sustainable livelihoods and cultivation of jatropha curcas for biodiesel in india: reflections on...

8/3/2019 Sustainable livelihoods and cultivation of Jatropha curcas for biodiesel in India: reflections on alternative agronomic

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S}syfkefo`m `kxm`kljjis fei c}`ykxfykje jh

hjr okjikmsm` ke Keikf1

rmh`mcykjes je f`ymrefykxm fnrjejbkc bjim`s

Wf}` ]wlfb, Xkaf{ D}yyfwfe, A}`kf Yjbmk

Afe}fr{ ?76?

Y{eif`` Cmeyrm hjr C`kbfym Clfenm _msmfrcl ^jrdken Wfwmr 6=7


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S}syfkefo`m `kxm`kljjis fei c}`ykxfykje jh Afyrjwlf c}rcfshjrokjikmsm` ke Keikf1 rmh`mcykjes je f`ymrefykxm fnrjejbkcbjim`s

Ylm Y{eif`` Cmeyrm, ]ekxmrsky{ jh J|hjri fei Em~cfsy`m]ekxmrsky{

Wf}` ]wlfb, Xkaf{ D}yyfwfe, A}`kf Yjbmk

wf}`%}wlfbGbfeclmsymr%fc%}d

xkaf{fd}bfrwdiGnbfk`%cjb

a%yjbmkG}c`%fc%}d

Ylmbms1 Memrn{, @fei ]sm

Y{eif`` ^jrdken Wfwmr 6=7, Afe}fr{ ?76?W`mfsm ejym ylfy Y{eif`` ~jrdken wfwmrs frm /~jrd ke wrjnrmss/% ^lk`sy ylm{ frm

cjbbmeymi je o{ Y{eif`` rmsmfrclmrs ylm{ lfxm ejy omme s}oamcy yj f h}`` wmmr rmxkm~%

Ylm fcc}rfc{ jh ylks ~jrd fei ylm cjec`}skjes rmfclmi frm ylm rmswjeskok`ky{ jh ylm

f}yljr,s+ f`jem fei ejy ylm Y{eif`` Cmeyrm%


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6

S}obksskje hjr Y{eif`` ^jrdken Wfwmr 79*76*?76?

S}syfkefo`m `kxm`kljjis fei c}`ykxfykje jhAfyrjwlf c}rcfs hjr okjikmsm` ke Keikf1 rmh`mcykjes

je f`ymrefykxm fnrjejbkc bjim`s

F}yljrs

Wf}` ]wlfbf Xkaf{ D}yyfwfe

o A}`kf Yjbmk

c

f+ Bfeclmsymr Kesyky}ym jh Keejxfykje _msmfrcl ]ekxmrsky{ jh Bfeclmsymr4 Hkeeksl

Mexkrjebmey Kesyky}ym Lm`skedk4 Cmeyrm hjr Keymnrfymi Memrn{ _msmfrcl ]ekxmrsky{ jh @mmis%Y{eif`` Bfeclmsymr Wfrksmr O}k`iken Sfcdxk``m Sy% ]ekxmrsky{ jh Bfeclmsymr Bfeclmsymr

B63 ;W@ ]D% Ym` $99,7+686 378 3?=


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?

FOSY_FCYWj`kc{ keymrmsy ke okjh}m`s ke Keikf lfs nrj~e irfbfykcf``{ i}rken ylm `fsy hm~ {mfrs ~kyl

s}osyfeykf` njxmrebmey w`feyken yfrnmys hjrAfyrjwlf c}rcfs ke wfrykc}`fr% Ylks ~jrdken wfwmr

iksc}ssms ylm s}syfkefo`m kxm`kljjis fswmcys jh f`ymrefykxm Afyrjwlf c}`ykxfykje s{symbs

kimeykhkmi i}rken hkm`i~jrd ke ylrmm Keikfe syfyms ke ?77; ofsmi je skym xkskys fei smekjr

bfefnmr keymrxkm~s ke ylrmm Keikfe syfyms% Ylm bfke c}`ykxfykje s{symbs hj}ei ~mrm1 ,f+c}`ykxfykje o{ wrkxfym h}m` cjbwfekms je `mfsmi ,cfwykxm+ `fei4 ,o+ c}`ykxfykje o{ jrnfeksmicjbb}ekykms fei o{ sm`h"lm`w nrj}ws je cjbb}ef` `fei4 fei ,c+ cjeyrfcy hfrbken ke ~lkcl

wrkxfym cjbwfekms ke ylm h}m` s}ww`{ o}skemss cjeyrfcy hfrbmrs yj c}`ykxfym Afyrjwlf je ylmhfrbmrs j~e `fei% ^m iksc}ss ylmsm f`ymrefykxms ke rm`fykje yj s}syfkefo`m `kxm`kljjis

cjecmwys cjeyrfsy bfefnmrs xkm~s ~kyl jylmr b}cl bjrm crkykcf` rmsmfrcl hkeikens fei

lknl`knly kss}ms hjr h}rylmr ~jrd%

Dm{~jris

Afyrjwlf c}rcfs okjh}m` okjikmsm` kxm`kljjis s}syfkefo`m imxm`jwbmey

KEY_JI]CYKJE

Afyrjwlf c}rcfs ,lmecmhjryl Afyrjwlf+ ks f okjikmsm` hmmisyjcd foj}y ~lkcl ylmrm lfs omme

s}osyfeykf` keymrefykjef` keymrmsy fei kexmsybmey o}y f`sj cjeskimrfo`m cjecmre ,Msyrke ?77;+%

Ylm Keikfe Bkeksyr{ jh _}rf` Imxm`jwbmey msykbfyms ylfy ylmrm frm omy~mme =77777 yj

877777 lmcyfrms ,lf+ ,="8777db?

Jwkekjes je Afyrjwlf rfenm hrjb ky lfxken ylm wjymeykf` yj nrmme r}rf` ~fsym `fei fei yj

kbwrjxm ylm `kxm`kljjis jh r}rf` wmjw`m ,S}lfs my f`% ?778+ yj kys c}`ykxfykje meyfk`ken

}ekeymeimi fei fixmrsm cjesmv}mecms ,Hkei`fymr fei Dfei`kdfr ?7664 ,Frkqf"Bjeyjookj fei

@m`m ?767%+% Ke Keikf ke wfrykc}`fr Afyrjwlf c}`ykxfykje lfs omme wmrcmkxmi fs cjenr}mey ~kyl

mhhjrys yj imf` ~kyl ylm }ewrmikcyfo m bjesjje wfyymres fei kecrmfsken `fei wrmss}rms ylfy frm

mecj}rfnken Keikfe wj`kc{ bfdmrs yj ikxmrskh{ fnrkc}`y}rf` wrfcykcms ke fiikykje rmi}cken ylmrksds jh crjw hfk`}rm wjsmi o{ bjejc}`y}rm ,Fnjrfbjjryl{ my f`% ?77;+% Bjrmjxmr ke ymrbs

jh fnrjejb{ ky ks nmemrf``{ cjeskimrmi ylfy afyrjwlf c}`ykxfykje ~k`` om jh bjsy mcjejbkc

omemhky yj hfrbmrs kh ylm{ frm kexj`xmi ylrj}nl ylm okjh}m` wrji}cykje clfke hrjb smmi`ken

wrji}cykje yj jk` m|yrfcykje% Ke fiikykje yj rmi}cm ylm rksd jh ylm crjw hfk`}rm ky lfs omme

s}nnmsymi ylfy Afyrjwlf om nrj~e ke fe fnrj hjrmsyr{ bjim` fs ~m`` fs f hmecm crjw

,Yjbjbfys} fei S~f``j~ ?77>+%Ejemylm`mss ylm rksds jh fei wjsmi o{ c}`ykxfykje jh afyrjwlf je fnrkc}`y}rf` `fei rmbfkes ,Jwmeslf~ ?7774 Fclyme my f`% ?77+ fei ylm

Keikfe W`feeken Cjbbksskje ,?7731 w%|+ mexksfnm f bfajr h}y}rm hjr Afyrjwlf hjr ijbmsykc

yrfeswjry h}m` cjes}bwykje syfyken ylfy1 ~kyl fwwrjwrkfym m|ymeskje fei fxfk`fok`ky{ jh

w`feyken bfymrkf` ky slj}`i om mfs{ yj cjxmr 63%9 bk``kje lmcyfrms jh `fei% Clkef ks rmwjrymi

fs f`sj c`fkbken yj lfxm ? bk``kje lf jh Afyrjwlf }eimr c}`ykxfykje fei lfs feej}ecmi w`feshjr fe fiikykjef` 66 bk``kje lf fcrjss kys sj}ylmre syfyms o{ ?767 ,Hfkr`mss ?77>+% Skbk`fr`{O}rbf lfs w`fes yj w`fey smxmrf` bk``kje lmcyfrms fs lfxm ylm Wlk`kwwkems fei smxmrf`

Fhrkcfe cj}eyrkms lfxm kekykfymi `frnm"scf`m w`feyfykjes ,koki+% Ylmrm ks f`sj cjbbmrckf` feinjxmrebmey keymrmsy ke Afyrjwlf ke bfe{ @fyke Fbmrkcfe cj}eyrkms ,CMWF@ ?77>+%


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3

menkems% Skbk`fr`{ ky lfs omme frn}mi ylfy r}rf` ~jbme bf{ om yljsm ~lj ~j}`i bjsy omemhky

hrjb Afyrjwlf"ofsmi okjh}m` ,Jwmeslf~ ?7774 Hrfecks my f`% ?77=4 _}ssk ?77+% Ky

lfs f lknl smmi {km`i ylfy cjeyke}ms yj om wrji}cmi hjr 3797 {mfrs fei smmi wrji}cykje bf{

rfenm hrjb fe kekykf` 7%9 yj jxmr 6? fkr ir{ y*lf*{ fhymr hkxm {mfrs jh nrj~yl ,Ajems fei Bk``mr

