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Journal of Cleaner Production 40 (2013) 1e5

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Journal of Cleaner Production

journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/locate/ jc lepro

Sustainable consumption and production for Asia: sustainability through greendesign and practice

Ming-Lang Tseng a,b,*, (Anthony) Shun Fung Chiu c,d, Raymond R. Tan e,f, Anna Bella Siriban-Manalang c,g

aGraduate School of Business & Management, Lunghwa University of Science & Technology, No. 300, Sec. 1, Wanshou Rd, Guishan Shiang, Taoyuan, Taiwanb Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinac Industrial Engineering, De La Salle University, PhilippinesdAsia Pacific Roundtable for Sustainable Consumption and Production, PhilippineseChemical Engineering, De La Salle University, PhilippinesfCenter for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, DLSU, PhilippinesgUNEP International Panel for Sustainable Resource Management, Philippines

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:Received 9 July 2012Accepted 10 July 2012Available online 26 July 2012

Keywords:Green supply chain managementGreen designLean practicesGreen consumer behavior patternGreen innovation practicesSustainable production and consumption

* Corresponding author. Graduate School of BusineUniversity of Science & Technology, No. 300, Sec. 1, WTaoyuan, Taiwan. Tel.: þ886 910309400.

E-mail addresses: tsengminglang@gmail.com (Mdlsu.edu.ph ((Anthony)S.F. Chiu), raymond.tanannamanalang@gmail.com (A.B. Siriban-Manalang).

0959-6526/$ e see front matter � 2012 Elsevier Ltd.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.07.015

a b s t r a c t

This special issue of the Journal of Cleaner Production addresses sustainability through green supplychain management, design and practice in Asia by examining opportunities for sustainable consumptionand production (SCP). The articles present and analyze ‘top-down’ green efforts by policy makers and‘bottom-up’ efforts by companies in the supply chain. The articles also showcase discussions on greensupply practices, implications of lean production, green innovation, green supply chain managementboundaries, and methods of assessing evaluation and implementation processes.

Issues of sustainability are explored in different ways and in several contexts. Within the context of theenvironmental, social, and economic impacts of present and anticipated impacts on climate change,societal efforts toward sustainable consumption and production within a low-fossil carbon energysystem are addressed and applied. This special issue identifies highlights factors such as advanced greentechnology, green consumerism, green innovations, appropriate sustainable business models, green andlean supply chain management as major concerns and key ingredients in promoting large-scalesustainable consumption and production.

� 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Current consumption patterns and production systems based ontraditional practices and commercial technologies are generally notsustainable. The industrial sector, through its role in society, hascontributed significantly to pollution and exploitation of the envi-ronment. The rapid industrialization of many nations in Asia andthe consequent rapidly rising levels of water, air and land pollutionhave raised concerns about the unsustainability of current growthpatterns. Therefore, numerous changes must be made in policies,education and in industrial policies, processes, products andservices including intensified efforts at greening the supply chainsand increasing awareness of environmental responsibilities in Asia.

ss & Management, Lunghwaanshou Rd, Guishan Shiang,

.-L. Tseng), anthony.chiu@@dlsu.edu.ph (R.R. Tan),

All rights reserved.

Greening of the supply chain management (GSCM) refers to theresponsibility of industries and enterprises to ensure coordinationfor environmental, social and ethical compliance throughout allsupply chains. This involves engagement in the green procurementprocess, which is especially important for large and multinationalenterprises that rely on many linkages in their supply chains forproducts and services. In addition, this not only strengthenscustomeresupplier relationships, but it also reduces costs ona systemic basis, particularly when externalities are properly inte-grated into the entire system. Although GSCM still missesnumerous dimensions of decision-making at many key societallevels, this added approach can help us to make progress towardsustainable consumption and production (SCP), and can result ina more sustainable value for businesses and communities.

