry’sdiary,isthatsomeofthoseemployedwereboys.OnJanuary9th1899,forexample, not long after excavations re-com-menced, he “startedwork again at 7 with 80men+boys”74.Theuseofboyswasnotunusu-al;indeeditwasnormalpracticeforexcavatorstouseworkersofvariousagesincludingboys,althoughitshouldbeunderstood,giventoday’sconcernsoverexploitativeworkpractices,that

73 See the recentground-breakingstudyaboutFlindersPetrie’sEgyptianworkforcebyQuirke2010.74 Diaryp.8.

Fig.9-Pagesfromtheaccountsledger,alsohousedintheGriffithInstitute,producedbyNewberryfortheMarquisliststhenamesofnativeworkershiredforeachdayoftheexcavationsandtheamountstheywerepaid.Overtheperiod28thNovember-3rdDecember1898(p.10-13)atotalof87workerswereemployed–thelargestnumberatanytimeoftheexcavations©GriffithInstitute,UniversityofOxford.

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some (possiblymany) of those referred to as“boys”wouldnowactuallybeclassedasyoungmen.Petriegivesintypicallybluntfashionhisreasoningas towhy‘boys’werepreferable tooldermeninhis1904book,Methods and Aims in Archaeology:

Thebestagefordiggersisabout15to20years.After that many turn stupid, and only a smallproportionareworthhavingbetween20and40.After40veryfewareofanyuse,thoughsomerobustmenwillcontinuetoabout5075.

Of the few Egyptian names that do not tallywiththeaccountsledger,threebelongtowell-known antiquity dealers, Mohamed Mohas-sib, IdrisAwadandFaragwhowere likely tohave been introduced to Newberry by Petrie.Ofthethree,MohamedMohassibwasPetrie’sfavoured dealer and is mentioned with somefrequency in his documents76. Newberry’s re-lationshipwithMohassibappearstohavebeenequallycordial,evenextendingtohavingdin-ner together onMarch 12th 189977. Newberrykept an eye on any noteworthy artefacts thedealerhadtoofferandoccasionallynotedtheminthediary,sometimesaccompaniedbyacopyof their inscription78. As with Spiegelberg’s Fundjournal, the name of IdrisAwad occurswiththemostfrequency79andNewberry’srela-tionshipwithhimalsowentbackseveralyearswhen,in1895,hehadrentedIdris’house80.Af-ter the death of the dealer in 1898Newberrymaintained contactwith hiswidow even pur-chasingtheoddantiquityfromher,presumablyfrom ‘old’ stock leftbyher latehusband81, as

75 Diaryp.20-1.76 Quirke2010,p.39,74and131;Drower1985,p.220.MohassibwasalsousedbyCarterforwhommoredetaildocumentsareavailablesee:Reeves/Taylor1992,p.119;James1992,p.185,197-8,312.77 Diaryp.48.78 Diaryp.9and45.79 Diaryp.7,8,24,37and49.ForabriefbiographyofIdrissee:Bierbrier2012,273.80 Bierbrier 2012, 273.Thismay have been the housewherePetriestayedforthreenights(seenote65).81 EntryforJanuary9th1899(p.8)“BoughtXVIIthDyn.figureofawoman3/-+glass1/-fromIdrises(sic.)wife”.

wellashiringdonkeys82.ThehouseofIdriswasa landmarkbuilding in theThebannecropolisatDraAbu el-Naga and, being located in theheartoftheMarquis’concession,appearsasatopographical reference point occasionally inNewberry’s diary and frequently in Spiegel-berg’sFundjournal83.Twonon-Egyptianantiq-uitiesdealersalsoappearinNewberry’sdiary,the Greek Panayotis Kyticas84 and the ItalianGiovanniDattari85, bothofwhomwerebasedinCairo.Intruth,theinteractionsbetweentheexcavatorandallthevariousdealersmentionedin thesebriefestofentriescanmostlyonlybeguessedat,butwhencombinedwithdocumentsfromotherEgyptologistsandtravellerstheydocontributetothepictureofalivelyantiquitiestrade in Luxor andCairo in the latter part ofthe nineteenth century.As was the case withmany of his contemporaries, Newberry’s in-terestinantiquitiesofferedbydealerswasnotonlyborneofgeneralandacademiccuriosity,but also speculation for commercial opportu-nities86.Thisexplainswhy,whendetailsofanobject seen at a dealer are noted in the diary,invariablytheyareaccompaniedwiththeprice.The acquisition of antiquities with a view to

