table of contents 1 research methodology 29 …€¦ · the global nanocellulose opportunity report...
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THE GLOBAL NANOCELLULOSE OPPORTUNITY REPORT 12/01/2016
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................................................... 29
1.1 MARKET OPPORTUNITY ANALYSIS .......................................................................... 31
1.2 COMMERCIAL IMPACT RATING SYSTEM ................................................................. 33
1.3 MARKET CHALLENGES RATING SYSTEM ................................................................ 34
2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................... 36
2.1 Applications ................................................................................................................... 37
2.2 Production ..................................................................................................................... 41
2.3 Market drivers ................................................................................................................ 42
2.3.1 Sustainable materials ................................................................................................ 42
2.3.2 Improved products ..................................................................................................... 43
2.3.3 Unique properties ...................................................................................................... 43
2.3.4 Recent improvements in production and product integration .................................... 44
2.4 Market and technical challenges ................................................................................... 44
2.4.1 Characterization ........................................................................................................ 44
2.4.2 Production ................................................................................................................. 44
2.4.3 Functionalization ....................................................................................................... 45
2.4.4 Moisture absorption and aggregation ........................................................................ 45
2.4.5 Scalability .................................................................................................................. 45
2.4.6 Lack of current products ............................................................................................ 45
2.5 Market size .................................................................................................................... 49
3 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 52
3.1 Properties of nanomaterials ........................................................................................... 52
3.2 Categorization ............................................................................................................... 53
4 NANOMATERIALS REGULATIONS ................................................. 55
4.1 Europe ........................................................................................................................... 55
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4.1.1 REACH ...................................................................................................................... 55
4.1.2 Biocidal Products Regulation .................................................................................... 56
4.1.3 National nanomaterials registers ............................................................................... 56
4.1.4 Cosmetics regulation ................................................................................................. 57
4.1.5 Food safety ................................................................................................................ 58
4.2 United States ................................................................................................................. 59
4.2.1 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) ...................................................................... 59
4.3 Asia ................................................................................................................................ 60
4.3.1 Japan ......................................................................................................................... 60
4.3.2 South Korea .............................................................................................................. 60
4.3.3 Taiwan ....................................................................................................................... 60
4.3.4 Australia ..................................................................................................................... 60
5 NANOCELLULOSE ........................................................................... 62
5.1 What is nanocellulose? .................................................................................................. 62
5.2 Types of nanocellulose .................................................................................................. 63
5.2.1 NanoFibrillar Cellulose (NFC) .................................................................................... 67
5.2.1.1 Applications ....................................................................................................... 67
5.2.1.2 Production methods .......................................................................................... 68
5.2.2 NanoCrystalline Cellulose (NCC) .............................................................................. 70
5.2.2.1 Applications ....................................................................................................... 71
5.2.3 Bacterial Cellulose (BCC) .......................................................................................... 72
5.2.3.1 Applications ....................................................................................................... 72
5.3 Synthesis of cellulose materials .................................................................................... 73
5.3.1 Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) ............................................................................... 73
5.3.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) ................................................................................. 73
5.3.3 Nanofibrillated cellulose (MFC) ................................................................................. 74
5.3.4 Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) ................................................................................... 75
5.3.5 Bacterial cellulose particles (CNC) ............................................................................ 76
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5.4 Properties of nanocellulose ........................................................................................... 76
5.5 Advantages of nanocellulose ......................................................................................... 77
5.6 Manufacture of nanocellulose ........................................................................................ 78
5.7 Production methods ....................................................................................................... 79
5.7.1 Nanofibrillated cellulose production methods ............................................................ 81
5.7.2 Nanocrystalline celluose production methods ........................................................... 81
6 NANOCELLULOSE MARKET STRUCTURE .................................... 83
7 SWOT ANALYSIS FOR NANOCELLULOSE .................................... 90
8 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS ................................................. 92
8.1 Standards ...................................................................................................................... 92
8.1.1 International Standards Organization (ISO) .............................................................. 92
8.1.2 American National Standards .................................................................................... 92
8.1.3 CSA Group ................................................................................................................ 92
8.2 Toxicity ........................................................................................................................... 93
8.3 Regulation ..................................................................................................................... 95
9 REGIONAL INITIATIVES AND GOVERNMENT FUNDING .............. 97
10 NANOCELLULOSE APPLICATIONS ................................................ 98
11 NANOCELLULOSE TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL (TRL) .... 99
12 NANOCELLULOSE END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS 101
12.1 Production of nanocellulose ........................................................................................ 101
12.1.1 Microfibrillated cellulose ...................................................................................... 101
12.1.2 Cellulose nanofiber production ............................................................................ 102
12.1.3 Cellulose nanocrystal production ........................................................................ 103
12.1.4 Production volumes, by region ............................................................................ 103
12.1.5 Applications ......................................................................................................... 104
12.1.6 Prices .................................................................................................................. 107
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12.2 Nanocellulose patents & publications .......................................................................... 109
13 COMPOSITES .................................................................................. 115
13.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS ............................................................................ 115
13.1.1 Growing use of polymer composites ................................................................... 116
13.1.2 Increased need for advanced, protective materials ............................................ 116
13.1.3 Improved multi-functional performance over traditional composites-green AND strong 116
