sustainable design.ppt

7/27/2019 Sustainable Design.ppt

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Engineering Design:

Seeking Sustainable

Solutions


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Objectives

By the end of this unit, students will be able to:

1.Broaden design alternatives by brainstorming

sustainable alternatives.

2.Use the sustainable design tables to incorporatesustainability into alternatives analysis.

3. Incorporate sustainability into economic analysis

by: Conducting life cycle cost analysis

Including environmental benefits in cost-benefit analysis


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Engineering Design:

Seeking Sustainable Solutions

Review of sustainability and the engineering

design process

3 strategies for more sustainable design:

1. Broaden design alternatives

2. Incorporate sustainability into alternatives analysis

3. Incorporate sustainability into economic analysis


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Review of Sustainability Concepts

What is Sustainability?

Meeting societys present needs withoutcompromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs.(Brundtland Commission, 1987)


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Triple Bottom Line Solutions

Good for the environment

Good for economics

Good for society


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The 3 Pillars

People Fair practices for all people and does not exploit interest

of separate parties based on money, status or growth.

Planet Management of renewable and non renewable

resources while reducing waste.

Profit Financial benefit enjoyed by the majority of society.


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Steps in the Engineering Design

Process

1. Define the problem

Product or customer requirements, functions and features

2. Brainstorm alternative solutions

Products, structures, or processes

3. Prepare preliminary/conceptual design for each

alternative

4. Compare alternatives

Includes establishing criteria and conducting alternatives

analysis

Includes economic analysis


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Steps in the Engineering Design

Process

5. Choose an alternative

6. Perform detailed design on chosen alternative

7. Build/test, modify as needed

Real-world example

At what steps could you consider

sustainability?


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Considering Sustainability in the

Engineering Design Process

1. Define the problem

Product or customer requirements, functions and features

2. Brainstorm alternative solutions

Products, structures, or processes

3. Prepare preliminary/conceptual design for each

alternative

Sustainability

Sustainability

Sustainability

Sustainability Steps in bright green will be considered in thislesson.


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Considering Sustainability in the

Engineering Design Process

4. Compare alternatives

Includes establishing criteria and conducting alternatives

analysis

Includes economic analysis

5. Choose an alternative

6. Perform detailed design on chosen alternative

7. Build/test, modify as needed

Sustainability

Sustainability

Sustainability


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3 Strategies for More Sustainable

Design

1. Broaden design alternatives

2. Incorporate sustainability intoalternatives analysis

3. Incorporate sustainability into economicanalysis


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1. Broaden Design Alternatives

When brainstorming, consider out of the box alternatives

that may be more sustainable than ordinary ones.

Sustainable options may or may not be justified in termsof capital cost or other factors.

Consideration important

More sustainable alternative may turn out to be superior,

especially if sustainability is considered in alternatives analysis

and economics analysis


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Traditional CE Alternatives

Asphalt Road Concrete Road


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More Sustainable CE Alternatives

Recycled

Asphalt Road

Recycled Asphalt

Road with a Bike

Lane


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Concrete channel

with a rectangular

cross-section

Concrete channel

with a trapezoidal

cross-section


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More Sustainable CE Alternative


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Traditional CE Alternative

Customary Site Design


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Implements Non-Structural Runoff Control


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Traditional ME Alternatives

Gasoline Powered

Chevy Malibu

Gasoline Powered

Nissan Altima Coupe


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More Sustainable ME Alternatives

Tesla Electric Car 220 miles on a charge

0 to 60 in 3.9 seconds

Smart Fortwo

2 passengers

3-cylinder engine

33 mpg city/41

highway


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More Sustainable ME Alternatives

Honda FC Hydrogen Car


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Traditional ME/EE Alternatives

Coal-fired power plant

Natural gas-fired power plant


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More Sustainable ME/EE Alternatives

Solar power facility Wind farm


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More Sustainable ME/EE Alternative

Coal-fired

plant with

carbon

capture and

sequestration


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More Sustainable IE Alternative


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More Sustainable IE Alternative


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Practice Brainstorming

Sustainable Design Alternatives

2 I t S t i bilit i t Alt ti A l i


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2. Incorporate Sustainability into Alternatives Analysis

Traditional Engineering Design

Criteria:

Function

Cost (capital and operating/maintenance)

Safety

Constructability

Durability

Aesthetic appeal


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Sustainable Engineering Design Criteria:

The previous list plus:

Impact on people (society)

Impact on the planet (environment)

2 Incorporate Sustainability into Alternatives Analysis


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Sustainability Aspects to Consider

in Engineering Design

Life Cycle Stage

Sustainability Aspect

1. Materials

Acquisition

2.

Construc-

tion

3. Use 4.

Demolition

a. Material use

b. Energy use

c. Water use

d. Solid waste

generation

e. Emissions generation

f. Toxic releases

g. Land impact


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Sustainable Design Tables

Handout

Exercise


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3. Incorporate Sustainability into Economic Analysis

Methods of Comparing Alternatives

Present worth, annual payments,

future worth analysis

Break-even comparisons

Rate of return (ROR), incremental

rate of return (IROR) analysis

Cost-benefit analysis

Life cycle cost analysis

Quantify environmental benefits

Use a lower discount rate


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Life Cycle Cost Analysis

In choosing among engineering project/product

alternatives, considerlife cycle costs, or the total cost of

ownership over the life of the project/product.

Also called cradle to grave" or "womb to tomb" costs.

Useful in present worth, annual payments, future worth

analysis (methods that compare costs of alternatives),and in break-even comparisons if benefits are not

included


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Phases of project/product life to consider:

Planning

Design

Construction/production

Operations

Maintenance, renewal/rehabilitation

Replacement or disposal


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What phases of project/product life cycle are traditionally

considered in alternatives analysis?

Why might using full life cycle cost analysis benefit the

environment?


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Example problem


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Quantify Environmental Benefits

Methods of comparing alternatives that include benefits:

Rate of return (ROR), incremental rate of return (IROR)

analysis

Cost-benefit analysis

In evaluating benefits, be sure to quantify environmental

benefits so they are not excluded.


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Suppose that a city is doing a cost-benefit analysis for

how to use a piece of land. Two alternatives include:

1. Allowing a developer to construct a shopping mall, and

2. The do nothing alternative leave the land as a forest.

How would you quantify the costs associated with each

alternative?

How would you quantify the benefits associated with

each alternative?


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Quantifying environmental benefits is typically difficult, so

environmental benefits historically have often been left

out.

Ways to quantify environmental benefits:

Surrogate markets

Surveys

Willingness to pay to visit a park

Willingness to pay to use an HOV lane


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Ways to quantify environmental benefits:

Health benefits

Air pollution caused by an industry may cause people

to miss work. A dollar value can be assigned to missedwork using salaries. Installing an air pollution control

device would have a quantifiable health benefit of fewer

people missing work.

Health care costs attributable to air quality

Other


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Cost-benefit analysis: Used to choose among

engineering project/product alternatives

For each project alternative, calculate the ratio of benefitsto costs, with all benefits and costs adjusted for the time

value of money (typically everything is adjusted to

present).

Choose the option with the highest benefit-cost ratio or

net benefit


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PVB (present value of benefits)

PVC (present value of costs)

BCR (benefit cost ratio) = PVB / PVC

Net benefit = PVB - PVC


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Example problem Cost-benefit analysis


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Use a Lower Discount Rate

Another way to consider sustainability in all types of

economic analysis: use a lower discoun t rate

A high discount rate implies a very low value on thewelfare of future generations


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Summary

sustainable design.ppt

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