82 Diaryp.49recordsthehiringofthreedonkeysfromIdrisfor17piastres.83 Newberry’sdiaryentryforJanuary6th1899(page7)“Up6.30tookon20men+beganworkbehindIdrîses(sic.)house”;ThisareaaroundIdris’housewasbeingin-vestigatedinthepreviousyearsinceSpiegelberg’sFund-journal forDecember 12th 1898 (page 41) notes: “DersüdlicheTeilvonDrahAbulNeggahdichtbeidemHausedesIdrisAwadinAngriffgenommen”.Spiegelberggivesnumerousotherreferencesaswellasseveralsketchplansindicatingthelocationofthehouseinrelationtonotabletombs or artefacts they discovered (see entry for Idrisin theAppendix for page refs.), including the tomb ofHery(TT12)situatedabout80mnorth-westofthehouse(Fundjournalpage58f).SeealsoMiniaci2009,p.44-5.84 Bierbrier2012,p.304.85 Bierbrier2012,p.143.86 Forinstance,NewberrywrotebrieflyaboutacylinderhespottedintheshopofMohamedMohassibthathesub-sequentlyacquiredforLordAmherst(Newberry1899,p.282-3).Likewise,aRamessideshabti forPaser,MayorofThebes,purchasedbyNewberryfromanotherLuxordealer,AbdelMegid,alsoendedupintheAmherstcol-lection(Newberry1900,p.64-5).

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selleithertowealthycontacts,institutionsortotouristshad longbeenawaywesternexcava-torscouldsupplementtheirincome.Andclearlythiscouldbeconsiderable,asanoteonpage3(Fig.10a)ofthediaryreveals:“Incomederivedfromsaleoftouristtrinkets£2500perannum”.It is not indicated if the figure quoted relatestoactualorprospectivesalesortoNewberry’sactivities or those of another person such asCarter,thelatterbeingwell-knownfordealinginantiquitiesaswellasproducingpaintingsforsaletotourists87.

87 For examples of hisworkwith brief comments see:Reeves/Taylor1992,p.52-3.

The most personal of Newberry’s entries aretwohand-writtenversesonthetitlepageofthediary(Fig.10b),whichrevealalyricalsidetohis character.Thefirst is a slightly inaccuratecopyofaWilliamWordsworthversewrittenin1834:

SmallserviceistrueservicewhilstitlastsOffriends,howeverhumble,scornnotoneThedaisybytheshadowthatitcastsProtectsthelingeringdewdropfromthesun88

Onecouldspeculatethattheverseservedasaninspirational mantra for Newberry during his

88 FortheoriginalversionseeReed1837,p.117.

Fig.10-(a:left)Page3fromNewberry’sdiarywhichmentionsthemoneymade(ortobemade)fromthesaleoftrinkets(antiquities?);(b:right)ThecoverpageofNewberry’sdiarywithtwohandwrittenverses©GriffithInstitute,UniversityofOxford.

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shortperiodintheserviceoftheMarquisandasareminderofthevalueoffriendshipsoldandnew,allofwhicharecertainlyevidentthrough-outhisdiary.Thesecondverse,forwhichIhaveyettofindaparallel,maybeentirelyNewberry’sowncre-ation:

IfbyeachroseweseeAthorntheregrowsStrivethatnothornshallbeWithoutitsrose

Iwould like to thinkhere thatNewberry sawhimselfas the“thorn”andhiswifeHelenaasthe“rose”who,thoughmanymilesawayinEn-gland,wasevidentlyofteninhisthoughts.Thefloral theme running through both versesalsoembodiesNewberry’slongstandingpassionforbotany,apassionthatpredatedhisEgypto-logicalcareeryetmayhavebeenresponsibleforit.Afterall,itwasthroughhispublishedarticlesongardensthathebecameacquaintedwiththeAmherstfamily,thewell-knownbenefactorsofEgyptologyandwhose collectionofEgyptianantiquities was amongst the finest in privateownership in the nineteenth century. Indeed,Newberry’s earliest articles about the historyofEnglishgardenswerepublishedin1888-89,several years prior to his employment by the

