synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation measures in the land use sector
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Synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation measures in the land use sectorTRANSCRIPT
Synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation measures in
the land use sector
Lalisa A. DugumaWith contributions from ASB Team
ICRAF Seminar PresentationMarch 26, 2012
About the project
MITIADAPT: synergies and tradeoffs
The conceptual basis for synergy
Review
Criteria and indicators for
synergy
Fieldwork
Tradeoff analysis
Review + fieldwork
Project
Core activities
General methods
IntroductionFor a long time adaptation and mitigation measures were treated as separate policy streams:
– Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA), REDD+– National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPA)
Despite the separate streams, evidences of practices that capture both measures at the same time is growing.
At national and subnational level, wherein implementation of climate change measures is done, this dichotomy promotes inefficiencies and activity duplications.
Synergy
• In synergy, two or more agents or components, or business units or interventions are combined to achieve a defined goal:– increasing effectiveness, – minimizing costs and or– ensuring continuity of production and or service provision by minimizing risks (Lazic and Heinzl 2011)
• Synergy exists in almost all forms of science, institutions etc(Conning 1998).
Synergy modelsa. Additive synergy: V(x1) +V(x2) +…+V(xn) = V(x1, x2,… xn)
The sum of the outputs of the individual practices is the same as the outputs when they are implemented together.
b. Non‐additive synergy: V(x1) +V(x2) +…+V(xn) ≠ V(x1, x2,… xn)
1) Superadditive model: V(x1) +V(x2) +…+V(xn) < V(x1, x2,… xn)
2) Subadditive model: V(x1) +V(x2) +…+V(xn) > V(x1, x2,… xn).
3) Isolated synergy model: The interaction is the focus. E.g.
6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2
For synergy to happen….
Resource complementarity: the increase in one resource increases the return to the other resource (Harrison et al 2001).
Resource relatedness: common resources and activities shared. For example, mitigation and adaptation share the following: Land, Land resources management activities, Skills and know‐hows of NRM, Similar goal – reducing the impacts of climate change
Mitigation and adaptation linkages at landscape level: practices and processes
Land resourcesmanagement
Soil and waterconservation [A]
Improvedlivelihood [A]
Improvedagricultural
productivity [A]
Offsetting ofsoil carbon stock
loss [M]
Enhances carbonsinks [M]
Afforestation andreforestation [M]
Agroforestry[M][A]
Biodiversityconservation [A]
Enhanced ecosystemservices and goodsavailability [A]
Improved adaptivecapacity of the
society [A]
Minimizeddeforestation andforest degradation
[M]
Diminished releaseof GHGs to theatmosphere [M]
Sustainableforest
management [M]
Improved carbonsink management
[M]
Current conceptualization of synergy in CC
Klein et al (2007) [IPCC] highlights four main directions of integration of adaptation and mitigation:
1. Mitigation actions with adaptation benefits2. Adaptation actions with mitigation benefits3. Processes that promote both measures4. Policies and strategies that promote the integration
Missing element: the land use practices based approach (identifying practices and the associated actions, processes, decisions that promote synergy) (Minang et al in review).
Cobenefit
Complementarity versus synergy
Time and scope
The reign of mitigation
Compliance issues – just to say social issues are being addressed?
The move to landscape approaches to CC
Why complementarity is not enough
1. Inadequate ‐ The current approach is not sufficient (Klein et al 2007) and we need a blend (Parry et al 2001).
2. Inefficient – the dichotomy increases the costs of climate change [Kane and Yohe 2000]
3. Competition for resources between mitigation and adaptation (Tol2005)
4. The cobenefit issue masks the apparent potentials of the practices ‐ e.g. for agroforestry
Why synergy is important in the land use sector
• Enhances the cost‐effectiveness of CC measures (Klein et al 2005)
• Helps to understand the interconnections between practices and processes at landscape level
• Helps to bring together actors and stakeholders active at landscape level.
Synergies could form the core of climate policy at multiple scales in the future (Tubiello et al 2008).
Some emerging examples of CC synergyCountry Name of project Implementation approach Source
Bangladesh Waste‐to‐compost project
Improve the environment by promoting waste recycling.
