sustainable aquaculture and food security -...
TRANSCRIPT
Like us on Facebook facebook.com/agrilinks
Participate during the seminar:
Follow us on Twitter twitter.com/agrilinks
#AgEvents Sustainable Aquaculture and Food Security
Speakers Harry Rea, USAID Bureau for Food Security
Richard Grainger, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Randall Brummett, World Bank
Facilitator
Zachary Baquet, USAID Bureau for Food Security
September 26, 2012
bit.ly/ABSPII
Event resources are available from June’s Special Event on Agrilinks!
Agrilinks Blog Latest Developments in Food Security
Upcoming Ag Sector Council
• October 31 | MEAS Project: Impact of Climate Change on Extension and Advisory Services
Upcoming Events
Definitions – so we are all on the same page Fish: Usually refers to fish but it is often used to refer collectively to all types of aquatic animals (i.e. fish, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.) and sometimes plants as well. Fisheries: A general term which includes both capture fisheries and aquaculture, as well as associated handling, preservation, processing, marketing and trade industries (the value chain).
Capture Fisheries: The collective enterprise of harvesting fish. A fishery is usually defined by the species caught, the gear and/or fishing methods used, and the area of operation; includes both inland and marine zones. Aquaculture: The cultivation of aquatic animals and plants in natural or controlled marine or freshwater environments; “aquatic agriculture”. Not all aquaculture is the same.
USAID Agriculture Sector Council Seminar
Sustainable Aquaculture and Food Security
Richard Grainger
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Statistics and Information
Wednesday 26 September 2012
Fisheries & Aquaculture
Vital to food security & poverty alleviation
World population to reach 9.3 billion in 2050 Urbanization rising Food production must increase by 70%
CHALLENGES
FISHERIES & AQUACULTURE – FOR FOOD
Primary source of essential protein: • 17% worldwide • 24% for LIFDCs
FISHERIES & AQUACULTURE – FOR HEALTH
Essential omega-3 oils, micronutrients Key to human brain and health development
Global trade worth US$ 109 billion 2010 38% exported
Developing countries = over 50% world fish exports China leading exporter valued over US$ 13.3 billion
FISHERIES & AQUACULTURE – FOR WEALTH
FISHERIES & AQUACULTURE – FOR LIVELIHOODS
Jobs for 55 million - many women Mostly small-scale communities Almost 12% world’s population depend on fisheries & aquaculture
Fastest-growing food sector 2010 = 59.9 million metric tons Value US$119 billion China produces >60% total
AQUACULTURE – FOR FUTURE
2021 = total 172 million metric tons projected
Aquaculture main driver: •33% increase production
•79 million metric tons
•Accounting for 46% of global fish production
AQUACULTURE – FOR FOOD SECURITY
AQUACULTURE – FOR FOOD SECURITY
AQUACULTURE – CHALLENGES & RISKS
• Water scarcity • Limited sites • Fish diseases • Biosecurity risks • Conflicting use of
resources • Availability of inputs,
including fish seeds
AQUACULTURE – SOLUTIONS
AQUACULTURE – SOLUTIONS
AQUACULTURE – SOLUTIONS
• Responsible governance • Apply Ecosystem Approach to
Aquaculture • Increase biosecurity measures • Improve health management • Increase production of non-
fed species • Reduce dependence on fishmeal
Thank you!
Aquaculture: An Adaptable, Flexible and
Sustainable Food Security Alternative
Agriculture Sector Council, September 26, 2012
Harry Rea Aquaculture & Fisheries Advisor USAID, Bureau for Food Security
Definitions – so we are all on the same page Fish: Usually refers to fish but it is often used to refer collectively to all types of aquatic animals (i.e. fish, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.) and sometimes plants as well. Fisheries: A general term which includes both capture fisheries and aquaculture, as well as associated handling, preservation, processing, marketing and trade industries (the value chain).
Capture Fisheries: The collective enterprise of harvesting fish. A fishery is usually defined by the species caught, the gear and/or fishing methods used, and the area of operation; includes both inland and marine zones. Aquaculture: The cultivation of aquatic animals and plants in natural or controlled marine or freshwater environments; “aquatic agriculture”. Not all aquaculture is the same.
How is aquaculture adaptable and flexible? 1. Location: It can basically be done wherever there is water –
fresh, brackish, marine. Can be less than year-round. 1. Scale: Indoor aquarium to industrial scale farms.