6;;?4 Jwmeslf~ ?777+% Ylm jk` cjeymey ke Afyrjwlf smmis lfs omme xfrkj}s`{ v}jymi fyfrj}ei 3797- ,Sfrke my f` ?77>+% Jk` wrmssmi hrjb 3%6?=dn jh Afyrjwlf smmis ,jr omfes+


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~k`` bfdm 6dn jh okjikmsm` ,Keikfe W`feeken Cjbbksskje ?7731 63;+% M|wmrkmecm jh {kmìs

xfrkms1 hjr m|fbw`m ~lk`m Ajems ,?779+ syfyms ylfy ylm fojxm ks fwwrj|kbfym`{ ylm fee}f`

{kmì jh f Afyrjwlf yrmm ylm Cmeyrm jh M|cm``mecm ke Okjh}m`s ,?77;+ ke Yfbk` Efi} hkeis ylfy

ke ylm ylkri {mfr ylm {kmì ks fwwrj|kbfym`{ 6%=dn jh smmis wmr w`fey syfok`ksken fy ?%6dn wmr

w`fey i}rken ylm hkhyl {mfr je~fris% Ylm sfbm cmeyrm msykbfyms fe jk` {kmì jh ?%= yj 3%=

yjeems wmr lmcyfrm }eimr cjbbmrckf` cjeikykjes ,koki+%

Ke ymrbs jh Keikfe efykjef` wj`kckms hjr s}wwjryken fei wrjbjyken Afyrjwlf ylm Efykjef`

Emy~jrd je Keymnrfymi Imxm`jwbmey jh Afyrjwlf fei Dfrfeaf ,Wjenfbkf n`forf+ rfe hrjb

?779"> msyfo`kslmi o{ ylm Efykjef` Jk`smmis fei Xmnmyfo`m Jk` Imxm`jwbmey Ojfri

,EJXJI+% Ylks ~fs f emy~jrd jh 9? fnrkc}`y}rf` }ekxmrskykms fei rmsmfrcl kesyky}ykjes ylfy

frm ej~ kexj`xmi ke f smfrcl hjr swmckms s}kyfo`m hjr ylm xfrkj}s fnrj"c`kbfykc rmnkjes jh

Keikf ymclekv}ms hjr bfss w`feyken fei f s{symbfykc crjwwken s{symbs myc ,Wmyrj`m}b

Cjesmrxfykje _msmfrcl Fssjckfykje ?779+% Je ylm imbfei skim ylm Bkeksyr{ jh Wmyrj`m}b

fei Efy}rf` Nfs keyrji}cmi f okjikmsm` w}rclfsken wj`kc{ ~lkcl cfbm keyj mhhmcy ke Afe}fr{

?778%Ylm wj`kc{ rmv}krms jk` bfrdmyken cjbwfekms yj o}{ okjikmsm` fy f w}rclfsken wrkcm jh

_s%?=*`kyrm ,mv}kxf`mey yj 7%97*`kyrm fy c}rrmey m|clfenm rfyms+ hrjb jem jh ?7 w}rclfskencmeyrms ke 6? syfyms% Ylm s}ww`kmrs jh ylm okjikmsm` b}sy rmnksymr ~kyl f syfym `mxm` cjjrikefyjr

ke jrimr yj bmmy ylm swmckhkcfykjes jh ylm O}rmf} jh Keikfe Syfeifris% Ylm jk` cjbwfekms ylmebk| ylm okjikmsm` ~kyl ylm cjexmeykjef` ikmsm` fy f o`meiken rfym jh =- fy ylm w}rclfsm

cmeyrms% Yj ifym `kyy`m okjh}m` lfs omme fxfk`fo`m ylrj}nl ylks rj}ym fei ylm wrkxfym smcyjrhkrbs ~ljb ~m v}msykjemi cjeskimrmi ylfy ylm w}rclfsken wrkcm _s?8%=*`kyrm ~fs hfr om`j~

ylfy emcmssfr{ yj mecj}rfnm kexmsybmey ke ylmsm smcyjrs% Okjh}m` ks f`sj m|mbwy hrjb m|cksmi}y{ ,S% Ej% =3F jh ylm Ejykhkcfykje Ej% 9*?778+ fei EJXJI lfxm f`sj kekykfymi f ofcd"

meimi crmiky"`kedmi s}oski{ wrjnrfbbm% Ylm wrjnrfbbm wrjxkims s}oskikms hjr1 f+ e}rsmr{

rfksken fei cjbbmrckf` w`feyfykjes4 o+ msyfo`kslbmey jh wrjc}rmbmey cmeyrms4 c+ kesyf``fykje

jh wrm"wrjcmssken fei wrjcmssken mv}kwbmey% Ylmrm ks f`sj `jfe fssksyfecm hrjb ylm _}rf`

Kehrfsyr}cy}rm fei Imxm`jwbmey H}ei swjesjrmi o{ Efykjef` Ofed hjr Fnrkc} y}rm fei _}rf`

Imxm`jwbmey ,EFOF_I+% Fiikykjef``{ ylmrm frm jylmr cmeyrf``{ swjesjrmi sclmbms ylfy frm

}smi yj wrjbjym okjh}m` wrji}cykje kec`}iken ylm Efykjef` _}rf` Mbw`j{bmey N}frfeymm

Sclmbm ,E_MNS+4 ylm ^fymrslmi Imxm`jwbmey Wrjnrfbbm4 S~frefaf{feyk Nrfb S~frjqnfr

[jafef ,SNS[+ ,f imxm`jwbmey wrjnrfbbm yfrnmymi fy ylm r}rf` wjjr+4 ylm Xk``fnm Memrn{

Smc}rky{ Wrjnrfbbm ,XMSW+4 fei ylm Efykjef` Fhhjrmsyfykje Wrjnrfbbm ,EFW+%

S]SYFKEFO@M @KXM@KLJJIS CJECMWYS

J}r hjc}s lmrm ks je ylm Afyrjwlf c}`ykxfykje ke ylm cjeym|y jh s}syfkefo`m `kxm`kljjis% I}rkenylm 6;;7s ylm cjecmwy jh s}syfkefo`m `kxm`kljjis ,S@+ omcfbm kecrmfsken`{ cmeyrf` yj imofyms

je r}rf` imxm`jwbmey wjxmry{ rmi}cykje fei mexkrjebmeyf` bfefnmbmey ,Scjjems 6;;


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S}syfkefo`m `kxm`kljji ks yl}s f ejrbfykxm cjecmwy jem ylfy rmcjneksms ejy je`{ ylm ikxmrsky{

jh `kxm`kljjis o}y f`sj ylm kbwjryfecm jh sjckf` rmsk`kmecm fei mexkrjebmeyf` s}syfkefok`ky{%

Fwwrjfclms yj S@ jhhmr fe kbwrjxmi ~f{ jh ylkedken foj}y wjxmry{ rmi}cykje lm`wken ojyl

wrfcykykjemrs fei ylmjrksys yj }eimrsyfei ylm rmf`kykms jh ylm wjjr fei ylm cjbw`m|kykms jh r}rf`

`khm% O{ yfdken f ~kimr fei omyymr kehjrbmi xkm~ jh ylm jwwjry}ekykms jhhmrmi o{ f

imxm`jwbmey keymrxmeykje S@ fwwrjfclms fkb yj lm`w ylm wjjr yj bfdm `fsyken kbwrjxmbmeysyj ylmkr `kxms ,Fsl`m{ fei Cfrem{ 6;;;+% Fe S@ fwwrjfcl ylmrmhjrm wrjxkims ejy je`{ f smyjh wrkeckw`ms fei f hrfbm~jrd hjr ylkedken ylrj}nl r}rf` `kxm`kljjis o}y f`sj fe jwmrfykjef`

joamcykxm%

Ke jrimr yj }eimrsyfei fef`{sm fei wrjbjym s}syfkefo`m r}rf` `kxm`kljjis smxmrf` hrfbm~jrds

lfxm omme imxm jwmi ylfy smy j}y yj kexmsyknfym ylm xfrkj}s hfcyjrs keh`}mecken r}rf`

`kxm`kljjis fei ylm rm`fykjeslkws omy~mme ylmsm hfcyjrs ,ch% Scjjems 6;;


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Hkn}rm 6% Ylm s}syfkefo`m `kxm`kljjis hrfbm~jrd


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Ylm cmeyrf` hmfy}rm jh ylm hrfbm~jrd ks ylm `kxm`kljji fssmys wmeyfnje }wje ~lkcl

keikxki}f`s irf~ yj o}k`i ylmkr `kxm`kljjis% Ylm rfykjef`m hjr ylks fwwrjfcl ks ylfy o{ syfryken

~kyl ~lfy wmjw`m lfxm rfylmr ylfe ~lfy ylm{ ij ejy ylm hrfbm~jrd syfrys ~kyl fe fef`{sks jh

syrmenyls fs jwwjsmi yj emmis ,Cfrem{ 6;;


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ylm syfym feej}ecmi f Afyrjwlf wrjbjykje wrjnrfbbm yj om kbw`mbmeymi o{ ylmCmeyrm jh M|cm``mecm ke Okjh}m`s ke cjjrikefykje ~kyl ylm Ikrmcyjrfym jh Fnrkc}`y}rm% Jxmr

ylm wmrkji ?77> ?76? ylm Yfbk` Efi} njxmrebmey fkbs yj orken 677777 lf }eimr Afyrjwlf

c}`ykxfykje% ]eimr ylks wrjnrfbbm ylm njxmrebmey sm``s ylm smmi`kens yj hfrbmrs fy f s}oski{

jh =7-% C}rrmey`{ w`fey kbwrjxmbmey rmsmfrcl ks }eimryfdme fy Yfbk` Efi} Fnrkc}`y}rf`

]ekxmrsky{ ,YEF]+ fei ylm syfym njxmrebmey lfs f`sj frrfenmi hjr YEF] yj wrjxkim

syfeifriksmi ymclekcf` fssksyfecm yj hfrbmrs% Fiikykjef` s}wwjry ks wrjxkimi o{ syfym

njxmrebmey kesyky}ykjes ~kyl ylm s}oskiksmi o}{"ofcd jh smmi fei hrmm smmi`kens4 fnrkc}`y}rf`

cj"jwmrfykxm ofeds f`sj nkxm crmiky yj hfrbmrs ke jrimr yj rmi}cm ylm hkefeckf` kexmsybmey rksd

hjr hfrbmrs% Crmiky ks wrjxkimi fy f lmfxk`{ s}oskiksmi keymrmsy rfym fei ylm crjw ks nrj~e je f

cjbbmrckf` scf`m ~kyl fcykxm kexj`xmbmey jh wrkxfym syfdmlj`imrs ,Wfrfbfylbf my f` ?778+%

Fy wrmsmey ylmrm frm fwwrj|kbfym`{ 6>


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6?

