table of contents - asce's 2017 infrastructure report card€¦ · kentucky’s infrastructure...

TABLEOFCONTENTS

TABLEOFCONTENTS PageNo.ExecutiveSummary...............................................................................................................2SolutionstoRaisetheGrades................................................................................................3AboutASCEKentucky............................................................................................................4KentuckyInfrastructureReportCardSteeringCommittee..................................................5KentuckyInfrastructureReportCardCommitteeChairs......................................................6Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................7GradingCriteria......................................................................................................................8GradingScale.........................................................................................................................9KentuckyGradesSummary..................................................................................................10

Ü Aviation....................................................................................................................11

Ü Bridges.....................................................................................................................18

Ü Dams........................................................................................................................23

Ü DrinkingWater........................................................................................................30

Ü Energy......................................................................................................................40

Ü HazardousWaste....................................................................................................47

Ü Levees......................................................................................................................53

Ü Roads.......................................................................................................................58

Ü SolidWaste..............................................................................................................64

Ü Wastewater.............................................................................................................70

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EXECUTIVESUMMARYKentucky’sinfrastructureiseverywherearoundyou,andyouuseiteveryday.Theinterconnectedsystemofroadsandbridges,drinkingwater,sewersystems,damsandlevees,aviation,solidwaste,andenergyareallcriticaltooursuccess.Wehavebecomeaccustomedtothesesystemsquietlysupportingourabilitytoworkandplay.However,in2019,ourinfrastructurenetworksareagingandstrugglingtoperformasneeded.

Infrastructuredeterioratesasitages,anditmustberepairedorreplacedwhenitexceedsitsusefullife.Theeffectsoftime,weather,andincreasedusefromagrowingpopulationareimpactingthequalityoftheinfrastructureinourstate.Lookingahead,thereareopportunitiesforKentuckytoinvestnotonlyintheinfrastructureinneedofrepairandreplacement,butalsotoplanstrategicallyforthefuture.Throughsmartinvestmentandcollaborativecoordination,Kentuckyhastheopportunitytomeaningfullyimprovecriticalinfrastructurenetworks,includingwater,wastewater,roads,rail,airports,andfreighttoensurebothlocalandstate-wideeconomiescangrow.Strategicinvestmentsandproperplanningwillalsoprovidesafeandhealthyenvironmentsforourchildren,neighbors,andcommunities.

ThegoodnewsisthatKentucky'scivilengineers,governmentagencies,privateinterestgroups,andthepublicarecommittedtobuildingandmaintainingKentucky’sinfrastructuretokeepourresidentsandvisitorssafe,maintainahealthyenvironment,andhelpsupportoureconomy.TheKentuckySectionoftheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineershascreatedthissimpletooltogiveresidents,businesses,andpolicy-makersasnapshotofthecurrentconditionofourstate'sinfrastructuresystems—boththegoodandthenot-so-good.Inaddition,thisreportprovidesrecommendationsonthingsourCommonwealthcandotomakesureourinfrastructureisthereforusinthedays,weeks,andyearsahead.Workingtogether,wecanimplementaproactiveandcollaborativeapproachtoinfrastructureplanningandfundingthatpromotessmartinvestmentstoavoidcostly,catastrophicfailures.

WehopethisreportprovidestheinformationneededtomakeeveryKentuckycitizenaninformedKentuckycitizen.

Findyourelectedofficials

ChecktheKYLegislativeTrackingCentertofindlegislationthatyoucareabout(hint…infrastructure)

Nowthatyouknowyourelectedofficials,EMAILTHEMandVISITTHEIROFFICEStoshareKentucky’sgradesandsolutions

Usethehashtag#ASCEKYReportCardtoshowyoursupportofKentucky’sinfrastructure

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SOLUTIONSTORAISETHEGRADES

1) Weneedabig-pictureapproachtoinfrastructureinvestment—onethatanticipatesthechallenges

oftomorrowwhileaddressingtheproblemsoftoday.Aswedeterminewherelimitedfunding

shouldbespent,it’simportanttoapproachinvestmentknowingournetworksourinterconnected.

Itdoeslessgoodtopavearoadifthepipelinesundergroundareinneedofreplacement.

Providingfloodprotectionbybuildingleveesinoneneighborhoodbutleavingtheadjacent

neighborhoodunprotectedwillultimatelycauseharmduringthenextmajorrainevent.Investing

inourinfrastructurerequiresproperplanning,forwardthinking,andmostimportant,adequate

investmentforalloursystems.

2) WemustinvestinKentucky’smultimodalfreightnetworktoprepareforthefuture.Louisvilleand

NorthernKentuckyaregloballogisticshubsformajorcompanies,includingAmazon,UPS,FedEx,

andDHL.However,theedgeourstatehasinthedistributionandlogisticsindustryisnot

guaranteed.Weneedtoinvestproactivelyinourmultimodaltransportationnetworktoretainour

competitiveadvantageintheyearsahead.Suchinvestmentincludesprovidingadequatefunding

forourroadways,rail,andinlandwaterways,aswellasprovidingrobustinvestmentfor

intermodalconnectionsandbottlenecksinthenetwork.

3) Ruralcommunitiesrequiresignificantfundingtoaddressdilapidatedinfrastructuresystems.Much

likeresidentsofcities,ourruralpopulationreliesoninfrastructuresystemsthatwerebuilt50to

100yearsago.However,unlikeourlargermetropolitancommunities,ruraltownslackthe

populationdensitytopayintothecostofrepairingandreplacingsystems.Ruralcommunitiesare

frequentlyplaguedbyunsafedrinkingwater,pothole-riddledroads,andlivingnearunsafe

hazardouswastesites.Fundingtorepairandreplacethesesystemswillbeinstrumentalto

providingourruralcitizensaccesstojobsandhealthcare.

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ABOUTASCEKENTUCKYEstablishedin1936,theASCEKentuckySectionhasfiveactiveBranchescoveringalloftheCommonwealthofKentucky.CivilEngineersinKentuckyjoinASCEtodevelopleadershipskills,enhancetheirknowledgeofthelatesttechnologyandengineeringpractices,andtonetworkwithothercivilengineeringprofessionals.TheASCEKentuckySectionpromotestheprofessionbyofferingannualscholarshipstodeservingstudentspursuingacareerinCivilEngineering.TheSectionalsohostsanannualCivilEngineeringConferencetoadvancetheknowledgeofitsmembersandtohonoroutstandingindividualsandprojects.ASCEMembersadvocateforinfrastructureandenvironmentalstewardshipwhichwillleadtoabetterqualityoflifeforallKentuckians.

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KENTUCKYINFRASTRUCTUREREPORTCARDSTEERINGCOMMITTEE

AnnaDeneckeAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineersWashington,DCColetteR.Easter,PELouisvilleMetropolitanSewerDistrictLouisville,KYMaryJoGedimanWordsFreshLouisville,KYAngelaGoodrichStrandAssociates,Inc.Lexington,KYPaulG.Maron,PEStrandAssociates,Inc.Louisville,KYThomasD.Rockaway,PhD,PEUniversityofLouisvilleLouisville,KY

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KENTUCKYINFRASTRUCTUREREPORTCARDCOMMITTEECHAIRS

Aviation

KarenScott,PEInspiredStrategiesLLCLouisville,KYBridges

NancyAlbright,PEKentuckyTransportationCabinetFrankfort,KYDams

ColetteR.Easter,PELouisvilleMetropolitanSewerDistrictLouisville,KY

JonKeeling,PEStantecLexington,KYDrinkingWater

GregHeitzman,PEBlueWaterKentucky,Inc.Louisville,KYEnergy

SheilaMedinaUniversityofKentuckyLexington,KYHazardousWaste

DarrellHerron,PEStantecLexington,KY

Levees

JoshDickerson,PELouisvilleMetropolitanSewerDistrictLouisville,KY

ColetteR.Easter,PELouisvilleMetropolitanSewerDistrictLouisville,KYRoads

NancyAlbright,PEKentuckyTransportationCabinetFrankfort,KYSolidWaste

DarrellHerron,PEStantecLexington,KYWastewater

VickiCoombs,PELouisvilleMetropolitanSewerDistrictLouisville,KYDakotahDeRoche,PEBurgess&Niple,Inc.Louisville,KY

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSTheASCEKentuckyReportCardCommitteethanksthefollowingsponsorsforsupportingthecostsassociatedwithproducingthe2019ReportCard,includingfundingthereleaseeventandprintingmaterials:

AmericanCouncilofEngineeringCompaniesAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers–BluegrassBranchAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers–FrankfortBranchAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers–KentuckySectionAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers–LouisvilleBranchAmericanWaterWorksAssociation–Kentucky/TennesseeSectionArcadisBLAndersonCompanyBrownandCaldwellCenterforInfrastructureResearch,UniversityofLouisvilleCornerstoneEngineeringGeotechnology,Inc.GRWHazenandSawyerHeritageEngineering,LLCHNTBCorporationIntegratedEngineeringJacobi,Toombs&Lanz,Inc.JacobsEngineeringGroup,Inc.KentuckySocietyofProfessionalEngineers–LouisvilleChapterLouisvilleWaterCompanyMagnaEngineersQk4RAConsultants,LLCSanitationDistrictNo.1ofNorthernKentuckyStantecStites&Harbison,PLLCStraefferPump&Supply,Inc.StrandAssociates,Inc.WaterEnvironmentAssociationofKentuckyandTennessee

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GRADINGCRITERIATheReportCardsectionsareanalyzedbasedonthefollowingeightcriteria:CAPACITY–Doestheinfrastructure’scapacitymeetcurrentandfuturedemands?CONDITION–Whatistheinfrastructure’sexistingandnear-futurephysicalcondition?FUNDING–Whatisthecurrentleveloffundingfromalllevelsofgovernmentfortheinfrastructurecategoryascomparedtotheestimatedfundingneed?FUTURENEED–Whatisthecosttoimprovetheinfrastructure?Willfuturefundingprospectsaddresstheneed?OPERATIONANDMAINTENANCE–Whatistheowners’abilitytooperateandmaintaintheinfrastructureproperly?Istheinfrastructureincompliancewithgovernmentregulations?PUBLICSAFETY–Towhatextentisthepublic’ssafetyjeopardizedbytheconditionoftheinfrastructureandwhatcouldbetheconsequencesoffailure?RESILIENCE–Whatistheinfrastructuresystem’scapabilitytopreventorprotectagainstsignificantmultihazardthreatsandincidents?Howableisittorecoverquicklyandreconstitutecriticalserviceswithminimumconsequencesforpublicsafetyandhealth,theeconomy,andnationalsecurity?INNOVATION–Whatnewandinnovativetechniques,materials,technologies,anddeliverymethodsarebeingimplementedtoimprovetheinfrastructure?

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GRADINGSCALETheReportCardsectionsaregradedonthefollowingscale:A–EXCEPTIONAL:FITFORTHEFUTURETheinfrastructureinthesystemornetworkisgenerallyin

excellentcondition,typicallyneworrecentlyrehabilitated,andmeetscapacityneedsforthefuture.Afewelementsshowsignsofgeneraldeteriorationthatrequireattention.Facilitiesmeetmodernstandardsforfunctionalityandareresilienttowithstandmostdisastersandsevereweatherevents.

B–GOOD:ADEQUATEFORNOWTheinfrastructureinthesystemornetworkisingoodtoexcellent

condition;someelementsshowsignsofgeneraldeteriorationthatrequireattention.Afewelementsexhibitsignificantdeficiencies.Safeandreliablewithminimalcapacityissuesandminimalrisk.

C–MEDIOCRE:REQUIRESATTENTIONTheinfrastructureinthesystemornetworkisinfairtogood

condition;itshowsgeneralsignsofdeteriorationandrequiresattention.Someelementsexhibitsignificantdeficienciesinconditionsandfunctionality,withincreasingvulnerabilitytorisk.

D–POOR:ATRISKTheinfrastructureisinpoortofairconditionandmostlybelowstandard,with

manyelementsapproachingtheendoftheirservicelife.Alargeportionofthesystemexhibitssignificantdeterioration.Conditionandcapacityareofsignificantconcernwithstrongriskoffailure.

F–FAILING/CRITICAL:UNFITFORPURPOSETheinfrastructureinthesystemisinunacceptable

conditionwithwidespreadadvancedsignsofdeterioration.Manyofthecomponentsofthesystemexhibitsignsofimminentfailure.

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KENTUCKYGRADESSUMMARY

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SUMMARY

Kentuckyairportshaveatotaleconomicimpactofnearly$15billionannually.Whenairportsarekept

inworkingorder,aviationhasapositiveimpactonabroadarrayofservicesforourCommonwealth,

includingmilitary,healthcare,andtransportationofgoodsandservices,justtonameafew.Thereare

fundingsourcesinplacetosupportinfrastructurefacilitieswithinthestate;however,significantneeds

exist,includingaconsolidatedrentalcarfacilityatCVG,thefinalportionofafive-phasetaxiway

projectatLEX,andcontinuedmodernizationofairfieldelementsatSDF.Whilethestatehasmade

recentairfieldimprovementsandneededterminalupgradesatseveralofitsprimaryfacilities,weare

confrontedwithagingfacilitiesandcannotfullyrealizeneweconomicopportunitieswithoutneeded

infrastructureimprovements.

CAPACITY

Therearecurrently55public-useairportsinthestate,adecreasefromthenearly60reportedin2011.

Thefiveairportsthatclosedwereallvisual-approachfacilitieswithnocontroltower,withonefacility

beingaprivateuseairport.Ofthe55remainingairportfacilitiesinthestate,fiveareidentifiedas

commercialserviceairports,andtheremainingarecategorizedas"generalaviation"(GA)airports.

Thesizeclassificationofanairportisimportantbecauseitisdirectlytiedtofunding.ANonhubisan

airportwithlessthan0.05percentofthenation’stotalnumberofpassengers.ASmallHubairportis

onewithatleast0.05percentbutlessthan0.25percent.AMediumHubairportisonewithatleast

0.25percentbutlessthan1percent.And,aLargeHubairporthasatleast1percentofthenation’s

totalnumberofpassengers.

AccordingtoFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)airportclassifications,therearenoLargeHub

airportsinthestateofKentucky.TheCincinnati/NorthernKentuckyInternationalAirport(CVG),

locatedinnorthernKentucky,isthelargestairportinthestateandisconsideredtobeaMediumHub,

enplaningnearly3.8millionpassengersannuallyaccordingtorecentlyreleaseddatafromtheFAA.

LouisvilleInternationalAirportatStandifordField(SDF)isconsideredaSmallHubairport,locatedin

Louisville,withapproximately1.7millionannualenplanements.BothCVGandSDFareexperiencing

tremendousgrowth,withCVGreportinga16percentcalendaryear-over-yearincreaseandSDFup

over3percentfromlastyear'senplanementfigures,withmorerecentactivityapproachingnearly10

percent.Additionally,bothfacilitiesboastastrongcargocomponentwithCVGhostingDHLand

Amazon’sPrimeAir,andSDFasthehometotheall-pointsdomestichubforUnitedParcelService

(UPS).TheonlyotherSmallHubairportinthestateisBlueGrassAirport(LEX),locatedinLexington,

withnearly650,000enplanementsannually.Thelastoftheprimaryairportsinthestateinclude

BarkleyRegionalAirport(PAH)inPaducahandOwensboro-DaviessCountyAirport(OWB)in

Owensboro,bothwithaNonhubstatus.PAHenplanesapproximately21,000annually,whileOWB

enplanesnearly20,000passengerseachyear.

Theremaining50public-useairportsinthestateareclassifiedasGeneralAviationairports.TheGA

classificationappliestoanairportwithfewerthan2,500annualpassengersandisnotusedfor

commercialaviation.Thisairporttypeisthelargestsinglegroupofairportsinthesystem.

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Figure1.Public-UseAirportsintheCommonwealthofKentucky,NationalPlanofIntegratedAirportSystems

(2017-2021)

CONDITION

Ofthe55public-useairportsinthestate,allareequippedwithhard-pavedsurfacesfortheirrunways

andassociatedtaxiways.Mostofthesesurfacesarepavedwithasphalt;however,forairportfacilities

withhigheruseandtheneedtosupportlargeraircraft,suchasCVGandSDF,therunwaysand

taxiwaysareconcrete.Sinceconcreteisalongerlastingmaterialthanasphalt,airportfacilitiessuchas

OWBandLEXhavealsoutilizedconcretewithsomeoftheirnewerrunwayfacilities.

Airportsmustperformadetailedinspectionofairfieldpavementsatleastonceperyearaspartofthe

PavementManagementProgram(PMP).Allpublic-useairportsinKentuckyhaveaPMP.Ifapavement

conditionindex(PCI)surveyisperformedundercertainASTMconditions,thefrequencyofthe

detailedinspectionmaybeextendedtothreeyears.Lesscomprehensiveroutinedaily,weekly,and

monthlymaintenanceinspectionsofrunwaysandtaxiwaysarerequiredforstandardoperations.

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ECONOMICIMPACT

Kentuckyairportshaveatotaleconomicimpactofnearly$15billionannually,yieldingnearly115,000

jobs.CVGandSDFairportsaccountformorethan83percent,orapproximately$12.5billion,ofthe

totaleconomicimpactannually.Allairportsinthestateplayaroleingeneratingeconomicactivityfor

theirsurroundingareas.

BothCVGandSDFhaveseenadramaticincreaseintheconstructionofwarehousesandother

commercialbuildingsincloseproximitytotheirairports.Theseareknownaswarehouseor“end-of-

the-runway”servicelogistics.SDF,withitsconnectiontoUPSandWorldport®,hasseenanumberof

businesseslocatetotheLouisvilleareatobeclosetotheWorldport®facility.

Comparably,CVGhasseenasimilarattractionfrombusinesseswiththeDHLfacilitylocatedonthe

airfieldinnorthernKentucky,aswellasrecentplansforAmazontobuildaprimaryhubonthesouth

sideoftheairfield.Amazon'splansaretoconstructthreemillionsquarefeetofbuildingsandlease

morethan900acresfor50+years.This$1.4billioninvestmentwillsupportafleetof100+Amazon

Primecargoplanesandbringmorethan2,700jobstoCVG.

Inall,Kentucky’sairportshaveaquantifiableeconomicimpactonthesurroundingareas.Someother

benefitsderivedfromairportsincludesearchandrescue,medicaltransportation/evacuation,and

militarytraining.

OPERATION&MAINTENANCE

TheprimarycommercialserviceairportsinKentuckyutilizefederalentitlementdollarsgeneratedfrom

theFAA’sAirportImprovementProgram(AIP)toassistwithpavementremediationamongother

eligibleuses,whiletheremainingairportsseekdiscretionaryfundingthroughthestatetosupport

theirneeds.

Maintenanceofexistinginfrastructureateachoftheairportsiscertainlyofconcern,butanotherissue

involvesflightdelaysinthenationalairspacesystem(NAS).Sinceeachairportfeedstoother

destinations,theabilityforanotherairporttoefficientlyacceptandturnaroundaircraftisimportantto

theNAS.Therefore,whiletheconditionofpavedsurfacesisoneofmanyvitalcomponents,theability

foraircrafttoarriveanddepartduringinclementweather,andthenavigationalsystemsneededto

supportsuchactivity,arealsocrucial.Forty-threeofthe55public-useairportsinKentuckysupport

somelevelofnavigationalsystemtosustainotherthanvisualapproachesatthevariousairports.An

exampleofthisincludesthelocalizerandtheglideslope—bothground-basedsystemsthatuseradar

toassistaircraftinlandingduringinclementweather.Beyondthesetraditionalsystems,the

implantationofcapabilitiesidentifiedundertheFAA’sNextGENprogramarekeytothefull

optimizationofairportsinKentuckyandthroughoutthecountry.

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Figure2.ReplacingaconcretepanelinRunway17R-35LatSDF.

FUNDING

Overthelastseveralyears,Kentucky’saviationsystemhasremainedstabledespitethechallengeof

Congressnotreauthorizinglong-termlegislationfortheAirportImprovementProgram(AIP).The

recentpassageoftheFAAReauthorizationActof2018shouldenhancethispositiongoingforward.

ThePassengerFacilityCharge(PFC)ProgramallowsthecollectionofPFCfeesupto$4.50forevery

enplanedpassengeratthefivecommercialserviceairportsinKentucky.Thesefeesareidentifiedby

theindividualairporttofundFAA-approvedprojectsthatenhancesafety,security,orcapacity;reduce

noise;orincreaseaircarriercompetition.IncreasingthePFCcapwouldhelpKentuckyairportsaccess

additionalcapitaltosupportandimprovethestate’saviationinfrastructure.

Anothersourceofaviationinfrastructurefundingisastatejetfueltaxthatwasimplementedin2000

andwentintoeffectinKentuckyin2003.Thetaxwasputintoplacetohelpsupportcapital

infrastructureneedsatpublicairportsacrossthestate;however,thattaxhassincebeencapped

withinthestate,reducingtheamountofavailablefunds.Withanincreaseinthefueltaxcaponair

carrier/transportcompanies,thejetfueltaxfundingwouldbeavailabletosupportaviationfacilitiesin

theCommonwealth.

FUTURENEED

InvestmentNeeds

ThoughKentuckyhasrecentlymadenecessaryimprovementsandupgrades,millionsofdollarsarestill

neededtocontinuekeepingourairportscompetitiveinthetwenty-firstcentury.

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Asairpassengertrafficincreasesacrossthecountry,andascargooperationscontinuetogrowatCVG

andSDFinparticular,weareconfrontedwithagingfacilities.Ourlocalcommunitiescannotfully

realizeneweconomicopportunitieswithouttheinfrastructureimprovementsneededtosupportboth

commercialairserviceandcargo-relatedactivities.

Nationwide,airportshavemorethan$100billioninimprovementstomakeinthenextfiveyears.In

Kentucky,fundingforairportswouldimprovethepassengerexperienceandenhanceourfacilities,

includingrunways,taxiways,terminals,gates,andotherprojects.

