TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I

CANDIDATES DECLARATION CERTIFICATE II TABLE OF CONTENTS III

LIST OF FIGURES V

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VII

OBJECTIVE 1

INTRODUCTION 1

1: INTRODUCTION TO POWER GRID 2

1.1 INTRODUCTION 2

1.2 TYPES OF POWER GRID IN INDIA 2

1.3 POWER GRID SYCHRONISATION 3

1.3.1 CONDITIONS 3

1.3.2 PROCESS 3

1.4 ISLANDING 4

1.4.1 ISLANDING DETECTION METHODS 4

2: HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT 6

2.1 TRANSFORMERS 6

2.2 VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM7805) 6 2.3 RECTIFIER 7

2.4 FILTER 8

2.5 MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/C51) 8 2.6 555 TIMER 10

2.7 LM358 (DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER) 11 2.8 LM339 11

2.9 RELAYS 12

2.10 BC547 13

2.11 LED 14

III

2.12 IN4007 14

2.13 RESISTORS 14

2.14 CAPACITORS 15

3: SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 16 3.1 IDE 16

3.4 KEIL C CROSS COMPILER 16

3.5 BUILDING AN APPLICATION IN VISION2 16

3.16 COMPILER 16

3.17 CODING IN EMBEDDED C 24

4: DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION 32

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 32

4.2 CIRCUIT DIGRAM 33

4.3 DESCRIPTION 34

4.4 ADVANTAGES 38

4.5 DISADVANTAGES 38

4.6 APPLICATIONS 38

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY 39

IV

LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1.1: A Typical Transformer 6

Fig.1.2: Equivalent Circuit of Voltage Regulator 7

Fig.1.3: Bridge Type Full Wave Rectifier 7

Fig.1.4: Output Waveform 8

Fig 1.5: Pin Diagram of AT89S52 9

Fig.1.6: 555 Timer IC 10

Fig. 1.6(a): 555 Timer Pin Diagram 10 Fig.1.7: LM358 (Dual Operational Amplifier) 11 Fig.1.8: LM 339 12

Fig.1.8 (a): LM339 13 Fig.1.9: Relays 13

Fig.2.0: BC 547 Transistor Pinouts 13

Fig.2.0 (a): An Npn Transistor Configuration 14 Fig.2.1: 1N4007 Diodes 14

Fig.2.1(a):PN Junction Diode 15 Fig.2.2: Resistors 15

Fig.2.3: Capacitors 17

Fig. 2.4: Keil Vision Compiler 17

Fig. 2.4(a): Keil Vision Compiler windows1 18 Fig. 2.4(b): Keil Vision Compiler windows2 18 Fig. 2.4(c): Keil Vision Compiler windows3 19 Fig. 2.4(d): Keil Vision Compiler windows4 19 Fig. 2.4(e): Keil Vision Compiler windows5 20 Fig. 2.4(f): Keil Vision Compiler windows6 20 Fig. 2.4(g): Keil Vision Compiler windows7 21 Fig. 2.4(h): Keil Vision Compiler windows8 21 Fig. 2.4(i): Keil Vision Compiler windows9 22

V

Fig. 2.4(j): Keil Vision Compiler windows10 22 Fig. 2.4(k): Keil Vision Compiler windows11 23 Fig. 2.4(l): Keil Vision Compiler windows12 23 Fig. 2.4(m): Keil Vision Compiler windows13 24 Fig. 2.4(n): Keil Vision Compiler windows14 24 Fig. 2.5: Block Diagram of Project 32 Fig 2.6: Circuit Diagram of Project 33 Fig. 2.7: Zero voltage cross detection using comparator 35

Fig. 2.7(a): Output Waveform 35 Fig. 2.8:555 as an astable multivibrator 36

Fig. 2.9: Circuit diagram of 555 as an astable multivibrator 36

VI

LIST OF ABBREVATIONS USED

MCR.......Main Control Room TG...Turbo-Generator DC....Direct current ACAlternating current NDZNon-detection zone ALEAddress Latch Enable PSEN...Program Store Enable VPP.Programming enables voltage LCD ....Liquid crystal display LED..Light-emitting diode IDE ..Integrated Development environment EAExternal Access

ZVR.... Zero Voltage Reference

VII

TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENT ICANDIDATES DECLARATION CERTIFICATE IILIST OF ABBREVATIONS USED