EgyptExplorationFund,inaperiodicalcalledGardener’s Chronicle89.EvenafterhebecameaseasonedexcavatorinEgypt,hisearlyinterestinbotanywastoservehimwellattimeswhenhe encountered ancient flower, plant and treeremains,most notably during hiswork in theclearanceofTutankhamun’stomb90.

The few examples given here demonstrate theconsiderable contribution the written recordsmadebyWilhelmSpiegelbergandPercyNew-berrycanmaketoourknowledgeoftheMarquisofNorthampton’sexcavationsandofthediscov-eries made than can otherwise be appreciatedfromthepublishedreportalone,andforallowingusrarepersonalglimpsesofanexcavator’slifeinthevibrantearlyyearsofmodernEgyptology.

Notes to the Appendix

TheAppendix at the end of this article liststhenamesofthemanyindividualsrecordedinWilhelmSpiegelberg’sFundjournalandPercyNewberry’sdiary.Wheretheidentityofanin-dividual is secure (or almost certain) it is ac-companiedwith a brief biographical note andsinglebibliographicalreference.Whereanamehasproveddifficulttoread(mostlywhenitoc-curs only once and cannot be compared) it isfollowedby(?).

89 James1992,p.11.90 Forexample,hiscatalogueontheshabtisintheCairoMuseum(Newberry1930-1957)oftenprovidesthetim-berspecies.

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Name in diary Page number(s) IdentityWILHELM SPIEGELBERG’S FUNDJOURNAL

Clarke 9 SomersClarke,Britisharchitectandarchaeologist(Bierbrier2012,p.124)Carter 31 HowardCarter,BritishEgyptologist(Bierbrier2012,p.105-6)Idris 41,43,54,57,58,58f,

59,62,69,74,75,86,92,109,112,114

IdrisAwad(effendi),Egyptianantiquitiesdealerwhodiedin1898(Bierbrier2012,p.273).AllmentionsrefertothehouseofIdrisratherthanpersonalencounters

Worthington 23(letterpastedinbackofsecondvolume)

ArthurMasonWorthington,Britishacademic,FellowoftheRoyalSocietyaswellasProfessorofPhysicsattheRoyalNavalEngineeringCollegeGreen-wich(Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 1917,p.308)

PERCY NEWBERRY’S DIARYAndrews 2,48 Mrs.Andrews-MostlikelytobeEmmaB.Andrews(Bierbrier2012,p.21),

AmericanrelativeandtravelcompanionofthewealthyAmericanbusiness-manTheodoreMontgomeryDavis(seerespectiveentrybelow)

Amherst 6,12,20,32,39,47 1stBaronWilliamAmhurstTyssen-Amherst,BritishcollectorandpatronofEgyptology(Bierbrier2012,p.18)

Amherst 19 AliciaAmherst,daughterofabove(James1992,p.11forherscholarlyfriendshipwithNewberry)

Ashburton 20 Lady(MaryFlorenceBaring)Ashburton,daughterofWilliamBaring,2ndBaronAshburtonandwifeofthe5thMarquisofNorthampton(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Compton,_5th_Marquess_of_Northampton,accessed20/09/12)

Baring 2 Mrs.Baring,possiblyamemberofthefamilyofSirEvelynBaring,whoisreferredtoas(1stEarlof)Cromerinthediary(fortheentryseebelowunderCromer).ItcannotbeSirEvelynBaring’sfirstwifeEthelErringtonwhodiedin1898

Becker 36 HerrBauratTh.Becker,Germanarchitectwhospenttwodays(28thFebruary-March1st1899)makingadrawingofthefaçadeofthetombofNebamunforthepublishedreport(TheMarquisofNorthampton/Spiegelberg/Newberry1908,p.ixandpl.XIV)