13.1.4 Multi-functionality................................................................................................. 117
13.1.5 Growth in the wind energy market ...................................................................... 118
13.1.6 Environmental impact of carbon fibers ................................................................ 118
13.1.7 Shortcomings of natural fiber composites and glass fiber reinforced composites 118
13.2 APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................... 119
13.2.1 Applications by cellulose type ............................................................................. 120
13.2.2 Applications timeline ........................................................................................... 121
13.2.3 Market opportunity .............................................................................................. 121
13.2.4 Applications and market size .............................................................................. 124
13.2.5 Biopackaging ....................................................................................................... 124
13.2.5.1 Market drivers and trends ............................................................................... 125
13.2.5.2 Applications ..................................................................................................... 129
13.2.5.3 Market size ...................................................................................................... 131
13.2.5.4 Nanocellulose opportunity ............................................................................... 131
13.2.5.5 Market challenges ........................................................................................... 134
13.2.5.6 Commercial activity ......................................................................................... 135
13.2.6 Aerospace ........................................................................................................... 136
13.2.6.1 Market drivers and trends ............................................................................... 136
13.2.6.2 Applications ..................................................................................................... 138
13.2.6.3 Market size ...................................................................................................... 138
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13.2.6.4 Market challenges ........................................................................................... 140
13.2.7 Automotive .......................................................................................................... 140
13.2.7.1 Market drivers and trends ............................................................................... 141
13.2.7.2 Safety .............................................................................................................. 143
13.2.7.3 Cost ................................................................................................................. 143
13.2.7.4 Applications ..................................................................................................... 144
13.2.7.5 Market size ...................................................................................................... 145
13.2.7.6 Nanocellulose opportunity ............................................................................... 145
13.2.7.7 Market challenges ........................................................................................... 147
13.2.7.8 Commercial activity ......................................................................................... 148
13.2.8 Construction & building ....................................................................................... 149
13.2.8.1 Market drivers and trends ............................................................................... 149
13.2.8.2 Applications ..................................................................................................... 150
13.2.8.3 Market size ...................................................................................................... 150
13.2.8.4 Market challenges ........................................................................................... 151
13.2.9 Commercial activity ............................................................................................. 152
14 PAPER & BOARD ............................................................................ 157
14.1 Market drivers and trends ............................................................................................ 157
14.1.1 Environmental ..................................................................................................... 157
14.1.2 Need to develop innovative new products in the paper and board industry ........ 157
14.2 Applications ................................................................................................................. 157
14.2.1.1 Paper packaging ............................................................................................. 159
14.2.1.2 Paper coatings ................................................................................................ 159
14.2.1.3 Anti-microbials ................................................................................................. 159
14.3 Market size .................................................................................................................. 160
14.4 Nanocellulose opportunity ........................................................................................... 161
14.5 Market challenges ....................................................................................................... 162
14.6 Commercial activity ...................................................................................................... 163
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15 TEXTILES ......................................................................................... 165
15.1 Market drivers for nanocellulose .................................................................................. 165
15.1.1.1 Growth in the wearable electronics market ..................................................... 165
15.1.1.2 Growth in the market for anti-microbial textiles ............................................... 165
15.1.1.3 Need to improve the properties of cloth or fabric materials ............................ 166
15.1.1.4 Environmental and regulatory ......................................................................... 167
15.2 Applications ................................................................................................................. 167
15.3 Nanocellulose opportunity ........................................................................................... 169
15.4 Market challenges ....................................................................................................... 171
15.5 Commercial activity ...................................................................................................... 171
16 MEDICAL & HEALTHCARE ............................................................ 172
16.1 Market drivers and trends ............................................................................................ 173
16.1.1 Improved drug delivery for cancer therapy .......................................................... 173
16.1.2 Shortcomings of chemotherapies ........................................................................ 174
16.1.3 Biocompatibility of medical implants ................................................................... 174
16.1.4 Anti-biotic resistance ........................................................................................... 174
16.1.5 Growth in advanced woundcare market .............................................................. 175
16.2 Applications ................................................................................................................. 175
16.2.1.1 Drug delivery ................................................................................................... 176
16.2.1.2 Medical implants ............................................................................................. 176
16.2.1.3 Tissue engineering .......................................................................................... 177
16.2.1.4 Wound dressings ............................................................................................ 177
16.2.1.5 Laterial flow immunosay labels ....................................................................... 177
16.3 Market size .................................................................................................................. 177
16.4 Nanocellulose opportunity ........................................................................................... 180
16.5 Commercial activity ...................................................................................................... 180
17 COATINGS, FILMS & PAINTS ........................................................ 182
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17.1 Market drivers and trends ............................................................................................ 182
17.1.1 Sustainable coating systems and materials ........................................................ 182
17.1.2 Chemical to bio-based ........................................................................................ 182
17.1.3 Increased demand for abrasion and scratch resistant coatings .......................... 183
17.1.4 Increased demand for UV-resistant coatings ...................................................... 183
17.1.5 Growth in superhydrophobic coatings market ..................................................... 184
17.2 Applications ................................................................................................................. 185
17.2.1 Abrasion and scratch resistance ......................................................................... 185
17.2.2 Wood coatings .................................................................................................... 186
17.2.3 Anti-counterfeiting films ....................................................................................... 186
17.2.4 Gas barriers ......................................................................................................... 186
