sustainable development part1

8/7/2019 Sustainable Development Part1

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PLANET EARTH



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HISTORY OF EARTH

MILLION YEARS BC

INDEXED(Earth formedto now =100)

EVENT

4,700 100 Earth formed

3,800 81 Earliestevidence of life

200 - 65 4.3 - 1.4 Age of dinosaurs

5 0.11 First humanlike apes

0.13 0.003 Homo sapiens

appeared



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SOME EFFECTS OF MAN ON THEENVIRONMENT

TIME/PERIOD SOME EFFECTS

8000 BC Development of agriculture

Classical Greek Deforestation in Greece

Classical Roman Copper in atmosphere as resultof copper production for coinage

Middle Ages Deforestation in Kent.Pollution in villages, towns and

citiesIndustrial revolution Major pollution and ecological

damage

First half 20th century Smog in industrial cities



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SOME PAST ENVIRONMENTS

Gin Lane by Hogarth (1750) Legacy of industrialrevolution by

Lowry



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LONDON SMOG OF 1952



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THE 20th CENTURY

� Environmental change is as oldas the planet

� Man has continually altered theenvironment, but there has never

been anything like the 20th century



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SOME MEASURES OF 20TH CENTURY

ITEM INCREASE 1890-1990

World population 4

World urban population 13

Average life expectancy Increased

Industrial output 40Energy use 16

Carbon dioxideemissions

17

Water use 9Marine fish catch 35

Cars Astronomical increase



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LATTER HALF OF 20th CENTURY

1950 1997

� Population (bln) 2.5 5.8

� Life expectancy at birth 47 67

� Megacities (> 8 mln) 2 25

� Food (avg cal/capita) 1980 2770

� Fish catch (mln tons) 19 91

� Water use (bln cu m) 1300 4200

� Rain forest cover index 100 70

� CO2 emissions (bln t C) 1.6 7.0

� CFC in atmosphere (ppb) <1 3.0

Source:World Resources Institute, 1996



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IMPROVED LOT OF MANKIND

By many indicators the lot of mankindhas vastly improved. For example:

� Prosperity

� Life expectancy

� Education

However this does not mean that things

are good enough Lomborg, 2001

Also there are threats and unknowns



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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

� The good news is good: never beforehave so many experienced so rapid animprovement in their standards of living

� The bad news is appalling: a largenumber of desperately poor countries arefalling further behind

Wolf, Financial Times, 2003

Question: are there environmentalimplications of the good news?



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DEVELOPMENT AND THEENVIRONMENT: SCHEMATIC

Industrialisation problems, e.g

� SO2 and other toxic industrial and

transport related emissions

� greenhouse gas emissions

� total consumption of water, energy

and other non renewable resources

� waste

� urbanisation

� child labour

Scope: local, regional and global

Poverty problems, e.g

� Malnutrition

� lack of clean water

� lack of sanitation

� smoke from cooking

� pressure on localresources e.g. wood for

fires

� child labour

Scope: local

Affluence problems: many

industrialisation problems plusconcerns over, e.g.

� GM foods

� chemicals in environment

� nuclear energy

� destruction of countryside

� pressure on wildlife

� transport: roads, airports

Economic development (GDP)



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MAJOR GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTALISSUES

Include:

� Greenhouse gases and globalwarming

� Use of non renewable resources� Fresh water availability and quality

� Food availability and distribution

� Pollution and waste� Biodiversity loss

� Deforestation



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� Food safety � Chemicals in theenvironment

� Geneticallymodified food

� Traffic

� Noise � Litter

� Mobile phones � Nuclear energy

� Ozone hole inatmosphere

� Destruction of countryside

Include:

OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS



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YEARS OF LOST LIFE CAUSED BYSOME MAJOR RISK FACTORS

D D

Y s f f s

%

M u

&S

U s f s x

T b cc

Phys cc y



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MAGNITUDE OF SOME ISSUES ANDCOST TO ALLEVIATE

Issue Effects Approx costto provide

Clean drinking

water for 1.1billion people

2 milliondeaths plus 0.5

billion seriouslyill per year

$165 billion

Sanitation for 2.5billion people

$30 billion

Cleaner air indoorsfor 2.4 billionpeople who usetraditional cookingstoves

1.6 milliondeaths per

annum fromeffects of smoke

$30 billion



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COMPARISON OF THREE MAJORISSUES

Issue Effects

AIDS To 2003:

� 42 million cases� 22 million dead

Clean drinkingwater and

sanitation

Per year:

� 2 million deaths

� 0.5 billion seriously ill

Naturaldisasters

Per year:

� 70,000 deaths



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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

£

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FACTOR FOUR

If the world population and averagewealth doubles, then for there to be

no increase in environmental impact

the third term will have to improve bydramatic factor of 4

This is merely to maintain the µstatus

quo¶. To reduce environmental impact,higher values are required. For exampleto halve greenhouse gas emissions animprovement factor of 8 would be needed



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ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINTS

If the entire world lived likeNorth Americans, it wouldtake three planet Earths tosupport the present world

population

Energy is the main component of this



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POTENTIAL IMPACT OF DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES: SCHEMATIC

Adapted from an FoE publication

21009 billion people

20006 billion people

Developing countries if resource consumption andemission figures increase

to those of developedcountries

Developed countries

Global

environmentalimpact in terms

of resourcedepletion and

major emissions

Year and globalpopulation



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MAJOR GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTALCHALLENGES

� 1.2 billion people living in povertyon less than 1 US dollar a day

� Potential impact of industrialisingcountries like China and India, e.g. ingeneration of greenhouse gases

� Disproportionate impact of developedcountries, e.g. in generation of greenhouse gases



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ECONOMIC GROWTH AND HUMAN

HAPPINESS

In economically developedcountries the link between

economic growth and humanhappiness is breaking

Something is missing!



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MASLOW¶S HIERARCHY OF HUMANNEEDS

PHYSIOLOGICALfood, water, shelter, warmth

SAFETYsecurity, stability, freedom from fear

BELONGING, LOVEfriends, family, spouse

SELF-ESTEEMachievement, mastery,recognition, respect

SELF-ACTUALISATIONpursue inner talent,

creativity, fulfilment



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GEOGRAPHICAL IMPACT OF OUR

ACTIONS

� Some things we do impactlocally, e.g. waste generation

� Some things we do impactlocally and globally, e.g.

greenhouse gas emissions



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SOME ISSUES TO CONSIDER

Consider:

� What effect our actions have on

our local environment

� What effect our actions have onthe global environment

� What example are we setting toless developed countries



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Some reasons for an individual¶s

position on the environment

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Personal values

Societal µnorms¶Laws

Available

Options

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