Benson 16,20 MargaretBenson,Britishexcavator(Bierbrier2012,p.54)Bissing 2,6,28,31,52 FriedrichWilhelmBissing,GermanEgyptologist(Bierbrier2012,p.60-1)Blackwood 2,43 IanBasilGawaineTempleHamilton-Temple-Blackwood,sonofFrederick

Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,1stMarquessofDufferinandAva(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Temple_Blackwoodaccessed12/10/2012)

Blackwood 40 “youngBlackwood”-possiblyanothersonoftheFrederickHamilton-Tem-ple-Blackwood,1stMarquessofDufferin(unlikelytobeareferencetoBasilGawaineTempleHamilton-Temple-Blackwoodwhoattwenty-nineyearsofageisperhapspastbeingreferredtoas“young”)

Borchardt 2,6 LudwigBorchardt,GermanEgyptologist(Bierbrier2012,p.68-9)Brown 53 MajorRobertHanburyBrown,Britishmilitaryofficer(RoyalEngineers)who

servedasInspectorGeneralofIrrigationinUpperEgyptandwroteabookabouttheFayumregion(Brown1892)

Brugsch 6,51 HeinrichFerdinandKarlBrugsch,GermanEgyptologist(Bierbrier2012,p.84-5)

Budge 8,11,12,28 ErnestAlfredThompsonBudge,BritishEgyptologist(Bierbrier2012,p.90-2)Buttles 39 JanetR.Buttles,AmericanwriterandrelativeofTheodoreDavis(Bierbrier

2012,p.98)

APPENDIx

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Name in diary Page number(s) IdentityCarlisle 2,40,43 LordCarlisle,probablyGeorgeJamesStanleyHoward,9thEarlofCarlisle

(ChristopherRidgway,‘Howard,GeorgeJames,ninthearlofCarlisle(1843-1911)’,OxfordDictionaryofNationalBiography,OxfordUniversityPress,2004[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34019,accessed16/10/2012])

Carter 6,7,8,11,12,15,19,20,23,32,36,37,39,44,

46,48

HowardCarter,BritishEgyptologist(seeentryforSpiegelberg’sFundjournal)

Cash 44 Mrs.Cash,perhapsanAmericanladytravellingwithTheodoreM.Davis’party(sheismentionedwithMissFoot-seeentry)

Chassinat 6 ÉmileChassinat,FrenchEgyptologist(Bierbrier2012,p.117-8)Cogordau 6 GeorgeCogordau,FrenchMinister(Berger-Levraultet al1906,p.302)Compton 7 ThiscannotbeWilliamGeorgeSpencerScottCompton,5thMarquisof

Northamptonasheisalsomentionedinthesamediaryentry(perhapshissonWilliamBinghamCompton?)

Compton 201,54 LadyMargaretGeorgianaComptonwasthedaughterofAdmiralWilliamCompton,4thMarquisofNorthampton

Crawford 7,8,24 LordJamesLindsayCrawford,26thEarlofCrawford(http://thepeerage.com/p1776.htm#i17753accessed30/09/2012)

Cromer 11 SirEvelynBaring,1stEarlofCromer,BritishdiplomatandBritishConsul-General(J.G.Darwin,‘Baring,Evelyn,firstearlofCromer(1841-1917)’,OxfordDictionaryofNationalBiography,OxfordUniversityPress,2004;onlineedn.,Jan2008[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30583,ac-cessed28/10/2012)

Daressy 6,7,43?2,48?3 GeorgesÉmileJulesDaressy,FrenchEgyptologist(Bierbrier2012,p.142-3)Dattari 6 GiovanniDattari,ItaliancollectorbasedinCairo(Bierbrier2012,p.143)Davis 2,35,36,51,52,53 TheodoreMontgomeryDavis,Americanlawyer,businessman,excavatorand

benefactor(Bierbrier2012,p.145-6)Dingli 6 PossiblyaMaltesecompanionofCountRiamod’Hulstsincebotharemen-

tionedtogetherinthesamediaryentry2ndJanuary1899.(fortheMalteseoriginsurnamesee:http://www.searchmalta.com/surnames/dingli/index.shtml,accessed28/11/2012)

