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Synthetic Turf Synthetic Turf Synthetic Turf Synthetic Turf Synthetic Turf Synthetic Turf Synthetic Turf Synthetic Turf How Safe is It? Davis Lee, Ph.D. May, 2009 Science Engineering and Science, Engineering and Business Solutions Prepared for Prepared for

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Page 1: Synthetic Turf How Safe Is It - Sprinturf DavisLee MAY2009 Synthetic Turf... · 2009. 8. 27. · 1. Some turf does contain lead in the form of a yellow pigment • Nylon and polyethylene

Synthetic TurfSynthetic TurfSynthetic TurfSynthetic TurfSynthetic TurfSynthetic TurfSynthetic TurfSynthetic TurfHow Safe is It?

Davis Lee, Ph.D.May, 2009

Science Engineering andScience, Engineering and Business Solutions

Prepared forPrepared for

Page 2: Synthetic Turf How Safe Is It - Sprinturf DavisLee MAY2009 Synthetic Turf... · 2009. 8. 27. · 1. Some turf does contain lead in the form of a yellow pigment • Nylon and polyethylene

OutlineOutline

• Perspective

• The Safety of Crumb Rubber– Five Facts

• The Safety of Turf FiberS F t– Seven Facts

Page 3: Synthetic Turf How Safe Is It - Sprinturf DavisLee MAY2009 Synthetic Turf... · 2009. 8. 27. · 1. Some turf does contain lead in the form of a yellow pigment • Nylon and polyethylene

PerspectivePerspective

• The health and safety of synthetic turf• The health and safety of synthetic turf have been critically examined in recent years

• The health effects of rubber infill have• The health effects of rubber infill have been studied extensively since the mid 90’s.T f fib h b d ti• Turf fiber has been under scrutiny since March 2008

• The number of synthetic fields have d ti ll i th l t d dgrown dramatically in the last decade

• There are NO known cases of illness or toxicity from synthetic turf

Page 4: Synthetic Turf How Safe Is It - Sprinturf DavisLee MAY2009 Synthetic Turf... · 2009. 8. 27. · 1. Some turf does contain lead in the form of a yellow pigment • Nylon and polyethylene

The History of Crumb Rubber f

The History of Crumb Rubber fSafetySafety

• Crumb Rubber for turf has been under study since the mid 90’s

• Health studies on crumb rubber are reportedHealth studies on crumb rubber are reported as early as 1987

• Chemicals of concern– Heavy Metals– Heavy Metals

– Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)

– Phthalates

– Volatile Organic Carbons– Volatile Organic Carbons

• Do these chemicals get into the body? 

• If so, are they harmful?

Page 5: Synthetic Turf How Safe Is It - Sprinturf DavisLee MAY2009 Synthetic Turf... · 2009. 8. 27. · 1. Some turf does contain lead in the form of a yellow pigment • Nylon and polyethylene

Five FactsFive Facts

1 O l i ti d t h d1. Oral ingestion does not pose a hazard– The California OEHHA

2. Hand to mouth activity is not a hazard– The California OEHHA

3. Leaching into water is not a threat– The National Institute for Public Health and the 

Environment (RIVM) in the Netherlands 

4. Inhalation of Volatile Organic Carbons (VOCs) is not a hazard

– Environmental French Agency (ADEME)

5. Airborne particulate is not a hazard– ChemRisk, Inc 

Page 6: Synthetic Turf How Safe Is It - Sprinturf DavisLee MAY2009 Synthetic Turf... · 2009. 8. 27. · 1. Some turf does contain lead in the form of a yellow pigment • Nylon and polyethylene

Regulatory Agencies Regulatory Agencies PositionsPositions

• State of New York– “Our review of the available information on crumb rubber and crumb 

rubber infilled turf fields indicates that ingestion, dermal or inhalation exposures to chemicals in or released from crumb rubber do not pose a i ifi t bli h lth “significant public health concern. “

• City of New York– Rubber “chemicals … are unlikely to pose a health risk”

• State of New Jersey“ b l l ”– “no obvious toxicological concern”

• California– “little risk associated with exposure to recycled tire materials used in 

playgrounds or tracks”