17.3 Market size .................................................................................................................. 186
17.4 Nanocellulose opportunity ........................................................................................... 187
17.4.1 Market challenges ............................................................................................... 190
17.4.1.1 High viscosity .................................................................................................. 190
17.4.1.2 Moisture sorption ............................................................................................ 190
17.4.1.3 Durability ......................................................................................................... 191
17.4.1.4 Dispersion ....................................................................................................... 191
17.4.1.5 Transparency .................................................................................................. 191
17.4.1.6 Production, scalability and cost ....................................................................... 191
17.5 Commercial activity ...................................................................................................... 192
18 AEROGELS ...................................................................................... 193
18.1 Market drivers and trends ............................................................................................ 194
18.1.1 Energy efficiency ................................................................................................. 194
18.1.2 Demand for environmentally-friendly, lightweight materials ................................ 194
18.2 Market size .................................................................................................................. 194
18.3 Applications ................................................................................................................. 194
18.3.1 Thermal insulation ............................................................................................... 195
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18.3.2 Medical ................................................................................................................ 195
18.3.3 Shape memory .................................................................................................... 196
18.4 Nanocellulose product developers in aerogels ............................................................ 196
19 OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION ....................................................... 197
19.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS ............................................................................ 197
19.1.1 Need to reduce operating costs and improve operation efficiency ..................... 197
19.1.2 Increased demands of drilling environments ....................................................... 198
19.1.3 Increased exploration in extreme environments ................................................. 199
19.1.4 Environmental and regulatory ............................................................................. 199
19.2 Applications ................................................................................................................. 199
19.2.1 Oil and fracking drilling fluids .............................................................................. 201
19.2.2 Extraction ............................................................................................................ 202
19.3 Market size .................................................................................................................. 202
19.4 Nanocellulose opportunity ........................................................................................... 202
19.5 Market challenges ....................................................................................................... 204
19.6 Commercial activity ...................................................................................................... 205
20 FILTRATION AND SEPARATION ................................................... 206
20.1 Market drivers and trends ............................................................................................ 206
20.1.1 Need for improved membrane technology .......................................................... 206
20.1.2 Water shortage and population growth ............................................................... 207
20.1.3 Need for improved and low cost membrane technology ..................................... 208
20.1.4 Need for improved groundwater treatment technologies .................................... 209
20.1.5 Cost and efficiency .............................................................................................. 209
20.1.6 Growth in the air filter market .............................................................................. 210
20.1.7 Need for environmentally, safe filters .................................................................. 210
20.1.8 Recyclability of polymer membranes .................................................................. 210
20.2 Applications ................................................................................................................. 210
20.2.1 Water filtration ..................................................................................................... 212
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20.2.2 Air filtration .......................................................................................................... 213
20.2.3 Virus filtration ....................................................................................................... 214
20.3 Market size .................................................................................................................. 214
20.4 Nanocellulose opportunity ........................................................................................... 215
20.5 Market challenges ....................................................................................................... 216
20.6 Commercial activity ...................................................................................................... 217
21 RHEOLOGY MODIFIERS ................................................................ 218
21.1 Applications ................................................................................................................. 218
21.1.1 Food .................................................................................................................... 220
21.1.2 Pharmaceuticals .................................................................................................. 220
21.1.3 Cosmetics ............................................................................................................ 220
21.2 Commercial activity ...................................................................................................... 220
22 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS .................................... 221
22.1 Market drivers and trends ............................................................................................ 221
22.1.1 Environmental ..................................................................................................... 222
22.1.2 Flexible, wearable and paper electronics markets growing ................................ 222
22.1.3 Need for improved barrier function ...................................................................... 223
22.2 Applications ................................................................................................................. 224
22.2.1 Wearable electronics ........................................................................................... 224
22.2.2 Flexible energy storage ....................................................................................... 227
22.2.3 Conductive inks ................................................................................................... 229
22.3 Market size .................................................................................................................. 229
22.4 Nanocellulose opportunity ........................................................................................... 232
22.5 Market challenges ....................................................................................................... 234
22.5.1.1 Manufacturing ................................................................................................. 234
22.5.1.2 Integration ....................................................................................................... 234
22.5.1.3 Competing materials ....................................................................................... 234
22.6 Commercial activity ...................................................................................................... 235
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23 3D PRINTING ................................................................................... 236
23.1 Market drivers .............................................................................................................. 236
23.1.1 Improved materials at lower cost ........................................................................ 236
23.1.2 Limitations of current thermoplastics ................................................................... 236
23.2 Market size .................................................................................................................. 237
23.3 Nanocellulose opportunity ........................................................................................... 237
23.4 Market challenges ....................................................................................................... 238
23.5 Commercial activity ...................................................................................................... 239
24 NANOCELLULOSE COMPANY PROFILES ................................... 240
24.1 Producers and types of nanocellulose produced (NCF, NCC, BCC) .......................... 240
24.2 Target markets for producers ...................................................................................... 241