Hkn}rms 3f, 3o fei 9 M|wmrkbmeyf`Afyrjwlf c% w`jys ke Yfbk` Efi}

Afyrjwlf c}`ykxfykje keCllfyyksnfrl

Cllfyyksnfrl dej~e fs ylm _kcm Oj~` jh Keikf ks `jcfymi ke cmeyrf` Keikf fei ks ylm ymeyl`frnmsy syfym% Ylm Cllfyyksnfrl njxmrebmey lfs }eimryfdme f s}osyfeykf` w`feyfykje

wrjnrfbbm hj``j~ken ylm Efykjef` Bksskje je Okjikmsm` fei lfs smy f yfrnmy yj w`fey 6

bk``kje lmcyfrms jh Afyrjwlf je ~fsym`fei fei imnrfimi hjrmsy `fei% Keimmi ylm f}yljrkykmslfxm kimeykhkmi =%; bk``kje lmcyfrms jh imnrfimi `fei ~lkcl cjesyky}yms bjrm ylfe 6;- jh ylm


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frmf jh ylm syfym ,COIF ?77>+% Ke ?77= ylm Cllfyyksnfrl Okjikmsm` Imxm`jwbmey F}yljrky{

,COIF+ ~fs hjrbmi fs f cjjrikefyken fnmec{ hjr ylm Cllfyyksnfrl _mem~fo`m Memrn{

Imxm`jwbmey F}yljrky{ ,C_MIF+% Ylm COIF meaj{s syrjen syfym njxmrebmey s}wwjry fei

lfs cjjrikefymi ojyl rjfiskim fei o`jcd w`feyfykjes ,f ymclekv}m jh hjrmsy w`feyfykje

~lmrmo{ o`jcds jh yrmms frm rfksmi4 bjsy`{ wrfcyksmi ke sjckf` hjrmsyr{ ~lmrm cjbb}eky{

`feis frm kexj`xmi+% Ylm syfym njxmrebmey f`sj nfxm hfrbmrs sjbm =77 hrmm smmi`kensylmrmfhymr clfrnken _s%7%=7 ,7%76+ hjr mfcl smmi`ken% ]eimr ylm COIF f hfrbmr ks meyky`miyj f bf|kb}b jh =777 Afyrjwlf sfw`kens hjr w`feyken ylm m|w`kcky fkb omken yj lm`w wjjr fei

bfrnkef` hfrbmrs% Ke fiikykje njxmrebmey jrnfeksfykjes cfe `mfsm ~fsym`fei hrjb ylm syfym

njxmrebmey hjr Afyrjwlf c}`ykxfykje% Ylks `fei lfs omme kekykf``{ f``jcfymi yj njxmrebmey

jrnfeksfykjes hjr f wmrkji jh ?7 {mfrs fei ylks bf{ om m|ymeimi hjr f h}rylmr 67 {mfrs

,COIF ?77>+%

Yj h}rylmr mecj}rfnm ylm hfrbmrs yj c}`ykxfym Afyrjwlf ylm syfym njxmrebmey wrjxkims f

s}wwjry wrkcm hjr ylm smmi* jk` ylm bkekb}b hjr Afyrjwlf smmi omken _s%8=7 ,67%98+ wmr

v}keyf` ,mv}kxf`mey yj 677dn4 ?77; wrkcms+% Ylm Cllfyyksnfrl Syfym Bkejr Hjrmsy Wrji}cm Cj"

jwmrfykxm Hmimrfykje ylm wrkbfr{ rj`m jh ~lkcl ~fs wrmxkj}s`{ yj cj``mcy fei sm`` hjrmsywrji}cys s}cl fs ljem{ fei ommik `mfxms lfs omme bfim f syfym wrjc}rmbmey fnmec{ fei

w}rclfsms Afyrjwlf smmis hrjb ylm ;63 Wrkbfr{ Hjrmsy Cj"jwmrfykxms swrmfi fcrjss ylm syfyms%Ylm rj`m jh ylm cj"jwmrfykxms ks yj cj``mcy hjrmsy wrji}cm hrjb yrkof` wmjw`m fei lmecm yj `ked

ylmsm ,ke mhhmcy ojyl wmjw`m fei wrji}cm+ yj rmyfk` j}y`mys ke ylm ckykms% Fs jh ?77> ylm syfymc`fkbs yj lfxm rfksmi ?? crjrms ,67 bk``kje+ Afyrjwlf sfw`kens ~kyl +% Hkn}rms =f yj > k``}syrfym Afyrjwlf w`feyken fei

wrjcmssken ke ylm syfym%


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Hkn}rms =f, =o, 8f, 8o, > Afyrjwlf c}`ykxfykje ke Cllfyyksnfrl


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6=

Afyrjwlf c}`ykxfykje keFeilrf Wrfimsl

Feilrf Wrfimsl syfym ks sky}fymi je ylm mfsymre cjfsy jh Keikf% Y~m`xm iksyrkcys jh ylm syfym~mrm wrjwjsmi hjr Afyrjwlf c}`ykxfykje }eimr ylm Imbjesyrfykje wlfsm jh ylm Efykjef`

Bksskje je Okjikmsm`% Ylm Njxmrebmey jh Feilrf Wrfimsl crmfymi ylm _fke Slfij~ Frmfs

Imxm`jwbmey Imwfrybmey ke A}em ?779 yj ~jrd hjr ylm kbwrjxmbmey jh `kxm`kljjis ke rfke"

imhkckmey frmfs% Ylm rmbky jh ylm imwfrybmey kec`}ims okjh}m`s ke fiikykje yj krrknfykje c`j}i"

smmiken fei jylmr ~fymr kss}ms ,_SFII ?779+%

Ke ymrbs jh okjh}m` hmmisyjcds ylm bfke mbwlfsks ks je Wjenfbkf ,Wjenfbkf wkeefyyf+ rfylmrylfe Afyrjwlf f`ylj}nl ylm c}`ykxfykje jh ojyl ks s}oskiksmi% Hjr ylm wrmsmey sy}i{ c}`ykxfykje

skyms wmryfkeken yj _m`kfecm @khm Sckmecms ~mrm xkskymi4 ylks cjbwfe{ wrjxkims fe m|fbw`m jhf bfajr Keikfe hkrb fcykxm`{ kexj`xmi ke ylm wrjbjykje fei c}`ykxfykje jh Afyrjwlf% Ylm

cjbwfe{ nkxms smmi`kens hrmm`{ jr fy f s}oskiksmi cjsy wrjxkims ymclekcf` s}wwjry fei lfsimxm`jwmi f o}{"ofcd n}frfeymm sclmbm ~kyl hfrbmrs% Ylm cjbwfe{ f`sj lfs f cjeyrfcy

hfrbken fnrmmbmey ~kyl sjbm hfrbmrs% Afyrjwlf ks nrj~e ke ~fsym`feis lk``{ ofrrme `fei

hkmì o}eis fei ylm minms jh rkcm hkmìs ~kyl sjbm keymrcrjwwken ~kyl rkcm xmnmyfo`ms fei

jylmr ljrykc}`y}rf` crjws o{ ojyl wrkxfym hfrbmrs fei eje"njxmrebmeyf` jrnfeksfykjes ,ENJs%

Afyrjwlf ks wrkbfrk`{ nrj~e mkylmr o{ hfrbmrs ~kyl `frnm `fei ljìkens jr je cjbb}eky{"

j~emi cjbbje `feis ~lkcl frm wjj`mi fccjriken yj ylm cfsym s{symb% Ky ks ylm `j~mr cfsym

,D}r}bf+ ylfy wrfcykcms c}`ykxfykje1 ke ylks cfsm sy}i{ bmbomrs jh sjbm =7 hfbk`kms lfxm

wjj`mi ylmkr `fei hjr Afyrjwlf c}`ykxfykje ~kyl ylm cjbwfe{ wrjxkiken ymclekcf` fssksyfecm%

Ylm keymeykje jh keymrcrjwwken ks yj }sm ~fymr hmryk`kqmrs fei wrji}cykxm `fei mhhkckmey`{ ~kyl

kew}ys yj ylm fnrkc}`y}rf` crjws f`sj omemhkyyken ylm Afyrjwlf w`feys% Ke sjbm frmfs Afyrjwlf ke

ylm o}eis smrxm fs f slm`ymr om`y wrjymcyken ylm fnrkc}`y}rf` crjws hrjb ylm ~kei% Hkn}rms < yj;c k``}syrfym Afyrjwlf w`feyken ke ylm syfym%