AtCVG,aconsolidatedrentalcarfacilityisneededtostreamlinepassengermovementsinandoutof

theairport;itwillalsoimproveairquality.

AtLEX,thismeansfundingtocompletethefinalportionofafive-phasetaxiwayprojectthatwill

enhancethesafetyandefficiencyoftheairportfortheairlines,aswellasgeneralaviationoperators.

AtSDF,continuedmodernizationofvitalairfieldelementsisapriority,includingtheneedtotransform

andreconstructtheolderportionofthetaxiwaynetwork.

Suchinfrastructureinvestmentsleaddirectlytonewjobsatourairportsandhavelargerimpactson

theeconomiesbeyondourgates.InLouisville,SDFandBowmanFieldwereshownin2014tosupport

morethan69,900jobsandgeneratedinexcessof$8.1billionintotaleconomicactivity.AtLEX,itslast

studypointstoapproximately$370millionineconomicoutputandnearly3,500jobs.Finally,CVG’s

mostrecentimpactstudyshowsover$4.4billionineconomicoutput,aswellasmorethan31,100

directandindirectjobs.

Withover$790millionininfrastructureneedsinthenextfiveyears,workatKentucky’sairportscould

realisticallycreatemorethan18,000jobs.Inaddition,thetravelingpublicinKentuckyandacrossthe

UnitedStateswouldbenefitfromshortersecuritylines,moreairlinecompetition,lowerairfares,and

twenty-firstcenturyfacilities.

LegislativeNeeds

Atthefederallevel,thereisaneedtohaveCongressapprovelong-termlegislationfortheAirport

ImprovementProgram.Thepreviousextensionsrepresentadiscontinuouscycleoffundingforthose

airportseligibleforAIPentitlementfunding.Thisirregularityleadstogapsinpotentialdiscretionary

fundingfortheremaininggeneralaviationairportsinthestate.Congressmustfocusonapproving

legislationtoreturnstabilitytotheAIPprogramandfundingthroughouttheNAS.

Atthestatelevel,theconsiderationofanincreasetothecaponthejetfueltaxwouldimprovethe

fundingpositionofmanyofthegeneralaviationfacilities.

PUBLICSAFETY&RESILIENCE

TheTransportationSecurityAdministration(TSA),acomponentoftheDepartmentofHomeland

Security,isresponsibleforsecurityinthenation’scommercialserviceairports.Eachcommercial

serviceairportisrequiredtomaintainbothpoliceandfireserviceforthefacility.Thesizeoftheunits

isbasedonthenumberandsizeofaircraftthatuseeachfacility.GAairportsarenotsubjecttothe

samerequirements.

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Inthecaseofacatastrophicevent,beitman-made,weather-related,etc.,airportsarecriticalto

coordinatingeffortsforrelief,includingmanpowerandsupplies.Eachcommercialserviceairportin

theCommonwealthisrequiredtomaintainanemergencyplan.Theseareprimarilytargetedto

aircraftincidents,buttheymayalsobetailoredtoincludenaturaldisastersorothercatastrophic

events.

Othermeasuresaimedatkeepingthepublicsafeinandaroundairportsincludemaintainingfences

aroundfacilitiestopreventpedestriansfromaccessingtheairfieldandfacilities,aswellasmaintaining

wildlifemitigationplanstodiminishtheriskofwildlifestrikesonornearairports.

INNOVATION

CVG'sDeltahubwasdrasticallycutin2000,reducingthenumberofdailypassengerflightsandleaving

thefacilitywithtwoemptyterminals.Buttheairportturnedthecutbackintoaneconomicwinby

demolishingthosetwoterminalsandbuildingsignificantupgradestoTerminal3.Withcommitments

toelevatingthepassengerexperience,CVGwasnamedthehighestrankingU.S.airporton2017's

World'sBestAirportlistfromSkyTrax.Inaddition,thefacilitystartedLaunchingPointin2016,anew,

strategicfive-yearplanfocusedoninnovationsforthefuture,includingtechnologyandairservice.

SimilarlyatSDF,enrichingthecustomer’sexperienceisatoppriority.In2018,SDFcompletedthe

installationofBluetoothtechnologythatenablestheblindandvisuallyimpairedtonavigatethe

terminalwiththeirsmartphonefromthefrontcurbtotheairlinegate.SDFalsojustlauncheda$100

millionprojecttoaddinnovativecustomeramenitieswithintheterminalfacility,whichmayeven

includesolarenergysolutions.

InotherinnovationsinKentuckyairports,airfieldlightinghasbeenupdatedtoutilizeLEDlightfixtures,

whichareenergyefficientandreducetheenergyfootprintfortheCommonwealth'sairports.

RECOMMENDATIONSTORAISETHEGRADE

ThefollowingrecommendationsaresupportedbyASCE:

Ü IncreasingthePassengerFacilityCharge(PFC)capwouldhelpKentuckyairportsaccessadditional

capitaltosupportandimprovethestate’saviationinfrastructure.

Ü ImplementNextGensystem.

Ü Considerincreasingthefueltaxcaponaircarrier/transportcompanies,allowingthejetfueltaxto

supportaviationfacilitieswithintheCommonwealth.

Ü Continuetoimprovethefacilitiesatexistingairportsandconsideropportunitiestoexpandair

servicetoareasthatcansustainsuchdevelopment.

Ü ContinuetocoordinatetheSix-YearHighwayPlanwiththeSix-YearAviationPlantoallowmore

efficienttransportationofpeople,goods,andservices.

DEFINITIONS/KEYTERMS

LargeHub–commercial,publiclyownedairportswith1%ormoreofannualpassengerboardings

MediumHub–commercial,publiclyownedairportswithatleast.25%butlessthan1%ofannual

passengerboardings

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SmallHub–commercial,publiclyownedairportswithatleast.05%butlessthan.25%ofannual

passengerboardings

Nonhub–commercial,publiclyownedairportswithmorethan10,000butlessthan.05%ofannual

passengerboardings

Nonhub,nonprimary–commercial,publiclyownedairportswithatleast2,500andnomorethan

10,000annualpassengerboardings

AIP–FAA’sAirportImprovementProgram

CVG–Cincinnati/NorthernKentuckyInternationalAirport(CVG)

FAA–FederalAviationAdministration

GA–GeneralAviation

LEX–BlueGrassAirport

NAS–NationalAirspaceSystem

OWB–Owensboro-DaviessCountyAirport

PAH–BarkleyRegionalAirport

PFC–PassengerFacilityCharge

SDF–LouisvilleInternationalAirport

TSA–TransportationSecurityAdministration

SOURCES

1. PassengerFacilityCharge(PFC)Program.RetrievedJune2018fromFederalAviation

Administration:https://www.faa.gov/airports/pfc/

2. AirportCategories.RetrievedJune2018fromFederalAviationAdministration:

https://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/categories/

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SUMMARY

TheoverallconditionofKentucky’sbridgeshassteadilyimprovedinrecentyears,inpartthankstothe

prioritizationofinvestmentsintransportationinfrastructurebytheTransportationCabinet,through

theStrategicHighwayInvestmentFormulaforTomorrow(SHIFT)evaluationandscoringsystem.In

2011,nearly9.25percentofallbridgesinKentuckywerestructurallydeficient;by2017,7.77percent

werestructurallydeficient,areductionof180bridges.However,lookingahead,2,857bridgeshave

beenidentifiedasneedingrepair,whichthestateestimateswillcost$1.8billion.Thisdoesnotinclude

theneededrepairsandadditionalcapacityneededontheI-75bridgebetweenKentuckyandOhio,nor

doesitincludeanewI-69bridgeovertheOhioRiverbetweenKentuckyandIndiana.

INTRODUCTION

KentuckianswereremindedoftheimportanceofbridgesineverydaylifeinSeptemberof2011,when

theShermanMintonBridge,connectingKentuckytoIndiana,wasclosedsuddenlyafterinspectors

foundcracksinitsstructuralbeams.Thebridgewasclosedforfourmonthswhileitunderwentrepairs,

creatinghugetrafficcongestiononbothsidesoftheOhioRiver.Theclosuremadenationalheadlines

andremindedmanyKentuckiansthatbridgesareacrucialpartofasafeandreliabletransportation

network.

TheOhioRiverBridgesprojectsawtheconstructionoftwonewbridgesacrosstheOhioRiver,anda

newbridgewithinnovativeconstructiontechniquesreplacedafunctionallyobsoletestructure

connectingMilton,Kentucky,toMadison,Indiana.Thesebridgesprovidecriticallinksbetween

KentuckyandIndianatoalleviatetrafficcongestionandstimulatetheeconomyoftheentireregion.

Inadditiontothesemajorbridgeprojects,theKentuckyTransportationCabinet(KYTC)hasjust

institutedtheBridgingKentuckyprogramtoprovidefundingtorehabilitate,repair,orreplacemore

than1,000bridgesacrossallofKentucky’s120counties.Approximately$700millionwillbeinvested

overthenextsixyears,whichwillextendthelifeexpectancyofthesestructures.2017datashowsthat

7.77percentofKentucky’sbridgeswereconsideredtobein"Poor"condition,whichisdownfrom

9.25percentin2011,forareductionof180structurallydeficientbridgesacrossthestate.However,

thebacklogofmaintenanceneedscontinuestogrow,andmorethanhalfofthestate'sbridgesare

nearingtheendoftheirdesignlife.

CAPACITY&CONDITION

BridgesareacriticalpartofKentucky'sinfrastructure,astheyspanarichlandscapeofvalleys,rivers,

andotherwaterwaysinthestateandplayavitalroleinkeepingtheroadwaysandrailroadsofthe

Commonwealthconnected.Kentucky'speople—andeconomy—dependonthestate's14,280bridges

aspartofasafeandreliabletransportationnetwork.

TheoverallconditionofKentucky'sbridgeshasimprovedinrecentyears.Forexample,thenumberof

structurallydeficient(SD)bridgesinthestatehassteadilydecreased.SDbridgesarenotunsafe,but

theydorequiresignificantmaintenance,rehabilitation,orreplacementbecausecriticalload-carrying

elementswerefoundtobeinpoorconditionduetodeteriorationordamage.In2011,theFederal

HighwayAdministration’s(FHWA)NationalBridgeInventory(NBI)reportedthatnearly9.25percentof

allbridgesinKentuckywereconsideredtobeSD.However,in2017only7.77percentofKentucky’s

bridgeswereSD,areductionof180bridges.

PAGE|19

FHWAchangeditsterminologyin2017sothatbridgespreviouslyconsidered"structurallydeficient"

arenowmostoftenconsideredtobein"Poor"condition.Thenew,simplerclassificationtermsare:

Good,Fair,orPoorcondition.Bridgeconditionisdeterminedbasedonthelowestconditionrating

assignedtovariouscomponentsofabridge,includingitsdeck,superstructure,andsubstructure.Ifthe

lowestratingisgreaterthanorequaltoseven,thebridgeisclassifiedas“Good.”Bridgesratedfiveor

sixareclassifiedas“Fair.”Iftheratingislessthanorequaltofour,theclassificationis“Poor.”In2017,

Kentuckyhadatotalof5,361bridgesin“Good”condition(37%bycount),7,903in“Fair”condition

(57%bycount),and1,014in“Poor”condition.BridgesinGoodconditionhaveremainedbetween36

and41percentoftheinventorybycountandbetween38and43percentbydeckareasince2011.

(Thedeckareaofabridgeisthewidthoftheroadwaysurfaceofabridgemultipliedbythelengthof

thebridge,whichprovidesanindicationastothesizeofthebridge.)Bridgesclassifiedas"Fair"have

remainedbetween53and59percentofthebridgeinventorybycountand51and58percentbydeck

areasince2011.

Ultimately,KYTCestimatesthatKentuckiansarecrossingbridgestructuresthatarein"Poor"condition

roughly2.4milliontimesperday.Inaddition,7.5percentofbridgesinKentuckyhaveapostedload

restrictionontheamountofweightthebridgecanhold.Insomeareas,postedloadrestrictionbridges

canrestrictaccesstoimportantservicevehiclessuchasbuses,ambulances,andgarbagetrucks.At

present,morethan60bridgesareclosedstatewideduetounsafeconditions,andthereare822

bridgesintheCommonwealththataren'tsafeforschoolbusestocross.


KYTCinventoriesandinspectsmorethan14,000bridgesinaccordancewiththeNationalBridge

InspectionStandards(NBIS).

Ofthe14,280bridgesinKentucky,thefederalgovernmentowns83(7percentofwhichare

consideredPoor);thestateowns9,019(6percentaredeemedPoor);localgovernmentsown5,144

(11percentofwhicharePoor);andprivateentitiesown34(38percentareconsideredPoor).

MaintenanceofKentucky'sbridgesiscarriedoutbytheentitiesthatownthem.Forthebridgesowned

bythestate,KYTChasrecentlyimplementedapilotprogramintwoofthe12districtstoexpand

bridgepreservationpracticesbyconductingpreventivemaintenanceonaprogrammaticbasis.

Activitieswillincludewashingsaltoffbridges;cleaning,sealing,andgreasingbearings;cleaningand

sealingjoints;cleaningandsealingpiercaps;patchingandsealingbridgedecks;andremovingdrift

material.Thepilotprogramwilladdresscosteffectiveness,prioritizationoftreatments,construction

methods,treatmentselection,serviceintervals,etc.,anddeterminetheworkthatisbestsuitedfor

statecrewsandwhichworkisbestsuitedforoutsourcingtocontractors.

PAGE|20

FUNDING&FUTURENEED

Kentuckybridgemaintenanceactivitiesarefundedthroughbothstateandfederalfueltaxsources.

Federaldollarsforbridgereplacementsandpreventivemaintenanceareprovidedthroughmultiple

sub-allocationsfromKentucky’sallocationoftheHighwayTrustFund,includingtheNationalHighway

PerformanceProgram(NHPP).ThesefundsaretobeusedforbridgesthatarepartoftheNational

HighwaySystem(NHS).AdditionalfederaldollarscomethroughtheFederalSurfaceTransportation

BlockGrantProgram(STP-BG),whichmaybeusedforbridgeseitheronorofftheNHS.Asforstate-

basedfunding,theCommonwealthofKentuckyhastwomainsources,thefuelstaxesongasolineand

dieselandtheusagetaxonvehiclepurchases.

TheTransportationCabinethasrecentlyprioritizedinvestmentsinthetransportationinfrastructureof

thestatebyimplementingtheStrategicHighwayInvestmentFormulaforTomorrow(SHIFT),whichisa

formulaforevaluatingandscoringmorethan1,100transportationprojectsacrossthestate.SHIFTis

similartoatriplebottomlineprocessinthattheprioritizationevaluateseachprojectinthecategories

ofassetmanagement,cost-benefitanalysis,economicdevelopment,congestion,andsafety.Thisnew

prioritizationprocesshelpedthestatedeterminewhichprojectsshouldbefundedwithexisting

revenuesourcesoverthenextseveralyears.Thestatehasidentifiedneededrepairson2,857bridges,

whichthestateestimateswillcost$1.8billion.Thisdoesnotincludetheneededrepairsand

additionalcapacityneededontheI-75bridgebetweenKentuckyandOhio,nordoesitincludeanew

I-69bridgeovertheOhioRiverbetweenKentuckyandIndiana.

FollowingtheSHIFTprocessofcategorizingandprioritizingneededbridgeandroadrepairs,KYTC

publishedthe2018HighwayPlan,asix-yearplanformajormaintenanceandcapitalimprovementsto

bothroadsandbridgesinKentucky.

WhoownsKY’sbridgesthatareinpoorcondition?WhoownsKY’sbridges?

Figure3.Kentucky'sBridges,byOwner Figure4.KentuckyBridgesinPoorCondition,

byOwner

PAGE|21

Figure5.Bridgesscheduledforreplacement,maintenance,orsafetyrepairsinFY2018-2020

Afterprioritizingthelistoftransportationinfrastructureneedsandpublishingthe2018HighwayPlan,KYTCinstitutedtheBridgingKentuckyprogramtoprovidefundingfortheseprojects.Between2018

and2024,approvedconstructionprojectswillrestoremorethan1,000state,county,andmunicipal

bridgesacrossallofKentucky’s120counties.Approximately$700millionwillbeinvestedoverthe

nextsixyears.Theserepairsandimprovementsareexpectedtoaddatleast30yearsoflifetomostof

thesebridges,andwhereafullreplacementisappropriate,newconstructionwouldprovideatleast

75yearsofusefullife.


ThemissionoftheKentuckyTransportationCabinetistoprovideasafe,efficient,environmentally

sound,andfiscallyresponsibletransportationsystemthatdeliverseconomicopportunityand

enhancesthequalityoflifeinKentucky.Thecabinetiscurrentlyusingarisk-basedassetmanagement

plantoadvancefundingdecisionsfocusedonpublicsafetyandresilienceoftheinfrastructureassets.

Asanexampleofitsuse,a2018VulnerabilityAssessmentidentifiedhazardsinKentuckythatcan

potentiallyaffectthelifecycleoftransportationsystems,suchasfloods,sinkholes,landslides,and

earthquakes.Thesehazardswouldresultinhighermaintenancecostsandshorterreplacementcycles

aswellasdisruptiontothetravelingpublic.Theinformationgatheredduringtheassessmenthasbeen

includedintherisk-basedassetmanagementplan,andstrategiesarebeingdevelopedtohelp

mitigatetheeffectsofextremeweatherandnaturalhazards.

INNOVATION

Kentuckyisutilizingsomenewandinnovativetechnologiesinbridgeconstructionandrepair,which

areinspiredbytheFHWAEveryDayCountsinitiative.WiththeBridgingKentuckyProgram,KYTCis

planningtouseaproject-bundlingprocess,whichinvolvesawardingasinglecontractforseveral

PAGE|22

similarpreservation,rehabilitation,orreplacementprojectsinordertostreamlinedesignand

construction,reducecosts,andeffectivelydecreasethebridgeprojectbacklog.

AninnovationinnewbridgeconstructionwasseenwhentheMilton-MadisonBridgeinnorthern

Kentuckymadehistorywhenitsnewsteeltrusssuperstructurewasmoved55feetontoits

permanent,rehabilitatedpiersusingatechniquecalledtrusssliding.Thetrussslidingtechnique

allowedtraffictobemaintainedacrossthisimportantbi-stateconnectorwithminimalclosures—only

afewweekscomparedwiththe365daysthatwereoriginallyestimated.


InordertoimproveKentucky'sgradeforBridges,thefollowingrecommendationsare

supported:

Ü ContinuetosupporttheSHIFTformulausedinthedevelopmentofthesix-year2018Highway

Plan.

Ü Increasetransportationfundingthroughavarietyofrevenuesources.

Ü Expandbridgepreservationpracticesstatewidebasedontheresultsofthecurrentpiloteffortin

twoKYTCdistricts.

Ü Incentivizelocalgovernmentstoinitiatebridgepreservationpractices.

Ü ExpandthecurrentpilotpreservationprogramstatewidetoimprovebridgesratedasFair.

DEFINITIONS

FHWA–FederalHighwayAdministration

HBRRP–HighwayBridgeReplacementandRehabilitationProgram

KYTC–KentuckyTransportationCabinet

NBI–NationalBridgeInventory

NBIS–NationalBridgeInspectionStandards

SD–StructurallyDeficient

SHIFT–StrategicHighwayInvestmentFormulaforTomorrow

SOURCES

1. NationalBridgeInventory,U.S.DepartmentofTransportation:

https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/nbi.cfm

2. Kentucky2018HighwayPlan,KentuckyTransportationCabinet:

http://transportation.ky.gov/Program-Management/Pages/2018-Highway-Plan.aspx

3. SHIFT,KentuckyTransportationCabinet:https://transportation.ky.gov/SHIFT/Pages/default.aspx

DataMinerWebsite,KentuckyTransportationCabinet:http://maps.kytc.ky.gov/bridge/

PAGE|23

SUMMARY

DamsareacriticalpartofKentucky'sinfrastructure,andmanycitizensoftheCommonwealthenjoy

thevaluablebenefitstheyprovide.Inrecentyears,thestatehasseenanincreaseinthenumberof

high-hazarddams,meaningthosethathavethepotentialforlossoflifeandsignificantproperty

destructioniftheyshouldfail.Thisisduetoareasdownstreamofthesedamsbeingdeveloped,

creatingpopulationsatriskthatdidnotpreviouslyexist.Inaddition,amajorityofthe

Commonwealth'sdamstructuresarenowmorethan50yearsold.Fortunately,whereasin2010fewer

than5percentofhigh-hazarddamshadEmergencyActionPlans(EAPs),approximately75percent

haveatleastsimplifieddraftplanstoday.However,necessarystatefundingtoimplementothersafety

programs,assistanceforprivatedamowners,anddirectfundingforstate-ownedandoperateddams

forrehabilitationofagingdamshasbeendramaticallycut.Fundingisneededtorehabilitatehigh-

hazarddams,supportpublicandprivatedamownersinmaintenanceneeds,improveemergency

preparedness,increaseeducationofdamsafetyforbothownersandthepublic,updateinspection

methodsandequipment,andhireadditionalstaffforregulatoryconditioninspections.

CAPACITY&CONDITION

DamsmeetavarietyofneedsintheCommonwealthofKentucky,includingwatersupply,irrigationfor

agriculturalpurposes,energygeneration,pollutioncontrol,floodriskmanagement,andthemost

commonpurpose,recreation.ResourcesgeneratedfromdamsareavaluablepartofKentucky’s

economy.MostdamsintheCommonwealthareconstructedearthenembankments,withapurpose

ofholdingbillionsofgallonsofwater.

Thereare1,107damsinKentuckylistedinthe2016NationalInventoryofDams(NID).TheNID

includesdamsthatare"highhazard"or"moderatehazard"potential,meaningdamfailurecould

causelossofhumanlifeoreconomicloss,respectively.TheNIDalsoincludesallstructuresthatare25

feetorhigherorstore50acre-feetofwaterormore.