24.3 NANOFIBRILLAR CELLULOSE (NFC) PRODUCERS ............................................... 243
24.3.1 American Process, Inc. ....................................................................................... 243
24.3.1.1 Products .......................................................................................................... 243
24.3.1.2 Production capacity ......................................................................................... 244
24.3.1.3 Production process ......................................................................................... 245
24.3.1.4 Commercial applications and target markets .................................................. 246
24.3.1.5 Contact details ................................................................................................ 247
24.3.2 Ashai Kasei Chemicals Corporation .................................................................... 247
24.3.2.1 Products .......................................................................................................... 247
24.3.2.2 Production capacity ......................................................................................... 249
24.3.2.3 Production process ......................................................................................... 249
24.3.2.4 Commercial applications and target markets .................................................. 250
24.3.2.5 Contact details ................................................................................................ 251
24.3.3 Borregaard Chemcell .......................................................................................... 251
24.3.3.1 Products .......................................................................................................... 252
24.3.3.2 Production capacity ......................................................................................... 252
24.3.3.3 Production process ......................................................................................... 252
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24.3.3.4 Commercial applications and targer markets .................................................. 253
24.3.3.5 Contact details ................................................................................................ 254
24.3.4 Cellucomp Ltd. .................................................................................................... 255
24.3.4.1 Products .......................................................................................................... 255
24.3.4.2 Production capacity ......................................................................................... 255
24.3.4.3 Production process ......................................................................................... 255
24.3.4.4 Commercial applications and target markets .................................................. 255
24.3.4.5 Contact details ................................................................................................ 257
24.3.5 Chuetsu Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd. .......................................................................... 257
24.3.5.1 Products .......................................................................................................... 257
24.3.5.2 Production capacity ......................................................................................... 257
24.3.5.3 Production process ......................................................................................... 258
24.3.5.4 Commercial applications and target markets .................................................. 259
24.3.5.5 Contact details ................................................................................................ 261
24.3.6 Daicel Corporation .............................................................................................. 262
24.3.6.1 Products .......................................................................................................... 262
24.3.6.2 Production capacity ......................................................................................... 262
24.3.6.3 Production process ......................................................................................... 262
24.3.6.4 Commercial applications and target markets .................................................. 263
24.3.6.5 Contact details ................................................................................................ 264
24.3.7 Daio Paper Corporation ...................................................................................... 264
24.3.7.1 Products .......................................................................................................... 265
24.3.7.2 Production capacity ......................................................................................... 265
24.3.7.3 Production process ......................................................................................... 265
24.3.7.4 Commercial applications and target markets .................................................. 266
24.3.7.5 Contact details ................................................................................................ 267
24.3.8 DIC Products, Inc. ............................................................................................... 268
24.3.8.1 Products .......................................................................................................... 268
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24.3.8.2 Scale of facility ................................................................................................ 268
24.3.8.3 Production process ......................................................................................... 268
24.3.8.4 Commercial applications and target markets, applications targeted and stage of commercialization ............................................................................................................ 269
24.3.8.5 Contact details ................................................................................................ 270
24.3.9 DKS Co. Ltd. ....................................................................................................... 271
24.3.9.1 Products .......................................................................................................... 271
24.3.9.2 Production capacity ......................................................................................... 272
24.3.9.3 Production process ......................................................................................... 272
24.3.9.4 Commercial applications and target markets, applications targeted and stage of commercialization ............................................................................................................ 273
24.3.9.5 Contact details ................................................................................................ 274
24.3.10 Imerys .................................................................................................................. 274
24.3.10.1 Products ...................................................................................................... 275
24.3.10.2 Scale of facility ............................................................................................ 275
24.3.10.3 Production process ..................................................................................... 276
24.3.10.4 Commercial applications and target markets .............................................. 277
24.3.10.5 Contact details ............................................................................................ 278
24.3.11 Innventia AB ........................................................................................................ 278
24.3.11.1 Products ...................................................................................................... 278
24.3.11.2 Production capacity .................................................................................... 278
24.3.11.3 Production process ..................................................................................... 278
24.3.11.4 Commercial applications and target markets .............................................. 280
24.3.11.5 Contact details ............................................................................................ 280
24.3.12 Kruger Bioproducts, Inc. ...................................................................................... 280
24.3.12.1 Products ...................................................................................................... 280
24.3.12.2 Production capacity .................................................................................... 280
24.3.12.3 Production process ..................................................................................... 280
24.3.12.4 Commercial applications and target markets .............................................. 281
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24.3.12.5 Contact details ............................................................................................ 282
24.3.13 Nippon Paper Group, Inc. ................................................................................... 283
24.3.13.1 Products ...................................................................................................... 283
24.3.13.2 Production capacity .................................................................................... 283
24.3.13.3 Production process ..................................................................................... 284
24.3.13.4 Commercial applications and target markets .............................................. 285
24.3.13.5 Contact details ............................................................................................ 286
24.3.14 Oji Paper Company Ltd. ...................................................................................... 286
24.3.14.1 Products ...................................................................................................... 287
24.3.14.2 Production capacity .................................................................................... 289
24.3.14.3 Production process ..................................................................................... 289
24.3.14.4 Commercial applications and target markets .............................................. 290