Ayers and Huq (2009)
Kenya Kenya Agriculture Carbon Project
Carbon sequestration through sustainable agricultural land management practices
http://web.worldbank.org
Tanzania The HASHI project Ecosystem restoration using enclosures (Ngitili) and agroforestry practices
Monela et al (2005)
Ethiopia Humbo Assisted Natural Regeneration Project
Rehabilitation of degraded forest lands for ecosystem services provision and community livelihood improvement
http://cdm.unfccc.int/
Peru CEPICAFE Project under the AdapCCproject
Addressing the multiple problems in the landscape through reforestation and carbon sequestration, and capacity building and implementation of integrated coffee management practices.
GTZ (2010)
The application in a snapshot: The Shinyanga case, Tanzania
The practices in Shinyanga landscapes and their interrelationships
Practice 1:Ngitili [M+A]
Practice 4:Agroforestry [A+M]
Improved honeyproduction
Practice 6: Fodderbanks [M+A]
Practice 7: Livestockrearing [A-M]
Abundant livestock feedand thus enhanced
productivity
Income from grazing contractsand carbon money from pilot
REDD+ projects
Edible wild fruits, edibleinsects, herbal traditional
medicines
Household consumablesand livestock products
increased [A]
Less dependence on Practice 2 (Cottonfarming) and Practice 3 (maize and
sorghum farming) [A-M]
Better vegetation cover in thearea due to reduced forest
clearance [M+A]
Sufficient wood forenergy and construction
Enhanced water availabilityboth for household use and
livestock [A]
Better habitat forwildlife [A]
Reduced land degradationthrough control of wind and
water erosion [A+M]
Improved ecosystemservices provision
[A+M]
Enhanced carbonstorage [M]
Ecosystem goods from Ngitili practices
Tanzanian Shilling
Summarized from figures in Monela et al (2005)
Ngitili system and the super additive synergy model
Carbon sequestration1986 ‐ 611 ha (27428 t C)2005 ‐ 377756 ha (16,957,467 t C)
Biodiversity conservationBird species reemerged after Ngitili ‐22‐65Mammal species reemerged after Ngitili ‐ 10Plant species recorded in restored Ngitili ‐152
Economic valuesAverage economic value of Ngitili per person per month – 14 USDAverage expenditure of rural Tanzanian per month – 8.5 USD
Monela et al (2005)
Degraded grazing land
A land restored using Ngitili How life is changing for agropastoralists
Livestock feed
WoodHabitat
Improved soil conditions
Shade
Moving towards synergy: what does it take?
1. Processes necessary for the move
System analysis: identifying what the system components are, how they function and interact and how good the selected measures fit into the system’s context.
2. Potential approaches that promote synergy
1. Landscape approaches – a holistic look at practices, processes, actors in different land uses within the landscape.
2. The practice‐based approach – identifying practices that address adaptation and mitigation together. E.g. Agroforestry, tree‐based soil conservation, ecosystem based adaptation, climate smart agriculture, etc.
3. Cross‐sectoral and interdisciplinary planning approaches ‐ an integrated approach to CC measures at planning level
3. The challenges
Our ‘carbonized’ view of climate change issues The compartmented look at CC measures ‐ adaptation, mitigation. The strong emphasis of the UNFCCC on stabilization of GHG –
adaptation as an accessory activity. Lack of metrics – criteria and indicators for synergy The scientific uncertainty about the optimal mix of practices The poor emphasis on the systems thinking or holistic approaches
to abating CC
Some reflections
To realize the benefits of synergy….
1. It should happen at all scales i. International (e.g. UNFCCC), ii. National (e.g. climate policies and strategies, land use
policies, etc), iii. Subnational (e.g. landscape level operational plans and
strategies) and iv. Project level
2. The necessary processes should be sufficiently addressed
3. The various challenges impeding its application at various scales should be properly dealt with.
Acknowledgement
• ASB, SD5, SD6• The agropastoralists• ICRAF Tanzania –
Shinyanga field visit• TaTEDO Tanzania• NAFRAC Tanzania• ICRAF HQ