systems neuroscience 2021 brain anatomy overview and ......jan 11, 2021 · figure a7 the locations...
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Systems Neuroscience 2021
Brain Anatomy Overview
and
Ascending and Descending Pathways
Daniel J. Felleman, Ph.D.
Dept. of Neurobiology and Anatomy
MSB 7.168
713-500-5629
Objectives
• Organization of the nervous system: central vs. peripheral, autonomics, axes
• Spinal cord
• Meninges
• Overview: organization of cortex: functional divisions of lobes
• Architectonics
• Blood supply
• Brain stem and cranial nerves
• Diencephalon: thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei
• Gustatory/Olfactory systems: ascending pathways and cortical targets
• Visual system: eye and primary retinal pathways
• Vestibular system: ascending pathways and cortical targets
• Auditory system: ascending pathways and cortical targets
• Somatosensory system: ascending pathways and cortical targets
• Motor system(s): descending pathways and cortical/subcortical origins
• Limbic system: organization and basic pathways
Figure A1 (A) Anatomical terminology of the brain and brainstem; (B) Major planes of section
Axis Conventions in Human Neuroanatomy
Figure A2 The subdivisions and components of the central nervous system
Primary and Secondary Vesicles: Early Neuroembryology
Embryological derivation of internal structure in the brainstem (Part 1)
Meninges, Dural Sinuses and CSF Circulation
CSF
Meninges, superficial veins, diploic vessels and arachnoid granulations
Dural sinuses
Arterial Supply including the Circle of Willis
Cerebral artery
distribution
Figure A16 The major arteries of the brain
Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy and Meninges
Figure A4 Relationship of the spinal cord and spinal nerves to the vertebral column
Internal structure of the spinal cord
Somatosensory Pathways
Cranial Nerves and Nuclei in Brainstem
Autonomic Nerves and Ganglia
III
VII
IX
VII
Post-ganglionic Sympathetic axons
pass thru (do not synapse) in theses
Parasympathetic ganglia
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
1. Pupillary sphincter
2. Pupillary dilator
3. Ciliary body
4. Zonular fibers
5. Iridocorneal angle
6. Trabecular meshwork
7. Schlemm’s canal
Parasympathetic
Contraction of ciliary muscle
results in release of tension
of zonular fibers.
Normally the lens will become
more round, to focus more
closely
Blockage causes
Glaucoma
Figure A7 The locations of the cranial nerves as they enter or exit the midbrain, pons, and medulla
Figure A8 Brainstem cranial nerve nuclei locations that are the target or source of cranial nerves
Cranial Base Fossae, Foramina and Contents
Anterior Cranial Fossa
Middle Cranial Fossa
Posterior Cranial Fossa
CRANIAL FOSSA FORAMINA CONTENTS
Anterior Fossa Foramen cecum Nasal emissary vein
Foramina of cribriform plate Axons of CN I
Anterior and posterior ethmoid
foramina
Vessels and nerves of the anterior
and posterior ethmoid.
Middle Fossa Optic canals CN II and ophthalmic a.
Superior orbital fissure CN V1, CN III, IV, VI, ophthalmic
veins, sympathetic fibers
Foramen rotundum CN V2
Foramen ovale CN V3 and accessory meningeal a.
Foramen spinosum Middle meningeal artery and vein
and meningeal branch of CN V3.
Foramen lacerum Filled with cartilage in life. Internal
carotid artery with sympathetic and
venous plexuses passes over its
superior aspect
Hiatus of greater petrosal n. Greater petrosal n. and petrosal
branch of middle meningeal artery
Posterior Fossa Foramen magnum Medulla and meninges, vertebral
arteries, CN XI, spinal art., dural
veins
Jugular foramen CN IX, X, XI, sup. bulb of internal
jugular v., inferior petrosal and
sigmoid sinuses, meningeal
branches of occipital and
pharyngeal a.