TheKentuckyDivisionofWater’s(KDOW)DamSafetyProgramhasregulatoryauthorityovera

significantnumberofdamsthroughoutthestateandhasdifferentqualificationsforthedamsthey

regulate.Damsfoundundertheirauthorityincludealldamsinthestatewiththeexceptionof

federallyowneddams,damsassociatedwithmining,*anddamsthatdonottechnicallymeetthe

KDOWdefinitionofadam.†AsreportedbyKDOW,thetotalnumberofstate-regulateddamsin

Kentuckyis954.Ofthese,137areownedbycitiesortowns,72arestateowned,553areprivately

owned,andtheremainingareownedbythefederalgovernmentortheminingindustry.Inaddition,

therearedamsthatarenotstate-regulated,astheydonotexceedtheheightandstorage

requirementstobejurisdictionalunderstateregulatorycode.

*MiningdamsareregulatedbytheU.S.DepartmentofLabor’sMiningSafetyandHealth

AdministrationandtheKentuckyDivisionofMineReclamationandEnforcement.

†TheKentuckyStateDivisionofWaterclassifiesaregulateddamasastructurethathasan

embankmentthatisaminimumof25feetinheight,measuredfromthedownstreamtoeofthedam,

orhasamaximumimpoundingcapacityof50acre-feetormoreatthetopofthestructure.

PAGE|24

Figure6.DamsbyOwnerType.

TheaverageageofKDOWstate-regulateddamsinKentuckyis52years,pertheDamSafetySectionof

theDivisionofWater.Damsbuiltinthistimeperiodarenowatorbeyondtheaveragedesignlifeof50

years.

Figure7.DamsinKentuckyprovidedbyKentuckyDivisionofWater(KDOW),DamSafetySection.

137

553

72

74

80

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

AxisTitle

DamsbyPrimaryOwnerTypeinKentucky

Mining/Other Federal State PrivatelyOwned LocalGovernments

PAGE|25

Asmentionedabove,damsareclassifiedbasedontheirhazardpotential,ortheanticipated

consequencesinthecaseoffailure.

A"low-hazard,"orClassA,damisdefinedasastructurewhosefailurewouldcauselossofthe

structureitselfbutlittleornoadditionaldamagetootherproperty.Suchstructuresaregenerally

locatedinruraloragriculturalareaswherefailuremaydamagefarmbuildingsotherthanresidences,

agriculturallands,orcountyroads.ThemajorityofdamsinKentuckyareclassifiedas"low-hazard."

A"moderate-hazard,"orClassB,damistypicallydefinedasadamwhosefailurewouldcause

significantpropertydestructionbutnolossofhumanlife.Thesedamsarelocatedinpredominantly

ruralagriculturalareaswherefailuresmaydamageisolatedhomes,mainhighwaysormajor

railroads,orcauseinterruptionofuseorserviceofrelativelyimportantpublicutilities.Thereare

133"moderate-hazard"(alsoreferredtoassignificant-hazard)state-regulateddamsinKentucky,and

anadditional54inthiscategorythatarenotstate-regulated,foratotalof187overall,accordingto

theNID.

A"high-hazard,"orClassC,damistypicallydefinedasadamwhosepotentialfailureorimproper

operationwouldcauselossofhumanlifeorsignificantpropertydestructiontohouses,industrialor

commercialbuildings,importantpublicutilities,mainhighways,ormajorrailroads.Thenumberof

state-regulated"high-hazard"damsinKentuckyis177,withanadditional98thatarenotstate-

regulated,foratotalof275overallinthiscategory,accordingtotheNID.AsreportedbyKDOW,

nearlyhalfofthestate-regulatedhigh-hazarddams,79,areconsideredtohavecriticalneeds,

meaningtheyhavebeenassessedasbeinginpoororunsatisfactorycondition.Thenon-state-

regulatedhigh-hazarddamsareownedbyotherentities,includingfederalagenciesandmining

companies.(ManyoftheminingdamsarelistedasbeingregulatedbytheMineSafetyandHealth

Administration).Ofallhigh-hazarddamsintheNID,88areeitherinpoororunsatisfactorycondition.

Becausethepotentialforlossoflifeorsignificantpropertydamageissohigh,manyofthesehigh-

hazarddamshaveanEmergencyActionPlan(EAP)inplaceshouldacrisisoccur.High-hazarddamsare

notrequiredtohaveanEAPinthestateofKentucky,butasreportedbyKDOW,133outofthe177

state-regulateddams,orapproximately75percent,havefullorsimplifiedplansinplace.(Thisdoes

notincludeminingdams).EAPsaretheretohelppeoplegetoutofharm'swayinadvanceofadam

failure.Theseplansincludestandardproceduressuchasalistofwhichagenciestoalert,aswellas

floodinundationmapssoofficialsknowwhoneedstoevacuate.

Figure8.NumberofState-RegulatedHighHazardPotentialDamswithanEAP.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160NumberofState-RegulatedHigh-HazardPotentialDamswithanEAP

1999 2004 2010 2015

PAGE|26


Damownersareresponsiblefortheoperation,maintenance,andsafetyoftheirdams,whichincludes

financinganyneededupgradesandrepairs.Butbecauseofthepotentialdownstreamimpactto

citizensandcommunitiessurroundingKentucky'sdams,thestatehasregulatoryauthorityoverdam

safetyissues.

Thestate'sEnergyandEnvironmentCabinetrunsKentucky'sdamsafetyprogramoutofitsDivisionof

Water(KDOW).Theseofficesareresponsibleforconductingregularinspectionsofexistingdams,

overseeingremediationofdeficientdams,andworkingwithlocalofficialsanddamownerson

emergencypreparedness.TheDamSafetyProgram(DSP)isalsoresponsibleforthepermitting

requiredfornewdamconstruction.Asofthiswriting,therearethreefull-timestaffmembersinthe

DSP,withonevacancyatthepresenttime.

KDOWcurrentlyhasaninspectionscheduleofonceeverytwoyearsforallregulatedhigh-and

moderate-hazarddams.Inthenearfuture,state-owned,high-hazardstructureswillbeinspectedon

anannualbasis.Low-hazarddamsareonafive-yearinspectioncycle.Eachinspectionstartswitha

completefilereviewintheofficetonoteanyidentifieddeficienciesandtobecomefamiliarwith

hydrologicevaluations.Theinspectorthenperformsafieldevaluation.

TheDamSafetyandFloodplainComplianceSectionsoftheKDOWmaintainalistofdamstructuresin

aninventorydatabase.Todeterminethefrequencyofinspectionforeachdam,thecabinettakesinto

considerationthesizeandtype,topography,geology,soilcondition,hydrology,climate,useofthe

reservoir,thelandslyinginthefloodplaindownstream,andthehazardclassificationofthedam.

Ifthestructuremeetsallthenecessaryrequirements,aCertificateofInspectionisissuedtothe

owner.Ifthedamdoesnotmeetallnecessaryrequirements,theownerisnotifiedofanydeficiencies.

DamSafetystaffalsoperformperiodicinspectionsofnewdamsunderconstruction.Afinalinspection

isperformedwhentheconstructioniscomplete,andifthedamisconstructedaccordingtotheplans

andspecifications,aletterisissuedapprovingtheimpoundingofwater.Thedamisthenaddedtothe

inventorydatabase.

FUNDING

ThecurrentoperatingbudgetfortheDamSafetysectionoftheDOWis$529,490annually.Thisfigure

isone-thirdofthebudgetonlyeightyearsago(seeFigure9).AccordingtodatafromASDSO,this

figureisjustbelowthenationalaveragefordamsafetyagencybudgets(onaper-dambasis).

InadditiontofundingforthestatewideDamSafetyProgram,thereareseparatefundingstreamsfor

rehabilitationandrepairofstate-owneddams,providedthroughtheState-OwnedDamRepair

programoftheKentuckyDOW.Thisfundingsourceisreplenishedeveryyearwithalineiteminthe

statebudget;however,thisrevenuestreamisonlyforrehabilitationorrepairofstate-owneddams.

PAGE|27

Figure9.BudgetingforDamSafetyinKentucky,fromKentuckyDamSafetyPerformanceReport,2016.

Somelocaldamownershavelocalfundingstreamsfordammaintenanceandrepairs.Manylarge,

privatedamownershaveself-fundedoperations,includingEAPdevelopment.

AnotherpotentialfundingstreamwasauthorizedbythecreationoftheHighHazardPotentialDam

RehabilitationprogramwhenTheWaterInfrastructureImprovementsfortheNation(WIIN)Act,

passedin2016.Whiletheprogramhasbeenauthorized,ithasnotyetbeenfundedorimplemented

byFEMA.Oncefundsaremadeavailable,Kentuckywillbeabletoapplyforthesegrantsforthe

rehabilitationofnon-federalhigh-hazardpotentialdams.

FUTURENEED

Atthepresenttime,theDamSafetysectionoftheDivisionofWaterhasfundinglimitationsthat

hinderitsabilitytoinspectallofthestate'sinventoryofdamsonitsregularinspectionschedule.Inthe

future,inordertohelpprioritizeprojects,arisk-informedanddata-drivenassetmanagementplan

shouldbedevelopedfortheKentuckydaminventory.Thiswillhelpsafetyinspectorsanddamowners

focusonrepairsandoperationalchangesneededtoreduceriskstoacceptablelevels.

Anotherinitiativethatwillincreasecommunitysafetyisthecreationofmoreemergencyactionplans.

ThoughdamsinKentuckyarenotrequiredtohaveanEAP,only133outofthe177stateregulated

high-hazardstructureshaveafullorsimplifiedplaninplace.Itisunknownhowmanyofthehigh-

hazardminingdamsinthestatehaveEAPs.Damownersofthesestructuresinparticularshould

develop,maintain,andexercisefullEAPswithdetailedinundationmapping.

AdditionaleffortswillbeneededinthenearfuturetoupdateapplicableKentuckyDamSafety

regulationsandmodernizeDamSafetyprogrammaticrisks.Inaddition,Kentuckymayconsidertaking

enhancedenforcementactionsonnon-compliantdamsthathavecriticalneedforrehabilitation

and/orrepair.

PUBLICSAFETY,RESILIENCE&INNOVATION

HundredsofdamsacrosstheCommonwealthhavethepotentialtofailwithtragicconsequences,and

Kentuckiansneedtounderstandtherisksassociatedwithpotentialincidentsandfailures.This

demandsgreaterattentiontoandinvestmentinmeasuresthatreduceriskstopublicsafetyand

economicassets.

RegularinspectionsarethefirstlineofdefenseinprotectingKentuckycitizens,agriculture,and

property.OneofKDOW’sDamSafetyProgramgoalsistoprovideroutineinspectionsonregulated

$0.00

$500,000.00

$1,000,000.00

$1,500,000.00

$2,000,000.00DamSafetyStateBudget

1999 2004 2010 2015

PAGE|28

dams,andtheystrivetomeetthisgoalwithlimitedresources.Ultimately,itisthedamowner’s

responsibilityforproperinspection,operation,andmaintenanceoftheirdam.

Thenextmostimportantactiontotakeforreducingtherisksoflossoflifeandpropertydamagefrom

damfailuresistocreateEmergencyActionPlansatallhigh-andmoderate-hazardpotentialdamsin

thestate.ItisespeciallycriticaltohaveanEAPatthehigh-hazardpotentialdamsthathavebeen

foundtobeunsafeordonotmeetcurrentaccepteddamsafetycriteria.

Inordertosharedamsafetybestpracticesthroughoutthestate,theKentuckyDivisionofWater’s

DamSafetyProgramhasbeenworkingondevelopingcollaborativeinteragencyforumswitha

progressiveapproachtosharinglessonslearned,innovativeideas,andfinancial/economicneeds.The

DamSafetyProgramroutinelycommunicatesandcoordinateswithmultipleagenciesbothlocallyand

nationwidetodiscusskeyissuesandtrendsinDamSafetyBestPractices.KDOW’sDamSafety

ProgramisworkingtocoordinatewithfederalagenciesthroughinitiativesliketheSilverJackets

Program,whichisfocusedonfloodriskmanagementandmitigation,andwithotherassociationssuch

astheKentuckyAssociationofMitigationManagement,aswellasparticipatingintheNationalDam

SafetyReviewBoard.KDOWisworkingincooperationwiththeDepartmentofHomelandSecurityona

four-phasedprojecttocreateanearly-warningmonitoringsystemintheeventofadamfailure.Four

damswereselectedastheinitialpilotfortheprojectduetotheirlocationandexistingavailable

instrumentationavailableatthedamthatcanbeusedforcomparisonandcontrolpurposes.Best

practiceslearnedthroughthisprojectmaybeappliedtodamlocationsthroughoutthe

Commonwealth(andthecountry)wherethereislimitedinformationand/orinstrumentation.These

toolsareintendedtoincreasewarningandresponsetime,reduceriskstolivesandproperty,and

ultimatelybuildcommunityresiliencetofloodevents.


ThefollowingrecommendationsaresupportedbyASCE:

Ü RecommendadditionalfundingforKDOW’sDamSafetyProgramtofurthertheprogram’sgoals

Ü Recommenduserfeesonregulateddams,includingfeesassessedforoperationalpermitsto

buildnewdams

Ü RecommendrequiringEmergencyActionPlans(EAPs)forallhigh-hazardandmoderate-hazard

damsinKentucky(includingminingdamsregulatedbythestate)

Ü SupportfullappropriationsforthefederalHighHazardPotentialDamRehabilitationprogram

Ü Exploredevelopmentofacentralrisk-basedassetmanagementplantobehousedand

maintainedbyKDOWtoidentifyandprioritizegreatestneedsfordamrepair

Ü Similartothestate-owneddamrepairfund,setuparepairfundformunicipallyowneddams

withpossibleexpansiontoincludeaseparatefundforrepairstoprivatelyowneddams

Ü Strategicallyplanforalternativefundingavenuesforqualifyingdamownerstomatchanyfederal

dollarsthatareawardedfordammaintenanceandrepairs

Ü Increasecitizenawarenessoftherisksrelatedtodams,andeffectivemethodsforlivingsafely

withthem

Ü Increaseoutreachtodamownersandoperatorssotheyareawareofstatedamsafetylaws,

fundingsources,andregulations,aswellastheirresponsibilitiesandliabilities.Explorehelping

PAGE|29

damownerscreateoperationsmanualswithinformationontheproperoperation,maintenance,

andinspectionoftheirdams

Ü Increaseeducationtolocalemergencymanagementofficials,firstresponders,andpeoplewho

liveandworkinareasdownstreamofdams,sotheyunderstandtheplansforresponseinan

emergencysituation


DHS–DepartmentofHomelandSecurity

KDOW–KentuckyDivisionofWater

FEMA–FederalEmergencyManagementAgency

EAP–EmergencyActionPlan

KIA–KentuckyInfrastructureAuthority

USACE–U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers

WIIN–WaterInfrastructureImprovementsfortheNationAct

SOURCES

1. EnergyandEnvironmentCabinet,DivisionofWater,DamSafety:

http://water.ky.gov/damsafety/Pages/default.aspx

2. KentuckyDamSafetyPerformanceReport,AssociationofStateDamSafetyOfficials,2016;

https://damsafety.org/content/kentucky-program-performance-report

3. DamsinKentuckymap:http://eppcapps.ky.gov/waterdams/DamsMap2.htm

4. U.S.HouseofRepresentatives,Transportation&InfrastructureCommitteewebsite:

https://transportation.house.gov/wrda-2016/

5. U.S.ArmyCorpofEngineers,NationalInventoryofDams,

http://nid.usace.army.mil/cm_apex/f?p=838:3:0::NO

6. PersonalinterviewswithKDOWDamSafetystaff,2018

PAGE|30

SUMMARY

Kentuckyenactedlegislationin2000topromoteregionalcooperationandwatersystemconsolidation

throughouttheCommonwealth.After18years,Kentuckyhasmadesignificantprogressinextending

publicwaterservicetomorethan97percentofthestate’spopulation.Kentuckyhasdeployeda

robust,onlineWaterResourceInformationSystemandhascontinuedtoconsolidateandregionalize

thenumberofpublicwatersystemsinordertoservemorecitizensandgainefficiencies.Kentuckyhas

alsoestablishedaDrinkingWaterAdvisoryCouncil,toprovideinputondrinkingwaterregulationsand

bestpracticesinwatermanagement,treatment,anddistribution.WhileKentuckyhasmadesignificant

progressinconsolidationofwatersystemsandservicelevels,severalchallengeshavebeenidentified,

includingcompliancewiththeSafeDrinkingWaterAct(SDWA)DisinfectionByproductsRule(DBPR)in

somesmallsystems;reducedstatefundingtothe2020WaterProgram;waterlossthataverages30

percentonastate-widebasis;anddrinkingwaterinfrastructureneedsthathaveincreased33percent

from2013to2017,withacurrentestimateof$8.2billionover20years.

CONDITIONANDCAPACITY

Kentuckycurrentlyhasapopulationof4.47millionpeople,whoareservedby435publicwater

systemsasofJuly1,2018.Seventy-onepercentofthestate'sdrinkingwaterissuppliedfromsurface

watersources(rivers,streams,andlakes),while29percentissuppliedbygroundwatersources.

Kentuckyhasundergoneextensiveregionalizationandconsolidationofwatersystemsoverthepast

45years,reducingthenumberofitspublicwatersystemsfrom2,188in1974to435in2018,as

showninFigure10.Consolidationhasledtoimprovementinservicelevels,regulatorycompliance,

operatingandcapitalefficiencies,droughttolerance,andaffordablewaterrates.

Figure10.KentuckyPublicWaterSystems,1974to2018.

2188

1812

1254

781

484 435

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1974 1979 1989 1999 2009 2018

Numbe

rofW

aterSy

stem

s

Year

KentuckyPublicDrinkingWaterSystems

PAGE|31

In2000,KentuckyGovernorPaulPattonandtheKentuckyGeneralAssemblysetoutanambitiousplan

underSenateBill409toimprovewaterservicethroughoutKentucky.SenateBill409established

community-basedplanningfordrinkingwaterinfrastructurestatewideunderthedirectionofthe

KentuckyInfrastructureAuthority(KIA).KIAservesasaclearinghouseforfederalandstatefundingof

drinkingwaterprojects,includingtheStateRevolvingFund(SRF)program,aswellasstategrantand

loanprogramsauthorizedbytheKentuckyLegislature.KIAmaintainsastatewidegeographic

informationsystem(GIS)database,knownastheWaterResourcesInformationSystem(WRIS).WRISis

updatedannuallywithinformationprovidedbywaterutilitiestoregionalwatermanagementcouncils.

Since2000,Kentuckyhasexpandedwaterservicefromapproximately37,000milesofwatermainto

58,783milesin2017.Withthesewaterlineimprovements,thestatehasincreasedthepercentageof

thepopulationbeingservedbyapublicdrinkingwatersystem,from85percentin2000tomorethan

97percenttoday.ThisservicelevelisoneofthehighestintheUnitedStates,withfewerthan3

percentofthepopulation(estimatedat100,000residents)withoutaccesstoapublicdrinkingwater

supply.Figure11showsamapofthepublicwatersystemsinKentucky,andTable1providesa

summaryofKentucky’swatersystems,sourceofwater,population,andassets.


TheKentuckyPublicServiceCommission(PSC)regulatespublicwatersystemsinKentucky,withthe

exceptionofmunicipallyownedwatersystemsthatareexemptfromKentuckyPSCregulationforrates

andservicelevels.

Morethan99percentofthewatersystemsinKentuckyareownedbyacity,county,orstate

authorizedagency.Government-ownedsystemsinKentuckyareexemptfrompropertyandincome

taxesandhaveaccesstotax-exemptdebtandgovernmentgrantsandlow-interestloans.

Thethreelargestpublicwatersystems(LouisvilleWaterCompany,KentuckyAmericanWater

Company,andNorthernKentuckyWaterDistrict)serveapproximately30percentofthestate’s

populationandhaveachievedthehighestlevelofwaterqualitytreatmentundertheU.S.

EnvironmentalProtectionAgency's(EPA)PartnershipforSafeWater.

PublicWaterSystemsandSource:435PublicWaterSystems(Total)· 137SurfaceWater(31%)· 172SurfaceWaterPurchasers(40%)· 101GroundWater(23%)· 25GroundWaterPurchasers(6%)

PopulationServed:· 22%serveapopulationover10,000· 19%serveapopulationof5,000to10,000· 59%serveapopulationoflessthan5,000WaterAssets:· 213WaterTreatmentPlants(averageage36years)· 1,842WaterStorageTank(averageage26years)· 58,783totalmilesofWaterMain(averageage38years)· 11,697milesofWaterMainmorethanthan50yearsofage(19.9%)

Figure11.Kentucky'sPublicDrinkingWaterCoverage. Table1.KentuckyPublicWaterSystems.

PAGE|32

WaterratesinKentuckyarecompetitivewhencomparedwithnationalaverages.The2016Kentucky

WaterRateSurveyconductedbyCanonandCanonreportedanaveragemonthlywaterbillof$37.66

for5,000gallons.CircleofBluereportsanaveragemonthlywaterbillof$35.40forafamilyoffour

using200gallonsperday(6,000gallonspermonth)forthetop30U.S.cities.Largeurbanareas

typicallyhavelowerwaterratesthanruralareasduetoeconomiesofscaleandhighercustomer

density.SomewatersystemsinKentuckyarereluctanttoraiseratestocoverthefullcostofservice,

includingcostofoperations,depreciation,andcapitalinvestment.Proactiveinvestmentinreplacing

agingwaterinfrastructureisoftennotincludedinwaterrates.