24.3.14.5 Contact details ............................................................................................ 291
24.3.15 Paperlogic ........................................................................................................... 291
24.3.15.1 Products ...................................................................................................... 291
24.3.15.2 Produciton capacity .................................................................................... 291
24.3.15.3 Production process ..................................................................................... 292
24.3.15.4 Commercial applications and target markets, applications targeted and stage of commercialization ........................................................................................................ 293
24.3.15.5 Contact details ............................................................................................ 293
24.3.16 Performance BioFilaments Inc. ........................................................................... 293
24.3.16.1 Products ...................................................................................................... 293
24.3.16.2 Production capacity .................................................................................... 293
24.3.16.3 Production process ..................................................................................... 294
24.3.16.4 Commercial applications and target markets .............................................. 294
24.3.16.5 Contact details ............................................................................................ 295
24.3.17 Seiko PMC Corporation ...................................................................................... 295
24.3.17.1 Products ...................................................................................................... 295
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24.3.17.2 Production capacity .................................................................................... 295
24.3.17.3 Production process ..................................................................................... 295
24.3.17.4 Commercial applications and target markets .............................................. 296
24.3.17.5 Contact details ............................................................................................ 297
24.3.18 Stora Enso Ltd. ................................................................................................... 297
24.3.18.1 Products ...................................................................................................... 298
24.3.18.2 Production capacity .................................................................................... 298
24.3.18.3 Production process ..................................................................................... 298
24.3.18.4 Commercial applications and target markets .............................................. 299
24.3.18.5 Contact details ............................................................................................ 300
24.3.19 Sugino Machine Limited ...................................................................................... 300
24.3.19.1 Products ...................................................................................................... 300
24.3.19.2 Production capacity .................................................................................... 301
24.3.19.3 Production process ..................................................................................... 301
24.3.19.4 Commercial appliations and target markets ............................................... 302
24.3.19.5 Contact details ............................................................................................ 303
24.3.20 University of Maine .............................................................................................. 303
24.3.20.1 Products ...................................................................................................... 305
24.3.20.2 Production capacity .................................................................................... 305
24.3.20.3 Production process ..................................................................................... 305
24.3.20.4 Commercial applications and target markets .............................................. 306
24.3.20.5 Contact details ............................................................................................ 307
24.3.21 UPM-Kymmene ................................................................................................... 307
24.3.21.1 Products ...................................................................................................... 307
24.3.21.2 Production capacity .................................................................................... 308
24.3.21.3 Production process ..................................................................................... 308
24.3.21.4 Commercial applications and target markets .............................................. 309
24.3.21.5 Contact details ............................................................................................ 310
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24.3.22 US Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory .................................................. 310
24.3.22.1 Products ...................................................................................................... 310
24.3.22.2 Production capacity .................................................................................... 311
24.3.22.3 Production process ..................................................................................... 311
24.3.22.4 Commercial applications and target markets .............................................. 312
24.3.22.5 Contact details ............................................................................................ 313
24.3.23 VTT Technical Research Centre ......................................................................... 314
24.3.23.1 Products ...................................................................................................... 314
24.3.23.2 Production capacity .................................................................................... 315
24.3.23.3 Production process ..................................................................................... 315
24.3.23.4 Commercial applications and target markets .............................................. 316
24.3.23.5 Contact details ............................................................................................ 317
24.3.24 Zelfo Technology GmbH ..................................................................................... 318
24.3.24.1 Products ...................................................................................................... 318
24.3.24.2 Production capacity .................................................................................... 318
24.3.24.3 Production process ..................................................................................... 319
24.3.24.4 Commercial applications and target markets .............................................. 320
24.3.24.5 Contact details ............................................................................................ 321
24.4 CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTAL (CNC) PRODUCERS ................................................ 322
24.4.1 Blue Goose Biorefineries, Inc. ............................................................................. 322
24.4.1.1 Products .......................................................................................................... 322
24.4.1.2 Production capacity ......................................................................................... 322
24.4.1.3 Production process ......................................................................................... 323
24.4.1.4 Commercial applications and target markets .................................................. 325
24.4.1.5 Contact detals ................................................................................................. 325
24.4.2 Celluforce, Inc. .................................................................................................... 325
24.4.2.1 Products .......................................................................................................... 325
24.4.2.2 Production capacity ......................................................................................... 326
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24.4.2.3 Production process ......................................................................................... 326
24.4.2.4 Commercial applications and target markets .................................................. 328
24.4.2.5 Contact detals ................................................................................................. 329
24.4.3 Melodea/Holmen ................................................................................................. 329
24.4.3.1 Products .......................................................................................................... 330
24.4.3.2 Production capacity ......................................................................................... 330
24.4.3.3 Production process ......................................................................................... 331
24.4.3.4 Commercial applications and target markets .................................................. 332
24.4.3.5 Contact details ................................................................................................ 333
24.4.4 Renmatrix, Inc. .................................................................................................... 334
24.4.4.1 Products .......................................................................................................... 334
24.4.4.2 Production capacity ......................................................................................... 334
24.4.4.3 Production process ......................................................................................... 334
24.4.4.4 Commercial applications and target markets .................................................. 336
24.5 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE (BC) PRODUCERS .......................................................... 337