18/33

68

Hkn}rms


19/33

6>

keikcfyjrs kh cjec`}skjes foj}y `kxm`kljji kbwrjxmbmey frm yj om irf~e% Bjrmjxmr ylm

wrjcmssms kexj`xmi emmi yj sy}ikmi jxmr ykbm sjbmylken ylfy ~m ~mrm ejy fo`m yj ij ke ylm

ykbm fxfk`fo`m% ^kyl rmhmrmecm yj ylm hrfbm~jrd ke Hkn}rm 6 omnkeeken ~kyl ylm `kxm`kljji

fssmys wmeyfnje okjh}m` wrji}cykje fs hj}ei ke ylm ylrmm syfyms lfs keyrji}cmi f e}bomr jh

fiikykjef` fssmys ke ylm hjrb jh s}oskiksmi fccmss yj Afyrjwlf smmi`kens ymclekcf` fssksyfecm

fei f n}frfeymmi o}{"ofcd wrkcm hjr ylm jk` smmis ylfy ~k`` mxmey}f``{ om lfrxmsymi% Hjr sjbmhfrbmrs `fei lfs omme m|clfenmi hjr cfwkyf` xkf f `mfsm frrfenmbmey% Lj~mxmr yj ifym ~mdej~ `kyy`m foj}y ylks m|clfenm ke imyfk` ejr kys `jen ymrb cjesmv}mecms% Ylm bfefnmrs

~ljb ~m keymrxkm~mi s}nnmsymi ylfy je`{ `j~"nrfim `fei lfs omme `mfsmi fei je`{ bjimsy

hrfcykjes jh hfrbmrs lj`ikens }smi o}y keimwmeimey ~jrd lfs irf~e f xmr{ ikhhmrmey

cjec`}skje1 ke f s}rxm{ jh 9; Afyrjwlf w`jys j~emi o{ 9= lj}smlj`is ke Yfbk` Efi} ylm

`frnm bfajrky{ ,


20/33

6+ ~kyl rmswmcy yj Keikfe imxm`jwbmey wrjamcys ke nmemrf`

bjsy jhyme ylm Wrfilfe*Sfrwfecl6

sm`mcys ylm wrjamcy ~lkcl s}kys lks emmis jr hjr ~lkcl lm ks

wrmss}rkqmi o{ ijbkefey cfsyms*c`fes% Wfrykckwfykje jh ylm wjjr mswmckf``{ ~jbme ks bkssken%

Keimmi jylmrs lfxm wrmxkj}s`{ ejymi ylfy ylm Keikfe njxmrebmey lfs ymeimi yj kbw`mbmey

wrjamcys ~kyl xmr{ `kyy`m kexj`xmbmey o{ `jcf` wmjw`m wfrykc}`fr`{ ~jbme ,m%n% YM_K ?779+%

Ylm Bkeksyr{ jh _}rf` Imxm`jwbmey ,Bj_I ?778+ lfs f`sj wrmxkj}s`{ ejymi ylfy ylmrm frm

wrjo`mbs ke rmfclken ylm yfrnmy nrj}ws jh Keikfs imxm`jwbmey wj`kc{ fei ke ikswmrsken

imxm`jwbmey h}eis ~kylj}y `mfdfnm fei im`f{s% Fe fiikykjef` nmemrf` wrjo`mb ejymi o{ ylm

w`feeken cjbbksskje jh Keikf ks ylfy r}rf` mbw`j{bmey fcykxkykms lfxm jhyme hjc}ssmi je

cjesyr}cykje fcykxkykms ~kyl `kbkymi fyymeykje yj kesyky}ykje fei cfwfcky{ o}k`iken rms}`yken ke

nmemrf``{ }es}syfkefo`m wrjnrfbbms ,W`feeken Cjbbksskje jh Keikf ?778+% ^lk`m ylm

Efykjef` _}rf` Mbw`j{bmey N}frfeymm Sclmbm ,E_MNS+ ~fs keyrji}cmi yj rmbmi{ s}clkss}ms o{ nkxken ~mknly yj wfrykckwfyjr{ w`feeken fei kbw`mbmeyfykje fs ejymi yljsm wrjamcyfei wj`kc{ bfefnmrs keymrxkm~mi ~mrm }ecjexkecmi ylfy okjh}m` wj`kckms fs jh ?77; ~mrm

s}hhkckmey yj wrji}cm mcjejbkcf``{ }smh}` v}feykykms jh okjh}m`%

Bjrm swmckhkcf``{ syfdmlj`imrs ~mrm jh ylm xkm~ ylfy ylm syfym"`mi okjh}m` wrjnrfbbms ,bjsy

jh ylm hfrbmrs frm mbw`j{mi }eimr ylm E_MNS sclmbm+ s}hhmr hrjb f `fcd jh hfrbmr

j~emrslkw ke rm`fykje yj w`feyken fei bfkeymefecm% Bjsy jh ylm `foj}rmrs kexj`xmi frm

mbw`j{mi hjr je`{ hjr 677 if{s* {mfr s}cl ylfy ylm{ lfxm yj `jjd hjr fiikykjef` mbw`j{bmey

6 F Sfrwfecl ks f imbjcrfykcf``{ m`mcymi lmfi jh f xk``fnm"`mxm` syfy}yjr{ kesyky}ykje jh `jcf` sm`h"Njxmrebmey ylm `fyymr

omken ylm Nrfb ,xk``fnm+ Wfeclf{fy ke Keikf fei f`sj ke Wfdksyfe% Ylm Sfrwfecl yjnmylmr ~kyl jylmr m`mcymi Wfeclms,bmbomrs+ cjesyky}ym ylm Nrfb Wfeclf{fy% Ylm Sfrwfecl ks ylm hjcf` wjkey jh cjeyfcy omy~mme njxmrebmey jhhkcmrs fei ylm

xk``fnm cjbb}eky{ fei ks fe m`mcymi wjskykje%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panches&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panches&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayat


21/33

6;

yj s}wwjry ylmkr hfbk`kms% [my ylm Afyrjwlf crjw emmis f `j~ `mxm` jh {mfr"rj}ei bfkeymefecm

s}cl fs wr}eken fei kh ejy nkxme wrjwmr cfrm ylm {kmì s}hhmrs% Fejylmr y{wkcf` wrjo`mb

fssjckfymi ~kyl cmeyrf``{ swjesjrmi sclmbms ks sfki yj om ylfy bfymrkf` cjsys fei ~fnms frm

jhyme wfki `fym `mfiken yj im"bjykxfymi `foj}rmrs% ^kyl rfke"hmi crjws w`feyken imwmeis je

ylm frrkxf` jh bjesjje smfsje fei fe{ im`f{ ke ylm frrkxf` jh w`feyken bfymrkf`s cfe `mfi yj

ylm hfk`}rm jh f w`feyfykje% Bfefnmrs yjì }s ylfy ylmsm y{wms jh wrjo`mbs cfe rms}`y ke ylmhfk`}rm jh bfajr wrjnrfbbms1 ke Yfbk` Efi} ke ?77= ylm syfym njxmrebmey iksyrko}ymi `frnmv}feykykms jh Afyrjwlf smmi`kens yj r}rf` wmjw`m }eimr ylm r}rf` imxm`jwbmey wrjnrfbbm

~kylj}y fe{ kecmeykxm hjr ylmkr bfkeymefecm% ^m ~mrm yjì ylfy je`{ ?7"37- jh ylm smmi`kens

~mrm w`feymi ylm em|y syfym njxmrebmey imc`frmi ylm wrjnrfbbm f hfk`}rm fei ylm wrjnrfbbm

~fs syjwwmi crmfyken f emnfykxm rmw}yfykje hjr Afyrjwlf%

Fyymbwys yj rmbmi{ bjykxfykjef` fei j~emrslkw kss}ms ~kylke ylm cjesyrfkeys jh s}cl

sclmbms lfxm bmy ~kyl bk|mi s}ccmss% Ke Cllfyyksnfrl yj nkxm mbw`j{bmey jwwjry}ekykms yj

f`` jh ylm xk``fnms `foj}rmrs frm mbw`j{mi ke f rjyfykjef` bfeemr s}cl ylfy jem xk``fnm ijms

ylm w`feyken fejylmr ylm wr}eken fei sj je% ^lk`m ylks wrjxkims sjbm hjrb jh mv}f`ky{

keymrxkm~mms cjbbmeymi ylfy ylm frrfenmbmey ks ejy fo`m yj crmfym ylm smesm jh j~emrslkw feirmswjeskok`ky{ rmv}krmi hjr cfrmh}` bfefnmbmey jh ylm Afyrjwlf crjw% Fccjriken`{ sjbm syfym

njxmrebmeys frm nkxken rmswjeskok`ky{ hjr w`feyfykje bfkeymefecm fei lfrxmsyken yj keikxki}f`hfrbmrs1 ylks ks ~kim`{ wrfcykcmi ke ylm syfym jh ]yyfrfeclf`% Ke ylm syfym jh Feilrf Wrfimsl

hfrbmrs cfe yfdm f`` jh ylm wrjhky hrjb ylmkr okjh}m` crjw ,ke ylks cfsm y{wkcf``{ Wjenfbkf+%Ylm Keymrefykjef` Crjws _msmfrcl Kesyky}ym hjr ylm Smbk"Frki Yrjwkcs ,KC_KSFY+lfs

kbw`mbmeymi fejylmr ejxm` fwwrjfcl rmv}krken ylm rmswmcykxm Iksyrkcy Cj``mcyjrs?