Erman 2,47 JeanPierreAdolfErman,GermanEgyptologist(Bierbrier2012,p.180-1)Esdaile 12,15,23 ColonelEsdaile,BritisharmyofficerwhoworkedwithMargaretBensonat

theTempleofMut,Karnak(Benson/Gourlay1899,p.viii)Evans 2,12 SirJohnEvans,Britisharchaeologist(J.L.Myres,‘Evans,SirArthurJohn

(1851-1941)’,rev.A.M.Snodgrass,OxfordDictionaryofNationalBiog-raphy,OxfordUniversityPress,2004;onlineedn.,May2007[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33032,accessed20/10/2012])

Evans 2,12 LadyHarrietAnnEvans,wifeofaboveEyres 2,15 Ownerofayacht“Soprano”andcompanionofDr.Hubbard(seeentrybelow)Farag 6 Farag,Egyptianantiquitiesdealerandexcavator(Drower1985,p.143and

passim)Farman 28 E.E.Farman,AmericandiplomatwhoservedasLatinAmericanConsulGen-

eralinCairo(http://warsawhistory.org/farman.html)Foot 44,51 MissFoot,perhapsatravelcompanionofTheodoreM.Davis(p.51“whereI

met[D]avis+MissFoot).ThisisprobablythesamepersonastheMissFootementionedonp.39and52(seeentrybelow)

Foote 2 MosesMelvin(?)Foote,possiblyarelativeofMissFoot(e)Foote 39,52 DorotheaFoote,isunlikelytobethewifeofabovesincesheisreferredtoas

“MissFoote”onp.39;thereforeperhapshisdaughterorsister?Garstin 2,6,7,19,51,52 SirWilliamGarstin,UnderSecretary,DepartmentofPublicWorksEgypt

(Drower1985,p.241,272)

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Name in diary Page number(s) IdentityGorst(Miss) 2 PerhapsrelativeofSirEldonGorst,Britishdiplomatandin1907successorto

LordCromerasBritishConsul-GeneralinEgypt(Drower1985,p.306,311,325)

Gourlay 16,20,235 JanettaAgnesGourlay,Britishexcavator(Bierbrier2012,p.219)Grenfell 23,47 FrancisAlgernonWallaceGrenfell,Britishsoldierandexcavator(Bierbrier

2012,p.226)Grenfell 48,51 BernardPyneGrenfell,Britishpapyrologist(Bierbrier2012,p.225-6)Halton 2 Mr.MarchandHalton,whoserelationshiptoNewberryisnotknownHalton 2 Mrs.FrichHalton,wifeofaboveHornblower 2 GeorgeHornblower,BritishofficialservingintheMinistryofInteriorin

Egypt(Drower1985,p.276)Hubbard 2,15 AdoctorandfriendofMr.Eyres(seeentryforEyresabove)d’Hulst 6 CountRiamod’Hulst,Germanexcavator(Bierbrier2012,p.268-9)Hubelt(?) 12,27 UncertainreadingHunt 48,51 ArthurSurridgeHunt,Britishpapyrologist(Bierbrier2012,p.269-70)Idris 7,37,49 IdrisAwad(effendi),Egyptianantiquitiesdealerwhodiedin1898(seeentry

forSpiegelberg’sFundjournalforreference)Idris 8,24 WifeofaboveIrwin 8 Acouple(“theIrwins”)whowrotetoNewberry,fullidentitynotknownJackson 47 MissJackson,aladytowhomNewberrywroteJohn 59,60 JohnNewberry,Percy’sbrotherandaBritisharchitectwhoworkedonexca-

vationsforEgyptExplorationFundinthe1890’s(Bierbrier2012,p.402)Kingsford 35 PerhapsMissFlorenceKingsford,aBritishladywhoisknowntohavetravel-

ledwithMrs.Petrieintheearly1900’s(Drower1985,p.288and290)Kyticas 3 PanayotisKyticas,GreekantiquitiesdealerbasedinCairo(Bierbrier2012,p.