2. Purpose: Variety of uses (food, aquariums, stock
enhancement, put-and-take sport fisheries, and industrial uses (seaweed).
3. Product: There are more than 500 species cultured now and that number is increasing. Mainly fish but also crustaceans, bivalves, molluscs, reptiles, amphibians, aquatic plants and algae (sea weed), cultured pearls.
1. Method: There are a wide variety of production systems each
with its pros and cons.
Aquaculture Production Systems
Physical Facilities • Ponds, tanks, raceways, aquaria. • Cages, pens, trays, etc. • Closed recirculating systems. Management Approaches • Monoculture or polyculture. • Integrated agriculture-aquaculture, including livestock-
fish, rice-fish, horticulture-fish systems. • Aquaponics.
Way back when, someone said,
“Give a man a fish and he will eat for a day. Teach a man to fish and he will eat for a lifetime.”
Today that person might say,
“Give a man a fish and he will eat for a day. Teach a man to sustainably raise fish
and he will eat for a lifetime.”
Aquaculture Sustainability….
Tautology or Oxymoron?
Source: IFFO (2012)
Feeding Fish to Fish…
a red herring!
Trends in Fishmeal use in Aquaculture
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
1.0 2.0-2.5 2.5-3.0 3.0-3.5 3.5-4.0
Perc
ent o
f Tot
al b
y Su
b-Se
ctor
Trophic Level
CultureCapture
Mangroves (actually salt-flats) and Shrimp
• 1891 - > 1 million ha of brackishwater forests • 1899 – most large trees already gone • 1911 – efforts to regulate deforestation begin • 1938 – 329,000 ha of mangroves left • War – agent orange • Post-War – massive conversion to rice and urban
infrastructure (salinization) • 2000 – conversion of rice to shrimp facilitated • 2008 – 620,250 ha of shrimp farms in Vietnam
Evolution of Mangrove Loss in Vietnam
Sources: GTZ, Soc Trang Provincial People’s Committee (2010); UNEP 1998, De Silva (2012) Biodiversity Conservation
…and Tamil Nadu
Source: Jayanthi et al. 2010. 1987 2004
Getting the Facts Straight
• Myth: 198 kg of CO2 eq per 100 g shrimp cocktail due largely to mangrove destruction
• Laugh Test: 3.3 billion tons of CO2 = 6 X emissions of the world’s motor vehicle fleet
• Reality: 3-12 kg CO2 eq/kg*; <10% of shrimp farms converted mangroves; little direct conversion; almost none since 2000.
Sources: Boyd & Clay (1998) Scientific American; Cao et al (2011) Environ. Sci. Tech. Sonesson et al. (2009) Swedish Institute for Food & Biotechnology, US EPA (2012).
* Compared to 3-32 for land animals
Sustainability
• Environmental: does not mine/erode the natural resource base.
• Social: makes a positive contribution to development; does not disenfranchise others.
• Economic: runs without subsidies.
Symptoms of Unsustainability • Massive disease outbreaks • Declines in water quality • Loss of biodiversity • Loss of ecosystem services (e.g., recreation, capture
fisheries) • Reduced efficiency due to stress, inbreeding • Increasing operation costs (medicines) • Lowered market appeal • INCREASED RISK
Source: World Fish Center & Conservation International (2011)
Resource Use Efficiency
Conversion Efficiency Emissions
Getting Better all the Time
Source: University of Victoria & Lenfest (2010)
16 million jobs, mostly in developing countries;
50% women
However…
• Responsible aquaculture certification needs to move to a new level to ensure sustainability of an industry twice the size of the one we have now.
• Need for zoning
• Need for indicators of the collective impact on local ecosystems
• Need for new institutional arrangements between public and private sectors
Thankou!
Thank you for joining us!
Upcoming Events Share Feedback Stay In Touch
Agrilinks and the Agriculture Sector Council Seminar Series are products of the USAID Bureau for Food Security under the Knowledge-Driven Microenterprise Development (KDMD) project.
Please take our 3 minute survey! http://bit.ly/ASCSept26 You can also visit the event page to post comments & questions.
Contact Us: [email protected] Zachary Baquet, USAID/BFS: [email protected]
Find upcoming events & past presentations:
agrilinks.org/events
Thank you