Many societies in the world are more inequitable today thantheywere ten years ago. Consequently, SCP faces both the challengeof formulating strategies that foster the efficient use of naturalresources and technological innovation toward an improved qualityof life; and the pressure of addressing the root causes of the socio-economic dichotomy. This introductory article to the special issue is

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organized as follows: Section 2 presents a brief overview of greendesign and practices. Section 3 provides a background on greendesign and practices in Asia. Section 4 reviews lessons learned fromthe literature, including the various papers in this special issue (SI)and from expert meetings at the Asia Pacific Roundtable onSustainable Production and Consumption that was held inColombo, Sri Lanka and Yogyakarta, Indonesia during the period2010e2011.

2. Toward understanding green design and related practices

A ‘‘green” product or service can be characterized by severalfactors; for example, one key factor is to close the material loopsthrough the design for environment (DfE), which includes designfor remanufacturing, design disassembly and for recycling. Equallysignificant in green design are application of cleaner productionprinciples of preventive strategy and source-oriented approaches,these factorsmay include toxics use reduction, enhanced durability,producteservice combinations, updatability via software upgrades,manufacturability, to name a few. All such efforts can lead to amoreecologically sound and to lower fossil carbon footprints productsand services.

In today’s green economy, design for remanufacturing anddesign for recycling are strongly based on design for disassembly.Seo et al. (2002) documented that product disassemblability hasa strong correlation with product life cycle costs. Pnueli andZussman (1997) showed that only 10e20% of product recyclingcosts depend upon the recycling process, while 80e90% of the costsare already determined during the product design stage. Priorresearch documented that disassembly is the last and mostimportant process before the added-value recovery operations(Tseng et al., 2009a). Thus, product disassemblability affects theoverall value and sustainability of the products. Many green designstudies have focused on complete disassembly of an end-of-lifeproduct to recover valuable components (Shi et al., 2008).Complete disassembly is often not practical or necessary. Partialdisassembly can bemore cost effective if only a few components areto be recovered and recycled from a given product, in accordancewith international guidelines, such as the European Union’s‘Restriction of Hazardous Substances’ (RoHS) and ‘Waste Elec-tronics and Electrical Equipment’ (WEEE). These closely linkeddirectives ban the use of six hazardous chemicals in the manufac-ture of electrical and electronic equipment and they providecollection, recycling and recovery targets for e-waste, respectively(The EU’s ‘Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction ofChemicals’ (REACH) and the US’s ‘Toxic Substances Control Act’(TOSCA) are designed to address a much broader set of toxicsubstances that may be replaced by less toxic ones in a wide arrayof products and services.).

Essentially, RoHS is applied to the design of products whereasWEEE is aimed at the life cycle of products. Because of thesedirectives, manufacturers have become critical in choosingsuppliers. Srivastava (2007) described GSCM as the combination ofenvironmental thinking and SCM encompassing product design,material sourcing and selection, manufacturing processes, deliveryof the final product to the consumer, and end-of-life managementof the products (Zhang et al., 2013). A well-integrated GSCMinvolves coordinating the material, and information flows amongsuppliers, manufacturers and customers, and implementingproduct postponement and mass customization in the supplychain. Within GSCM, postponement is a deliberate action to delaydistribution of a product until receipt of a customer order. Thisreduces the incidence of incorrect inventory deployment. Post-ponement strategies and practices serve to reduce anticipatory risk(Cheng et al., 2010). Higher levels of integration with suppliers and

customers in the supply chain are expected to result in a moreeffective and competitive advantage (Birou et al., 1998; White et al.,1999).

Tseng et al. (2009b) proposed the SCM strategy in the supplierselection problem with uncertainty due to an ever-increasinglycompetitive and changing environment. Firms are required toconstantly manage their organizational resources and activitiestoward the firms’ environmental sustainability activities as well asto tightening their industrial relationships to maintain sustainablecompetitive advantages. All conventional SCM criteria need to beincorporated together with environmental criteria to find the mostsuitable supplier in a comprehensive model. Shang et al. (2010)identified six GSCM dimensions that must be addressed: a. greenmanufacturing and packaging, b. environmental participation, c.greenmarketing, d. green suppliers, f. green stock, and g. green eco-design. They showed that, based on the ‘resource-based’ viewof thesystem, the capability of green marketing was built upon thedeployment of a collection of resources that enables it to success-fully compete against rivals. This can help manufacturing compa-nies to build up their competitive advantages.