304)6

Legrain 8,24,48 GeorgesLegrain,FrenchEgyptologist(Bierbrier2012,p.320-1)Legrain 8,24 MadameLegrain,wifeofaboveLidor(?) 7 UncertainreadingLindsay 35 ProbablynotoneoftheoffspringofLordCrawfordmentionedelsewherein

thediary(fortheseseeentrybelowandforLordCrawford)Lindsays 7,237,24 TwounidentifiedsonsofLordCrawford(seeentry).Theycouldbeanytwo

ofCrawford’ssixsons(http://thepeerage.com/p1776.htm#i17753accessed30/09/2012)

Loret 3,6 VictorLoret,FrenchEgyptologist(Bierbrier2012,p.338-9)Lyons 6,11,19,24,27,36,48,

52SirHenryGeorgeLyons,Britisharmyofficerandexcavator(Bierbrier2012,p.344)

Lyons 7,19,20,27,43,44,52,53

Wifeofabove

Matchett 2,56 MajorMatchett,perhapsthepromotedCaptainH.K.Matchett,Britishmili-taryofficerwhoformedanewbattalionforthenativeEgyptianarmyinCairoin1897(Atteridge1902,p.40)

McIlraith 28 Acouple(“theMcIlraiths”)knowntoNewberryMohassib 9,45,48 MohammedMohassib,EgyptianantiquitiesdealerbasedinLuxor(Bierbrier

2012,p.376-7)deMorgan 3 JacquesJeanMariedeMorgan,Frencharchaeologist(Bierbrier2012,p.386)Murray 12,19,23 MargaretAliceMurray,BritishEgyptologist(Bierbrier2012,p.393-4)Naville 5,28,31,32,35,39,43,

44,48,51ÉdouardNaville,SwissEgyptologist(Bierbrier2012,p.398-400)

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Name in diary Page number(s) IdentityNelly 6,8,12,15,16,19,20,

23,24,27,28,31,32,35,36,39,43,47,52

HelenaNewberry(néeAders),Newberry’sfirstwife(marriedin1894)

Percival 2,39,43,44,51,52,53 PerhapsFrancisWilliamPercival,BritishtravellerandcommitteememberoftheEgyptExplorationFund(Bierbrier2012,p.422-3)

Percival 39,44,51 Mrs.Percival,wifeofabovePetrie 6,11,19,24,32,40,45,

59SirWilliamMatthewFlindersPetrie,BritishEgyptologist(Bierbrier2012,p.428-30)

Petrie 28 HildaMaryIsabelPetrie,BritishEgyptologistandwifeofabove(Bierbrier2012,p.427-8)

Plimmer 59 Twoindividualswiththisname“Plimmer(s)”.AlmostcertainlyBerthaHelenePlimmer(néeAders)whowasHeleneNewberry’smotherandhersecondhusband(BerthaPlimmerwitnessedtheNewberry’smarriagecertifi-cate-seefig.9)

PrinceofBorussia

2,43 PresumablyCrownPrinceFriedrichWilhelmVictorAugustErnst,sonofFriedrichWilhelmViktorAlbert(WilhelmII)(Jonas1961,p.24-5).

PrincessMary 56 VictoriaMaryAugustaLouiseOlgaPaulineClaudineAgnes,consortofGeorgeV(FrankProchaska,‘Mary(1867-1953)’,OxfordDictionaryofNationalBiography,OxfordUniversityPress,2004;onlineedn.,Jan2011[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34914,accessed16/10/2012)

Quaritch 7,38 ProbablyQuaritchtheantiquarianbooksellerandpublishingcompanybasedinLondon

Quibell 6,47,51 JamesEdwardQuibell,BritishEgyptologist(Bierbrier2012,p.450-1)Quibell 47 AnnieAbernethieQuibell,BritishEgyptologistandwifeofabove(Bierbrier

2012,p.450)Reeves 20,31 Fullidentitynotknown,buteitheranacquaintance/relativeofNewberryor

evenastationers,whosuppliedhimwithnotebooksReisner 2,48,49,51 GeorgeAndrewReisner,AmericanEgyptologist(Bierbrier2012,p.459-60)Reitzenstein 2,6,32 RichardAugustReitzenstein,Germanclassicalphilologistandscholar(http://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_August_Reitzenstein,accessed10/10/2012)Sayce 43,44 ArchibaldHenrySayce,BritishAssyriologist(Bierbrier2012,p.489-90)Scharhib 27 Fullidentityuncertain,butarelativelyuncommonsurname.ADr.H.