yj imc frm}s}hr}cy rknlys ,ylm `mnf` rknly yj }sm fei wrjhky+ hjr emfro{ xk``fnmrs ~lj cfe ylme cj``mcy

Afyrjwlf smmis fei sm`` ylmb yj ylm bfrdmy% F`ylj}nl ylks ijms ejy kexj`xm `mnf` j~emrslkw jh

ylm `fei jr w`feys wmr sm ky ijms wrjxkim fe kecmeykxm hjr ylm wrjymcykje fei c}`ykxfykje jh

Afyrjwlf% Ke ymrbs jh `kxm`kljji omemhkys ky ~j}ì jh cj}rsm om }smh}` yj dej~ f `jy bjrm

foj}y lj~ fccmss yj ylm crjw ks iksyrko}ymi%

Bjrm nmemrf``{ cmeyrf` njxmrebmey ks smme fs ylm wrkbfr{ rksd yfdmr fei omfrmr jh fe{ `jss ke

rm`fykje yj Afyrjwlf c}`ykxfykje% Yljsm kexj`xmi ke ylm w`feyfykje ~jrd hrjb r}rf` wjjr yj

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Ylmrm ks `kyy`m kecmeykxm hjr mkylmr ylm syfym jr Wfeclf{fy yj bfdm njji }sm jh ylm h}eiken hrjb

cmeyrf` njxmrebmey% Ylks ks smme fs jhyme cjbwj}eimi o{ f `fcd jh cjbwmykykje fbjen

smrxkcm wrjxkimrs ~kyl ylm efykjef` bkeksyr{ cljjsken ylm wrjxkimrs fei ylmrm omken `kyy`mscjwm hjr cjbwmykykje jr kecmeykxm hjr kbwrjxmbmey% Ylks cjeyrfsys ~kyl kekykfykxms o{ syfyms

s}cl fs ]yyfrfeclf` ~lj ~mrm fwwrjxmi jh o{ wrjamcy bfefnmrs hjr w}yyken smrxkcm wrjxkskje

j}y yj ymeimr% Fs ~m imscrkom fojxm ylm jrnfeksfykje jh c}`ykxfykje fcykxky{ ks xmr{ ikhhmrmeyke Feilrf Wrfimsl fei Cllfyyksnfrl ~lmrm ke ylm `fyymr ylmrm ks fe fcykxm hjrmsy cjbb}eky{

~lj cj``mcy ylm smmis% Ke Cllfyyksnfrl ylm fcykxm Sm`h Lm`w Nrj}w fei Ajkey Hjrmsy

Bfefnmbmey Cjbbkyymm nrj}w ejy je`{ cj``mcy ylm smmis o}y f`sj cfrr{ j}y ylm w`feyfykje

wrjnrfbbms% Ylm Sm`h Lm`w nrj}w mes}rms ylm kexj`xmbmey jh ~jbme% Ylmrm frm f`sj sjbm

bjxms ke syfyms s}cl fs Dfrefyfdf yj msyfo`ksl cj"jwmrfykxms hjr Afyrjwlf c}`ykxfykje skbk`fr

yj ifkr{ cj"jwmrfykxms%

CJEC@]SKJES

?Ylm Iksyrkcy Cj``mcyjr ks fe Keikfe Njxmrebmey fwwjkeymm ~lj ks ke clfrnm jh ylm njxmrefecm jh f iksyrkcy ke f

syfym%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_districtshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_districtshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India


22/33

?7

Hjr ylm wrjamcy fei wj`kc{ bfefnmrs keymrxkm~mi cjecmres ylfy Afyrjwlf ~k`` rmw`fcm hjji

crjws fei m|wjsm hfrbmrs yj ylm rksds jh keymrefykjef` bfrdmys frm ejy ojrem j}y ke ylm Keikfe

cfsms imscrkomi lmrm% [my ylks ks syk`` mfr`{ if{s hjr Afyrjwlf c}`ykxfykje fei yljsm keymrxkm~mi

lfi f c`jsm keymrmsy ke wrjbjyken Afyrjwlf% Ylmkr }eimrsyfeiken ylfy bjsy Afyrjwlf w`feyfykjes

frm ke }e}smi jr `kyy`m"}smi `fei ~lk`m cjrrmswjeiken ~kyl ~lfy ~m josmrxmi ks fy jiis ~kyl

jylmr rmsmfrcl je `fei }sm ke rm`fykje yj Afyrjwlf% Bjsy bfefnmrs ~ljb ~m keymrxkm~miwmrcmkxmi ylm wrjo`mbs ~kyl Afyrjwlf c}`ykxfykje yj ifym fs omken rm`fymi yj `j~ {kmìs fei`j~ yfdm"}w jh s}oskikms ~lkcl sjbm syfyms frm rmbmi{ken ylrj}nl f`ymrefykxm jrnfeksfykje

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~l{ sbf``"scf`m hfrbmrs ~j}ì jr ~k`` wmrsksy ~kyl Afyrjwlf }eimr wrmxfk`ken cjeikykjes%

Ylmrm rmbfke bfe{ }efes~mrmi v}msykjes rm`fyken yj ylm cjesmv}mecms jh Afyrjwlf

c}`ykxfykje ke nmemrf` fei ke wfrykc}`fr ke rm`fykje yj ylm f`ymrefykxm bjim`s jh c}`ykxfykje ylfy

~m josmrxmi% ^m lfxm ej ij}oy ylfy ylmsm cjesmv}mecms slj}ì om kexmsyknfymi h}rylmr wrkjr

yj scf`ken"}w wrji}cykje yj `mxm` mexksfnmi ke ylm efykjef` bksskje%

FCDEJ^@MINMBMEYSBfe{ ylfeds yj ylm keymrxkm~mms% Ylks scjwken ~jrd ~fs h}eimi o{ ylm ]D MWS_C S}wmrnme

Okjmemrn{ fei Okjbfss Cjesjryk}b ,MW*M73;;;=*6+%

_MHM_MECMS

Frkqf"Bjeyjookj W% fei @m`m S% ,?767+ Afyrjwlf w`feyfykjes hjr okjikmsm` ke Yfbk` Efi}

Keikf1 Xkfok`ky{ `kxm`kljji yrfim"jhhs fei `fymey cjeh`kcy Mcj`jnkcf` Mcjejbkcs >7,?+1 6


23/33

?6

Cllfyyksnfrl Okjh}m` Imxm`jwbmey F}yljrky{ ,?77>+Okjh}m`s wj`kc{ fei kbw`mbmeyfykjekss}ms% Cllfyyksnfrl Okjh}m` Imxm`jwbmey F}yljrky{ ~~~%coifcn%cjb ,fccmssmi

3%67%?767+%

Clmrek A%F% fei Lk`` [% ,?77;+ Memrn{ fei wj`kc{ wrjxkiken hjr s}syfkefo`m r}rf` `kxm`kljjis

ke rmbjym `jcfykjes1 ylm cfsm jh C}of Nmjhjr}b 971 89= 8=9%

Ikx{f B%W% Wfrfbfylbf B% ,?77=+ Sy}ikms je ylm cjbwfykok`ky{ jh fnrkc}`y}rf` crjws ~kyl

kbwjryfey fnrj hjrmsyr{ yrmm swmckms% Hjrmsy Cj``mnm fei _msmfrcl Kesyky}ym% Cjkbofyjrm1Yfbk`efi} Fnrkc}`y}rf` ]ekxmrsky{%

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Imxm`jwbmey%

M``ks H% ,?777+_}rf` `kxm`kljjis fei ikxmrsky{ ke imxm`jwken cj}eyrkms% J|hjri1 J|hjri

]ekxmrsky{ Wrmss%

Msyrke F%E% ,?77;+Imxm`jwbmey jh ylm Afyrjwlf c}`ykxfykje fei okjikmsm` wrji}cykje1 cfsm

sy}i{ jh Dfrefyfdf Syfym Keikf% WlI ylmsks% @jeije1 Kbwmrkf` Cj``mnm @jeije%

Nki~fek X% D% ,6;;?+ .^fsym. fei ylm wmrbfemey smyy`mbmey ke Omenf` Mcjejbkc fei

Wj`kykcf` ^mmd`{ ?>19 ww% WM3;"WM98%

Ajlesje D% ,?77;+ OW Nkxms }w je Afyrjwlf hjr Okjh}m`% Mexkrjebmeyf` Cfwkyf` ^f`` Syrmmy

Aj}ref` o`jnslyyw1**o`jns%~sa%cjb*mexkrjebmeyf`cfwkyf`*?77;*7>*6>*ow"nkxms"}w"je"

afyrjwlf"hjr"okjh}m`*,fccmssmi ?%6%66+%

KWCCC ,?77>+Keymrnjxmrebmeyf` Wfem` je C`kbfym Clfenm, C`kbfym Clfenm, Bkyknfykje,

Cjeyrko}ykje jh ^jrdken Nrj}w KKK yj ylm Hj}ryl Fssmssbmey _mwjry% KWCC1 Nmemxf%lyyw1**~~~%bew%e`*kwcc*wfnmsZbmikf*F_9"clfwymrs%lyb,fccmssmi 76%76%66+

@fylfW%WrfdfsfbX%Dfbf fdfeefeF%Njwf fdrkslefeC%_fn}clfeimrY%WfrfbfylbfB%

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cf}sken rjjy rjy fei cj``fr rjy iksmfsm jh wl{skc e}y ,Afyrjwlf c}rcfs @%+ ke Keikf F}syrf`fskfe

w`fey iksmfsm ejyms 9,6+ 6;?7%

@}kayme C% C% B% fei Dmrdljh M% ,?767+ Afyrjwlf jk` fei okjnfs ke f i}f` h}m` CK menkem hjr

r}rf` m`mcyrkhkcfykje Memrn{ Cjexmrskje fei Bfefnmbmey =?,?+1 69?8"693


24/33

??