24.5.1 Axcelion Biopolymers Corporation ...................................................................... 337
24.5.1.1 Products .......................................................................................................... 337
24.5.1.2 Comercial applications and target markets ..................................................... 337
24.5.1.3 Contact details ................................................................................................ 337
24.5.2 Bowil Biotech ....................................................................................................... 338
24.5.2.1 Products .......................................................................................................... 338
24.5.2.2 Target markets ................................................................................................ 338
24.5.2.3 Contact details ................................................................................................ 338
24.5.3 DePuy Synthes Biomaterials ............................................................................... 338
24.5.3.1 Products .......................................................................................................... 338
24.5.3.2 Target markets ................................................................................................ 338
24.5.3.3 Contact details ................................................................................................ 339
24.5.4 FZMB GmbH ....................................................................................................... 339
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24.5.4.1 Products .......................................................................................................... 339
24.5.4.2 Target markets ................................................................................................ 339
24.5.4.3 Contact details ................................................................................................ 339
24.5.5 Jenpolymers Ltd. ................................................................................................. 340
24.5.5.1 Products .......................................................................................................... 340
24.5.5.2 Target markets ................................................................................................ 340
24.5.5.3 Contact details ................................................................................................ 340
24.6 OTHER PRODUCERS AND APPLICATION DEVELOPERS ..................................... 340
24.6.1 Betulium Oy ......................................................................................................... 341
24.6.2 Cellulose Lab ...................................................................................................... 341
24.6.3 Cellutech AB ....................................................................................................... 342
24.6.4 Centre Technique Du Papier/ Institut Technologique FCBA ............................... 342
24.6.5 Cerealus Holdings LLC ....................................................................................... 343
24.6.6 Denso Corporation .............................................................................................. 343
24.6.7 FMC Biopolymer .................................................................................................. 344
24.6.8 Greencore Composites, Inc. ............................................................................... 344
24.6.9 J.Rettenmaier & Sohne GmbH ............................................................................ 345
24.6.10 The Japan Steel Works, Ltd. ............................................................................... 346
24.6.11 JeNaCell GmbH .................................................................................................. 347
24.6.12 Nanocrete Technologies ..................................................................................... 347
24.6.13 Norske Skog ASA ............................................................................................... 348
24.6.14 Poly-Ink ............................................................................................................... 349
24.6.15 Polynew, Inc. ....................................................................................................... 349
24.6.16 Sappi Limited ...................................................................................................... 349
24.6.17 Tianjin Haojia Cellulose Co., Ltd. ........................................................................ 350
24.6.18 Valentis Nanotech ............................................................................................... 350
24.6.19 Verso Corporation ............................................................................................... 351
25 MAIN NANOCELLULOSE RESEARCH CENTRES ........................ 352
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25.1 Aalto University ............................................................................................................ 353
25.2 AIST ............................................................................................................................. 354
25.3 Clark-Atlanta University ............................................................................................... 354
25.4 Colorado School of Mines ........................................................................................... 354
25.5 EMPA ........................................................................................................................... 355
25.6 Georgia Institute of Technology ................................................................................... 355
25.7 Grenoble INP-Pagora .................................................................................................. 356
25.8 ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology ........................................ 356
25.9 McMaster University .................................................................................................... 357
25.10 North Carolina State University ............................................................................... 357
25.11 Oregon State University .......................................................................................... 358
25.12 Paper and Fiber Research Institute (PFI) ................................................................ 358
25.13 Pennsylvania State University ................................................................................. 359
25.14 Purdue University .................................................................................................... 359
25.15 SUNY-ESF .............................................................................................................. 360
25.16 Technical University of Lodz ................................................................................... 360
25.17 University of Exeter ................................................................................................. 361
25.18 University of Fribourg .............................................................................................. 361
25.19 Uppsala University .................................................................................................. 362
25.20 Universidade do Minho ............................................................................................ 362
25.21 University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (Boku University) .................... 363
25.22 University of Toronto ............................................................................................... 363
25.23 Other research centres/groups ................................................................................ 364
26 REFERENCES ................................................................................. 365
TABLES Table 1: Markets and applications for nanocellulose. .................................................................... 38
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Table 2: Nanocellulose production plants worldwide and production status. ................................. 41
Table 3: Potential volume estimates (tons) and penetration of nanocellulose into key markets. ... 49
Table 4: Market summary for nanocellulose-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, market estimates, global consumption, main current applications, future applications .............................................................................................................................. 50
Table 5: Categorization of nanomaterials. ...................................................................................... 53
Table 6: National nanomaterials registries in Europe. .................................................................... 56
Table 7: Nanomaterials regulatory bodies in Australia. .................................................................. 60
Table 8: Nanocellulose properties. ................................................................................................. 66
Table 9: Applications of nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC). .................................................................... 67
Table 10: Production methods of NFC producers. ......................................................................... 68
Table 11: Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). ............................................................ 71
Table 12: Applications of bacterial cellulose (BC). ......................................................................... 72
Table 13: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications. ............................................................................................................................. 73
Table 14: Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications. ............................................................................................................................. 73
Table 15: Nanofibrillated cellulose (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications. ............................................................................................................................. 74