Kentuckyneedsimprovementintheareaofwaterloss.TheKentuckyWRISreportsnon-revenuewater

lossatastatewideaverageof24percent,whichishigherthanboththenationalaverageof16percent

reportedin2013bytheEPAandthe15percentlimitofunaccounted-forwaterlossestablishedbythe

KentuckyPSC.Highwaterlosscanbeattributedtowatermainbreaksandleaks,waterlineflushing,

storagetankoverflowsandinaccuratemetersandisanindicatorofunderfundedinfrastructure

renewal.Figure12isamapofKentuckyshowingnon-revenuewaterlossbyarea.

Anothermaintenance-relatedchallengebeingexperiencedinKentuckyisthelossoflicensedplantand

distributionoperatorsduetoretirementsandacompetitivejobmarket.Licensedoperatorsare

neededtoassurehighqualitywaterdeliverytocustomers.

Figure12.KentuckyNon-RevenueWaterin2018.

PAGE|33

PUBLICHEALTH

TheKentuckyDivisionofWaterpublishesanannualDrinkingWaterComplianceReport,inwhich

drinkingwaterviolationsareidentifiedinthefollowingsixcategories:monitoring(MON);exceeding

maximumcontaminantlevel(MCL);reporting(RPT);publicnotification(PN);treatmenttechnique

(TT);andsanitarysurvey(SS).Figure13illustratesthecompliancehistoryofdrinkingwaterviolations

inKentuckysince2008.In2014,thenumberoftotalviolationsincreasedasaresultoffailureto

complywiththe2013Stage2DisinfectionByproductsRule(DBPR)inareasofmonitoring,public

health,andpublicnotification,asshowninFigure14.TheDBPRviolationsincludeconsecutivesystem

violationswherewaterissuppliedtoadjacentwatersystems.KentuckyhasfocusedonreducingDBPR

violations,withtechnicalassistancetosmallsystems,andin2017,DBPRviolationsdropped

significantly.

In2016,theKentuckyEnvironmentalProtectionCabinetcharteredaLeadinDrinkingWater

WorkgrouptoevaluatethestatusofcompliancewiththeEPA'sLeadandCopperRule(LCR)following

thepublichealthcrisisinFlint,Michigan.TheLeadWorkgrouppublisheditsrecommendationsin

March2018.Currently,allpublicwatersystemsinKentuckycomplywiththeEPALCRActionLevelof

15partsperbillion.Inaddition,asillustratedinFigure15,samplingdatasince2005(withover35,000

samplestested)indicatethevastmajorityofKentuckypublicwatersystemswillnothaveanissuein

thefutureifleadactionlevelsarereducedto10partsperbillion.

Figure13.KentuckyDrinkingWaterCompliance

Statistics,2008–2017.Figure14.KentuckyDisinfectionByproductRule.

Violations,2008–2017.

PAGE|34

Figure15.KentuckyLeadSamplingResults2005–2017.

MostKentuckywatersystemsdonothaveareliableinventoryofleadservicelinesduetothelackof

historicalservicelinerecords.LeadwasusedasaservicelinematerialinsomeKentuckycitiesthrough

1950.Inaddition,ruralwatersystemsthatformedafter1950generallydidnotuseleadasapiping

material.Louisvillehadthelargestinstalledinventoryof70,000leadservicelines,andthrough30-year

proactivereplacementhasreducedthenumbertofewerthan2,000by2018.Thisislessthan0.8

percentofallresidentialservicelines.Louisvillealsoinitiatedaproactivelead-testingprogramin

schoolsin2005andprovidesabestpracticeapproachforcorrosioncontroltreatment,replacementof

leadservicelines,andconsumereducationmaterials.

FUNDING

In2000,Kentuckyestablished15regionalwaterplanningandmanagementcouncils.Annually,each

regionalcouncilidentifiesdrinkingwatersystemneedsintheirarea.Projectsaredevelopedforthese

areasusinga20-yearplanninghorizon,andtheyareprioritizedonaregionalbasiswithinputfrom

waterprovidersandelectedofficials.KIAthendevelopsastatewideprioritylist,andprojectsare

selectedforfunding.

SinceFY2013-14,Kentuckyhasinvested$615.5millionindrinkingwaterprojectsfundedbygrants

andlow-interestloans.MajorfundingsourcesincludetheStateRevolvingFund(SRF)andRural

Development(RD)programs.BothSRFandRDprogramsprovidelowinterestloansandsomegrants

forwatersysteminfrastructureimprovements.Table2providesasummaryofdrinkingwatergrants

andlow-interestloansfromfederal/stateagenciesoverthepastfiveyears(FY2014-FY2018):

PAGE|35

Table2.KentuckyDrinkingWaterFundingFY2014-2018.

Inaddition,largerwatersystemsfinancewatersystemimprovementsthroughwaterrates,including

debt,depreciation,andinternallygeneratedfunds.

FUTURENEED

In2011,theEPA’sDrinkingWater

InfrastructureNeedsSurveyand

Assessmentreporteda$6.2billionfunding

needforKentucky’sdrinkingwater

infrastructure.Theupdated2018

assessmentreports(using2016survey

data)anestimated20-yearfundingneed

of$8.2billionforKentucky,which

representsa32percentincreaseover

2011.Themostsignificantneedin

Kentuckyisinvestmentfortransmission

anddistributionreplacement,upgrades,andextensions($6.3billion),followedbytreatment($929.7

million),andthenstorage($648.8million).Asummaryofthedrinkingwaterinfrastructureneedsfor

KentuckyisidentifiedinTable3.

WhiletheEPANeedsAssessmentismorecomprehensive,

theKentuckyWaterResourceInformationSystem(WRIS)

targetsonlydrinkingwaterprojectsthathaveappliedfor

stateorfederalfunding.AreviewofWRISidentifiesan

additional20-yeardrinkingwaterinfrastructureneedof

$1.9billion.Table4illustratestheestimatedWRISproject

fundingneedover20yearsasofJuly2018.Projectsfor

largermunicipalandfor-profitsystemsaretypicallyfunded

fromwaterrates,includingdepreciation,debt,orspecial

fees/surcharges.

RESILIENCEANDINNOVATION

InordertoassesstheCommonwealth'sresilienceto

drought,KentuckyisupdatingitsWaterSupplyDroughtRiskAssessmentin2018.Themostrecent

droughtperiodsinclude1988,1999,2007-08,2010,and2012.Kentuckyhassignificantlyreducedits

FundingSource FYPeriodKYFY2013-14

(Actual)(10/1/13-9/30/14)

KYFY2014-15

(Actual)(10/1/14-9/30/15)

KYFY2015-16

(Actual)(10/1/15-9/30/16)

KYFY2016-17

(Actual)(10/1/16-9/30/17)

KYFY2017-18

(FYAllocation)(10/1/17-9/30/18)

5YRTOTAL

AbandonMineLands(AML) July1toJune30 11,664,569$ 19,299,430$ 8,435,009$ 11,296,456$ 3,713,340$ 54,408,804$AppalachianRegionalCommission(ARC) July1toJune30 1,226,500$ 168,000$ 2,575,149$ 1,434,338$ 4,820,408$ 10,224,395$CommunityDevelopmentBlockGrant-Water July1toJune30 1,822,000$ 624,000$ 947,000$ 3,271,028$ 2,647,846$ 9,311,874$KIAStateRevolvingLoanFund(SRF) July1toJune30 $32,124,433 $27,425,379 $36,812,357 $39,916,945 $19,301,000 $155,580,114RuralDevelopment(RD) Oct1toSept30 76,292,000$ 70,135,250$ 41,809,000$ 50,792,000$ 146,937,000$ 385,965,250$

Total 123,129,502$ 117,652,059$ 90,578,515$ 106,710,767$ 177,419,594$ 615,490,437$

Area $Millions PercentTransmissionandDistribution 6,320.70$ 76.8%Treatment 929.70$ 11.3%Storage 648.80$ 7.9%Source 206.70$ 2.5%Other 126.20$ 1.5%

Total 8,232.10$ 100.0%Table3.KentuckyDrinkingWaterInfrastructureNeedsfrom

2016EPASurvey,published2018.

Timeframe

WRISProjectEstimate($Million)

0-2years $785.13-5years 893.1$6-10years 172.4$11-20years 59.2$

Total 1,909.8$Table4.KentuckyDrinkingWater

InfrastructureNeedsIdentifiedinKYWRIS

System.

PAGE|36

droughtvulnerabilitythroughadditionalsourcewatercapacity,treatmentcapacity,deliverysystems,

systemmergers,andsysteminterconnections.TheRiskAssessmentmap,showninFigure16,

illustratesthedegreeofvulnerabilityofKentucky’spublicwatersystemstoseveredrought.When

thesedroughtsoccur,areasofhighestriskarefoundpredominantlyinsoutheastKentucky,accounting

forlessthan1percentofKentucky’spopulation.

Simultaneoustoreducingdroughtvulnerability,theCommonwealthalsohasresourcestorespond

andrecovermorequicklyfromadrought.KYWARN,astatewideWater/WastewaterAgencyResponse

Network,provideswaterandwastewaterutilitieswithaMutualAidAgreementandaprocessfor

sharingemergencywaterresourcesstatewidewhenneeded.TheKentuckyMesoNet,anonline

weatherandclimatesystem,providesreal-timeweatherdatatoassistwithemergencyresponseand

resiliencyefforts.

Figure16.KentuckyWaterSupplyDroughtRiskAssessment.

Inanotheruniquepartnershipwithdrinkingwaterindustrystakeholders(regulatoryagencies,funding

agencies,waterutilities,andindustryassociations),theKentuckyDivisionofWaterformedaDrinking

WaterAdvisoryCouncil,whichmeetsquarterlytodiscussregulatorycomplianceandindustrybest

practices.Thiscollaborativeapproachhasledtoproactivedevelopmentofregulationsandbest

practicesforcapacitydevelopment,waterquality,leadcorrosioncontrol,permitting,operator

certification,anddesignstandards.

PAGE|37

Kentuckyalsocollaboratesthroughindustryassociations,includingAmericanCouncilofEngineering

CompaniesofKentucky(ACEC-KY),Kentucky/TennesseeAmericanWaterWorksAssociation(AWWA),

KentuckyMunicipalUtilitiesAssociation(KMUA),KentuckyRuralWaterAssociation(KRWA),andthe

KentuckyWaterandWastewaterOperatorsAssociation(KWWOA)toimprovethequality,quantity,

andservicelevelsofKentucky’sdrinkingwatersupply.TheUniversityofKentuckyWaterResource

ResearchInstituteandtheUniversityofLouisvilleCenterforInfrastructureResearchalsoprovide

supportforappliedresearchandbestpractices.

RECOMMENDATIONSFORDRINKINGWATERINFRASTRUCTURE

InordertocontinuetheprogressofimprovingKentucky’sdrinkingwatersystems,thefollowing

recommendationsaresupportedbyASCE:

Ü Continueregionalwaterplanningandcoordinationofdrinkingwaterinfrastructure.

Ü MaintainandenhancetheKentuckyWaterResourceInformationSystem(WRIS).

Ü Continueupdatesofthe20-yeardrinkingwaterinfrastructureneedsassessmenteverythreeto

fiveyears.

Ü Promotetheuseofcost-of-servicewaterratemethodsandfull-costpricingofwaterasdefinedin

AWWAM-1ManualonWaterRates,Fees,andCharges.Full-costpricingwillallowforwater

systemstobuild,operate,maintain,andreinvestintheirwatersystemsandprovidesafe,reliable

drinkingwatersupplytotheircommunity.

Ü ConductastatewideassessmentofwaterlossandpromotetheuseoftheAWWAM-36Water

AuditandLossControlmethodologytoreducewaterloss.

Ü Pursuewatersystemmergersandregionalsolutionswhereeconomicallybeneficial.

Ü Continuegrantandlow-interestloanprogramsofferedbyfederalandstatefundingagencies

(ARC,AML,CDBG,KIA,RD,SRF).

Ü Pursuenewsourcesofstateandlocalfundingforwaterinfrastructuretobridgethefundingneeds

gapandleveragefederalandprivateinvestmentinwaterinfrastructure.

Ü Monitorthedevelopmentofregulationsforemergingcontaminants(pharmaceuticals,personal

careproducts,herbicides,andpesticides)indrinkingwaterandidentifytheinfrastructure

improvementsneededtocomplywithfutureregulations.

Ü Promotetheuseofbestpracticesinwatertreatmentandoptimizationofdisinfectionmethodsto

reducebyproductsofdisinfection.

Ü Conductastate-wideinventoryofpublicleadservicelinesandpromotebestpracticesfor

corrosioncontrol,leadservicelinereplacement,andpubliceducationonleadindrinkingwater.

Ü Developastate-wideprogramforvoluntarytestingofleadinpublicschoolsthroughapartnership

withtheKentuckyEnvironmentalProtectionCabinet,DepartmentofPublicHealth,Departmentof

Education,anddrinkingwaterproviders.

Ü Developproactiveprogramsforrecruitingandretainingplantanddistributionoperators.

PAGE|38


ACEC-KY–AmericanCouncilofEngineeringCompaniesofKentucky

AML–AbandonMineLands

ARC–AppalachianRegionalCommission

ASCE–AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers

AWWA–AmericanWaterWorksAssociation

DBPR–U.S.EPADisinfectionByproductsRule

CDBG–CommunityDevelopmentBlockGrant

CWS–CommunityWaterSystem

EPA–UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency

FY–FiscalYear

GIS–GeographicInformationSystem

KIA–KentuckyInfrastructureAuthority

KRWA–KentuckyRuralWaterAssociation

KWWOA–KentuckyWater/WastewaterOperatorsAssociation

LCR–U.S.EPALeadandCopperRule

PSC–PublicServiceCommission

PWS–PublicWaterSystem

RD–RuralDevelopment

SDWA–SafeDrinkingWaterAct

SRF–StateRevolvingFundprogram

WRIS–WaterResourceInformationSystem

SOURCES

1. KentuckyDivisionofWater,PublicWaterSystemStatistics(water.ky.gov)

2. KentuckyWaterResourceInformationSystem(www.kia.kentucky.gov/WRIS)

3. 2016KentuckyWaterRateSurvey,CanonandCanon

4. CircleofBlue2018WaterRateSurvey(www.circleofblue.org/waterpricing/)

5. 2013USEPAWaterLossReport(www.epa.gov)

6. 2017DrinkingWaterAnnualComplianceReport(www.water.ky.gov)

7. UpdateonKentuckyLeadWorkgroupActivities,KY-TNSectionAWWAStraightfromtheTap,

Spring2018(www.kytnawwa.org)

8. KentuckyStateandFederalFundingforDrinkingWaterfromKIA,AML,andRDAgencies

9. 2015EPADrinkingWaterInfrastructureNeedsSurveyandAssessment(www.epa.gov)

10. 2018KentuckyWaterSupplyDroughtRiskAssessment,KentuckyDivisionofWater

(www.water.ky.gov)

PAGE|39

11. KYWARN–KentuckyWater/WastewaterAgencyResponseNetwork(www.kywarn.org)

12. KentuckyMesoNet(www.kymesonet.org)

13. AWWAM-1ManualonWaterRates,FeesandCharges(www.awwa.org)

14. AWWAM-36WaterAuditandLossControl(www.awwa.org)

PAGE|40

SUMMARYTheCommonwealthofKentucky,withtwomajorcoalfieldslocatedwithinthestate,hashistoricallyenjoyedthebenefitsoflow-costelectricity.Thecloseproximityofthecoalfieldshaskepttransportationcostslow,whichhasbenefittedthestate’seconomicdevelopmentefforts.TheaveragepriceofelectricityasreportedbytheKentuckyOfficeofEnergyPolicyis8.26centsperkWh,whichisthesixthlowestintheUnitedStates.LowenergycostshavehelpedKentuckyattractmanufacturingandotherkeyindustrialandcommercialenterprises,whichisanimportantpartofthestate'seconomy.Similartoindustriesacrossthecountry,inthepastdecadeKentuckyindustrieshavereducedoutput,withsomecompaniesclosingorleavingthestate.TotalenergydemandinKentuckyhasstillnotreboundedtopre-recessionlevels—electricitygenerationdroppedbyone-fifth,from2014to2017alone.Thisreductioninelectricalloadhasalleviatedprevioustransmissioncapacityissues;however,thesharpdecreaseindemandforenergyalsopresentsachallengewithasubsequentdecreaseinfundingfortheinfrastructuresystemneededtodeliverenergyacrossthestate.TocontinuetomeettheCommonwealth'senergydemandsandmaintainlowenergycosts,Kentuckymustcontinuetodevelopandmaintainadiverseenergyportfoliothatincludescoal,naturalgas,andadditionalsustainableresources.Kentuckymustalsoanswerthechallengeofhowtofund continuedimprovementstothetransmissionanddistributioninfrastructure.

CONDITIONANDCAPACITYEnergyanditstransmissioninfrastructureareanimportantpartofKentucky'seconomy,asthelargestpercentageoftheenergyconsumedintheCommonwealthisforcommercialandmanufacturingoperations.Kentuckyisabletoofferlow-costelectricitytoenergy-intensivemanufacturers,whichisthelargestsourceofrevenueandaleadingsourceofemploymentinthestate.Withanabundantsourceofcoal,KentuckyhasbeenabletomaintainthelowestindustrialelectricityrateseastoftheMississippiRiver,whichiscriticaltothestate'seconomicgrowth.

CoalhasbeenKentucky'sprimaryenergyresourceformorethantwohundredyears,withupto94percentofthestate'selectricitybeingproducedfromcoal-firedgenerationasrecentlyas2008.

Aboutadecadelater,coalstillaccountsfor83percentofKentucky'selectricityportfolio,comparedwith31percentnationwide,asillustratedinFigures17and18below.AlthoughcoalisKentucky's

Figure17.KentuckyElectricityGenerationbyFuel,2016.

Figure18.UnitedStatesElectricityGenerationbyFuel,2016.

PAGE|41

primaryenergysource,theCommonwealthalsoproducessmallamountsofoilandnatural gas butthe developed resources are not adequate to meet the growing needs for electricity generation.Kentuckyalsohaslimitedbut growingrenewableenergyresources.

ElectricityinKentuckyissuppliedby160individualelectricity-generatingunitsat46powerplantsacrossthestate.Theaverageageofpowerplantsis38years,withtheoldesthydroelectricstationbeingbuiltin1925.

Theelectricity-generatingcapacityinKentucky,orthetotalamountofelectricitythatcanbeproducedatanyonemoment,is20gigawattsofelectricity,whichismorethanenoughtopowerthehomes,businesses,andindustriesinthestate.Asaresultofthedownturnintheeconomyduetotherecessionof2008andimprovementsinenergyefficiency,energyuseisdownoverallinKentuckycomparedwithpreviousdecades;therefore,capacityisnotacurrentconcern.

ElectricityusagegrewrapidlyinKentuckyinthelate1960stotheearly1970sandagainfromthelate1980stotheearly1990s,withaboominmanufacturinginthestate.

Figure19.Kentuckyannualgrowthrateforelectricityconsumption,KentuckyEnergyDatabase,2016.

However,therecessionof2008causedmanyinthecommercialandindustrialsectorstoshutdownorcurtailoutput,whichconsequentlyhadasignificantimpactontheelectricalloadforthestate.Total

PAGE|42

electricitygenerationdroppedbyone-fifth,fromnearly90.9millionmegawatthoursin2014to72.1millionmegawatthoursin2017.Thisreductioninelectricalloadhasalleviatedthetransmissioncapacityissuesthatwereidentifiedinpreviousreportcards.Totalenergydemandhasnotreboundedtopre-recessionlevels,andforthisreason,Kentuckyhasnotneededtobuildinfrastructureforadditionalcapacity.

Acombinationofaffordablenaturalgasandstricterenvironmentalregulations—primarilymercuryandairtoxics—hasresultedintheutilitiesofKentuckybeginning to transition awayfromcoaltonatu-ralgasas theprimaryfuelforelectricitygeneration.Morethanadozenoldercoal-firedplantshavebeenretired since2014,sincethecostofcomplyingwiththesefederalregulations,alongwiththere-duceddemand forelectricity,provednottobefinanciallyviable.Kentuckyutilitieshaveinsteadbeenbuildingnew transmissionsystemsfornaturalgassincesupplyisabundantandpricesarecurrentlycheaperthan coal.

Figure20.ConsumptionforelectricitygenerationforallsectorsinKentucky.

OPERATIONANDMAINTENANCE

TheCommonwealthofKentuckyisdividedintocertifiedelectricserviceterritories,whicharedeterminedbytheKentuckyPublicServiceCommission(PSC).Providersofelectricityincludethreeinvestor-ownedutilities(IOUs),whereownershipismadeupofstockholders;twogenerationand

PAGE|43

transmissioncooperatives,whicharemadeupofmemberswhogenerateandtransmittheirownpower;19distributioncooperatives,withmemberswhobuildandmaintaintheirowndistributionlines;20municipalutilities;andtheTennesseeValleyAuthority(TVA),whichhasaserviceterritoryalongthesouthernborderofKentucky.ThemunicipalutilitiesandTVAdistributorsarenotsubjecttoregulationbythePSC,buttheremainderoftheretailelectricitymarketinthestateisregulatedbythePSC.

Alltransmissionofelectricity,naturalgas,andoilisregulatedbytheFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission(FERC).Thereareseveralregionaltransmissionorganizations(RTOs)thatcoordinatethemovementofwholesaleelectricitythroughoutKentucky:

Ü PJMInterconnection—anRTOthatincludesDukeEnergy,AEP/KentuckyPowerCompany,andEastKentuckyPowerCooperativeasmembers.PJMoperatesthetransmissionsystemsoftheseutilitiesanddispatchesenergytotheeasternhalfofKentucky.

Ü MidcontinentISO(MISO)—anRTOthatextendsfromtheCanadianbordertoLouisiana.InKentucky,theBigRiversElectricCooperativeisamemberofMISO,covering22countiesinwesternKentucky.