Wfrfbfybf B% Wfrylkofe D%Y% ,?778+ Okjh}m`s wrji}cykje ke Yfbkèfi}% Ke1 Wrjcmmikens jh

ylm memrn{ keimwmeimecm ke Keikf1 hjc}s je Afyrjwlf L{imrfofi Keikf A}em ;67% Em~

Im`lk%

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_SFII ,?779+ Okj Ikmsm` Wrjnrfbbm _fke Slfij~ Frmf Imxm`jwbmey Imwfrybmey

lyyw1**rsfi%fw%njx%ke*keim|%lyb,fccmssmi ?6*6*66+%

_mic`khy B% ,?777+ S}syfkefok`ky{1 `khm clfecms fei `kxm`kljjis% @jeije1 _j}y`minm%

Sf|mef E%C% _fxk A% ,?77=+ _mf`ksken wjymeykf` jh Wfeclf{fy rfa ke Keikf

lyyw1**~~~%msjckf sckmecms%cjb*ifyf*frykc`ms*Ijc}bmey667;?77=97%6>=>763%wih ,fccmssmi

3%66%?767+

Scjjems K% ,6;;? KIS1 Orknlyje%

]EMCM*HFJ ,?77;+ Hjrmsy Wrji}cys Fee}f` Bfrdmy _mxkm~ ?77>"?77


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Y{eif`` ^jrdken Wfwmr smrkms

?777 " ?76?

Ylm Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ~jrdken wfwmr smrkms wrmsmeys rms}`ys hrjb rmsmfrcl ~lkcl frm bfy}rm mej}nl yjom s}obkyymi yj f rmhmrmmi aj}ref` yj f swjesjr yj f bfajr cjehmrmecm jr yj ylm mikyjr jh f ojjd%Ylm keymeykje ks yj melfecm ylm mfr`{ w}o`kc fxfk`fok`ky{ jh rmsmfrcl }eimryfdme o{ ylm Y{eif`` hfbk`{jh rmsmfrclmrs sy}imeys fei xkskyjrs% Ylm{ cfe om ij~e`jfimi hrjb ylm Y{eif`` ^moskym fy1

lyyw1**~~~%y{eif``%fc%}d*w}o`kcfykjes*~jrdkenZwfwmrs*~jrdkenZwfwmrs%slyb`

Ylm fcc}rfc{ jh ~jrdken wfwmrs fei ylm cjec`}skjes rmfclmi frm ylm rmswjeskok`ky{ jh ylm f}yljr,s+f`jem fei ejy ylm Y{eif`` Cmeyrm%

Wfwmrs fxfk`fo`m ke ylks smrkms frm1

]wlfb W%4 D}yyfwfe X% fei Yjbmkc A%,?76?+ S}syfkefo`m `kxm`kljjis feic}`ykxfykje jh Afyrjwlf c}rcfs hjrokjikmsm` ke K eikf1 rmh`mcykjes jef`ymrefykxm fnrjejbkc bjim`s Y{eif``^jrdken Wfwmr 6=74

Slme %,?766+ ]eimrsyfeiken ylmijbkefecm jh }ek`fymrf` CIBs keClkef1 Kys jrknkes fei kbw`kcfykjes hjr

njxmreken cfroje bfrdmym Y{eif``^jrdken Wfwmr 69;4

Bmrc}rm AH%,?766+N`jof` m`mcyrkcky{ymclej`jn{ s}osyky}ykje bjim` ~kylkei}cmi ymclej`jnkcf` clfenm Y{eif``^jrdken Wfwmr 694

Dmomim F% Ekclj``s _% A% Lfesje S%fei Bjdrmcl B%,?767+Kbwfcys jhC`kbfym Clfenm fei Smf"@mxm` _ksm1 FWrm`kbkefr{ Cfsm Sy}i{ jh BjbofsfDme{f% Y{eif`` ^jrdken Wfwmr 6984

Imei`mr @%,?767+S}syfkefok`ky{ Bmyf@fom``ken1 F Iksc}sskje jh W jymeykf`

Kbw`mbmeyfykje K ss}ms% Y{eif``^jrdken Wfwmr 69=4

Bc@fcl`fe C%,?767+ Ykif` syrmfbmemrn{ ke ylm ]D1 Syfdmljìmrwmrcmwykjes sy}i{% Y{eif`` ^jrdkenWfwmr 6994

]wlfb W% fei A}`kf Yjbmk ,?767+Crkykcf` Syfdmljìmr Wmrcmwykjes jhCfroje fei S}syfkefok`ky{ _mwjryken keylm ]D _mem~ fo`m Yrfeswjry H}m`

Jo`knfykje% Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr6934

Lfrnrmfxms Y% ,?767+ Ylm Xksko`mMemrn{ Yrkf`1 Kesknlys hrjb V}f`kyfykxmKeymrxkm~s% Y{eif`` ^jrdken Wfwmr 6964

Em~slfb F% fei I% Yljbfs% ,?77;+Fnrkc}`y}rf` fifwyfykje `jcf`dej~ `minm fei kxm`kljjisikxmrskhkcfykje ke Ejryl"CmeyrfÈfbkokf% Y{eif`` ^jrdken Wfwmr 6974

Syfrdm{ _%% ,?77;+ Fssmsskencjbbje,s+ frn}bmeys hjr fe mv}f`wmr cfwkyf f``jcfykje% Y{eif`` ^jrdkenWfwmr 63;4

O}`dm`m{ L% fei L% Sclrjmimr% ,?77;+Njxmreken C`kbfym Clfenm Wjsy"?76?1Ylm _j`m jh N`jof` Ckykms Bmòj}rem%

Y{eif`` ^jrdken Wfwmr 63


26/33

crkykcf` m|fbkefykje jh wrjwjsf`s hjrylm ]D% Y{eif`` ^jrdken Wfwmr 638%

LYjbwdkes M% @ Oj{i M% Ekclj`sje"Cj`mS ^mfylmrlmfi MD Frem`` E% ^% Finmr^% E% ,?77;+ Fe Kexmeyjr{ jhFifwyfykje yj c`kbfym clfenm ke ylm

]D1 clf``menms fei hkeikens1 Y{eif``^jrdken Wfwmr 63=4

Lf|m`ykem F% Sm{hfen N% ,?77;+Yrfeskykjes hjr ylm W mjw`m1 Ylmjr{ feiWrfcykcm jh Yrfeskykje fei_msk`kmecm ke ylm ]Ds YrfeskykjeBjxmbmey1 Y{eif`` ^jrdken Wfwmr 6394

Yjbmk A% ]wlfb W% ,?77;+Frnmeykemfe sj{ ofsmi okjikmsm`1 fekeyrji}cykje yj wrji}cykje feikbwfcys1 Y{eif`` ^jrdken Wfwmr 6334

^lkybfrsl @ J.Emk`` S Sm{hfen N%@jrmeqjek K% ,?77


27/33

Syfrdm{ _% ,?77+Cjecmwy}f`kqken c`kbfym clfenmnjxmrefecm om{jei ylm keymrefykjef`rmnkbm1 F rmxkm~ jh hj}r ylmjrmykcf`fwwrjfclms1 Y{eif`` ^jrdken Wfwmr Ej%66?

Ij}`yje L% Orj~e D% ,?77>+Yme{mfrs yj wrmxmey cfyfsyrjwlm:Ikscj}rsms jh c`kbfym clfenm fei

keymrefykjef` imxm`jwbmey ke ylm ]Dwrmss1 Y{eif`` ^jrdken Wfwmr Ej% 666

If~sje _%A% my f` ,?77>+ Keymnrfymi

fef`{sks jh rksds jh cjfsyf` h`jjikenfei c`khh mrjskje }eimr scmefrkjs jh`jen ymrb clfenm1 Y{eif`` ^jrdkenWfwmr Ej% 667

Jdmrmdm C% ,?77>+ F rmxkm~ jh ]DHYSM 677 c`kbfym syrfymn{ fei f

hrfbm~jrd hjr bjrm ke"imwyl fef`{skske ylm cjeym|y jh f wjsy"?76? c`kbfymrmnkbm1 Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr67;

Nfrikemr S% Lfesje S% Ekclj``s _%Qlfen Q% A}im S% Ajems F%W% my f` ,?77>+Ylm Lfokyfys Ikrmcykxm Cjfsyf`Lfokyfys fei C`kbfym Clfenm CfsmSy}ikms hrjb ylm Sj}yl Cjfsy jh ylm

]D1 Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr 67+ C`kbfymClfenm Fifwyfykje fei Imxm`jwbmey1M|w`jrken ylm @kedfnms1 Y{eif`` Cmeyrm^jrdken Wfwmr 67>

Jdmrmdm C% Bfee W Jsoflr L ,?77>+Fssmssbmey jh dm{ emnjykfyken kss}msfy Efkrjok c`kbfym CJW* BJW fei ~ lfyky bmfes hjr ylm h}y}rm jh ylm c`kbfym

rmnkbm1 Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken WfwmrEj% 678

^f`dime B Ikcdsje B ,?778+ Ylmrmswjesm jh sjhy rjcd sljrm wrjhk`ms yjkecrmfsmi smf"`mxm` rksm% 1 Y{eif``Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr 67=

If~sje _% Lf`` A Ofrr S Ofyy{ B%Orksyj~ F Cfrem{ S Mxfes M%W% Djl`mr A%Yknly B ^f`sl C Hjri F ,?77>+ Fo`}mwrkey hjr ylm keymnrfymifssmssbmey jh c`kbfym clfenm keckykms% 1 Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr679

Ikcdsje B% ^f`dime B% Lf`` A% ,?77>+Bjim``ken ylm kbwfcys jh c`kbfymclfenm je fe mrjiken cjfsy jxmr ylm?6sy Cmey}r{1 Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdkenWfwmr 673

D`mke _%A%Y Mrkcdsje S%M%L Ess @%JLfbbk`` F% Yfeemr Y%B% _jo`mij C%JOrkme D%@%,?77>+ Wjryhj`kj scrmmekenyj s}wwjry ylm bfkesyrmfbken jh


28/33

fifwyfykje yj c`kbfykc clfenm keyjimxm`jwbmey fssksyfecm1 Y{eif`` Cmeyrm^jrdken Wfwmr 67?