Table 16: Cellulose nanocrystals (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications. .................................................................................................................................................. 75
Table 17: Cellulose nanocrystals (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications. .................................................................................................................................................. 76
Table 18: Properties and applications of nanocellulose ................................................................. 76
Table 19: Properties of cellulose nanofibrils relative to metallic and polymeric materials. ............. 78
Table 20: Nanocellulose nanocrystal sources and scale. .............................................................. 79
Table 21: Nanofibrillated cellulose production methods. ................................................................ 81
Table 22: Cellulose nanocrystals (NCC) production methods. ....................................................... 81
Table 23: Nanocellulose market structure. ..................................................................................... 83
Table 24: Current and potential end users for nanocellulose, by market and company. ............... 87
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Table 25: Current and potential nanocellulose end users. ............................................................. 89
Table 26: SWOT analysis of nanocellulose. ................................................................................... 90
Table 27: Safety of Micro/Nanofibrillated cellulose. ....................................................................... 93
Table 28: Potential high volume impact of nanocellulose and likelihood of market impact. ........... 98
Table 29: Production capacities of CNF producers per annum in tons, current and planned. ..... 102
Table 30: Production capacities of CNC producers per annum in tons, current and planned. ..... 103
Table 31: Markets and applications for nanocellulose. ................................................................ 104
Table 32: Product/price/application matrix of nanocellulose producers. ...................................... 107
Table 33: Published patent publications for nanocellulose, 1997-2013. ...................................... 110
Table 34: Nanocellulose patents as of May 2015. ....................................................................... 110
Table 35: Research publications on nanocellulose materials and composites, 1996-2013. ........ 111
Table 36: Nanocellulose patents by organisation. ........................................................................ 112
Table 37: Nanocellulose patents by organisation, 2014. .............................................................. 113
Table 38: Main patent assignees for NCC, as of May 2015. ........................................................ 114
Table 39: Main patent assignees for NFC, as of May 2015. ........................................................ 114
Table 40: Main patent assignees for BCC, as of May 2015. ........................................................ 114
Table 41: Comparative properties of polymer composites reinforcing materials. ......................... 119
Table 42: Equivalent cost of nanocellulose and competitive materials in polymer composites. .. 120
Table 43: Applications of nanocellulose in polymer composites by cellulose type. ...................... 120
Table 44: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the polymer composites market. ...................... 121
Table 45: Application markets, competing materials, NFC advantages and current market size in polymer composites. .............................................................................................................. 121
Table 46: Market assessment for nanocellulose in polymer composites. .................................... 122
Table 47: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in polymer composites. ................. 122
Table 48: Limitations of nanocellulose in the development of polymer nanocomposites. ............ 123
Table 49: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in polymer composites. ................................................................................................... 124
Table 50: Examples of antimicrobial immobilization into cellulose nanofibers. ............................ 129
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Table 51: Oxygen permeability of nanocellulose films compared to those made form commercially available petroleum based materials and other polymers. ..................................................... 131
Table 52: Market assessment for nanocellulose in biopackaing. ................................................. 131
Table 53: Application markets, competing materials, NFC advantages and current market size in packaging. .............................................................................................................................. 132
Table 54: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in bio packaging. ........................... 133
Table 55: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the biopackaging market. ..................... 135
Table 56: Companies developing nanocellulose products in bio packaging, applications targeted and stage of commercialization. ............................................................................................. 135
Table 57: Nanomaterials in the aerospace market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact. ................................................................................................... 139
Table 58: Market challenges rating for nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the aerospace market. .................................................................................................................................... 140
Table 59: Applications of natural fiber composites in vehicles by manufacturers. ....................... 142
Table 60: Application markets, competing materials, Nanocellulose advantages and current market size in the automotive sector. ..................................................................................... 145
Table 61: Market assessment for nanocellulose in the automotive sector. .................................. 146
Table 62: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in the automotive industry. ............ 147
Table 63: Applications and commercilization challenges in the automotive market. .................... 147
Table 64: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the automotive market. ......................... 148
Table 65: Companies developing Nanocellulose products in the automotive industry, applications targeted and stage of commercialization. ............................................................................... 148
Table 66: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the construction, building protection and exterior coatings market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact. . 151
Table 67: Market challenges rating for nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the construction, building protection and architectural exterior coatings market. ............................................. 152
Table 68: Nanocellulose in polymer composites-Companies and products. ................................ 152
Table 69: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the paper and board markets. ......................... 157
Table 70: Global packaging market, billions US$. ........................................................................ 160
Table 71: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in paper and board. ....................... 161
Table 72: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the paper and board market. ................ 163
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Table 73: Companies developing nanocellulose products in paper and board, applications targeted and stage of commercialization. ............................................................................................. 163
Table 74: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials. ........................................................................................................................ 168
Table 75: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in paper and board. ....................... 169
Table 76: Potential volume estimates (tons) and penetration of nanocellulose into textiles. ....... 169
Table 77: Market assessment for nanocellulose in textiles. ......................................................... 170
Table 78: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the textiles and apparel market. ........... 171
Table 79: Companies developing nanocellulose products in textiles, applications targeted and stage of commercialization. .................................................................................................... 171
Table 80: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the medical and healthcare markets. ............... 175
Table 81: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials opportunity in the drug formulation and delivery market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact. ............... 178
Table 82: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials opportunity in medical implants and devices market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact. ........................... 179
Table 83: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials opportunity in the wound care market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact. ................................................ 180
Table 84: Nanocellulose product developers in medical and healthcare applications. ................ 180
Table 85: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the coatings and paints markets. ..................... 185
Table 86: Market assessment for nanocellulose in coatings and films. ....................................... 188
Table 87: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in coatings and films. ...................................................................................................... 188
Table 88: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in coatings and films. ..................... 189