Hypoglossal canal CN XII
TABLE A3 Classification and Location of the Cranial Nerve Nucleia
BOX A Thalamus and Thalamocortical Relations (Part 1)
Diencephalon: Hypothalamic Nuclei
Human Head MRI
Lateral view of the human brain
Figure A11 Views of the human brain
Figure A12 Midsagittal view of the human brain
Organization of Cerebral Cortex: Lobes and Gyri
Frontal lobe major sulci and gyri
Motor System I: Cortico-spinal
Motor System II: vestibulo-spinal and rubro-spinal pathways
Motor System III: reticulo-spinal pathways
Organization of Cerebral Cortex: Lobes and Gyri IIIParietal lobe major sulci and gyri
Organization of Cerebral Cortex: Lobes and Gyri II
Temporal lobe major sulci and gyri
Limbic System I
Figure A14 Internal structures of the brain seen in coronal section
Organization of Cerebral Cortex: Architectonics
circa 1900
Global architectonics
Principles of cortical lamination
Laminar Patterns
Reciprocal Cortico-cortical Connections
The Human Connectome: Multi-modal Parcellation of Human Cortex190+ multi-modally defined areas vs. Brodmann (44) and other architectonic
maps
Partially inflated cortical surface to aid the visualization of cortex within sulci
Full unfolded, 2D cortical maps
Human Connectome Project
190 areas on partially inflated cortical hemisphere- Left
Unfolded Cortical Hemisphere- Left
PLATE 5 (1) Diffusion Tensor Imaging
PLATE 5 (2) Diffusion Tensor Imaging
PLATE 5 (3) Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Ascending Pathways:
Sensory Systems
Gustatory Pathways
Taste Pathways: CN VII, IX, X
Olfactory Pathways
Visual System II: Optic Nerve Afferents and Efferents
Vestibular Ascending and Descending Pathways
Auditory Ascending Pathway
Limbic System I
Limbic System II
• ATLAS PLATES
Plate 1 Surface features of a human brain specimen (Part 1)
Plate 1 Surface features of a human brain specimen (Part 2)
Plate 1 Surface features of a human brain specimen (Part 3)
Plate 1 Surface features of a human brain specimen (Part 4)
Plate 2 Coronal section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, MRI (Part 1)
Plate 2 Coronal section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, MRI (Part 2)
Plate 2 Coronal section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, MRI (Part 3)
Plate 2 Coronal section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, MRI (Part 4)
Plate 3 Axial section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 1)
Plate 3 Axial section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 2)
Plate 3 Axial section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 3)
Plate 3 Axial section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 4)
Plate 3 Axial section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 5)
Plate 3 Axial section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 6)
Plate 3 Axial section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 7)
Plate 3 Axial section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 8)
Plate 4 Sagittal section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 1)
Plate 4 Sagittal section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 2)
Plate 4 Sagittal section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 3)
Plate 4 Sagittal section demonstrating internal forebrain structures, T1-weighted MRI (Part 4)
Plate 5 Transverse section acquired and prepared to simulate myelin staining (Part 1)
Plate 5 Transverse section acquired and prepared to simulate myelin staining (Part 2)
Plate 5 Transverse section acquired and prepared to simulate myelin staining (Part 3)
Plate 5 Transverse section acquired and prepared to simulate myelin staining (Part 4)
Plate 6 Transverse section acquired and prepared to simulate myelin staining (Part 1)
Plate 6 Transverse section acquired and prepared to simulate myelin staining (Part 2)
Plate 6 Transverse section acquired and prepared to simulate myelin staining (Part 3)
Plate 6 Transverse section acquired and prepared to simulate myelin staining (Part 4)
PLATE 6 (1) Brainstem Atlas
PLATE 6 (2) Brainstem Atlas
PLATE 6 (3) Brainstem Atlas
PLATE 6 (4) Brainstem Atlas
PLATE 7 (1) Spinal Cord Atlas
PLATE 7 (2) Spinal Cord Atlas
PLATE 7 (3) Spinal Cord Atlas
PLATE 7 (4) Spinal Cord Atlas