In summary, as SCP issues are fully integrated into the design ofproducts and services throughout all supply chains, the probabilityof making progress toward more sustainable societies will, hope-fully, increase throughout Asia and more broadly throughout theworld.

There is an urgent need to develop and apply appropriatepolicies that promote green design, green supply chain, leanproduction, worker health and safety, and consumer protection.Within the currently available policy framework much must beundertaken at all supply chain levels to effect the necessarychanges. Businesses can embark on providing green products andservices by building upon tacit and explicit expectations ofconsumers. At the same time, governments have sufficient regu-latory mandates to effectively embark upon practices such asmarket transformation, by correcting market failures that lead tothe current externalization of costs of environmental and humanhealth damages. They can provide a level playing field for greenproducts and green production and thereby, expand greenconsumer choices. This can also help empower consumers toencourage producers to take more radical green actions. Theseinitiatives can contribute to progress of society while maintainingthe non-negotiable boundaries of the eco-system’s carryingcapacity.

3. Green design and practices in Asia

Green design and practices are synergistic with the GSCMobjectives for reducing, surplus capacity, production lead times andtransportation times by ensuring holistic integration of inventorylevels. Furthermore, the contributions to this special issue, whichare reviewed in the following paragraphs, reflect the perspectivesof green design and practices through resource control, and thedrivers and barriers of supply chain performance and practices inAsia.

3.1. Resource and sustainability management in Asia

In recent years, the development of public policies and theresultant industrial responses in Asia’s major economies havebegun to respond to global issues such as climate change, inaddition to local concerns pertaining to regional pollution andmanagement of increasingly scarce biological resources. Thesetrends reflect the increased awareness in Asia of the inter-dependence of long-term economic well-being of the region

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being contingent upon using environmental and human capitalwisely and sustainably.

For example, the current promotion of Chinese cleanerproduction strategies is mainly based on the Cleaner Production(CP) Promotion Law of the People’s Republic of China. Patternedafter the Pollution Prevention Law of the U.S, ‘CP’was coined by theUN to be a holistic approach of ‘source-oriented preventive mind-set’, and fully promoted; the term CP was first enacted into law byChina in 2002. The law provided a favorable, prevention-oriented,political context, and assigned specific responsibilities amongrelevant governmental agencies and stakeholders to enhance itsimplementation (Zhu et al., 2008).

CP is generally considered the prime tool in combating indus-trial pollution. However, the challenge of implementing CP tech-nologies is dependent on the understanding and willingness ofleaders of enterprises. Hence, the impact of external pressures onenterprises’ adoption of these technologies is significant. Anenterprise that has implemented the concepts and approaches ofCP usually gain economic and environmental benefits, such assaving of raw materials or energy, developing higher qualityproducts and efficiency gains and lowering costs of compliance(van Berkel, 2007). Moreover, the economic risks are recognized asmajor parts of the variance in thewillingness of the firm to invest inCP practices and technologies. The perceived economic risks arerelated to social pressures with tighter governmental environ-mental standards and supply chain practices (Shi et al., 2008; Genget al., 2010).

Koizumi (2013) stated that the Japanese government ispromoting a biofuel program to deal with environmental andenergy security problems and to improve rural development. Aneconomic analysis of domestic biofuel markets and programs andthe Japanese biofuel program needs to be performed. At present,verification tests and large-scale projects for biofuel productionhave been launched, but agricultural resources to be used for bio-fuel production face potential high production costs and conflictwith human food security and feed security for domestic animals.While Japan is promoting the production of biofuel from celluloseand other agricultural resources, research and development forsecond-generation biofuel needs to be strengthened. The govern-ment should be actively involved in projects pertinent to theincrease of domestic biofuel production. The most crucial task forthe Japanese biofuel program is to establish sustainable mecha-nisms that will measure Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, deter-mine impacts to biodiversity, food security, identify socialconsequences, and reduce production costs, especially forbioethanol.

