hindbrain, midbrain, forebrainjfkihlstrom/introductionweb... · 2018-02-14 · • midbrain...
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Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain
Lecture 3
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PhrenologyAn Early View of Functional Specialization
• In Vienna– F.J. Gall (1788-1828)– J.K. Spurzheim (1776-1832)
• In Scotland– G. Combe (1788-1858)
• In the United States– O.S. Fowler (1809-1887)– L.N. Fowler (1811-1896)– N. Sizer (1812-1897)
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TraditionalPhrenological
HeadNew York Times
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Brain Lesions
• Brain Insult, Injury, or Disease– Broca’s Area– Patient H.M.
• Nonhuman Animals– Surgery– Electrical Current
• Temporary Lesions– Cooling – Spreading Depression
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Electrical and Magnetic Stimulation
• Electrical Stimulation– Reticular Formation
• Lesions (Nauta)• Stimulation (Moruzzi & Magoun)
• Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation– Striate Cortex of Occipital Lobe 5
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Psychophysiology
• Autonomic Nervous System– Electrocardiogram (EKG)– Plethysmograph– Electrodermal Response (EDR)
• Skin Conductance/Resistance– Electromyogram (EMG)
• Central Nervous system– Electroencephalogram (EEG)– Event-Related Potentials (ERP)
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Brain Imaging
• X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT, CAT)• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
– Radio Waves• Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
– Glucose• Functional MRI (fMRI)
Henry Wheeler Brain Imaging Center, UC Berkeley7
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PET Images by Prof. Hannah DamasioNew York Times Magazine, 05/07/2000
PleasantThoughts
DepressingThoughts
AnxiousThoughts
IrritatingThoughts
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Identifying Natural Objects From Patterns of fMRI Activity
Kay, Naselaris, Prenger, & Gallant (2008)
Topographical Organization of Visual System
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Accuracy of IdentificationKay et al. (2008)
• Chance = 1/120 = 0.8%• 13 Repeated Trials
– Subject 1: 92%• 1000 Images: 82%
– Chance = 0.1%
– Subject 2: 72%• Single-Trial Performance
– Subject 1: 51%– Subject 2: 32%
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Reconstructing Natural ImagesNaselaris, Prenger, Kay, Oliver, & Gallant (2009)
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The Doctrine of ModularityFodor (1983)
• Domain-Specific• Informational Encapsulation• Hardwiring• Innate Specification• Automaticity• Characteristic Development• Characteristic Breakdown• Fixed Neural Architecture
Transducers
Modules
(Outputs)
Central System(s)
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Functional SpecializationOutside the Brain
• Afferent and Efferent Neurons, Nerves• Interneurons, Ganglia, Nuclei• Autonomic Nervous System
– Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Branches• Somatic Nervous System
– Afferent and Efferent Cranial Nerves– Afferent and Efferent Tracts in Spinal Nerves– Afferent and Efferent Tracts in Spinal Cord
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Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
• Amines– Acetylcholine (Ach)
• Monoamines– Catecholamines
• Epinephrine (Adrenaline)• Norepinephrine (NA)• Dopamine (DA)
– Serotonin (5-HT)
• Amino Acids– Glutamate– GABA
• Peptides– Substance P– Beta-Endorphin– Corticotropin (ACTH)– Oxytocin
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Neurotransmitters and Brain Disease
• Myasthenia Gravis (Ach)• Parkinson’s disease (Dopamine, l-DOPA)• Chorea (Dopamine; Haloperidol)• Huntington’s Disease • Gilles de la Tourette’s Syndrome • Schizophrenia
– Dopamine Hypothesis, Chlorpromazine• Affective Disorder
– Serotonin Hypothesis, SSRIs 15
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Functional Specializationin the Brainstem
• Hindbrain– Medulla Oblongata
(Myelencephalon)
– Pons(Metencephalon)
• Midbrain(Mesencephalon)– Reticular Formation
• Cerebellum
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Coma• Loss of Consciousness
– Eyes Closed– Unresponsive to Stimulation– No Sleep-Wake Cycle– Spared Vegetative Function
• Posterior Brain Stem– Reticular Formation
• Periaqueductal Gray• Parabrachial Nucleus
– Diencephalon (Bilateral)• Thalamus, Hypothalamus
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Persistent Vegetative StateJennett & Plum (1972)
• Follows Coma – Within 1 month
• Wakefulness Without Consciousness – Eyes Open – Apparently Vigilant – Some reflex functions– Normal Sleep Cycle– Unresponsive to Stimulation– Spared Vegetative Function
• “Minimally Conscious State” 18
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“Locked-In” Syndrome
• Follows Coma• Largely Immobile • Limited Responsiveness
– Vertical Eye Movements– Blinking
• Anterior Brain Stem– Pons– Excludes Reticular Formation– Above Trigeminal Nerve (V)
• Oculomotor Nerve (III)• Trochlear Nerve (IV)
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Subcortical Structures of the Forebrain
– Limbic System (Lobe)• Cingulate Gyrus• Parahippocampal Gyrus• Hippocampal Formation
– Amygdala– Hippocampus– Fornix– Mammillary Bodies
– Basal Ganglia• Globus Pallidus• Caudate Nucleus• Putamen
– Diencephalon• Thalamus• Hypothalamus 20
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Hypothalamus and Eating BehaviorTeitelbaum & Epstein (1962); Teitelbaum (1976)
• Ventromedial Lesions– Hyperphagia
• Lateral Lesions– Aphagia
• Dual-Center Theory– VMH Inhibits Eating – LH Disinhibits Eating
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Patient H.M.Bilateral Resection of Hippocampus
Scoville & Milner (1957); Milner, Corkin, & Teuber (1968)
Anterograde Amnesia22
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The Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System
Squire & Zola-Morgan (1991)
Association Areas
Frontal, Temporal and Parietal
Cortex
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Patient S.Bilateral Calcification of Amygdala
Adolphs, Tranel, Damasio, & Damasio (1994)
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The Triune BrainMacLean (1970, 1990)
• Neocortex– “New Brain”
• Limbic System– “Old Mammalian Brain”
• Amygdala• Hypothalamus• Hippocampus
• R-Complex– “Reptilian Brain”
• Brain Stem• Cerebellum 25