• Connecticut• Connecticut– “based on current evidence … there is little risk to public health”

• Concord, Massachusetts– “little risk from PAHs or other chemicals associated with ground rubber 

used in artificial turf fields to the human population”p p

Agency Web Sit

Page 7: Synthetic Turf How Safe Is It - Sprinturf DavisLee MAY2009 Synthetic Turf... · 2009. 8. 27. · 1. Some turf does contain lead in the form of a yellow pigment • Nylon and polyethylene

The History of Turf Fiber The History of Turf Fiber SafetySafety

• In 2007 EPA found lead in synthetic turf while assessing an area• In 2007 EPA found lead in synthetic turf while assessing an area that surrounds a NJ Superfund site

– The superfund site has 30,000 ppm lead in the soil

– EPA found 4,000‐5,000 ppm lead in the turf of an adjacent field

h f h d ?• Is the turf hazardous?– Does the lead get into the body?

– If so, is it harmful? 

• The source of lead was quickly determined by the industry to be a yellow pigment used in the production of turf fiber

• The industry immediately began to assess the health effects of turf

• The industry also began to meet with state and federal y gregulatory agencies

Page 8: Synthetic Turf How Safe Is It - Sprinturf DavisLee MAY2009 Synthetic Turf... · 2009. 8. 27. · 1. Some turf does contain lead in the form of a yellow pigment • Nylon and polyethylene

Seven FactsSeven Facts

1 Some turf does contain lead in the form of a1. Some turf does contain lead in the form of a yellow pigment• Nylon and polyethylene• Related to the age of the field and the color of 

the turf

2. Lead accessibility is low3. Bioavailability is low4. Lead is not an inhalation hazard5. CDC Lead Prevention Program identifies no 

risk from Synthetic Turf6 L d d t l h f t f fib6. Lead does not leach from turf fiber7. Residents with ongoing exposure to the 

Ironbound field test normal

Page 9: Synthetic Turf How Safe Is It - Sprinturf DavisLee MAY2009 Synthetic Turf... · 2009. 8. 27. · 1. Some turf does contain lead in the form of a yellow pigment • Nylon and polyethylene

Some Synthetic Turf Some Synthetic Turf Contains LeadContains Lead

• Lead is part of a• Lead is part of a yellow pigment used to color fiber

• Millions of pigmentMillions of pigment particles are embedded in each blade of grass

• Each particle is encapsulated in a hard shellE l ti• Encapsulation improves fading and reduces toxicity hazard

• Pigment particles cannot “escape”

Page 10: Synthetic Turf How Safe Is It - Sprinturf DavisLee MAY2009 Synthetic Turf... · 2009. 8. 27. · 1. Some turf does contain lead in the form of a yellow pigment • Nylon and polyethylene

Lead Accessibility is LowLead Accessibility is Low

• The Consumer Product Safety Commission has determined a• The Consumer Product Safety Commission has determined a safe accessibility standard• Based on a chronic ingestion of lead standard of 15 μg/day• Calculations have determined that 15μg/day corresponds to a 

150 μg/ft2 lead wipe

CPSC Assessment

Description InstalledLead Content

(ppm)Wipe Sampling

Result (μg)

Estimated daily ingestion

of lead (μg)

Green 1999 5500 68.1 6.8

Green 2000 8800 14.3 1.4

Green 0.1 1.2 0.12Green 2008 950 1.1 0.11Green 2008 4450 0.7 0.07

Green 2005 nd nt neg

Yellow Stripes 5300 1.3 0.13

Yellow Stripes 2007 9600 1 0.1

Green 2004 nd nt neg

‐ No results have been reported that are in excess of 150 μg/ft2μg/ft2

Page 11: Synthetic Turf How Safe Is It - Sprinturf DavisLee MAY2009 Synthetic Turf... · 2009. 8. 27. · 1. Some turf does contain lead in the form of a yellow pigment • Nylon and polyethylene

Bioavailability is LowBioavailability is Low

• The potential for hazard is determined by bioavailability, or absorption by the body

• Bioaccessibility tests prove that the bioavailability of lead from synthetic turf is no greater than 11%. 