The tightening of GHG emission standards in Asia is placingincreasing pressures on Korea’s petrochemical and steel industries(Lee, 2013). Three technology strategies for reducing GHG emis-sions were studied using cluster analysis: a. wait-and-see, b. in-process-focused, and c. all-round strategies. Lee (2013) showedthat the in-process-focused strategy was the most widely appliedstrategy, followed by the all-round strategy. However, firms inthese industries are expected to change their policies, strategies &technologies in the next five to ten years by exploring more effec-tive GHG mitigation options such as treatment-reliance, inboundsubstitution, and all-round strategies. The demand for new energysources and raw material substitutes is expected to increase asrelated technologies advance rapidly and become more readilyavailable and sustainable. Hence, GHG mitigation efforts havebecome one of the most relevant policy issues in Korea.

Water resource management provides the right of variousstakeholders (i.e. government economists, researchers, andmembers of communities) to have access to water quality infor-mation. Taiwan, which is listed among countries with limited water

resources, faces the need for a more commonly understoodapproach to interpreting water quality data among stakeholders.According to Wang and Guo (2013), the South Water ResourcesBureau applied a 2.0 On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) systemdesigned for assessing water quality suitable for humanconsumption in agricultural and industrialized areas. The OLAPsystem integrates qualified data resources to increase the under-standing of water quality information. This system providesa systematic tool for all users to collaborate in monitoring waterquality and in protecting water resources.

The Vietnamese motorcycle industry gained significantmomentum when foreign firms began investing in Vietnam afterthe 1990s. DucTho (2011) pointed out that Vietnam has the fourthlargest motorcycle industry after China, India, and Indonesia andtherefore, presents a huge motorcycle market potential. Japanesefirms such as Suzuki, Honda and Yamaha are current key players inVietnam’s market.

However, the Vietnamese motorcycle industry has receivedattention for a number of compelling reasons. According to Lin et al.(2013), deliberations on the definition or composition of a sustain-able product are on-going. This issue continues to be debated withregard to whether it is public policy induced or is market-driven.Moreover, Lin et al. (2013) stated that market demand character-istics, firm performance, and information access to green productdevelopments should also be considered.

The goal toward widespread implementation of pollutionprevention/cleaner production is still impeded by the lack of anefficient monitoring system, weak implementation of policies, andvarying regulatory approaches in different countries. In order toattain effective cooperation from industries, specific andoperations-based environmental policies (i.e., stricter emissiondischarge standards, higher emission discharge taxes, andsustainable consumption and production policies) should bedeveloped.

Whether dealing with upstream suppliers or downstreamconsumers, harmonizing industrial activities to catalyze companiesto design and produce green products and services are directlyrelated to the manufacturer’s green supply chain management.GSCM can reduce environmental impact through improved energyefficiency measures and the reduction of waste and pollution alongthe supply chain. Finally, GSCM focuses on how enterprises utilizetheir suppliers’ processes, technologies and capabilities, and howthey integrate environmental and social concerns to enhance theircompetitive advantages (Sarkis, 1998; Zhu et al., 2008; Lee et al.,2009).

3.2. Drivers and barriers of supply chain performance and practices

In addition to the pressure of keeping pace with evolving trendsin green innovation, enterprises are compelled to incorporate greensupply chain strategies into all of their operations, from productdesign, raw material sourcing and manufacturing, to storage,transportation, usability and end of product life management.