Ü TennesseeValleyAuthority(TVA)—afederalagencythatownsandoperatesonehydroelectricdam,eightcombustionturbines,twocoal-firedpowerplants,andonecombinedcyclegasplanttoservice28countiesinwesternandsouth-centralKentucky.

Ü LouisvilleGas&Electric/KentuckyUtilitiesserveastheirowncontrolareas,generatinganddispatchingtheirownenergyandoperatingtheirowntransmissionassetsforsevencountiesinnorth-centralKentuckyaswellascitiesthroughoutthestate.

WiththeexceptionofLG&E/KUandTVA,thetransmissionassetsofenergyinfrastructureinKentuckyareoperatedbyeitherMISOorPJM.Memberutilitiesbidtheirgenerationintotheirrespectivemarketandinturnpurchasetheirelectricityneedsfromthatsamemarket.Theregulationsofbothoftheseagencieshaveverytightcontroloveranyissuesrelatingtotheoperationandmaintenanceofthetransmissionofenergyinthestate.

PUBLICSAFETYANDRESILIENCEKentucky'senergyinfrastructureisgenerallyresilientandabletomeettheneedsofthecitizensoftheCommonwealth.Themajorriskstothesecurityofthenetworkareassociatedwithweather-relatedevents,animal-causedoutages,orsimilarcatastrophicactsofnature.Thereislittlethatautilitycandotoshieldabove-groundassetsfromincreasingmajorstormevents.However,identifyingcontingenciesandpreparingforfailurescanmaketheenergysectormoreresilient.Inaddition,researchanddeploymentofadvancedtechnologiesareimportanttoresiliency of the electric infrastructure.

Anotherenergyissuerelatedtopublicsafetyisthatofcarbonemissions.In2015,theEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)unveiledtheCleanPowerPlan,whichaimedtolowertheamountofcarbondioxideemittedbypowerplants.However,theagencyhasrecentlyintroducedregulationsthatwillmodifythispolicytorequirestatestoself-regulateCO2emissions.DependingonthestrictnessoftheregulationsimposedbyKentucky,thismethodofregulationcouldallowcoal to gain market sharewithin the state.Itisunclear,however,ifcoal-generated electricitywould actuallyincreasesincethewholesalemarketisnowbasedonthepriceofnaturalgas,the lowercostfuel.

PAGE|44

INNOVATIONKentuckyhasnotyetenactedrequirementsforrenewableenergy;however,thereisinterestfromtheprivatesectorindevelopingsustainableenergysourcessuchassolar,wind(notasignificantresource),bioenergy,andhydroelectricity.Twoutilitieshaveconstructedsolarenergyfarms.LG&E/KUhavedevelopeda10megawattsolargenerationfacilityattheE.W.BrownGeneratingStation,andEastKentuckyPowerhasdevelopedan8.5megawattsolarfarmatitsheadquartersfacilitynearWinchester,Kentucky.Itwasrecentlyannouncedthatin2022,an86megawattsolarfarmwillbebuiltinwesternKentucky.ThepowerfromthisfarmwillbeusedbytheKentuckyMunicipalEnergyAgencyandOwensboroMunicipalUtilities.SolarfarmshadneverpreviouslygainedtractioninKentuckysincethecostofcoalwassolow.Butnow,costsofsolarenergyhavecomedownandcanbetter competewith coal generations.

Becauseelectricitymustbeusedorstoredasitisgenerated,energystoragesolutionsforrenewablesources,suchassolarandwind,willbekeytowideradoption.LG&E/KUispartneringwiththeElectricPowerResearchInstitutetotesttheviabilityofanewstoragetechnologynearHarrodsburg,Kentucky.Inaddition,withlargequantitiesofcoalstillavailableinKentucky,researchisongoingattheCommonwealth'suniversitiestofindnewtechnologiesthatwillmitigatetheenvironmentaleffectsassociatedwithburningcoal.These"cleancoal"technologieshavethepromiseofkeepingcoalattheforefrontofinnovationsinprovidingenergytoKentucky.MorefundingforresearchwillhelpKentuckyadoptmoresustainablecleanenergysolutions.

FUNDINGANDFUTURENEEDEnergyislargelypaidforbytheconsumerswhouseit,whichincludesresidential,commercial,andindustrialcustomers.In2016,theaveragepriceofelectricityacrossalleconomicsectorswas8.26centsperkilowatt-hour.ThisputsKentuckypricesatthesixthlowestinthecountry.Since1970,theaveragepriceofelectricityinKentuckyhasbeenwellbelowthenationalaverage.

Forthemostpart,energyinfrastructurecostsarealsofundedthroughtheper-kilowatt-hourusagefees.Whilethismayseemlikealogicalapproach,aproblemhassurfacedinrecentyearswhenenergyusagehasdroppeddramatically.Withlessenergyusage,thereislessincome,whichconsequentlymeansthereislessfundingformaintenanceoftheinfrastructuresystemneededtodeliverelectricitytoallcustomers.

PAGE|45

Inaddition,althoughtheenergypricesinKentuckyareamongthelowestinthenation,thereisatrendwithintheindustrialsectortodeveloponsiterenewablegeneration.ManynationalcorporationswithbusinessesinKentuckyhaveinternalsustainabilitygoalsrequiringindividualfacilitiestoself-produceallpowerfromrenewableresources.Severalofthesefacilitiesarebuildingtheirownsolar/windfarmstoprovidetheirownpower;however,theyarekeepingtheexistinginfrastructureinplacefortraditionalenergysourcesasabackup.Withthecurrentratestructureofchargingfeesbasedonusage,these"strandedassets,"astheyareknown,willrequireanewbusinessmodelforfundingtomaintaintheconventionalenergyinfrastructureifitisrequiredorrequested.


ThefollowingrecommendationsareprovidedtohelptheCommonwealthraisethegrade:

Ü Maintainlowenergycostsforcustomers,keepinginmindthisisakeybenefitforattractingnewmanufacturingcompaniestoconsiderlocatinginKentucky.

Ü Continuetosupportandpromoteresearch/developmentofnewenergytechnologiesbyprovidingfundingandincentivesforresearch,especially"cleancoal"technologiesinordertopromotetheabundanceofcoalintheCommonwealthwithoutharmingtheenvironment.

Ü Supporttheresearchofenergystoragesolutionsforrenewableenergysources,suchassolarandwind,inordertomakewideradoptionfeasible.

Ü Supportresearchtoimprovetheefficiencyofsolartechnologieswhichwillimprovetheeconomicsforthedeploymentofthetechnology.

Ü Continuetoimprovegeneration,transmission,anddistributioninfrastructuretoensuresafetyandreliability,whileresearchingnewbusinessmodelsforfundinginfrastructuremaintenance.

Ü Maintainpublicsafetybyimprovingresiliencyagainstsevereweather-relatedevents,catastrophicnaturaldisasters,andcybersecuritythreats.

Ü Supportresearchandtechnologiestoprotecttheresiliencyofthegrid.

Figure21.KYElectricityConsumptionbySector,2016

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KEYTERMSEPA–EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyFERC–FederalEnergyRegulatoryCommissionIOU–Investor-OwnedUtilitiesPSC–KentuckyPublicServiceCommissionRTO–RegionalTransmissionOrganizationStrandedAssets–infrastructureassetsthatarenolongerabletoearnaneconomicreturnTVA–TennesseeValleyAuthority(TVA)

RESOURCES1. KentuckyEnergyandEnvironmentCabinet,OfficeofEnergyPolicy:energy.ky.gov/2. KentuckyEnergyProfile,KentuckyEnergyandEnvironmentCabinet,6thEdition,20173. Kentucky'sCoalFacts,KentuckyEnergyandEnvironmentCabinet,17thEdition,20174. AGuidetoEIAElectricPowerData,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,March20185. FederalEnergyRegulatoryCommissionwebsite,https://www.ferc.gov/market-oversight/mkt-

electric/overview.asp6. TennesseeValleyAuthoritywebsite:https://www.tva.gov/About-TVA/TVA-in-Kentucky

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SUMMARYInKentucky,hazardouswasteistrackedfromthepointofgenerationuntilitisproperlydisposedortreated.Withmorethan3,000entitiesgeneratinghazardouswasteinKentucky,propermanagementisessentialtoprotectinghumanhealthandtheenvironment.Thereare30treatment,storage,anddisposalfacilitiesinthestatethatcanaccepthazardouswaste,andthisnumberappearstobesufficientforthestate'sneeds,astherehavebeennonewrecentrequestsforapermittedmanagementfacility.Asidefromnewlygeneratedhazardouswasteneeds,thereare62environmentallydamagedsitesstillundergoingcorrectiveactiontoday,andthestatehas20SuperfundsitesontheNationalPrioritiesList,whichisonparwiththenationalaverageofroughly26perstate.Inaddition,therearehundredsofoldorabandonedwastesitesthatstillposethreatstotheenvironmentandpublichealth.However,fundingisnotavailabletoaddresscleanupofallofthesesites.Kentuckyhasprojected$1.6billioninremedialcosts,butwithanannualbudgetof$450,000,itisclearthattheCommonwealthisatriskofnotbeingabletomeetitsstatutoryobligationstoprotecthumanhealthandtheenvironment.

CAPACITY,OPERATIONS,ANDMAINTENANCE

ManyindustriesinKentuckygeneratehazardouswaste,suchashospitals,construction,andevendrycleaning.ThetopgeneratorsofhazardouswasteinKentuckyarechemical,metal,andplasticmanufacturingfacilities.Hazardouswastesaredefinedasanyliquids,solids,containedgases,orsludgesthatposeaseriousthreattohumanhealthandtheenvironment.ThelatestdataonrecordshowsthatKentuckygenerated146,779tonsofthistypeofwastein2016.TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)beganregulatingthesehazardouswastesundertheResourceConservationandRecoveryAct(RCRA)in1976.ThetermRCRAisoftenusedinterchangeablytorefertothelaw,regulations,andEPApolicyandguidance.RCRAdealswithnewlygeneratedmaterialsthatarecurrentlydestinedfordisposalorrecycling.

TheComprehensiveEnvironmentalResponse,Compensation,andLiabilityAct,alsoknownasCERCLAorSuperfund,isarelatedstatutefrom1980thatdealswithcleaningupinactiveandabandonedhazardouswastesites.TheprimarymissionoftheCERCLAlawwastocreatea"Superfund"topayfortheclean-upandremediationofclosedandabandonedhazardouswastesites.

Kentuckybeganregulatinghazardouswastein1979.TheKentuckyDivisionofWasteManagement(DWM)istheprincipalregulatoryagencyinthestate,responsibleforensuringthathazardouswastesareproperlymanagedanddisposed.TheHazardousWasteBranchoftheDWMisresponsibleformonitoringandpermittinghazardouswastesitesfornewlygeneratedmaterials,andtheSuperfundBranchworkstoensurethathistoriccontaminatedsitesareevaluatedandcleanedupinatimelymannertoreduceriskstohumanhealthandtheenvironment.Usuallythisisaccomplishedbyoverseeingcompaniesorindividualswhohavetakenresponsibilityforcleaningupcontaminationfoundontheirproperty;however,incaseswherearesponsiblepartycannotbefoundorisunabletoact,theSuperfundBranchmaytakeadirectroleincleaningupasite.

TheHazardousWasteBranchoverseesthemanagementofhazardouswastefromgenerationtodisposal,or"cradletograve."Thisinvolvesissuingpermitstonewfacilities,correctiveaction(cleanup)ofcurrentsites,andregisteringthe3,000+entitiesthatgeneratehazardouswasteinKentucky.Thebranchiscurrentlyoverseeing62facilitiesthatweredeterminedbytheEPAtobeinneedofcorrectiveaction.Facilitiesonthislist—the2005GovernmentPerformanceandResultsAct(GPRA)

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CorrectiveActionBaseline—wereidentifiedintheearly1990sasthehighestprioritysiteswhereearlycleanupwouldbeappropriate.Forty-threeofthesesiteshaveattained"remedyconstructed"status,whichmeansthatrestorativemeasureshavebeenimplementedtoaddresscontaminationatthesite.

Inadditiontooverseeingcorrectiveactionoftheseexistingsites,theHazardousWasteBranchgrantspermitsfornewhazardouswastefacilities.IntheCommonwealth,thereare30treatment,storage,anddisposalfacilities(TSDFs)thataccepthazardouswastewithaRCRAPartBoperatingpermitand/orapost-closurepermit.ThisnumberhasincreasedsincethetimeofthelastASCEKentuckySectionreviewwhentherewere14facilitiesinthestate;however,demandhasremainedflat,astherehavebeennonewrequestsforapermittedmanagementfacility.

TheSuperfundBranchoftheDWMoversees20sitesinKentuckythatareontheNationalPrioritiesList(NPL),alistcreatedbytheEPAofthemostseriousthreatsofhazardoussubstances,pollutants,orcontaminantsthroughouttheUnitedStates.AsseeninFigure22,therearecurrently13sitesthatareintheremedialdesign/remedialactionphase(labeled"Active"",andsevensitesthathaveacertificateofcompletion(labeled"Deleted").Therearenoothersitesbeingconsideredforadditiontothislist.

Figure22.TotalSuperfundSitesonNationalPriorityList.

TheSuperfundBranchoftheDWMisresponsibleforalargenumberofsitesthatessentiallydonotfallunderotherprograms’regulatoryauthority.Becausethesesitesareotherwiseabandonedanddonothaveaviableresponsibleparty,theSuperfundBranchtakesonfinancialliability.Asfundingdwindles,andasthenumberofsites,costsofremediation,andlong-termoversightcontinuetoincrease,thefinancialcapacityoftheSuperfundBranchtoaddresscontaminatedsiteshassteadilydeclined.

InadditiontotheRCRA-permittedfacilitiesandtheSuperfundsites,thereisathirdtypeofhazardouswastesiteknownas"brownfields."Brownfieldsareabandoned,closed,orunder-usedindustrialor

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commercialfacilities,suchasashutteredfactoryinthemiddleoftownoraclosedcommercialwarehouseinasuburbansetting.Brownfieldscanbelocatedanywhereandcanbequitesmall,suchasadry-cleaningestablishmentoraclosedgasstation.PartoftheCERCLAlegislationof1980madethepurchaserofanysuchpropertyliableforanyhazardoussubstancesfoundontheland,whichiswhyanenvironmentalsiteassessment(ESA)isapracticalnecessityforanypotentialbuyeroftheproperty.Withanestimated8,000brownfieldsacrossthestateandonly14siteassessmentsdoneinFiscalYear2017,thebrownfieldredevelopmenteffortwilltakehundredsofyearstoassessallbrownfieldsites.Somefacilitiessuchasdrycleanersare"momandpop"typeoperationswithlittlefinancialbackingbythetimetheygooutofbusiness,andalthoughtheyaretheresponsibleparty,theydonothavefundstocleanupthesite.Anypotentialnewbuyerofthepropertydoesnotwanttheliabilityforthesite,andtheCommonwealthdoesn’thavethefundstocleanupsuchproperties.Onewaytoaddressthisparticulartypeofwastesiteistocreateataxondrycleaning.Otherstateshavesetupsuchataxtocreateafundthatwilladdresssuchissues.

FUNDING&FUTURENEEDFundingforKentucky'shazardouswastefacilitiescomesfromseveralsources.Someprogramsarecompletelysupportedbyfederalfunds,whileothersareonlypartiallysupportedornotsupportedbyfederalfundsatall.Currently,DWMreceivesfundingfromatotalof14federalgrantsandcooperativeagreements,includingthefollowing:

Ü ThereisgrantfundingfromtheEPAthatcoversapproximately65%ofcoststotheDWMforactiveoversightof62facilitiesneedingcorrectiveaction.Therearealsosite-specificgrantsforfacilitiessuchasThePaducahGaseousDiffusionPlantandTheBlueGrassArmyDepot.

Ü TheFive-YearReviewCooperativeAgreement(FYR)providesfundingfromtheEPAtotheSuperfundProgramtoperformfive-yearreviewsofremedialactionatNationalPriorityListsitesinKentucky.Thepurposeofafive-yearreviewistodeterminewhetherasite’songoingorcompletedremedialactionswillremainprotectiveofhumanhealthandtheenvironment.

Ü UndertheCERCLAAct,theEPAprovidesfinancialsupporttotheBrownfieldRedevelopmentProgramtoaddresstheassessment,cleanup,andredevelopmentofbrownfieldsites.Inaddition,theBrownfieldsAssessmentandCleanupGrant(BAG)fromtheEPAprovidesfundingtoKentuckycommunitiesthatwishtoaddressbrownfieldpropertiesinordertoprotectandorimprovewaterresources.Thisgrantwasdesignedtotargetruralareasimpactedbycoalmining,butitmayalsobeusedtoassessapprovedsitesthroughouttheCommonwealth.

Ü TheLeakingUndergroundStorageTank(LUST)CleanupCooperativeAgreementwiththeEPAprovidesfinancialassistancetotheUndergroundStorageTank(UST)programtooverseethecleanupofleakingundergroundstoragetanksbyresponsiblepartiesandtoensurethecleanupatsiteswhereanowneroroperatorisunwillingorunabletotakenecessarycorrectiveaction.

Inadditiontofederalfundingsources,KentuckyhasaHazardousWasteManagementFund(HWMF)toprovidetheEnergyandEnvironmentCabinetwiththefundsnecessarytoprotectthehealthofthecitizensandenvironmentoftheCommonwealthfromthreatsassociatedwithreleasesofhazardoussubstances,pollutants,andcontaminants.TheHWMFisthesolesourceoffundingforemergencyresponseandstate-ledremediation,anditistheCommonwealth'sonlyfail-safeforcontaminatedsiteswherethereisnoresponsibleorviablepartytotakeaction,suchasSuperfundsites.

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Presently,theannualHWMFbudgetallocatedtotheSuperfundBranchfordiscretionaryspendingisapproximately$450,000.Thisfundinglevelisnotsufficienttoaddresssingle,small-to-mediumsiteeventsandlargeemergencies.Figure2illustratesanassessmentbytheSuperfundBranchtoprojectthestate’sexisting,nearfuture,andlong-termpotentialliabilitycosts.Ateventhebest-casescenario,with$1.6billioninremedialcosts,itisclearthatwithanannualbudgetof$450,000,theHWMFcannolongermeetitsstatutoryobligationstoprotecthumanhealthandtheenvironment.

Figure23.KentuckySuperfundPotentialLiabilities.

Figure23isacomparisonoftheamountoffundingavailabletotheestimatedannualprogramneed.TheamountoffundingavailableisbasedontheanticipatedassessmentfeesandfundtransfersfromotherareasofthebudgettotheHWMF.Theestimatedannualprogramneedisbasedonaverageexpendituresforemergencyresponsesandstate-ledsitecleanupsoverthelasttwoyears.Theavailablefundingonanannualbasiswillnotbesufficienttomeetthebaselineneedsfortheprogrammovingforward.

TheHazardousWasteBranchofDWMreceivesapproximately$300,000inpermitreviewfeesthatareappliedtotheprogramcosts.StategeneralfundsmakeupthebalanceofthefundingneededtoruntheHazardousWastePrograminKentucky.

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PUBLICSAFETY&RESILIENCEPublicsafetyistheutmostprioritybehindallhazardouswastelawsandregulationsinKentucky.Traditionalhazardouswasteremediationandland-usemanagementhelpprotecttheCommonwealth’sdrinkingwater,humanhealth,andothernaturalresources.

EachoperatingRCRAPartBTSDFisrequiredtohaveawasteminimizationplaninplacetoreducethewastegeneratedathazardouswastesites.Inaddition,theDWMencouragesfacilitiestominimizehazardouswastewheneverpossible.

Kentuckywouldliketolookatinnovativemeansforriskmanagementpracticesorpoliciesonsustainability,butthestateislackingfundstocarrythisout.Examplesofriskmanagementactionsincludedecidinghowmuchofasubstanceacompanymaydischargeintoariver;decidingwhichsubstancesmaybestoredatahazardouswastedisposalfacility;decidingtowhatextentahazardouswastesitemustbecleanedup;settingpermitlevelsfordischarge,storage,ortransport;establishingnationalambientairqualitystandards;anddeterminingallowablelevelsofcontaminationindrinkingwater.

Riskassessmentprovidesinformationonpotentialhealthorecologicalrisks,andriskmanagementistheactiontakenbasedonconsiderationofthatandotherinformation,asfollows:

Ü Scientificfactorsprovidethebasisfortheriskassessment,includinginformationdrawnfromtoxicology,chemistry,epidemiology,ecology,andstatistics,tonameafew.

Ü Economicfactorsinformthemanageronthecostofrisksandthebenefitsofreducingthem,aswellasthecostsofriskmitigationorremediationoptionsandthedistributionaleffects.

Ü Lawsandlegaldecisionsarefactorsthatdefinethebasisforriskassessments,managementdecisions,and,insomeinstances,theschedule,level,ormethodsforriskreduction.

Ü Socialfactors,suchasincomelevel,ethnicbackground,communityvalues,landuse,zoning,availabilityofhealthcare,lifestyle,andpsychologicalconditionoftheaffectedpopulations,mayaffectthesusceptibilityofanindividualoradefinablegrouptorisksfromaparticularstressor.

Ü Technologicalfactorsincludethefeasibility,impacts,andrangeofriskmanagementoptions.Ü Politicalfactorsarebasedontheinteractionsamongbranchesofthefederalgovernment,with

otherfederal,state,andlocalgovernmententities,andevenwithforeigngovernments;thesemayrangefrompracticesdefinedbypolicyandpoliticaladministrationsthroughinquiriesfrommembersofCongress,specialinterestgroups,orconcernedcitizens.

Ü Publicvaluesreflectthebroadattitudesofsocietyaboutenvironmentalrisksandriskmanagement.


TheKentuckysectionoftheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers(ASCE)recommendsthefollowingmeasuresbetakenforthehazardouswasteinfrastructureoftheCommonwealth:

Ü Continuetoensurethatadequatetreatmentanddisposalofhazardouswasteisconsistentwithstateandfederalrules.

Ü Increasestatefundingtomeetneedforhazardouswasteoversightandclean-up.Ü Improvepartnershipswiththestate'shazardouswastefacilities.

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Ü IncreasefundingforSuperfundsiteremediations.Ü Promoteadrycleaningfund,whichexistsinneighboringstates,tohelpmitigatecostofhazardous

wastecleanupsthattypicallyexceedthefinancialcapabilityoffacilityowners.Ü Renewemphasisonbrownfielddevelopment;increasefundingfromthestatetoaugmentfederal

funding.Ü Raisepublicawarenessofhazardouswasteissues.Ü Promoterecyclingofhazardouswastetorecoverusableproducts,suchasregenerationofspent

solventsorburningforenergyrecovery.

DEFINITIONSBAG–BrownfieldsAssessmentandCleanupGrantCERCLA–ComprehensiveEnvironmentalResponse,Compensation,andLiabilityAct,alsoknownas"Superfund"DWM–DivisionofWasteManagementEPA–U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyESA–EnvironmentalSiteAssessmentFYR–Five-YearReviewHWMF–HazardousWasteManagementFundLUST–LeakingUndergroundStorageTankNPL–NationalPrioritiesListRCRA–ResourceConservationandRecoveryActTSDF–Treatment,Storage,andDisposalFacilityUST–UndergroundStorageTank

SOURCES1. DivisionofWasteManagement,FiscalYear2017AnnualReport2. HazardousWasteManagementFund,AReporttotheGeneralAssembly,20143. ASCESuperfundInformalBriefing,2018 4. EnergyandEnvironmentCabinet,DivisionofWasteManagement,HazardousWasteProgram:

http://waste.ky.gov/HWB/Pages/default.aspx5. EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,ListofSuperfundSitesinKentucky:

https://www.epa.gov/ky/list-superfund-sites-kentucky

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SUMMARY

LeveesystemsareanimportantpartofKentucky'slandscape,becausetheriversandwaterwaysthat

provideneededtransportationandwatersupplyalsohaveahistoryofdevastatingfloods.The

Commonwealthlearnedtheimportanceofbuildingfloodprotectionafterthehistoricfloodof1937.

Sincethattime,Kentuckyhasbuiltanetworkofleveesacrossthestate,nowprotectingmorethan

306,000livesand$46.6billioninproperty.However,nearlyhalfofthestate'sinventoryofleveesare

50yearsoldormore,whichisbeyondtheirexpecteddesignlife.Manymechanicalandelectrical

componentsofthesesystemswerebuiltinthe1940sand1950s,andassuch,manyleveesystemsare

deteriorating,andanincreaseinoverallmaintenanceisrequired.Inaddition,twoleveesystemsare

classifiedasaleveltwoor"HighRisk,"whichmeansthatinundationduetobreachand/orsystem

failurewouldverylikelyresultinlossoflife,largeeconomiclosses,and/ordevastatingenvironmental

consequences.Sustainedactionsareneededinordertomitigatetheserisks.Remediationofthese

systemswillneedfunding,andthecostofinactionisalargethreattopublicsafety.

CAPACITYANDCONDITION

FloodriskreductionisimportantinKentucky,asthestate'sentirenorthernborderisformedbythe

OhioRiver,anditswesternborderbytheMississippiRiver.Majorcitiesthatdependonthestate's

leveesystemsforprotectionincludeCovington,Louisville,Newport,andPaducah,alongwithmany

morecommunitiesandcitizensthroughoutthestate.

MostleveesinKentuckyareearthenembankmentsdesignedandconstructedforthepurposeof

containing,controlling,ordivertingtheflowofwatertoreducetheriskofflooding.Leveesystemscan

alsoincludeconcretefloodwalls,removablestreetclosures,floodgates,andfloodpumpstationsthat

worktogethertoprovideriskreductionfrompotentiallydevastatingfloodwaters.

Figure24belowshowsdatafromtheNationalLeveeDatabase(NLD),anonlineresourcecreatedby

theU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers(USACE).Thisdatabaseshowsatotalof34leveesystemsin

Kentucky,consistingof101totalmiles.FiveoftheseleveesareUSACEfederallyconstructedand

operated;28areUSACEfederallyconstructedbuthavebeenturnedovertopublicsponsorsfor

operationsandmaintenance;andoneislocallyconstructedandlocallyoperated/maintained.Together,allofKentucky'sleveesareprotectingmorethan306,000livesand$46.6billioninproperty,

includinghospitals,universities,majormanufacturingfacilities,criticalutilities(electricpower,water,

wastewaterplants,etc.),anddenselypopulatedmetropolitanareas.

Theaverageageofleveesinthestateis49years,whichisnearingtheendoftheirprojecteddesign

lifeof50years.Nearlyhalfofthestate'sinventoryoflevees,15of34,werebuiltinorbefore1968,

puttingmanyoftheircomponentsattheendoftheirlifeexpectancy.Manypartsofthesesystems,

suchaspumpingstations,wereconstructedinthe1940sand1950s,andrepairtothemechanical

and/orelectricalsystemsmaynotbepossiblesinceoftenreplacementpartsarenolongeravailable,

orthepartsareextremelycostly.Whenrepairsarenotpossible,thecostofreplacingtheseassets

ishigh.

Duetotherisksassociatedwithleveefailureorovertopping,theUSACEcharacterizeseachleveewith

anactionclasstoassessandmanagetheriskstopeople,property,andtheenvironment.Ofthe34

leveesinKentucky,30havebeenassessed,andtheremainingfourhavenotyetbeenscreened.

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Figure24.LeveesinKentucky,NationalLeveeDatabase.

TheUSACELeveeSafetyActionClassification(LSAC)riskcategoriesare:(1)VeryHigh,(2)High,

(3)Moderate,(4)Low,and(5)VeryLow.ThemajorityofKentucky'slevees,24outof34,areratedas

LSACLevel4,whichmeansthereisrelativelylowriskofinundationoffloodwaters,androutinesafety

activitiesshouldbecontinued.FourKentuckyleveesareratedasLevel3or"Moderate,"wherethere

isapotentialriskforleveefailure,andactionsarewarrantedinordertoreducetherisk.Twolevee

systemsinKentuckyareclassifiedasLevel2or"High,"whichmeansthatsustainedactionsareneeded

inordertoreducetheriskoflossoflifeandeconomicorenvironmentalconsequences.Thetwo

systemsratedas"High"are:

Louisville–Thisleveesystemprovidesflood-riskreductionagainsttheOhioRiverforthecityof

LouisvilleandportionsofJeffersonandBullittCounties.Theleveesystemhasatotallengthof25.92

milesandconsistsofearthenlevees,concretewalls,16pumpingstations,over60removableclosures,

andmorethan150floodgates.Thissystemisconsideredtobea"High"riskbasedonuncertain

performanceandtheassociatedconsequencesofpotentiallyhighlossoflife(216,825peopleatrisk)

andextremelyhighpropertydamage(projectedat$33.8billion).Thissystemhasalimitedloading

history,andthereisuncertaintyconcerningthefloodwallperformanceattheupstreamendofthe

segmentifitwereloadedtothetop.Analysesshowthatsomeareasoftheconcretefloodwalldonot

meettheminimumfactor-of-safetyifwaterwerewithinfourfeetofthetop.However,afloodofthis

magnitudehasaverylowprobabilityofhappening,anditdoesnotmeanthefloodwallwould

automaticallyfailevenifwatergotthishigh.Althoughpotentialforovertoppingisinfrequent,

evacuationeffectivenessisalsoaconcernbasedonthehighpopulation.Thisisoffset,however,bythe

OhioRiverbeingaslow-risingfloodsourcewiththepotentialforsignificantwarningtimeinthecase

ofovertopping.

Hickman-ObionRiverSystem–Thisleveesystemprovidesflood-riskprotectionforportionsof

southwestKentuckyandnorthwestTennessee.(Leveesystemsarenotconfinedwithinstatelines.)

Thissystemcontains62.2milesofleveetoprotectfloodingfromtheMississippiRiver.Significant

investmentintheleveeinrecentyearshashelpeddecreasebuthasnoteliminatedfloodingrisk.The

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potentialexistsforfloodeventstooccurthatcouldleadtoovertoppingorbreachoftheleveeor

floodwall.Ifsucheventsoccurredoriftherewereafailureofthesystem,theareasbehindthelevee

wouldexperiencehighdamagesandpotentiallossoflife.Leveesponsors,localcommunities,and

USACEaretakingactiontoreduceriskassociatedwiththisleveesystem.

The"High"riskcategorizationforbothoftheseleveesystemsiscurrentlyundergoingreviewandmay

beupdatedinthefuture.

TherearenoleveesystemsinKentuckyratedasLevel1or"VeryHigh"risk.

OPERATIONANDMAINTENANCE

Whilesomeleveesarestationaryearthenembankmentsthatdonotrequireoperation,someportions

ofthesystemsrequireactivemechanicaloperationsofpumpsandgates,forexample,whichneedto

betestedperiodicallytokeepthemingoodworkingorder.Allleveesrequireregularmaintenanceand

periodicrepairs,replacements,orupgradestoretaintheirlevelofprotection.

TheUSACEdesignedandbuilt33ofKentucky's34leveesystems,theninmanycasesturnedover

operationsandmaintenancetoalocalsponsor.Alocalsponsorisusuallyalegallyconstitutedpublic

entity—suchasacity,town,publicutility,orthestateitself—thatwilloperateandmaintainthelevee

toensureitwillfunctionasdesignedtopreventormitigateflooddamages.Localsponsorsare

responsibleforoperatingmechanicalorelectricalsystemsregularlytomakesuretheyareinworking

order,inspectingtheleveesonaregularschedule,andkeepingrecordsofalloperationsand

maintenance.

LocalsponsorssharesomeofthisdatawithUSACE,whokeepsdetailedrecordsofmostofthelevees

intheUnitedStatesintheNationalLeveeDatabase.TheNLDwascreatedandismaintainedbythe

USACEasanauthoritativeresourceforinformationaboutleveesincludingdataoninspections,flood

plainmanagement,andriskassessment.

TheUSACEalsoperformsperiodicinspectionsofleveesandleveesystemsandprovidesaratingthat

canhelpfederaloperatorsandlocalsponsorsprioritizerepairsormaintenance.AsshowninFigure25,

onlytwoofKentucky'sleveesystemscurrentlyhavean"acceptable"rating,twohavingan

"unacceptable"rating,andthelargemajority,29systems,or88%,havebeennamed"minimally

acceptable."

Figure25.InspectionRatingsbyUSACE,NLDwebsite.

FUNDINGANDFUTURENEED

FundingforKentucky'sleveesdependsonwhoisresponsiblefortheiroperation.Federalfundingis

availableforthefiveUSACE-ownedandoperatedlevees.Thereisonelocallyownedandoperated

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levee,whichisfundedbytheCityofFrankfort.AndthemajorityofKentucky'slevees,whichare

operatedbypublicsponsors,arefundedbythoseentities,includingcities,municipalities,orother

localpublicentities,manyofwhichhavelimitedbudgetsforrepairsormaintenance.

USACEalsohassomeprogramsavailableforlocalentitieswhomayapplyforfundingofsmallprojects.

Theseprogramsareusuallyallocatedtomaintenanceandreplacementprojects,withbudgetsof

underacouplemilliondollars.

PUBLICSAFETY,RESILIENCE,ANDINNOVATION

USACEestimatesthatmorethan306,000peopleareprotectedbyKentucky's34levees.Thesesystemsareprotectingmorethan123,000structuresand$46.6billioninproperty,includinghospitals,

universities,majormanufacturingfacilities,treatmentplants,powerplants,anddenselypopulated

metropolitanareas.WithsignificantfloodingeventsalongtheOhioRiverin2005,2008,2011,2015,

and2018,theCommonwealth'snetworkofleveesystemsdidtheirjob,andnoleveeswerebreached.

Becauseextremeraineventsareoccurringwithmoreregularityinrecentdecades,floodingisapublic

concern,andleveesplayanimportantroleinkeepingKentucky'scitizenssafefromthedevastating

effectsfloodscancause.

Floodawarenessandemergencypreparednessplayakeyroleinriskmanagementforindividualsand

communitieslivingbehindlevees.TheFederalEmergencyManagementAgency(FEMA)requiresthat

everyleveewithinitsprogramhaveanemergencyactionplan(EAP).Thesizeofthecommunitywithin

theleveedareawilldictatethecomplexityoftheEAP,i.e.,EAPsforlarger,moredenselypopulated

urbancommunities,suchasLouisville,willrequiremoredetailedevacuationroutemappinganda

broaderemergencycontactflowchartthanEAPsofsmallcommunities.


TheKentuckysectionoftheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers(ASCE)recommendsthefollowing

measuresbetakenfortheleveeinfrastructureoftheCommonwealth:

Ü Exploreimmediatefundingforthetwoleveesystemsclassifiedas"HighRisk"bytheLSAC.These

leveesrequiresustainedactiontoreducetheriskoflossoflifeandeconomicorenvironmental

consequences.

Ü Establishastatewideleveesponsorprogramtoencouragesharingofemergencyplans,

education,bestpractices,trainings,andinspectiondata,soKentuckyleveeowners/operators

haveacentralrepositoryofinformation.

Ü Encourageallleveeownerstohaveemergencyactionplansinplaceandbekeptup-to-date.

Ü ExploreaprogramfornonfederalleveestorequiresafetyinspectionsandhaveEAPsinplace.

Ü Increasepublicoutreachtoeducatecommunitiesabouthowimportantleveesaretoprotecting

lives.

Ü Increasecitizenawarenessoftherisksrelatedtoleveesandeffectivemethodsforlivingsafely

withthem.

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DEFINITIONS

EAP–EmergencyActionPlan

FEMA–FederalEmergencyManagementAgency

LSAC–LeveeSafetyActionClassification

NLD–NationalLeveeDatabase

USACE–U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers

SOURCES

1. NationalLeveeDatabase,U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers:https://levees.sec.usace.army.mil/#/

2. U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers,LeveePortfolioReport,March2018.

3. U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers,LeveeSafetyProgram:https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-

Works/Levee-Safety-Program/

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SUMMARY

Kentuckiansdependonhavinganefficient,safe,andwell-maintainedtransportationnetworktoprovideeasyaccesstowork,school,medicaloffices,grocerystores,sportingevents,andotherlocations.ThestatehasrecentlyactedtoimprovetheroadwaynetworkbyenactingaHighwayPlanthatwillprovide$8.5billionforover1,400projectsacrossthestateoverthenextsixyears.Theconditionoftheroadsystemsisimproving;theKentuckyTransportationCabinet’s(KYTC)performancescoreforallroadsin2018was84.5,whichiswellabovethegoalof80andisthehighestscoregiventodate.Whilethisisencouraging,therecontinuestobeinadequatefundingforneededconstructionandsafetyinitiatives.TheKYTCrecentlyidentified$6billioninunfundedconstructionprojects,whichwouldrequireanadditional$490millionperyeartoaddress.Inadditiontocurrentneedsforroadmaintenanceandsafetyinitiatives,thestatemustalsoplanforfuturegrowth,astrafficvolumehasincreasedby5percentsince2013.

CONDITION&CAPACITY

IntheCommonwealthofKentucky,therearemorethan80,000milesofpublicroads.About20percentofthoseareinurbanareas,and80percentarerural.

AsshowninFigure26,abouthalfofallpublicroads(40,129miles)aremaintainedbyindividualcountygovernments,andaboutone-third(27,600miles)aremaintainedbythestate.Another13percent(10,723miles)aremaintainedbycity/municipalgovernments,andtheremaining2percentareownedandmaintainedbyotherfederal,state,andlocalagencies.

Figure26.MaintenanceofPublicRoadsinKentucky.

MilesofPublicRoadsinKentucky

MaintainedbytheState MaintainedbyCounties

MaintainedbyCities MaintainedbyFederal,State,andLocalAgencies

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Inordertobetterunderstandhowmuchtheroadwaysarebeingused,KYTCmonitorstrafficvolumeonallofKentucky'sroads.DatafromthecabinetshowsthatthenumberofvehiclemilestraveledintheCommonwealthcontinuestoriseeachyear.Anotherdataset,fromanationaltransportationresearchgroupcalledTRIP,statesintheirreport"KentuckyTransportationbytheNumbers,"thatvehicletravelinthestatetotaled49.5billionmilesin2016,whichisanincreaseof5percentsince2013.

Inadditiontomonitoringtrafficvolume,KYTCalsoassessestheconditionofKentucky'sroadseachyearbysurveyingroadsideconditionsandassigningatargetperformancelevelscore,onascaleof1to100.ThestatewidemaintenanceratingprogramlooksatvariouskeycategoriestoassesstheoverallstateofKentucky'sroadsideconditions.Inadditiontoroadwayitemssuchaspotholes,thisscorealsoaddressesitemslikeshoulderdrop-offs,signage,striping,guardrails,andtreeswithintherightofway.Theperformancescoreforallroadsin2018was84.5,whichiswellabovethegoalof80andisthehighestscoregiventodate.Figure27showsageneraltrendofimprovementinoverallroadconditionssince2007.Whileonthewholethisscoreisimproving,therearestillsubcategoriesofroadwayclassificationsandconditionsofindividualfeaturesthatscorebelowthetargetof80.

Figure27.KYTCMaintenanceRatingProgramScores,2007–2018.

Steadyimprovementshavebeenmadeintheareasofpotholeserviceandguardrailspecifications.Thecategoriesofverticalclearanceandshoulderdrop-offshavebeenimprovinginrecentyearsbuthadaslightdropin2018.Rutting—grooveswornintotheroadsurfacebywheels—hasincreasedonroadsstatewideoverthelastfouryears,reducingthescores.

77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

OverallRoadsideConditions

MaintenanceRatingProgram,OverallScores

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Figure28specificallyaddressestheconditionofKentucky'spavements.KYTCutilizesaslidingscalethatholdshigh-trafficroadwaystoahigherstandardofperformance,ratingtheroadwaysasgood,fair,orpoordependingupontheoveralllevelofdistressandthetotaltrafficvolume.Agoodpavementissmoothwithfewdefects,whileapoorconditionpavementischaracterizedbyaroughrideandmoderatetoseveredistresses.

Itshouldbenotedthattheassessmentsystemchangedin2015,whichhadanimpactonratings.Atthattime,theOperationsandPavementManagementBranchofKYTCimplementedanewmethodologybasedonimproveddatasourcestomoreaccuratelyassessthedistinctionbetweenfairandgoodpavement.Asaresult,thepercentageoffairpavementincreasedandthepercentageofgoodpavementdecreasedbeginningin2015.

Figure28.StatewidePavementNetworkCondition,PavementConditionReport,2017

FUNDING

Kentuckyroadsarelargelypaidforbythosewhousethem,asabouthalfthefundingforroadsinfrastructurecomesfrommotorfuelstaxes.Inadditiontoafederalmotorfuelstax,Kentuckyassessesastatemotorfuelstaxof$0.26pergallonofgasolineand$0.23pergallonofdiesel.Approximately44.4percentoftherevenuefromthesetaxesisdedicatedtolocalagencies.Incomparison,thenationalaverageforastategastaxis$0.3372pergallonofgasand$0.3551pergallonofdiesel(pertheAmericanPetroleumInstitutewebsite).

Bylaw,theKentuckygastaxistiedtotheaveragewholesaleprice(AWP)ofagallonofgasoline.Currently,thetaxis9percentoftheAWP.Whenthewholesalepriceofgasdrops,theamountcollectedintaxesalsodrops,whichmeanslessmoneytofundroadmaintenance,forexample.In2015,theKentuckyGeneralAssemblylegislativelysetthefloorofthetaxequivalenttoawholesale

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priceof$2.177pergallontoensureaminimumamountcollectedtohelpfundtransportationinfrastructure.

TheKentuckylegislationalsorecentlyenacteda2018HighwayPlan,whichwillprioritizespendingonmorethan5,000milesofpavementimprovementsoverthenextsixyears.Morethan1,100projectswererankedquantitativelyandthenreviewedqualitatively,providingadata-drivenprocessfordecidingwhichprojectswouldreceivefundingundertheplan.Becausetheplanfocusedonactualavailablefundingandprioritizedspendingonassetmanagement,therearestill$6billioninunfundedprojects.Inordertofundallidentifiedprojects,anadditional$490millioninannualrevenuewouldbeneeded.

AspartoftheHighwayPlan,KYTCexpandedboththeavailablefundingandthetypesoftreatmentsperformedonpavements.Thestatewillspend$324millionoverthenexttwoyearsonthesepavementtreatments.Thisincreasedinvestmentwillpreventthepercentageofpoorpavementsfromcontinuingtogrow.However,itisnotsufficienttobringthepercentageofstate-maintainedroadsinpoorconditiondowntothetargetlevelof8percentofthetotalnetwork.

AdditionalsourcesofrevenueforroadsinKentuckycomefrommotorvehicleusagetaxes,weightdistancetaxes,motorvehiclelicensefees,motorvehicleoperatorlicensefees,andotherpermitsandfees.

FUTURENEED

InordertoassessKentucky'sfuturetransportationfundingneeds,KYTCjustcompleteditsfirststatewideTransportationAssetManagementPlan(TAMP).Thisplanassessesfutureroadwayprioritiesovera10-yearhorizon.Inaddition,thereisaseparateStrategicHighwaySafetyPlan(SHSP)thatlaysoutprogramstoaddresssafetyinitiatives.