ScharhibismentionedinThe London Gazette, September10,1901p.5969(http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/27353/pages/5969/page.pdf,ac-cessed16/10/2012)

Schweinfurth 2,11,23,39,438,489 GeorgAugustSchweinfurth,Germanexplorerandbotanist(Bierbrier2012,p.497)

Sillem 7,8,15,23,32,43,48 CharlesSillem,BritishartistwhoworkedwithHowardCarteratDeirel-Bahari(James1992,p.59,85)

Spencer 2,35 JohnPoyntzSpencer,fifthEarlSpencer(PeterGordon,‘Spencer,JohnPoyntz,fifthEarlSpencer(1835-1910)’,OxfordDictionaryofNationalBiography,OxfordUniversityPress,2004;onlineedn.,Jan2008[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36209,accessed16/10/2012]

Spencer 2,35 LadyCharlotteFrancesFredericaSeymourSpencer,wifeofthefifthEarlSpencer(seecitationabove)

Thompson 6 PossiblyEdwardMaundeThompson,Vice-PresidentandChairmanoftheEgyptExplorationFund(James1992,p.56)

Tottenham 12 ProbablyPaulTottenhamwhobecameAdvisertotheMinistryofPublicWorksinEgypt(James1992,p.230andpassim)

Walker 2,7,8,12,24,36 Dr.JamesHerbertWalker,BritishmedicaldoctorandEgyptologist(Bierbrier2012,p.563)

Walker 36 Mrs.Walker,wifeofabove

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Name in diary Page number(s) IdentityWard 32,35 ProbablyJohnWard,Britishartistandtraveller(Bierbrier2012,p.567)Whalling 2,36,39 ChrystethArnoldWhalling;perhapsatravellingcompanionofMrs.EmmaB.

Andrews(seeentryforAndrews)Wilson 51 PerhapsEdwardLivingstonWilson,Americanphotographerwhoworkedin

Egyptinthelatenineteenthcentury(Bierbrier2012,p.582)Woodhouse 27 Identityuncertain,perhapsanacquaintanceofScharhib(seeentry)sincethey

arementionedtogether(“Scharhib+Woodhousecameover+hadteawithusintheafternoon”)

Wright 6 Mrs.Wright,whosefullidentityisnotknown,butwhosenttoNewberryEGYPTIANS MENTIONED BY NEWBERRY

(other than known antiquities dealers who are listed above)Abdullah 18,21,33,34,38,41 AworkernamedAbdullahelAyatappearsintheaccountsledgerbutonly

from2nd-7thJanuary1899Ahmed 41,45 PerhapsMohamedAhmedlistedbeloworoneofseveralAhmed’slistedin

theaccountsledgerMohamedAhmed

15 AworkernamedMohamedAhmedislistedintheaccountsledger

Ali 41 SeveralAli’sarelistedintheaccountsledgerSaidAli 22 AworkernamedAliSaidoccursintheaccountsledgerChaabaneffendi10

9 LikelytobeMohammedEffendiChaaban(James1992,p.346)

Farid 35 ThenamedoesnotappearintheaccountsledgerGad 14,46 SeveralGad’sarelistedintheaccountsledgerGadri 49 Perhapsafull(orinaccurate)writingofGad(seeabove).Thenamedoes

appearintheaccountsledgerAliHabibi 9 AworkernamedAliHabibioccursintheaccountsledgerElHammudsfallah

15 Possiblythe‘farmer’ofMohammedel-Hammud(listedinaccountsledger)

YusefHasan 48 ThenameisnotfoundintheaccountsledgerHasan 26 PossiblyreferringtoYusefHasanabove;otherindividualsnamedHasanare

foundintheaccountsledgerAliHebebe 45 AworkernamedAliHebebeislistedintheaccountsledgerHenen 15,17,22,25,30,32,33,

34,38,41,48,44,46ProbablyHenenBishai,amongstthehighestpaidEgyptianslistedintheaccountsledger