However, progress is slow in implementing sustainable prac-tices, due to two factors: the confusion regarding the accepteddefinition of “green” that is often brought about by various stake-holders and the limited number of working models, as well due tothe regulations and costs and benefits that support or inhibit theirimplementation (Bergmiller and McCright, 2009). However, thelean concept is not only a good catalyst in facilitating the realizationof green mechanisms but it also synergizes them with existingbusiness cost/benefit systems. With this connection and mutualenhancement, greater operational as well as financial benefits areor can be derived, as compared to adopting individual paradigms(Dües et al., 2013).

Fig. 1. UNEP 10-year framework of program (10YFP) for SCP.

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The issue of environmental responsibility has become a priorityin some corporations. For example, the managerial processesrelated to product and technology development within theTaiwanese printed circuit board manufacturing enterprises wereevaluated (Tseng, 2011; Tseng and Chiu, 2013; Tseng et al., 2013).The identification of appropriate greenmeasures for each industrialprocess were prioritized as an area for operations managementresearch. Green innovation is becoming a theoretical framework forstrategic development, which may lead to enhanced productivityand improved competitive advantage at the enterprise level.Organizational management is then transformed into a scholarlyundertaking where managers will need to exercise theirresourcefulness and research discipline toward crafting specific, yetinterrelated strategies and criteria for all corporate functionsthroughout the supply chain. This creative process can improvemanager’s confidence in decision-making toward the imple-mentation of green innovations in the supply chain.

The Chinese government initiated a comprehensive energysaving and emission reduction (ESER) for sustainable productionand consumption in 2005 scheme toward the attainment of a lowerfossil carbon-emitting society. To achieve their ESER goals, Chinesemanufacturers should cooperate with their suppliers andcustomers. However, it is not clear how to drive Chinese manu-facturers to implement extended supply chain (ESC) practices forESER goals, and what kinds of barriers exist. The hierarchicalanalysis is utilized to assess the coercive, normative and mimeticdrivers in China. The research presented the following insights:

(1) Coercive drivers do not motivate the supply chain to adhereto ESER goals Nonetheless, the Chinese government shouldstrengthen its enforcement by enacting and enforcing stricterregulations for uniform compliance; (2) normative drivers, on theother hand, encourage sustainable purchasing. The increase inenvironmental consciousness of Chinese consumers has createda more proactive community of sustainable purchasers. (3) Butmimetic drivers promote both sustainable purchasing andsustainable customer relations. Chinese manufacturers tend toapply a “best practices” approach, which they have acquired fromdeveloped countries (Zhu and Geng, 2013).

Sustainable transport is integral to sustainable developmentthat has been defined in different ways (Satoh and Lan, 2007). Mostresearchers agree that sustainable transport is highly affected byspatial and land-use planning, government policies, economicforces, technologies, and social and behavioral trends (Chiou et al.,2013). In the upper-level models, the government, for instance,aims to provide the transport infrastructures and to regulate thefares to achieve certain sustainability objectives that are indexed byenergy consumption, air pollution, traffic safety, and travel time. Inthe lower-level models, the transport carriers aim to determine theservice frequencies to maximize their profits, whereas, the usersselect available transport modes to maximize their utilities.

Hence, the Taiwanese government, in response to the KyotoProtocol, should take steps in developing more sustainable trans-port systems to maintain environmental and economic sustain-ability. By introducing low- or zero-pollution and high-energyefficient modes of transport, air and noise pollution, GHG emis-sions, and energy costs can be minimized. Additionally, supportiveeconomic policies and incentives must be designed and enforced toboost infrastructure construction and transport service operations.

However, manufacturers are challenged to comply with strin-gent environmental regulations by developed nations, such asEurope and the United States, without losing their competitiveness.For Taiwanese electronic manufacturing enterprises, choosing themost appropriate green supplier is a significant aspect of GSCM interms of reducing environmental impacts. Firms typically expecttheir suppliers to practice a comprehensive and environmentally

efficient system, which includes green product design, greenpurchasing, supplier/customer collaboration, recovery and reuse ofused products, life cycle assessment and other related activities. Byhaving extensive supplier selection under their performance eval-uation, electronic firms tend to leverage staff resources throughoutthe firm to reduce environmental impacts (Tseng et al., 2009a,b;Tseng, 2010, 2013).

