introduction to irrigation design.ppt
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Introduction to Irrigation Design
Sprinklers uniform application over entire
area lawns
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Micro sprays Water uniformly over small
areas
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Drip Trickle specific area shrubs
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Plants need water for
Cooling evaporation and
transpiration use energy results ins
cooling plants Nutrient transport
Dispersion of plant expelled waste
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Site Information needed
Soil texture, profile and infiltration rate
ater source !uantity and pressure,
!uality, cost "ayout of site areas to #e irrigated,
elevations
Plants to #e irrigated $ainfall and %& rates
'udget
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ater Conservation
Pota#le to effluent
Irrigation sc(eduling
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Steps to develop plan)* +#taining site information
* Determining t(e irrigation re!uirement
-* Determining water and power supply
.* Selecting sprinklers and ot(er e!uipment
/* "ateral layout 0or 1circuiting2 sprinklers3,locating valves and main lines
4* Si5ing pipe and valves and calculating total
system pressure loss6* "ocating controllers and si5ing wire
7* Preparing t(e final irrigation plan
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Site plan "ocate all #uildings, walkways, driveways,
parking areas, lig(t or utility poles, retainingwalls
Indicate w(ere t(ere are slopes and in w(ic(
direction and (ow steeply t(e ground slopes* "ocate all trees and s(ru# areas and pinpoint
t(e plant material on t(e drawing*
soil type
"ocation of any new planting areas and t(e
types of vegetation t(at t(ese areas will contain*
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Available Soil Water
Soil a#sor#s and (olds water in muc( t(e sameway as a sponge*
8 given texture and volume of soil will (old a
given amount of moisture* &(e intake rate of t(e soil will influence t(e rate
at w(ic( water can #e applied*
&(e a#ility of soil to (old moisture, and amountof moisture it can (old, will greatly affect t(e
irrigation operational sc(edule
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Soil moisture
Hygroscopic water is moisture t(at is(eld too tig(tly in t(e soil to #e used #yplants*
apillary water is moisture t(at is (eld int(e pore spaces of t(e soil and can #eused #y plants*
!ravitational water drains rapidly fromt(e soil and is not readily availa#le to #eused #y plants*
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Source: ;S
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Source: ;S
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Source: ;S
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Source: ;S
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Source: ;S
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Soil moisture &(e permanent wilting point represents t(e
#oundary #etween capillary water and (ygroscopicwater*
'ecause (ygroscopic water is not usa#le #y plants,
continuous soil moisture levels #elow t(epermanent wilting point will result in t(e damage or
deat( of t(e plants*
"ield capacity represents t(e #oundary #etween
gravitational water and capillary water* It is t(eupper limit for soil moisture t(at is usa#le #y plants*
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Available Water
Soil Te#ture $ange Average
in%&in% in%&in%
'ery coarse(te#tured sands and
fine sands )%)*()%)+ )%),
oarse(te#tured loamy sands
and loamy fine sands )%),()%-) )%)+
Moderately coarse(te#tured
sandy loams and fine sandy loams )%-)()%-. )%-/
Medium te#tured very fine sandy loams0
loam and silt loams )%-/()%-1 )%-,
Moderately fine(te#tured sandy clay loams0
clay loams0 and silty clay loams )%-.()%2- )%-+
"ine(te#tured sandy clays0 silty clays0
and clay )%-/()%2- )%-3
$eference4 5SDA0 6$S0 Engineering Field Manual
Available for each soil group by soil hori7on from
6$S Soil Surveys
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Source: N$CS
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ater needs
Soil 8 0inc(es9foot or inc(es9inc(3 ? @ield
Capacity 0@C3 ilting Point 0P3
@or specific plant 8 0in3 ? 0soil 83 A
$ooting Dept(
$eadily availa#le water ? plant 8 A 8llowa#le
Depletion 0use /B if not provided3
Irrigation interval ? 8 A 8D9 usage per day %fficiency ? net water to root 5one9gross water
applied to system
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$eference 8vapotranspiration
8To or potential evapotanspiration represents a
well watered, fully developed plant suc( as
grass
$eference evapotranspiration is multiplied #y acrop coefficient to o#tain t(e %& rate for a
specific crop
&(e crop coefficient varies t(roug(out t(e
growing season
@or %xample Corn at B ? B*46 at /B?)
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%stimates of %&
ax and min temperatures
$elative (umidly
ind Net radiation
odified Penman to estimate 8To
; of isconsin we# site (ttp:99www*soils*wisc*edu9wimnext9et9miet*(tml
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Precipitation $ates
P ? !98
;nits M5ST #e consistent* @or:
P ? precipitation rate 0in9(r3
! ?flow onto area 0gal9min3
8 ? area 0ftE3P ? F4*- !98
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Precipitation $ate Importance
Do not want to apply water faster t(an
t(e soil can a#sor# it
e need to know t(e time re!uired toapply t(e correct amount of water
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Sprinkler Irrigation
;niform application #y overlapping
non=uniform wetting paterns
Sprinkler spray (eads no movingparts = small area pop up
icrosprays over(ead small area
$otary Sprinklers Impact or geardriven
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$otary Sprinklers uniform application
over entire area lawns
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Micro sprays Water
uniformly over small areas
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Drip Trickle specific area shrubs
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&ec(nical Information No55le = remova#le
controls velocity and flow +perating Pressure inc
pressure inc water flowand c(ange wetting
pattern $adius of &(row furt(est point
ater Distri#utionPatterns
&raGectory angle
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Spray >eads
&ec(nical Information operating
pressure, flow, radius of t(row, and
no55le options @ixed (ead
$otary otor=driven
$otary Impact
'u##les