Henenboy 13 AnaidtoHenen(seeabove)?Hes 19 ThenamedoesnotappearintheaccountsledgerHusein(?) 34 UncertainreadingSaidAliLôl 34 AworkerwiththesamenameoccursintheaccountsledgerMohamedAliLôl

34 Aworkerwiththesamenameoccursintheaccountsledger

Madgib(?) 46 UncertainreadingMaggar 41 UncertainreadingMalluk 52,53 PerhapsaCairo-basedantiquitiesdealer(onMarch27th1899Newberry“set-

tledupwithMalluk,bought2scarabs4/-”)Mahmud 26 SeveralMahmud’soccurintheaccountsjournalMansour 48,49 SeveralworkersnamedMansourarelistedintheaccountsledgerMohamedeffendi

17,21,23,24,25,37 Identifiedintheaccountsledgerasthe“MuseumReise”andthehighestpaidindividual

the marquis’ excavations. a tale of tWo diaries

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Name in diary Page number(s) IdentityMohamed 13,2511,34,35 PossiblyMohamedeffendi,althoughseveralotherindividualsnamedMoha-

medarelistedintheaccountsledgerMursi 13,21,22,23,29,30,31,

33,34,37,38,41PerhapsamemberofNewberry’spersonalstaff,sinceMursidoesnotappearintheexpeditionaccountsledgerwhereashisnameoccursinthediaryfollo-wedbyanamountofmoneyandoftengroceriesofsomekind

GurnehOmdeh 8,1112 PossiblyHassanel-Hashashwhoisgivenasanex-OmdehofGurnehinanEgyptianAntiquitiesServicereportfor1905(Weigall1907,p.12)

Osman 48 PossiblythesameasSaidOsman(seebelow);severalworkersnamedOsmanarelistedintheaccountsledger

SaidOsman 14,25,26,34 AworkerofthesamenameislistedintheaccountsledgerSaid 25,26,41 PossiblyshortforSaidOsmanSaidboy 13 AhelperforSaid(citationabove)?AhmedSalem 41 AMohamedAhmedSalemoccursintheaccountsledgerSehmda 8,13,17,21,2224,25,

33ProbablySehmdaBeshaiwhoislistedintheaccountsledgerfortheentireseasonwiththelastentryonthepagedatedFebruary20th-25th(1899)whichcorrespondstothelastentryinNewberry’sdiary

Sufrangi(?) 49 Uncertainreading,possiblyeventhenameofanobjectratherthanpersonAhmedSuliman 44,46 OwnerofahouseusedbyNewberry(perhapsasaccommodationorforstora-

ge-“movedeverythingfromAhmedSuliman’shouse”)Tain 41,45 AworkernamedTainAmroccursintheaccountsledgerAyubYusef 33 AyubYusefisthenameofaworkerintheaccountsledger1Herereferredtoas“LadyM”.2PerhapsamisspellingofGeorges(Daressy)orGeorg(Schweinfurth).3Seeabovenote.4IamgratefultoJaneHamiltonforherhelpwiththisentry.5Herereferredtoas“Jan”.6IamgratefultoPaolodelVescoforreadingthisname.7HerejusttwoLindsaysarementioned.8PerhapsamisspellingofGeorg(Schweinfurth)(however,seenoteforDaressy).9Seenoteabove.10IamagaingratefultoPaolodelVescoforreadinghisname.11ThisisprobablyMohamedEffendiwhooccursonthesamepage.12Herereferredtoassimply“omdeh”.

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AbstractThe Griffith Institute archive in Oxford includes docu-ments relating to the Theban excavations funded by the Marquis of Northampton in 1898-99. Among them is a dia-ry belonging to the expedition’s director, Percy Newberry, and a two-volume finds-journal (“Fundjournal”) kept by the German philologist Wilhelm Spiegelberg. Newberry’s pocket-sized diary contains very little archaeological in-

formation about the excavations, whereas Spiegelberg made a highly detailed record of their discoveries, not all of which made it into the published report. As divergent as these records are, together they help not only to provi-de background information and technical detail about the discoveries made during the excavations, but also insight into the differing responsibilities of the two eminent Egyp-tologists within the expedition, as well as the visitors they encountered during the course of their work.