Astate-basedprogramforprioritizingneeds,KYTC'sStrategicHighwayInvestmentFormulaforTomorrow(SHIFT),createdaformulaforevaluatingandscoringmorethan1,100projectsacrossthestate,includingmeasuresofcongestion,impacttoeconomicdevelopmentintheregion,safety,cost-benefitanalysis,andassetmanagementforfutureneed.Thisreflectsatriplebottomlineanalysistodeliverthe"best"projectstotheCommonwealthuponanalysis.Theseprojectswereincludedinthecapitalimprovementsportionofthesix-year2018HighwayPlanbutwereunderfundedduetothebacklogofassetmanagementneeds.

KYTChasidentified$6billioninunfundedconstructionprojectsandwouldneedanadditional$490millioneachyeartoaddressthem.Thecabinetrecentlyincreasedfundingforassetmanagementto$599millionannually,whichwillkeepthebacklogofpavementneedsfromgrowing;however,thisfundingwilldolittlemorethankeepoverallroadconditionsattheircurrentlevel.

KYTChasademonstratedneedforpavementpreservation,rehabilitation,andreplacementof$4.5billionoverthenext10years.However,atcurrentfundinglevels,only$3.2billionwillbeavailable.

OPERATIONSANDMAINTENANCE

TheOperationsandPavementManagementBranchofKYTCaddressesoperationsandmaintenanceofroadsinthestate.Thisbranchcollectsdatafromthe12highwaydistrictsinordertomeasuretheconditionofKYTCassets,reportsystemperformance,andanalyzemaintenancebudgetaryneeds.Programswithinthebranchincludepavementmanagement,operationsmanagement,anda

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maintenanceratingprogram.Inaddition,KYTChasestablishedapavementpreventivemaintenanceprogramthathasgrowneachyearinscopeandfundingtoprovideadditionalalternativestoaddresspavementneeds.WhileKYTCmanagesandmaintainsapproximately35percentofKentucky'sroadways,alargepercentageofthenetworkismaintainedbyindividualcountygovernmentsandcityormunicipalgovernments.

Regularoperationsandmaintenanceprogramsarefundedthroughthelegislativelyapprovedstatemaintenancebudget,whichispartoftheapprovedtransportationbudget.Whenthecabinetexperiencesanyshortfallinmaintenancefundingduetoextremeweatherresponseorotheremergencies,fundsaredivertedfromconstructionfundingtomeettheseextraordinarycircumstances,whichmayslowprogressonthoseneededconstructionprojects.

Duringthewintermonths,roadsandhighwaysaremaintainedinatimelyfashion,largelyduetoKYTCadoptingapolicyseveralyearsagoofpretreatingroadwaystoreducetheinitialimpactofwinterstorms.Manylocalagenciesfollowedsuitandadoptedsimilarpolicies.KYTChashadalong-standingpolicytohaveaone-hourturnaroundontreatinginterstatesonceastormhasstarted,andthecabinethasatieredsysteminplacetotreattherestofthenetworkinorderofpriority.

OneareathatisaparticularchallengetotheoperationsandmaintenanceofKentuckyroadwaysisthatofstaffing.KYTCisstrugglingtomaintainprofessional,paraprofessional,andskilledstaffingsufficienttoperformthedutiesneeded.Contractingworkhasincreasedoverthelastseveralyears,whichisexpectedtocontinue.

PUBLICSAFETY

Intheareaofpublicsafety,KentuckyadoptedtheFederalHighwayAdministration's(FHWA)"TowardZeroDeaths"safetystrategyin2010,withthegoalofreducinghighwaydeathseachyearuntilthenumberoffatalitiesreacheszero.Thisstrategyisbeingimplementedusingadata-drivenapproachthattargetsspecificareasforimprovementsusingprovencountermeasures.Kentucky’sfatalityratein2017was1.59deathsper100millionvehicle-milestraveled(VMT).Thisratehasrangedfromalowof1.36fatalities/100millionVMTin2013toahighof1.70fatalities/100millionVMTin2016.Nationally,thefatalityrateper100millionVMTdecreasedby2.5percentfrom1.19in2016to1.16in2017.

KYTCisalsofocusedonreducingcrashesduetoroadwaydeparture,whichisdefinedasanon-intersectioncrashthathappensafteravehiclecrossesanedgelineorcenterlineoftheroad.Thesecrashesaccountfor70percentofallfatalcrashesinKentucky,comparedwith53percentnationally.KYTChasbeenfocusedonreducingroadwaydeparturecrashesbyevaluatingroadwaysegmentsforvariousriskfactorsandfundingprojectsonthosesegmentswiththehighestrisks.Risksincludehorizontalcurves,embankments,andothergeometricconsiderations.Intheseareas,KYTCworkstoeliminatefatalitiesandinjuriesbyremovingfixedobjectsneartheedgeofpavement,installingbarriers,improvingsignsandpavementmarkings,installinghigh-frictionsurfacetreatments,andimprovingrecoveryareasforerrantvehicles.

RESILIENCE&INNOVATION

KYTCissupportingseveralinnovativetechnologiesthatarehelpingwiththeresilienceofthestate'stransportationnetwork.Newsurveyingtools,suchasLightDetectionandRanging(LiDAR),GroundPenetratingRadar(GPR),anddigitalterrainmodelsforconstructionwillprovidebetterdatatoallowforincreasedprecisionofroadmappingwithdecreasedexpendituresoftimeandmoney.Inaddition,

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KYTCisexploringtheuseofe-ticketsforconstructionmaterials,whichcanhelpreducetruckingcosts,optimizeconstructiondeliverytimes,andreducepaperwork.

KYTCwasalsoanearlypartnerwiththeWazeConnectedCitizensprogramtoexchangetrafficandroadwayinformationwithaglobalnavigationapp.ThiscommunicationhasbeenextendedtoincludeGPS-equippedsnowtrucks.

Kentuckyalsoparticipatesinanotherinnovativenationalprogram,theFederalHighwayAdministration’sEveryDayCounts.Toenhanceroadwaysafety,KYTChasbeenworkingonAutomatedSignalTrafficControllersandproactivelyapplyingHighFrictionSurfaceTreatmentusingcalcinedbauxiteforproblemcurveswheretherehavebeeneightormorewet-weathercrashesoverafive-yearperiod.

InanefforttomakeKentucky'stransportationsystemmoreresilient,KYTCrecentlycompletedavulnerabilityassessmentthatidentifiedthemostlikelyextremeweathertobeexperiencedbythestate.Thatinformationwasthenappliedtoexistingpavements,andthebiggestthreatsweremapped.Thisisanimportantfirststepindevelopingaresponseplantoextremeweatherevents.

RECOMMENDATIONSTORAISETHEGRADEÜ SupportthesubmittedTAMP,SHSP,andtheSHIFTformulausedinthedevelopmentofthesix-

year2018HighwayPlan.EachoftheseeffortsbyKYTCisintheinterestofoperatingthenetworkefficientlyandshouldbegiventimetobecomeeffective.

Ü Increasetransportationfundingthroughavarietyofrevenuesources.Ü Continuetoresearchandevaluatenewsourcesoffunding,particularlyasnewtechnologyand

higherefficiencyhaveanimpactonpreviousfundingmodels.

DEFINITIONS/KEYTERMSAWP–AverageWholesalePrice

FHWA–TheFederalHighwayAdministration

KYTC–KentuckyTransportationCabinet

SHIFT–StrategicHighwayInvestmentFormulaforTomorrow

SHSP–StrategicHighwaySafetyPlan

TAMP–TransportationAssetManagementPlan

SOURCES1. KentuckyTransportationCabinet,DivisionofPlanningwebsite:

https://transportation.ky.gov/Planning/Pages/default.aspx

2. KentuckyTransportationCabinet,MaintenanceRatingProgram:https://transportation.ky.gov/Maintenance/Pages/Maintenance-Rating-Program-(MRP).aspx

3. KentuckyTransportationCabinet,2018RecommendedHighwayPlan:https://transportation.ky.gov/Program-Management/Highway%20Plan/2018RecHighwayPlanAll.pdf

4. "KentuckyTransportationbytheNumbers,":http://www.tripnet.org/Kentucky_State_Info.php

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SUMMARY

In2017,Kentuckyresidentsgenerated7.2milliontonsofmunicipalsolidwaste(MSW),whichisanaverageof5.5poundsofwasteperperson,perday.Thisisabovethenationalaveragebyabout25percent.Ofthewastegenerated,about38percentisrecycled;Kentuckiansaredoingbetterthanthenationalaverageinthisarea.Fortheremainingwastethatisnotrecycled,Kentuckyhas50permittedsolidwastefacilities,whichprocessed4.7milliontonsofwastein2017.SincethetimeofthelastKentuckyInfrastructureReportCardin2011,theCommonwealthhasincreaseditsnumberofsolidwastefacilities.In2011,therewere29,whichincludedcontainedandconstructiondemolitiondebrislandfillstogetherasonefacility,andtherewerenoresiduallandfills,whichacceptwastefromspecificindustrialcategories.In2018,Kentuckyhad50solidwastefacilities,including29containedlandfills,eightsitesthataregreaterthanoneacreforconstruction/demolitiondebris,and13residualfacilities.ThishasincreasedtheavailablecapacityintheCommonwealth’slandfills.However,asthetotalpopulationhasincreased,sohasKentucky'swastegeneration,andmoreworkisneededtomaintainorimprovecapacitytomeetfutureneeds.UnderfundingofprogramsattheDivisionofWasteManagementisamajorimpedimenttofurtherprogressinKentucky.


InKentucky,theSolidWasteBranch(SWB),withintheDivisionofWasteManagement(DWM),isresponsibleforthesolid(non-hazardous)wasteprogram.TheDWMRecyclingandLocalAssistanceBranchcoordinateswitheachcountytoensurethatsolidwasteismanagedthroughanintegratedsystemofwastecollection,reduction,andrecycling.

All120Kentuckycountiesofferasystemofuniversalwastecollection,whichmeansthatcollectionserviceisavailabletohouseholdseitherthroughcurbsidecollection,drop-offcollectioncenters,ortransferstations.Bystatelaw,wastehaulersarerequiredtoreportannuallythenumberofhouseholdsservicedandthemonthlycostofservice.Currently,86percentofKentuckiansparticipateinanapprovedwastecollectionprogram.Thisratehasremainedconsistentsince2006.

AsthetotalpopulationinKentuckyhasincreased,sohasitswastegeneration.In2017,Kentuckyresidentsgenerated7.2milliontonsofmunicipalsolidwaste(MSW).Ofthis,61.6percentwassenttolandfills,and38.4percentwasrecycled.Thisrepresentsaslightlyhigherrateofrecyclingwhencomparedwiththenationalrateof34.7percentforrecyclingandcompostingasof2015.Figure1showsthatwhilethemajorityofsolidwastegeneratedinKentuckyissenttoKentuckylandfills,therecyclingeffortintheCommonwealthcontinuestogrow.

IntheU.S.,thenationalaverageofMSWisapproximately4.44poundsperperson,perday.Atroughly5.5poundsperperson,perday,KentuckyisgeneratingmorewasteperpersonthantheaverageU.S.citizen.Afterseeingsteadydeclinesinthisnumberoverthelastdecade,thisratehascontinuedtoseesmallincreasesyearafteryearsince2014.

Todisposeofthiswaste,thereare50permittedlandfillsinKentucky.ThoughtheCommonwealthdoesnotdifferentiatebetweenclasses(somestatesdefinelandfillsaseitherClassIorClassII),landfillsinKentuckyaregenerallycategorizedbywhattypeofwasteisdisposedthere:(1)residual,(2)construction/demolitiondebris(CDD),(3)specialwaste,and(4)containedlandfills.Acontainedlandfillisonethathasabottomlinertokeeptrashandanyliquidsfromleachingintotheground.

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Figure29.MunicipalSolidWasteGeneratedinKentucky,DivisionofWasteManagement.

Ofthe50landfillsinKentucky,29arecontained(26haveoperatingpermitsandthreehavenotyetbeenconstructed),eightaregreaterthanoneacreCDDunits,and13areresiduallandfills.

Thetotalremainingairspacecapacityofthe50permittedlandfillsisapproximately313millioncubicyardsbasedon2017annualsurveys.Thismeetstherequirementofaminimumof20yearsofsolidwastedisposalcapacity.Therearecurrentlyatleastfourcontainedlandfillsthatareatornearcapacity;thesearelocatedineasternandcentralKentucky.

Allofthepermittedlandfillsareownedbyprivateentities,publiclytradedcompanies,ormunicipalities.

Thereare11materialrecoveryfacilities(MRF)inKentucky.MRFsarespecializedplantsthatreceive,separate,andpreparerecyclablematerialsformarketingtoend-usermanufacturers.

Thoughsomestatesburnaportionofmunicipalsolidwasteforcreatingenergy,thereisnoMSWbeingburnedinKentucky,althoughseverallandfillsintheCommonwealthuselandfillgasforenergyconversion.


TheKentuckyDWMpermitsandregulateslandfills.TheSolidWasteBranchisresponsibleforreviewingtechnicalapplicationsandreportsforalltypesoflandfills,includingresidentialgarbage,constructiondebris,industrialwaste,sludge,andspecialwastesuchascoalash.Thisbranchalsoissuesordeniesconstructionandoperationpermitsandisalsoresponsibleforclosuresofabandonedhistoriclandfills.AllKentuckypermittedlandfillshaveclosureandmonitoringrequirements.

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ThepermittedlandfillsinKentuckyareoperatedbyprivateentities,publiclytradedcompanies,ormunicipalitieswhichareallself-fundedbywastecollectionanddisposalfees.TheaveragecostpermonthforhouseholdcurbsideMSWcollectionwas$15.79in2016.

AlllandfilloperatorsintheCommonwealthhaveplansforaddressingfuturecapacity.EachofKentucky’s120countiesisrequiredtofilefive-yearsolidwastemanagementplanswiththeDWM.Theseplansrequirecapacityassurancelettersfromlandfillsandwasteprojectionsfor20years.

Landfillsoftenincludespecificareasforsortingwasteandcontainingleachate,anyliquidthatpassesthroughthewasteanddrainsfromthelandfill.ThepermittedlandfillsinKentuckycollectleachateintanksorlagoonswithlinersystems,ifrequired.Theleachateissometimesrecirculatedincontainedlandfills.Leachatesaretypicallytreatedbydisposaleitherwithanon-siteoroff-sitewastewatertreatmentplant.

TheClosureSectionofDWMoverseestheHistoricLandfillsProgram,inwhich“orphan”landfillscanbemonitoredandclosed.Anorphanlandfillisonethatmaynothavebeenofficiallyclosedbutstoppedacceptingwastebefore1992,whentheEPAputmorestringentpoliciesandpenaltiesinplace.Thecurrenttotalnumberoflandfillsidentifiedinthisprogramis669with16currentlyactiveprojectsandoneprojectcompletedlastyear.Withverylimitedsourcesoffundingforthisprogram,therearelimitationstomonitoringandclosingthesesites,whichhavethepotentialforcausingadverseeffectsonhumanhealthandtheenvironmentduetoexposuretounknowntoxinsthatcanseepintothesoilandgroundwater.

FUNDING

BecausepermittedKentuckylandfillsareeitherprivatelyownedorpubliclyowned,theyareself-fundedthroughwastecollectionfees.Landfillschargeatippingfee,whichisthechargelevieduponagivenquantityofwastewhenitisemptiedor"tipped"outofthetruck.Kentucky’saveragetippingfeeisapproximately$39.91/ton.Basedon4,705,072tonsofMSWsenttolandfillsinKentuckyin2017,thetotaltippingfeeswouldbeapproximately$188million.Allofthisrevenuegoesdirectlytotheoperationsandmaintenanceoftheindividuallandfills.

Inordertoencouragecitizenstoreduce,reuse,andrecyclesolidwaste,Kentuckyoffersannualgrantsforthefollowingprograms:

Ü LitterAbatement

Ü IllegalOpenDumpRemediation

Ü WasteTireCollection

Ü CrumbRubberLandscaping

Ü Rubber-ModifiedAsphaltChipSealing

Ü RecyclingInfrastructure

Ü HouseholdHazardousWasteCollection

Ü Composting

InFiscalYear2017,73entitieswereawardedgrantstotalingmorethan$4.6million.Forty-fiverecyclinggrantswereawardedtocities,counties,anduniversities.Thesegrantshelpfundtheestablishmentorexpansionofrecyclingoperations.

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FUTURENEED

Withnearly700orphanlandfillsinKentucky,fundingisneededforadditionalfieldstafftoinspectandmonitorsitesthathavebeenrepairedbytheClosureSectionofDWM.Withcurrentfunding,theCommonwealthisonlyabletoaddressasmallnumberofprojectsintheHistoricLandfillsProgrameachyear.

KentuckyhasaRecyclingGrantProgramwithagoalofbuildingrecyclinginfrastructure,ofteninareaswherefewopportunitiesexistforcitizenstorecycletheirwaste.Thisprogramassistscities,counties,anduniversitiesinfundingtheestablishmentorexpansionofrecyclingoperations,withanemphasisonregionalcooperativeefforts.Evenwiththisfundingsourceinplace,thereistypicallylittlefinancialincentiveforindividualsorsmallbusinessestorecyclesolidwastematerials.Additionalseedcapitalfundsorsometypeoffinancialincentiveisneededtoencourageindividualsandsmallbusinessestorecyclesincealargeamountoftotalsolidwastecomesfromtheseareas.

AnotheropportunitythatneedsfundinginordertoberealizedistheexplorationofawastemanagementsystemthatrecognizesMSWasmoreofaresourcetobeutilizedthansimplywastetobedisposedof.Forexample,wastecanbeusedforenergyproduction,whereoldlandfillsmaybeminedasasourceofmetals,glass,andplasticsforrecycling.Additionalfundingforaprogramofthistypeisneededinordertoexploreinnovativewaysofhandlingsolidwaste.


TheprimarymissionofKentucky'sDivisionofWasteManagementistoprotecthumanhealthandtheenvironment.TheCommonwealthcurrentlyhasstatutesandregulationsinplacetooverseemunicipalsolidwastelandfills,andtheseregulationsareinplacetoaddresscommonlandfillproblems,suchaslocationrestrictions,linerrequirements,leachatecollectionremovalsystems,groundwatermonitoringrequirements,andclosureandpost-closurecare.

WiththemajorityofKentucky'selectricitycomingfromcoal-firedplants,theCCRproducedduringthisprocessisanongoingconcernfortheCommonwealth.AsignificantportionofCCRisbeneficiallyreusedinvariousindustrialprocesses,includingcementandconcretemanufacturing,wallboardproduction,cosmetics,androofingshingles.CCRsthatarenotusedinindustrialprocessesarepresentlydisposedofinlandfills.Anew"CCRrule"fromtheEPAhasresultedinutilitiesclosingsomecoalashslurryponds,whichshouldyieldpositiveenvironmentalresultsforthecitizensoftheCommonwealth.Inthefuture,newCCRwillbedisposedofinexistingornewCCR-specificunits.TheCommonwealthofKentuckyhadaninitialprogramofdeferencetothefederalCCRrulethatwasoverturnedinalawsuit.KentuckyisnowintheprocessofestablishinganewstatepermittingprocessfortheconstructionofanynewCCRunits.Thisprocessneedstobeexpeditedtoaddressfuture,safedisposalneeds.

Kentuckydoesnothavestatedpoliciesonsustainability;however,alllandfilloperatorsintheCommonwealtharerequiredtosubmitfive-yearplansforaddressingfuturecapacity,aswellaswasteprojectionsfor20years.

DWMalsoconductsannualsolidwasteworkshopsandoffersanabundanceoftraining.

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INNOVATION

Kentuckyhassomeinnovativeprogramstorepurposewaste,includingafairlysophisticatedandhealthywastetireprogram.A$1pertirefeehasgeneratedabout$2.7millionperyear,whichhasbeenusedtofundseveralprograms,includingtheCrumbRubberandtheRubberModifiedAsphaltrecyclinggrants.Thefeewasincreasedto$2pertirestartingJuly1,2018.WithDWMestimatesofabout3.7millionwastepassengerandsmalltrucktiresbeinggeneratedannuallyinKentucky,thishasthepotentialtoprovidefundingforevenmoreinnovativeprograms,assumingthattheincreasedfeeismadeavailabletotheWasteTireTrustFund.Thedivision'sgoalistodiversifymarketsandcontinuetofindnewinnovations.

TheRecyclingandLocalAssistance(RLA)BranchoftheDWMrecentlyexpandedtheirrecyclingprogramtoalsooffergrantsforcomposting.Duringthe2016-17grantcycle,asuccessfulpilotprojectwasfundedinFranklinCounty,andfivenewcompostinggrantswereawardedinFiscalYear2017-18.Thereisanenormousopportunitytoachievehigherlandfilldiversionrateswithmorecomprehensivecomposting.Itisexpectedthatthisgrantwillincreaseinpopularityoverthenextfewyears.Dependingontheavailabilityoffunds,RLAplanstoexpandandincludemoregranteesinfuturegrantcycles.

Nationally,12.8percentofsolidwastewascombustedwithenergyrecoveryin2015.ThisisanareathatKentuckyneedstoexploreinpartnershipwithprivateandmunicipalutilities.

Residentialglassrecyclingremainsproblematicduetothecross-contaminationofmaterialsincurbsidecollection,whichgreatlydiminishesitsmarketvalue.However,Kentuckyisseeingsomesmall-scalesuccessinlocalre-useofpulverizedglassinroadbeds,landscapingmulch,anddecorativeartprojects.KDWMcontinuestolookforwaystodivertwastefromlandfillsandfindnewusesforoldmaterials.


Ü IncreasefundingfortheHistoricLandfillsProgrambyraisinguserfeessothatmoreofthesesitescanbemonitoredandclosedsoonerratherthanlater,whichwouldreducethehealthandsafetyimpactstocommunitiesandtheenvironment.

Ü Increasefundingforrecyclinganddevelopingadditionalmarketsforrecyclablematerials.Kentuckyshouldmakerecyclingeconomicallyadvantageoustoallcitizens.