Table 89: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the coatings and films market. ............. 192
Table 90: Companies developing NFC products in paper coatings and non-packaging coating products, applications targeted and stage of commercialization. ........................................... 192
Table 91: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the aerogels market. ........................................ 195
Table 92: Nanocellulose product developers in aerogels. ............................................................ 196
Table 93: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the oil market. .................................................. 200
Table 94: Application markets, competing materials, NFC advantages and current market size in oil and gas. ............................................................................................................................. 203
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Table 95: Market assessment for nanocellulose in oil and gas. ................................................... 203
Table 96: Nanocellulose in the oil and gas market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact. ................................................................................................... 204
Table 97: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the oil and gas exploration market. ...... 204
Table 98: Nanocellulose product developers in oil and gas exploration. ..................................... 205
Table 99: Types of filtration. ......................................................................................................... 206
Table 100: CNF membranes. ....................................................................................................... 208
Table 101: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the filtration market. ....................................... 211
Table 102: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in filtration. ........................................................................................................... 215
Table 103: Market assessment for nanocellulose in filtration. ...................................................... 215
Table 104: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in the filtration industry. ............... 216
Table 105: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the filtration market. ............................ 217
Table 106: Companies developing NFC products in filtration, applications targeted and stage of commercialization. .................................................................................................................. 217
Table 107: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the rheology modifiers market. ...................... 218
Table 108: Commercial activity in nanocellulose rheology modifiers. .......................................... 220
Table 109: Properties of flexible electronics-cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper). ..................... 223
Table 110: Nanocellulose applications timeline in flexible electronics. ........................................ 224
Table 111: Global market for wearables, 2014-2021, units and US$. .......................................... 229
Table 112: Application markets, competing materials, Nanocellulose advantages and current market size in electronics. ...................................................................................................... 232
Table 113: Market assessment for nanocellulose in the flexible and printed electronics sector. . 232
Table 114: Market opportunity assessment for Nanocellulose in flexible electronics. ................. 233
Table 115: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the printed and flexible electronics market. .................................................................................................................................... 235
Table 116: Companies developing Nanocellulose products in paper electronics, applications targeted and stage of commercialization. ............................................................................... 235
Table 117: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in 3D printing. ...................................................................................................... 237
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Table 118: Market assessment for nanocellulose in 3D printing. ................................................. 237
Table 119: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in 3D printing. .............................. 238
Table 120: Market challenges rating for nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the 3D printing market. .................................................................................................................................... 239
Table 121: Companies developing nanocellulose 3D printing products,. ..................................... 239
Table 122: Nanocellulose producers and types of nanocellulose produced. ............................... 240
Table 123: Target market, by nanocellulose producer. ................................................................ 241
FIGURES Figure 1: Scale of cellulose materials. ............................................................................................ 36
Figure 2: Cellulose nanofiber transparent sheet. ........................................................................... 43
Figure 3: CNF transparent sheet. ................................................................................................... 46
Figure 4: Running shoes incorporating cellulose nanofibers. ......................................................... 47
Figure 5: Ballpoint pen incorporating cellulose nanofibers. ............................................................ 48
Figure 6: CNF wet powder. ............................................................................................................ 49
Figure 7: Schematic diagram of partial molecular structure of cellulose chain with numbering for carbon atoms and n= number of cellobiose repeating unit. ...................................................... 62
Figure 8: Scale of cellulose materials. ............................................................................................ 63
Figure 9: Types of nanocellulose. .................................................................................................. 65
Figure 10: Relationship between different kinds of nanocelluloses. ............................................... 66
Figure 11: TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals. ........................................................................... 71
Figure 12: Main steps involved in the preparation of NCC. ............................................................ 80
Figure 13: Schematic of typical commercialization route for nanocellulose producer. ................... 83
Figure 14: Volume of industry demand for nanocellulose from nanocellulose producers. ............. 87
Figure 15: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for nanocellulose. ............................................... 100
Figure 16: Production volumes of nanocellulose 2015, by region. ............................................... 104
Figure 17: Nanocellulose patents by field of application, 2013. .................................................. 112
Figure 18: Example process for producing NFC packaging film. ................................................. 128
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Figure 19: Nanomaterials-based automotive components. .......................................................... 144
Figure 20: Paper and board global demand. ................................................................................ 161
Figure 21: Global Paints and Coatings Market, share by end user market. ................................. 187
Figure 22: Nanocellulose sponge developed by EMPA for potential applications in oil recovery. 201
Figure 23: Nanocellulose virus filter paper. .................................................................................. 214
Figure 24: LEDs shining on circuitry imprinted on a 5x5cm sheet of CNF. .................................. 225
Figure 25: NFC computer chip. .................................................................................................... 226
Figure 26: NFC translucent diffuser schematic. ........................................................................... 227
Figure 27: Nanocellulose photoluminescent paper. ..................................................................... 228
Figure 28: LEDs shining on circuitry imprinted on a 5x5cm sheet of CNF. .................................. 229
Figure 29: Global market revenues for smart wearable devices 2014-2021, in US$. .................. 230
Figure 30: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart wearable devices 2014-2021 in US$, conservative estimate. ................................................................................................... 231
Figure 31: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart wearable devices 2014-2021 in US$, optimistic estimate. ........................................................................................................ 231
Figure 32: Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet. .................................................................................... 248
Figure 33: Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric. ................................. 248
Figure 34: CNF transparent film. .................................................................................................. 287
Figure 35: CNF wet powder. ........................................................................................................ 288
Figure 36: Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF. ............................................................ 313
Figure 37: Bio-based barrier bags prepared from Tempo-CNF coated bio-HDPE film. ............... 317
Figure 38: CNC produced at Tech Futures’ pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include: ...................... 326
Figure 39: NCCTM Process. ........................................................................................................ 327
Figure 40: Plantrose process. ...................................................................................................... 335