Fnej`}cck W% ,?77>+ Ks ky njken yjlfwwme: _mn}`fyjr{ Clfenm fei_mem~fo`m M`mcyrkcky{1 Y{eif`` Cmeyrm

^jrdken Wfwmr 676

Dkrd D% ,?77>+ Wjymeykf` hjr syjrfnmjh cfroje ikj|kim ke ylm rjcds omemfylylm Mfsy Krksl Smf1 Y{eif`` Cmeyrm^jrdken Wfwmr 677

Frem`` E%^% ,?778+ N`jof` kbwfcys jhfor}wy c`kbfym clfenm1 fe kekykf`fssmssbmey1 Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdkenWfwmr ;;

@j~m Y%,?778+ Ks ylks c`kbfym wjre:Lj~ ijms c`kbfym clfenmcjbb}ekcfykje fhhmcy j}r wmrcmwykjesfei omlfxkj}r: Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdkenWfwmr ;

Feyljhh I% Ekclj``s _% Yj` _ S AXfhmkiks F% ,?778+ N`jof` fei rmnkjef`m|wjs}rm yj `frnm rksms ke smf"`mxm`1 fsmeskykxky{ fef`{sks% Ylks ~jrd ~fswrmwfrmi hjr ylm Symre _mxkm~ je ylmMcjejbkcs jh C`kbfym Clfenm1Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr ;8

Hm~ _% Orj~e D Yjbwdkes M% @,?778+ W}o`kc wfrykckwfykje fei c`kbfymclfenm fifwyfykje Y{eif`` Cmeyrm^jrdken Wfwmr ;=

Cjromrf M% Djsj{ E Bfrykemq Y}ef B,?778+ Bfrdmyken mcjs{symb smrxkcmsylrj}nl wrjymcymi frmfs fei r}rf`cjbb}ekykms ke Bmsj"Fbmrkcf1Kbw`kcfykjes hjr mcjejbkc mhhkckmec{

mv}ky{ fei wj`kykcf` `mnkykbfc{ Y{eif``Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr ;9

Sclkwwmr M% @ksf ,?778+ C`kbfym_ksd Wmrcmwykjes fei Imxm`jwbmey ke

M` Sf`xfijr Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdkenWfwmr ;3

Yjbwdkes M% @ Fb}eisme L ,?77=+Wmrcmwykjes jh ylm mhhmcykxmemss jh ylm]ekymi Efykjes Hrfbm~jrd Cjexmeykjeje C`kbfym Clfenm ke wrjbwyken

omlfxkj}rf` clfenm Y{eif`` Cmeyrm^jrdken Wfwmr ;?

^frrme _% Ljwm C Bfsyrfeirmf BYj` _ S A Finmr ^% E% @jrmeqjek K%,?778+ Swjy`knlyken ylm kbwfcysh}ecykjes ke keymnrfymi fssmssbmeys%_msmfrcl _mwjry Wrmwfrmi hjr ylmSymre _mxkm~ je ylm Mcjejbkcs jhC`kbfym Clfenm Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken

Wfwmr ;6

^frrme _% Frem`` F Ekclj``s _% @mx{W M Wrkcm A ,?778+ ]eimrsyfeiken ylmrmnkjef` kbwfcys jh c`kbfym clfenm1_msmfrcl _mwjry Wrmwfrmi hjr ylmSymre _mxkm~ je ylm Mcjejbkcs jhC`kbfym Clfenm Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdkenWfwmr ;7

Ofrdmr Y% V}rmslk B Djl`mr A%,?778+ Ylm Cjsys jh Nrmmelj}sm NfsBkyknfykje ~ kyl Kei}cmi Ymclej`jnkcf`Clfenm1 F Bmyf"Fef`{sks jh Msykbfymske ylm @kymrfy}rm Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdkenWfwmr


29/33

Omeylfb B ,?778+ Fe fssmssbmeyjh cfroje smv}msyrfykje wjymeykf` keylm ]D Sj}ylmre Ejryl Smf cfsmsy}i{1 Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr


30/33

Y}rewmee{ A% Lf|m`ykem F% feiJ_kjrife Y% ,?77=+ Imxm`jwkenrmnkjef` fei `jcf` scmefrkjs hjrc`kbfym clfenm bkyknfykje feififwyfykje1 Wfry ?1 Scmefrkj crmfy kje Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr 8>

Y}rewmee{ A% Lf|m`ykem F%@jrmeqjek K% J_kjrife Y% fei Ajems B%,?77=+ Bfwwken fcyjrs kexj`xmi kec`kbfym clfenm wj`kc{ emy~jrds ke ylm]D Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr 88

Finmr ^% E% Orj~e D% feiYjbwdkes M% @% ,?779+ ^l{ ijrmsj}rcm bfefnmrs bfdm `keds yj

syfdmljìmrs fy jylmr scf`ms: Y{eif``Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr 8=

Wmymrs B%I% fei Wj~m`` A%C% ,?779+H}m` Cm``s hjr f S}syfkefo`m H}y}rm KKY{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr 89

Hm~ _% Flmre B% Bfyylkms H% feiDjxfys S% ,?779+ H`jjis lmf`yl feic`kbfym clfenm1 f syrfymnkc rmxkm~

Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr 83

Ofrdmr Y% ,?779+ Mcjejbkc ylmjr{fei ylm yrfeskykje yj s}syfkefok`ky{1 fcjbwfrksje jhfwwrjfclms Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdkenWfwmr 8?

Orjjds E% ,?779+ Irj}nly ke ylmFhrkcfe Sflm`1 `jen ymrb wmrswmcykxmsfei h}y}rm wrjswmcys Y{eif`` Cmeyrm^jrdken Wfwmr 86

Hm~ _% Orj~e D% fei YjbwdkesM%@% ,?779+ Scf`ken fifwyfykje1 c`kbfymclfenm rmswjesm fei cjfsyf`bfefnmbmey ke ylm ]D Y{eif`` Cmeyrm^jrdken Wfwmr 87

Feimrsje I fei ^keem S% ,?779+Bjim``ken Keejxfykje fei Ylrmsljì

MhhmcysKe C`kbfym Clfenm Bkyknfykje Y{eif``Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr =;

Orf{ I fei Slfcd`m{ S%,?779+ Ylm Sjckf` Skb}`fykje jh YlmW}o`kc Wmrcmwykjes jh ^mfylmr Mxmeysfei ylmkr Mhhmcy }wje ylmImxm`jwbmey jh Om`kmh keFeylrjwjnmekc C`kbfym Clfenm Y{eif``Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr =

Xkecmey D% ,?779+ Crmfyken fekeim| jh sjckf` x}èmrfok`ky{ yj c`kbfymclfenm hjr Fhrkcf Y{eif`` Cmeyrm

^jrdken Wfwmr =8

Bkyclm`` Y%I% Cfrymr Y%_% Ajems%W%I L}`bm B% fei Em~ B% ,?779+ Fcjbwrmlmeskxm smy jh lknl"rmsj`}ykjenrkis jh bjeyl`{ c`kbfym hjr M}rjwmfei ylm n`jom1 ylm josmrxmi rmcjri,6;76"?777+ fei 68 scmefrkjs ,?776"?677+ Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr ==

Y}rewmee{ A% Cfrem{ S%Lf|m`ykem F% fei J_kjrife Y% ,?779+Imxm`jwken rmnkjef` fei `jcf`scmefrkjs hjr c`kbfym clfenmbkyknfykje fei fifwyfykje Wfry 61 Fhrfbken jh ylm Mfsy jh Men`fei Y{eif``Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr =9

Fnej`}cck W% fei Mdkes W% ,?779+Ylm Feej}ecmbmey Mhhmcy FeiMexkrjebmeyf` Yf|fykje Y{eif`` Cmeyrm^jrdken Wfwmr =3

Fnej`}cck W% ,?779+ M| WjsyMxf`}fykjes jh CJ? Ofsmi Yf|ms1 FS}rxm{ Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr =?