– Independent tests measured 4%

– NJ measured 11%

– Bioaccessibility is not bioavailability (Zhang 2008). “Bioaccessibility measures solubility, not absorption and is only an indication of bioavailability”

• Tests by Dr. Michael Gallo on laboratory rats fed encapsulated lead chromate showedchromate showed low bioavailability

– Blood lead levels were similar to the negative 

t lcontrol group that was fed talc (baby powder).  

Page 12: Synthetic Turf How Safe Is It - Sprinturf DavisLee MAY2009 Synthetic Turf... · 2009. 8. 27. · 1. Some turf does contain lead in the form of a yellow pigment • Nylon and polyethylene

CDC Identifies No Historical i k

CDC Identifies No Historical i kRisk Risk 

• Ten‐year investigation (’97‐’06) of 763,216 childhood exposures to lead identified no risks from synthetic turf.

• Of the nearly 40 000 cases ofOf the nearly 40,000 cases of high blood lead concentrations in children reported in 2006, none are attributed to exposure toare attributed to exposure to synthetic turf.

Page 13: Synthetic Turf How Safe Is It - Sprinturf DavisLee MAY2009 Synthetic Turf... · 2009. 8. 27. · 1. Some turf does contain lead in the form of a yellow pigment • Nylon and polyethylene

Residents of Ironbound d l

Residents of Ironbound d lTested NormalTested Normal

• In March 2008 the City of Newark made blood lead testing available to community members who use the field.

– 70 people were tested, 34 children and 26 adults

• Results concluded that “both the children and adults testedResults concluded that  both the children and adults tested had blood lead levels lower than the national and New Jersey action blood levels of concern.” 

• The Ironbound field did not create elevated lead levels in the children of the Ironbound areachildren of the Ironbound area.

Ironbound Blood Lead Results

Page 14: Synthetic Turf How Safe Is It - Sprinturf DavisLee MAY2009 Synthetic Turf... · 2009. 8. 27. · 1. Some turf does contain lead in the form of a yellow pigment • Nylon and polyethylene

Voluntary Industry Lead Voluntary Industry Lead StandardStandard

• July 30, 2008– WASHINGTON, D.C. ‐ The U.S. Consumer Product 

Safety Commission (CPSC) staff today released its evaluation of various synthetic athletic fields Theevaluation of various synthetic athletic fields. The evaluation concludes that young children are not at risk from exposure to lead in these fields. 

– The STC voluntarily agrees to comply with the revised lead restrictions currently proposed for children’s 

d t i H R 4040 S ifi ll th l l f l d illproducts in H.R. 4040. Specifically, the level of lead will be reduced in all pigments used to color synthetic turf to 300 ppm or less by no later than January 1, 2010, and to 100 ppm or less by no later than January 1, 2012. 

• August 14, 2008– President Bush signs Consumer Product Safety Reform 

Bill H.R.4040 and S.2663– Title 1 – Children’s Product Safety may includeTitle 1  Children s Product Safety may include 

synthetic turf containing lead

Page 15: Synthetic Turf How Safe Is It - Sprinturf DavisLee MAY2009 Synthetic Turf... · 2009. 8. 27. · 1. Some turf does contain lead in the form of a yellow pigment • Nylon and polyethylene

Lead Level Comparisonsmg/kg

Lead Level Comparisonsmg/kgmg/kgmg/kg

1‐ Level depends on color intensity2‐ Synthetic Turf Council voluntary industry standard – 300 mg/kg by y y y g/ g ythe end of 2009, 100 mg/kg by the end of 20103‐ Safe Drinking Water Act Title 42 – 8000 mg/kg4‐ 40 CFR Part 745, Lead; Identification of Dangerous Levels of Lead; Final Rule – 400 mg/kg5‐ S.2663, CPSC Reform Act – 300 mg/kg by 2009, 100 mg/kg by 2010

Page 16: Synthetic Turf How Safe Is It - Sprinturf DavisLee MAY2009 Synthetic Turf... · 2009. 8. 27. · 1. Some turf does contain lead in the form of a yellow pigment • Nylon and polyethylene

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that Synthetic Turf that Synthetic Turf ldld

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