Finally, there is a growing consensus to develop and adopt a setof sustainable production indicators for promoting and measuringsustainability achievements (SustainAbility, 2000). This is impor-tant, especially for original equipment manufacturing enterprises,which require the maintenance of consistent product quality anddynamic managerial responses to changing environments in orderto sustain their competitive edge. Such responses require firms toexplore and utilize sustainable production indicators.

4. Lessons from the Asia Pacific roundtable on sustainableconsumptions and production

The research papers contained in this special issue reconfirmedthe UNEP’s ten-year framework of program (10YFP) on SCP (Fig. 1),whereas:

1. Policy as an overarching, enabling environment: An effective top-down approach in economies is important. In economies,which use a bottoms-up approach, a mixed strategy of policyand market-driven economy would be appropriate for con-cerned sectors such as transportation and utilities, whichtraditionally have significant government involvement.PublicePrivate Partnerships (PPP) would be a key successfactor.

2. Technology: By building upon the experiences and cases in theOECD, the developing economies in the Asia Pacific Regionhave gained lessons, which include investing in knowledge andhuman resources to steer technology to leapfrog programs invarious resource sectors, such as energy, water, raw materials,transportation/logistics, housing and architecture, product andservice design, agri- and aquaculture, and food processing. Inthis context, “soft” decision support tools for selection, rankingand optimization can facilitate deployment of green technol-ogies at commercially significant scales.

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3. Green consumerism: Empirical research has revealed that themarket-oriented economy, which is dominant in the AsiaPacific Region, contributes to the green economy, that isresulting in increased demand for green products and servicesas standards of living rise in the region, but should be inaccordance with sustainable consumption patterns. Theincreasing purchasing power of the green consumer is a strongdriving force in the market that encourages suppliers of goodsand services to integrate greening approaches and conceptsinto their overall corporate strategy.

4. Green innovations and appropriate sustainable business model:While there is a strong presence of external forces, whichdrives industries to move toward the provision of sustainablegoods and services, the researchers’ findings presented in thisspecial issue documented how various decision supportmethodologies are essential in identifying how industriesrespond to this sustainability call. Furthermore, these meth-odologies, e.g. fuzzy DEMATEL, uncertainty theory, etc. arebeginning to fill the research gap to understand what thedrivers and barriers are in the implementation of sustainablebusiness models.

5. Green and lean supply chain management: Research reported inthis special issue documented that combined green and leanSCM can help lead to a ‘True Triple Bottom Line (TBL)’ winningscenario for sustainable development. Although the earlierliterature documented that green and lean approaches were inpractice in some companies, they were separately consideredand implemented by their respective interested stakeholders,government and industry. This SI emphasizes the integration oflife cycle thinking as well as the TBL within the context ofsustainable societal development.

5. Concluding remarks

The major cause for the continued deterioration of the globalenvironment is the unsustainable and unregulated pattern ofconsumption and production. The backward attitude to “grow first,clean up later” cannot apply in regions with rapidly growing pop-ulations directly dependent on natural resources. The shift to moreresource-efficient and low-fossil carbon production processesremains a challenge in terms of improving the overall environ-mental performance of the supply and demand chain andinvolvement of various stakeholders. However, SCP providesmultidisciplinary opportunities to encourage innovativeness inindustries, to enrich green consumer choice and knowledge, and toexpand the supply and demand of sustainable goods and produc-tion technologies (Tseng et al., 2013). All these efforts should beoperated within resource-efficient yet source (raw material) suffi-cient frameworks that continue to function within sustainable eco-systems.

Acknowledgement

This study was partially supported by Natural Science Founda-tion of China (71033004), Chinese Academy of Sciences (2008-318),and Ministry of Science and Technology (2011BAJ06B01).

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