Fnej`}cck W% Ofrdmr Y% fei MdkesW% ,?779+ L{symrmsks fei Memrn{Imbfei1 ylm Feej}ecmbmey Mhhmcys

fei ylm mhhmcys jh ylm ]D C`kbfymClfenm @mx{ Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdkenWfwmr =6


31/33

Wj~m`` A%C% Wmymrs B%I% _}iim``

F% fei Lf``kif{ A% ,?779+ H}m` Cm``s hjr fS}syfkefo`m H}y}rm: Y{eif`` Cmeyrm^jrdken Wfwmr =7

F~mro}cl S% ,?779+ _msyr}cy}rkenj}r m`mcyrkcky{ emy~jrds yj wrjbjym

imcfrojeksfykje Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdkenWfwmr 9;

Wfe L% ,?779+ Ylm mxj`}ykje jhmcjejbkc syr}cy}rm }eimrymclej`jnkcf` imxm`jwbmey Y{eif``Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr 9

^fysje A% Ymyyml F% I}yyje N%Orksyj~ F% Dm``{ C% Wfnm B% feiWrkibjrm F% ,?779+ ]D L{irjnmeH}y}rms yj ?7=7 Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdkenWfwmr 98

W}ri{ _ fei Bfcrjr{ _% ,?779+Nmj`jnkcf` cfroje smv}msyrfykje1crkykcf` `mnf` kss}ms Y{eif`` Cmeyrm^jrdken Wfwmr 9=

Slfcd`m{ S% Bc@fcl`fe C% feiNj}nl C% ,?779+ Ylm W}o`kcWmrcmwykjes jh Cfroje Cfwy}rm feiSyjrfnm Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr 99

Feimrsje I% fei ^keem S% ,?773+Keejxfykje fei Ylrmslj`i Mhhmcys keYmclej`jn{ _mswjesms yj C`kbfymClfenm Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr 93

Dkb A% ,?773+ S}syfkefo`mImxm`jwbmey fei ylm CIB1 F Sj}ylFhrkcfe Cfsm Sy}i{ Y{eif`` Cmeyrm^jrdken Wfwmr 9?

^fysje A% ,?773+ ]D M`mcyrkcky{Scmefrkjs hjr ?7=7 Y{eif`` Cmeyrm^jrdken Wfwmr 96

D`mke _%A%Y% @ksf Sclkwwmr M% feiImssfk S% ,?773+ Keymnrfykenbkyknfykje fei fifwyfykje keyj c`kbfymfei imxm`jwbmey wj`kc{1 ylrmmrmsmfrcl v}msykjes Y{eif`` Cmeyrm^jrdken Wfwmr 97

Yjbwdkes M% fei Finmr ^%E%,?773+% Imhkeken rmswjesm cfwfcky{ yjmelfecm c`kbfym clfenm wj`kc{ Y{eif``Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr 3;

Orjjds E% ,?773+% X}`emrfok`ky{rksd fei fifwyfykje1 f cjecmwy}f`hrfbm~jrd Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdkenWfwmr 3

Drnmr D% Hmrn}ssje B% feiSdkeemr K% ,?773+% Crkykcf` Kss}ms keImcfrojeksken Yrfeswjry1 Ylm _j`m jhYmclej`jnkms Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdkenWfwmr 38

Yjbwdkes M% @ fei L}r`syje @%,?773+% _mwjry yj ylm Cf{bfe Ks`feisNjxmrebmey% Fifwyfykje `mssjes`mfremi hrjb rmswjeiken yj yrjwkcf`c{c`jems o{ ylm Cf{bfe Ks`feisNjxmrebmey 6;


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syfok`ky{ jh `frnm jhhsljrm ~kei hfrbsY{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr 3?

Y}rewmee{ A% Lf|m`ykem F% feiJ_kjrife Y% ,?773+% F scjwken sy}i{ jh]D }smr emmis hjr bfefnken c`kbfymh}y}rms% Wfry 6 jh ylm wk`jy"wlfsm

keymrfcykxm keymnrfymi fssmssbmeywrjcmss ,F}rkje Wrjamcy+ Y{eif``Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr 36

L}`bm B% ,?773+% For}wy c`kbfymclfenm1 cfe sjckmy{ cjwm: Y{eif``Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr 37

Orj~e D% fei Cjromrf M% ,?773+% FB}`yk"Crkymrkf Fssmssbmey Hrfbm~jrd

hjr Cfroje"Bkyknfykje Wrjamcys1W}yyken imxm`jwbmey ke ylm cmeyrmjh imckskje"bfdken Y{eif`` Cmeyrm^jrdken Wfwmr ?;

Imssfk S% Finmr ^%E% L}`bm B%Dl`mr A%L% Y}rewmee{ A% fei ^frrme _%,?773+% Imhkeken fei m|wmrkmeckenifenmrj}s c`kbfym clfenm Y{eif``Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr ?

Orjjds E% fei Finmr ^%E% ,?773+%Cj}eyr{ `mxm` rksd bmfs}rms jhc`kbfym"rm`fymi efy}rf` iksfsymrs feikbw`kcfykjes hjr fifwyfykje yj c`kbfymclfenm Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr ?8

\}mn}fen ^} B}yf`m A% AmedkesE% fei Syrofc N% ,?773+% Fekexmsyknfykje jh Emy~jrd Sw`kyyken hjrHf}`y @mxm` _mi}cykje Y{eif`` Cmeyrm^jrdken Wfwmr ?=

\}mn}fen ^} Amedkes E% feiSyrofc N% ,?77?+% Kbwfcy jh

Keymnrfyken _mem~fo`ms fei CLW keyjylm ]D Yrfesbksskje Emy~jrd Y{eif``Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr ?9

Wffxj`f A% fei Finmr ^%E% ,?77?+%A}sykcm fei fifwyfykje yj c`kbfymclfenm Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr ?3

^fysje ^%A% Lmryke A% _feif`` Y%Nj}nl C% ,?77?+% _mem~fo`m Memrn{fei Cjbokemi Lmfy fei Wj~mr

_msj}rcms ke ylm ]D Y{eif`` Cmeyrm^jrdken Wfwmr ??

^fysje ^% A% ,?77?+% _mem~fo`msfei CLW Imw`j{bmey ke ylm ]D yj?7?7 Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr ?6

Y}rewmee{ A% ,?77?+% _mxkm~kenjrnfeksfykjef` }sm jh scmefrkjs1 Cfsmsy}i{ " mxf`}fyken ]D memrn{ wj`kc{

jwykjes Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr ?7

Wrkibjrm F% fei Orksyj~ F%,?77?+% Ylm rj`m jh l{irjnme kewj~mrken rjfi yrfeswjry Y{eif``Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr 6;

^fysje A% ,?77?+% Ylmimxm`jwbmey jh `frnm ymclekcf`s{symbs1 kbw`kcfykjes hjr l{irjnme

Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr 6

Finmr ^%E% L}v S% Orj~e D%Cje~f{ I% fei L}`bm B% ,?77?+%Fifwyfykje yj c`kbfym clfenm1 Smyykenylm Fnmeif hjr Imxm`jwbmey Wj`kc{fei _msmfrcl Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdkenWfwmr 68

Dl`mr A%L% ,?77?+% @jen r}eymclekcf` clfenm ke fe memrn{"mexkrjebmey"mcjejb{ ,M3+ bjim` hjrfe KF s{symb1 F bjim` jh Djeirfykmx~fxms Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr 6=

Slfcd`m{ S% fei Nj}nl C% ,?77?+%Ylm ]sm jh Keymnrfymi Fssmssbmey1 Fe

Kesyky}ykjef` Fef`{sks WmrswmcykxmY{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr 69


33/33

Im~kcd W% Nrmme D% Bkjqqj B%,?77?+% Ymclej`jnkcf` ClfenmKei}syr{ Syr}cy}rm fei ylmMexkrjebmey Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdkenWfwmr 63

Imssfk S% ,?776+% Ylm c`kbfym

rmnkbm hrjb Ylm Lfn}m yj Bfrrfdmcl1Sfxken jr skedken ylm D{jyj Wrjyjcj`:Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr 6?

Ofrdmr Y% ,?776+% _mwrmsmeykenylm Keymnrfymi Fssmssbmey jh C`kbfymClfenm Fifwyfykje fei BkyknfykjeY{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr 66

Nj}nl C% Yf{`jr K% fei Slfcd`m{

S% ,?776+% O}r{ken Cfroje }eimr ylmSmf1 Fe Kekykf` M|w`jrfykje jh W}o`kcJwkekjes Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr67

Ofremyy A% fei Finmr ^% E% ,?776+%C`kbfym Ifenmrs fei Fyj`` Cj}eyrkmsY{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr ;

Finmr ^% E% ,?776+% Sjckf` Cfwkyf`

fei C`kbfym Clfenm Y{eif`` Cmeyrm^jrdken Wfwmr < Ofremyy A% ,?776+% Smc}rky{ feiC`kbfym Clfenm Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdkenWfwmr >

Njjimss C%B% L}`bm B% feiJsojre Y% ,?776+% Ylm kimeykhkcfykjefei mxf`}fykje jh s}kyfo`m scmefrkjimxm`jwbmey bmyljis hjr ylmmsykbfykje jh h}y}rm wrjofok`kykms jhm|yrmbm ~mfylmr mxmeys Y{eif``Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr 8

Ofremyy A% ,?776+% Ylm kss}m jh.Fixmrsm Mhhmcys fei ylm Kbwfcys jh_mswjesm Bmfs}rms. ke ylm ]EHCCCY{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr =

Ofrdmr Y% fei Mdkes W% ,?776+%Lj~ Lknl frm ylm Cjsys jh D{jyj hjrylm ]S Mcjejb{: Y{eif`` Cmeyrm^jrdken Wfwmr 9

Omrdlj}y H Lmryke A% fei AjrifeF% A% ,?776+% Sjckj"mcjejbkc h}y}rms kec`kbfym clfenm kbwfcy fssmssbmey1}sken scmefrkjs fs .`mfrekenbfclkems. Y{eif`` Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr3

L}`bm B% ,?776+% KeymnrfymiFssmssbmey Bjim`s Y{eif`` Cmeyrm

^jrdken Wfwmr ?

Bkyclm`` Y% fei L}`bm B% ,?777+% FCj}eyr{"o{"Cj}eyr{ Fef`{sks jh Wfsyfei H}y}rm ^frbken _fyms Y{eif``Cmeyrm ^jrdken Wfwmr 6

Cjw{rknly ?767

Hjr h}rylmr kehjrbfykje w`mfsmcjeyfcy

Afxkmr Im`nfij"Msymofe
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sustainable livelihoods and cultivation of jatropha curcas for biodiesel in india: reflections on...

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