Ü IncreasefundingforadditionalpersonnelintheSolidWasteBranchoftheKentuckyDivisionofWasteManagementtoaddressanincreasingworkload,includingCCRRule-relatedpermitting.

Ü EncourageEnergyrecoverywithutilitycompaniesthroughsolidwastecombustion.

Ü Continuetheefforttoestablishastatepermittingprocessfornewcoalcombustionresidual(CCR)landfills.

DEFINITIONS

CCR–CoalCombustionResiduals

DWM–DivisionofWasteManagement

MRF–MaterialRecoveryFacility

MSW–MunicipalSolidWaste

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RLA–RecyclingandLocalAssistance

SWB–SolidWasteBranch

SOURCES

1. DepartmentforEnvironmentalProtection,DivisionofWasteManagementwebsite–http://waste.ky.gov/Pages/default.aspx

2. DivisionofWasteManagementFiscalYear2017AnnualReport–http://waste.ky.gov/Pages/AnnualReports.aspx

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SUMMARYNearly20yearsago,thegovernorofKentuckyissuedanExecutiveOrdertoprovidewaterandwastewaterservicetoeveryKentuckianbytheyear2020.Inresponse,astrategicplanforwastewaterwasdevelopedinearly2000,whichprovidedrecommendationstobecarriedoutoverthenext20years.Manyoftheoriginalrecommendationshavealreadybeenimplemented,anditisimportanttorecognizetheimprovementsthathavebeenmadeoverthepasttwodecades.

However,theCommonwealthofKentuckyisfacedwithtreatmentfacilitiesthatareanaverageof36yearsold,aswellasagingpipelinesthatsendwastewatertothetreatmentplants.Someofthesepipesaremorethan70yearsold,andmanyofthemarelarge-diameterpipesthathavethegreatestimpactonacommunitywhentheyfail.Meanwhile,40percentofKentuckiansrelyonseptictanksorotherprivatesystems,theconditionofwhichisgenerallyunknown.The2012CleanWatershedsNeedsSurvey(CWNS)indicated$6.2billioninneedsforwastewaterprojectsinKentucky.Agingwastewaterinfrastructureandalackoffundingneededtoimplementallnecessaryimprovementsareofconcern.


SixtypercentofKentucky's4.4millionresidentsareservicedbywastewatertreatmentplants(WWTPs).Thisisa5percentincreaseinthenumberofKentuckiansservedsincethe2011KentuckyInfrastructureReportCard.Kentucky’smunicipaltreatmentplantshaveacombinedcapacityof690milliongallonsperday.Basedon2012flowdata,theseplantshaveanaverageof40percentavailablecapacity.

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Waterandwastewaterinfrastructurecanbeexpectedtoprovideusefulservicefor20to100years.Someoftheseoldestpipesincludelarge-diametersewersthataresusceptibletocollapseandcave-insduetotheirdeterioratedcondition.Failureoftheselarge-diameterpipesoftenresultsinagreaterimpacttothecommunity.Thecollapsedsewerpipesdamageotherutilitiesinthevicinity,causingdisruptionofservicetocustomersandpotentialhealthhazardsbyreleasingwastewaterintothecommunity.Pipingandstoragesystemsshouldbeexpectedtolast75to100years,orlonger,ifproperlymaintained,andmanyofthesesystemsinKentuckyarereachingtheendoftheirdesignlife.

In17Kentuckycommunities,thesewercollectionsystemconveysrainwaterrunoff,domesticsewage,andindustrialwastewaterallinonepipeandtransportsittoaWWTPfortreatment.Duringdryweatherconditions,thiscombinedsewersystemconveysonlythedomesticsewageandindustrialwastewatertotreatmentfacilities.However,duringheavyrainevents,theadditionalvolumeofstormrunoffflowmixeswiththesewageandwastewater,exceedingcapacity,andcausinguntreatedsewagetooverflowintoreceivingwatersofstreams,rivers,orotherbodiesofwater,whichiscalleda“combinedseweroverflow.”

Thesecombinedseweroverflow(CSO)dischargeshavebeenidentifiedasasignificantthreattothewaterqualityofmuchofthecountry’sreceivingwaters.Removingstormwaterfromthesanitarysystemisrecommendedbecauseitfreesupcapacityinsewersandsavesmoneyonpumpingandtreatingstormwater.Atthetimeofthe2011reportcard,therewere17combinedsewersystems(CSSs)inKentucky,buttwoofthemhavesincecompletelyseparatedtheirwastewaterandstormwatersystems.Manycommunitiesfinditnotfeasibletoseparatetheircombinedsystems.

Theremaining15CSSshavebeenworkingtoreducethenumberofoverflowsthroughtargetedseparationandflow

equalization.ThesecommunitiesusetoolssuchasLongTermControlPlans(LTCP)andCapacity,Management,OperationandMaintenancePrograms(CMOMs)tocomplywiththeirconsentdecrees.Combined,these15communitieshavemorethan342overflowpoints.TheEPA’s2008CleanWaterNeedsSurveyindicatedthat$312millionwouldberequiredtocorrectCSO-relatedproblemsinKentucky.Ascommunitiesbegandevelopingtheactualprojectsrequiredtocomplywithconsentdecrees/orders,thecostsjumpedto$945millionby2012.Communitiesnowreportonly$65.5millionremainingincoststoreducetheoverflowstoregulatedstandards.Kentucky’sCSScommunitieshavedonesignificantworktotheirsewersystemstoreduceoverflows.Since2003,Kentuckyhaseliminated72CSOsandreducedannualoverflowvolumefrom5.84billiongallonsto3.10billiongallons.

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Rawsewagereleasesfromsanitarypipesarecalledsanitaryseweroverflows(SSOs).CommunitiesinKentuckyhavebeenworkingtoreduceSSOsbyaddingadditionalstorageandconveyancecapacityandbyfixinginflowandinfiltrationintoinfrastructure.However,SSOsarestillhappeningandcommunitiesshouldcontinuetoaddressthisconcern.

The40percentofKentuckiansnotservicedbypublicWWTPsandcollectionsystemsarehouseholdswithseptictanks,otherpermittedonsitesystemsor,insomeruralareas,straightpipestoareceivingstream.A"straightpipe"isdefinedasapipedraininghouseholdsewageandwastewaterstraightintocreeks,streams,orotherwaterways.Thoughthenumberofstraightpipeshasbeenreducedinrecentyears,useofthemcontinues,whichisbothillegalandarisktopublichealth.


Routinemaintenanceisimportanttomaintaintheserviceabilityofthestate'ssewerinfrastructure,andeachWWTPisresponsibleforitsownoperationsandmaintenance.Astheageofinfrastructureincreases,utilitiesmustplanandpayforcostlyrepairs.Ingeneral,therehavebeenimprovementstoO&MpracticesthathaveoftenbeendrivenbytheconsentdecreesandagreementsandthroughStateRevolvingFund(SRF)requirements.Manycommunitiesareleftwithtightbudgetsforoperationsandmaintenanceneedsandadecreaseinskilledpersonnel.

Toeffectivelymanagebudgetsandensuretherightinvestmentsaremadeattherighttime,manypublicWWTPstracktheconditionoftheirassetsthroughorganizedassetmanagementprograms.Thistypeofsystemhelpsmunicipalitiesassignprioritytoprojectsbasedoncriticalityandcondition.Thistypeofmanagementisencouragedtoallowcommunitiestoplanprojectsinsteadofdealingwithproblemsonanemergencybasis.

InadditiontothefinancialresourcesrequiredforproperO&M,municipalitiesarestrugglingtomaintaintheskilledworkforcerequiredtooperateandmaintainsystemsthatareincreasingincomplexity.Electricians,mechanics,plumbers,andheavyequipmentoperatorsareallcurrentlyinshortsupplyastheeconomyexpands.

Theshortageoftheskilledworkforceispredictedtobealong-termconcernforutilities.Asignificantnumberofexperiencedworkershiredfrom1985to1995arenoweligibletoretire.Inaddition,nowthattheeconomyhasrecoveredfromthe2008recession,manyutilitiesarelosingyoungertalenttomarketcompetition.Asanexample,theKentuckyDivisionofWaterhaslostasignificantnumberofexperiencedemployeesoverthepastfiveyears.Wagesarenotcompetitiveforengineersandscientistsduetoarobusteconomy.Theonceattractivepensionsystemisnolongeravailableforneweremployees.Asaresult,retainingandattractingtalent(engineers,scientists,andthoseininformationtechnologyandtrades)isquicklybecomingatopissuefacingthewaterandwastewaterindustriesinKentucky.

FUNDINGThe2012CleanWatershedsNeedsSurvey(CWNS)indicated$6.2billioninneedsforwastewaterprojectsinKentucky.Communitieshavetogeneratethefundstopayfortheseneeds.

AcrosstheCommonwealth,theaveragesewerrateper4,000gallonsis$34.12.Thisrateis1percentofthemedianhouseholdincome,whichishalfthesuggestedpercentageestablishedbytheEPA'saffordabilityindex.Theaveragetimesincethemostrecentsewerrateadjustmentis4.1years.Many

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municipalitiesarestrugglingtopayfortheircapitalprojectsandhigherO&Mcostsduetoincreasesinthecostoffuel,labor,andotherresources,yettheyarenotraisingtheirrates.Thishesitancycanbeattributedtoanumberoffactors,includingpoliticalpressurenottoraiseratesandconcernsaboutaffordability,eventhoughincreaseduserfeesareconsideredtobethebestwaytoappropriatecosts.

Overthepast20years,residentialwaterconsumptionhasdeclined,resultingindecreasedrevenueforwastewaterutilities.Theresultofdecliningconsumptionessentiallymeanswater/wastewaterrateswillneedtorisemuchfasterthaninflationtomaintainthesamelevelofservice.

Inadditiontorevenueshortagesoverthelastsevenyears,manymunicipalbudgetshavebeentiedtotheeffortstoreduceoverflows.Althoughthisisanimportantstepinrepairingoursewersandmakingourwaterwayssafe,ithaspulledmoneyawayfromothertypesofnecessarysewerprojects.

Thecoalseverancetaxhashistoricallybeenoneofthelargestpoolsofeconomicdevelopmentresourcesintheregion.Coalproductionprovidedacoalseverancetaxtopartiallyfundsewerextensionsandotherinfrastructureprojects.In2012,coaltaxreceiptswere$298million,butin2016,duetodecreasedcoalproduction,receiptsdroppedto$120million,asignificantdecreaseinfundsforinfrastructureprojects.Manycommunitiespreviouslyusedthisfundingforeliminationofstraightpipes;however,withthissourceoffundingatasteepdecline,thestraightpipeinitiativeisonlybeingfocusedoninthreeKentuckycounties.

AnadditionalsourceoffundingforwastewaterprojectsinKentuckyistheCleanWaterStateRevolvingFund(CWSRF).TheCWSRFisa20-yearloanprogramforplanning,design,andconstructionofwastewaterinfrastructureprojects,stormwaterprojects,andnonpointsourceprojects.Since2011,yearlyprojectcommitmentdollarshaveaveraged$78million.In2018,theCWSRFreceivedthehighestfundinginnearlyadecade.Thefundhassuccessfullysustaineditsabilitytofundnecessarywastewaterprojects.

Inaddition,theWaterInfrastructureFinanceandInnovationAct(WIFIA)programprovideslong-term,low-costsupplementalloansforregionallyandnationallysignificantprojects.Todate,Kentuckyhasnothadsignificantparticipationinthisprogram.

Figure30.Failuresoflarge-diametersewerscreatehugeimpacts.Thiscave-inclosedseverallanesofabusyintersection.Communitiesneedtobeabletofundpreventivemaintenanceprojectstoaddressaginginfrastructure.

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Thesefundingsourcescouldbeanattractivealternativeforutilitiestoavoidtherisingcostofcapitalintheopenmarket.

FUTURENEEDIn2016,theKentuckyAssemblycreatedHouseJointResolution(HJR)56,whichdirectedtheDivisionofWatertocollectdataonall180small,privatelyoperatedwastewatertreatmentplants.Withapresenceinnearlyeverycounty,mostofthesesmallerplantsareolderthantheirdesignlifeandareapproachingcriticalservicejunctures,withsignificantinfrastructureinvestmentsneededtocontinueservice.TheEnergyandEnvironmentCabinethasofferedrecommendationsforoversightofthesesystems,whichincludesfacilitatingregionalizationorconsolidationandimprovingsystemoperationandoversight.Theserecommendationsareinneedoffundinginordertobeimplemented.

TheKentuckyInfrastructureAuthority's(KIA)ReportonCommunityNeedsreportedaneedsincreaseof3.1percentoverall,withashiftinprioritiesfromCSOcorrectionstoincreasedinvestmentsintreatmentplantsandcollectionsystems.Thiswouldincludefixingpipestopreventleaks,extensionstonewsystems,andconstructionofinterceptorprojects.

TheKentuckyWastewaterManagementPlan,publishedbyKIAinFebruary2015,statesthereare18newsewagetreatmentplantsproposedinthenexttenyears.Inaddition,theplanstatesthereare473milesofsewerlinerehabilitationneededand387milesofinterceptorlinesneededinthenext10years.Theestimatedfundingneedforprojectsinthefirstfiveyearsis$1.7billion,andtheestimatedfundingneedforprojectsfromYear6toYear10is$359million.

Usingtoday’saveragedailyflows,mostofKentucky’smunicipaltreatmentplantshaveavailablecapacity.But,32plantsarenearingcapacity.However,thisdoesnottakeintoaccountprojectedgrowthforcommunities.Animportantconsiderationthatmunicipalitiesshouldconsideristheneedofindustrialusers.Forexample,thebourbonindustryhascreatedaboomofdevelopmentinsomelocationsinlargeandsmallcommunitieswhichinitiatedtheneedforconstructionofnewsewersandupsizingofexistingsewers,pumpstations,andtreatment.Smallermunicipalitieswithalimitedcustomerbasemaystruggletopayforthecostofthisgrowth.

Anotherchallengeformunicipalplantsistheanticipatedfutureregulatoryrequirementstomeetadvancedtreatmentlevels,relatedtotheremovalofpharmaceuticalpollutionandnutrients.

Figure31.WastewaterTreatmentPlantsAcrossKentucky.

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PUBLICSAFETYTheKentuckyDivisionofWater(DOW)hasenteredinto15communitiesmandatingeliminationormanagementofCSOsandinsomecases,theeliminationofSSOs.Inaddition,twoutilities,MetropolitanSewerDistrict,MSD,inLouisvilleandSanitationDistrict1,SD1innorthernKentucky,enteredintojointfederalandKentuckyconsentdecreesforthesamepurpose.Reducingrawsewageoverflowsintowaterwayswillincreasewaterqualityandpublicsafety.

In2018,KentuckypassedHouseBill513toaddressadecliningcompliancerateforsmall,privatelyownedsewersystems.Thebillrequiresprivatelyownedtreatmentsystemstooperatewithimprovedmanagementpractices,includinghavinganassetmanagementplaninplace,holdinginsuranceontheirfacilities,conductingstructuralanalysisofstructuresifneeded,andotherfeaturesthatbetterprotectthepublicfrommismanagement.Italsoallowspublicagenciestoenterintooperationsandmanagementagreementswithotherentities,anditallowstheagencytoacquireorleasepropertyoutsideoftheirmunicipalorjurisdictionalboundaries.WhilethisisapositivesteptoenhancepublicsafetyforKentuckians,thesemeasuresonlyapplytosystemsreceivinganeworrenewedoperatingpermit.Becausepermitrenewalsareonlyrequiredeveryfiveyears,therewillcontinuetobemanyoftheseprivatelyownedsystemsnotoperatingundertheseimprovedpracticesforseveralyears.

RESILIENCE

Awarenessofweatherpatternshasincreasedinrecentyearswithgreaterunderstandingoftheeffectsofclimatechange.ChangesaredifficulttoquantifyinKentucky,butstormshavebothincreasedinseverityandinthenumberoflightningstrikes,resultinginmorefrequentfloodinganddisruptionstopower.Moretreatmentfacilitiesandpumpstationsareaddingback-upgeneratorsandportablegeneratorsinpreparationforbackinguppowersources.

KentuckyadoptedKYWARN(23),anationalmutualaidmodelforwaterandwastewaterutilitiestoassisteachotherduringnaturalorman-madedisasters.Theemergencyassistancecanbeintheformofequipment,supplies,andmanpowertohelputilitiesduringadisasteroremergency.KYWARNalso

Figure32.Constructionofa20million-gallonCSOstoragetankalongtheOhioRiver.Oncecompleted,thetankwillbehiddenundergroundand

usedtoprotecttheriverbypreventingcombinedsewer

overflows.

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coordinateswithlocalemergencymanagementauthorities,theKentuckyEmergencyManagementAgency,andFEMAforemergencyassistance.Over70water/wastewaterutilitiesparticipateinKYWARN,and24haveexecutedmutualaidagreements.

KIAhasaddedaSustainableInfrastructureInitiativeaspartoftheirfundingstrategy.Thegoalistoreducethefundinggapbetweenprojectedinvestmentneedsandthecurrentspendinglevelsatfederalandlocallevels.ThegoalisachievedthroughstronginfrastructureplanningandmanagementpracticessuchasAssetManagement,WaterandEnergyEfficiency,InfrastructureFinancing,PriceofWaterService,andAlternativeTechnologiesandAssessment.

CWSRFalsorequiresborrowerstofundarepairandreplacementreserveaccountequalto5percentoftheirloanover20years.Theborrower’sabilitytorepayitsloanshasadirecteffectontheresilienceoftheCWSRF.

INNOVATIONInKentucky,graywaterandotherprocess-reusealternativeshavebeenconsidered,buttheeconomicbenefitisdifficulttoachieveduetotherelativelylowcostofabundantwaterresourcesinmostofthestate.

Louisville'sMSDisintheprocessofissuingaRequestforProposalsforaSolidsHandlingProjectforallWQTCs.Theproposalwillhaveaself-imposedrequirementtoincludesustainabilityinanysuggestedalternatives.

TheNorthernKentuckySanitationDistrictNo.1implementedinnovativeenergymanagementplansin2014foreachoftheirwastewaterplants.Theseeffortsincludedreplacementofablowerwithamoreefficientmodel,automatingchemicalfeedsystems,anddownsizingpumpstoacapacitythatisneeded.Theseinnovationshavesavedthedistrictapproximately$200,000peryearbycontrollingandreducingchemicalandenergyuse.

Kentuckyisworkingtoprovideknowledgeandtoolstoensurethattheinvestmentsmadeinourwastewaterinfrastructurewillmoveustowardamoresustainablefooting.

RECOMMENDATIONSTORAISETHEGRADEThefollowingrecommendationsaresupportedbyASCEinordertoraisethegradeofKentucky'swastewaterinfrastructure:

Ü CommunitiesshouldcontinuetoeducatetheirusersaboutthevalueofwastewaterservicestoprotectthewaterresourcesoftheCommonwealth.

Ü Utilitiesshouldstriveforfullcostpricingoftheirwastewaterservicesinordertosupporttheoperations,maintenance,andcapitalcostsoftheinfrastructure.Thismayrequireraisingratesforsomeutilities.

Ü Stateregulatoryagenciesshouldencourageastatewideefforttoremovestraightpipesandrepairfailingsepticsystems.

Ü Wastewaterindustry,regulatoryagencies,andutilitiesshouldimplementinnovativerecruitmentandjobtrainingstrategiestodevelopasustained,skilledworkforce.Programswoulddeveloptalentneededinbothadministrationandoperationallevelstaff.

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Ü ContinueadvocacyandfundingforrenewingagingwastewaterinfrastructurethroughtheCleanWaterStateRevolvingFund(CWSRF)loanprogram,WaterInfrastructureFinanceInnovationAct(WIFIA),andotherviablefundingsourcesatthefederal,state,andlocallevels.

Ü Communitiesshouldeducatethemselvesonpotentialfundingsourcesandtheirrequirementsandbeginplanningforthefundingintheconceptualphasesofprojects.Developmentdistricts,industryassociations,orotheradvocacygroupscouldbetheirchampionsofthiseducation.

Ü Promoteandsupportfundingofappliedresearchanddevelopmentinareasofinnovativewastewatertechnology,sustainability,security,waterquality,andinfrastructureresiliency.

DEFINITIONS/KEYTERMSCMOM–Capacity,Management,Operations,andMaintenanceCSO–CombinedSewerOverflowCSS–CombinedSewerSystemsCWNS–CleanWatershedsNeedsSurveyCWSRF–CleanWaterStateRevolvingFundDOW–KentuckyDivisionofWaterLTCP-LongTermControlPlanSORP–SewerOverflowResponseProtocolsSRF–StateRevolvingFundSSO–SanitarySewerOverflowWQTC-WaterQualityTreatmentCenterWWTP–WastewaterTreatmentPlant

SOURCES1. KentuckyWaterIssuesbriefingpaper2. 2011KentuckyWastewaterIssueBrief3. 2012CleanWatershedNeedsSurvey4. ListofNPDESPermittedWastewaterTreatmentPlantsandDesignFlow5. KentuckyDivisionofWater,WetWeatherTeamwebsite6. CircleofBluenewsarticle,"StraightPipesFoulKentucky'sLongQuesttoCleanitsSoiledWaters"7. KentuckyInfrastructureAuthority'sWastewaterSystemRateList8. KentuckyWastewaterManagementPlanfromKentuckyInfrastructureAuthority,February20159. ReporttoKentuckyLegislativeResearchCommissiononHouseJointResolution56(2017)10. IntendedUsePlanCleanWaterStateRevolvingFund,KentuckyFiscalYear201811. KentuckyInfrastructureAuthority'sListofFundingneedsforKentuckyWastewaterSystems12. IntegratedReporttoCongressontheConditionofWaterResourcesinKentucky,2014,Volume113. Brookingsarticle,"Fivestepstopreparethenextgenerationofwaterworkers,"June29,2018.14. KentuckyHouseBill513

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