Sandy Mae A. Gaspay

28-29 October 2021

Regional Workshop on Inclusive, Sustainable and Resilient Urban Passenger

Transport: Preparing for Post-Pandemic Mobility in Asia

Sustainability Assessment of Urban Transport

Systems in Metro Manila

Image source: M. Suarez, 2021

Metro Manila or National Capital Region

• Population: 13.4 Million

• Economic, political, and educational center

• 32.3% contribution to national GDP

• It is the smallest in land area among the seventeen (17) regions in the country but has the second highest population and the largest population density.

• 4 districts: 16 cities, 1 municipality

• Location of major airport and seaport

Transportation and congestion in Metro Manila

• 53% increase in registered motor vehicles from 2011-2019.

• 49% of registered vehicles in 2020 are motorcycles.

• JICA (2019) estimate: transport cost is Php 3.5 Billion (USD 69.1 Million) per day in Metro Manila, with the observation that nearly all roads have reached saturation point.

Source: CNN

53% increase

Transport Modes in Metro Manila

• Railways

• 3 urban rail lines, 1 sub-urban line

• 127 km, 86 stations

• Buses

• Jeepney / UV Express

• Ferry (1 line)

Others:

• Tricycles / Pedicabs

• Taxis

• Transport Network Vehicle Service

Jeepney

Bus

UV ExpressTricycle Ferry

Government’s Ongoing Plans/Programs

Public Utility Vehicle Modernization ProgramBuild Build Build

Autodeal.com.ph Mindanews.comBuild.gov.ph

Sustainable Urban Transport Index

Indicator 1: Extent to which transport plans cover public transport, intermodal facilities and infrastructure for active modes

• Reviewed national, regional, local and sector-specific plans before pandemic.

• Pre-pandemic, non-motorized transport has been acknowledged as important in most plans, but projects are limited to selected cities and corridors.

• Intermodal transfer facilities have been built- major function is to cater to provincial buses.

• Public transport projects are extensive, targeted in key areas.

Score: 9.33

Max score: 16

Indicator 2: Modal share of active and public transport in commuting

• Though these are collective mobility systems, their quality, quantity and regulatory compliance is not always in the desired order. Hence the same should be excluded from the definition of

public transport. ‘Personal motorized vehicle’ therefore means passenger car, motorcycle, scooter, moped, taxi, and motorized paratransit/auto-rickshaw, app based taxi services etc.,

Average number of trips per person by main mode of transport

PURPOSE ALL TRIP TYPES

MODE # of trips (000) subtotals a. Bus 2352

b. Train 1485

c. Jeepney 6763

d. UV/ HOV 261

e. Others 156

f. Public transport (a+b+c+d+e) 11017

g. Walking 10913

h. Bicycle 667

i. Active transport (g+h) 11579

j. Passenger car 2894

k. Motorcycle 2948

l. Taxi 315

m. Truck 270

n. Paratransit (tricycle and pedicab) 6318

o. Others 159

p. Individual motorized (j+k+l+m+n+o) 12904

q. Total (f+i+p) 35501

r. Public and active (f+i) 22596

s. Modal share of active and public transport 63.65 Source:

MUCEP 2014

Score: 63.65

Max: 90

Indicator 3: Convenient access to public transport service

Proportion (percentage) of the population that has convenient access to public transport, defined as

living 500 meters or less from a public transport stop with minimum 20-minute service.

Number of

bus/jeepney

/rail stops

Coverage area within a

radius of 500m

Pop. Density

(inh/km2)

Inhabitants #

5,246 398.7 26,277.59 10,478,109

Total Population 13,484,462

% population within 500m buffers 77.71

Score: 77.71

Max: 100

Indicator 4: Public transport quality and reliabilityThe degree to which passengers of the public transport system are satisfied with the quality of service while using

different modes of public transport.

Score: 51.12

Max score: 95

Lowest

Highest

Indicator 5: Traffic fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants Source: Metro Manila Development Authority MMARAS

Total Fatalities 394

Population (2019) 13,633,497

Fatalities/100,000 inhabitants 2.9

Score: 2.9

Max score: 0

• In 2019, 50% of vehicles involved in fatal/non-fatal

crashes were cars

• Most fatalities: motorcycles (41%)

• From 2016-2020:• An average of 545 persons per day are

involved in accidents• Fatalities:

54% drivers13% passengers34% pedestrians

Crash Trends

Fatal Crashes (2019)

Indicator 6: Affordability – travel costs as part of income

Services

Market

shares

Single ticket price

(in Php)

Single ticket price

(in US $)

Monthly cost

(60 tickets)

(in US $)

Weighted

monthly cost

(in US $)

Train 13.7% 26.5 0.5 32 4.3430

Bus 21.7% 21.1 0.5 28 5.9902

Jeepney 62.3% 11.0 0.3 15 9.6391

UV/ HOV 2.4% 29.6 0.6 36 0.8547

A: Weighted Average of Monthly Ticket Cost in USD 20.8271

B: Mean monthly household income (Third Decile) in USD, 2018 169

B/A (%) 12.3

Score: 12.3

Max score: 3.5

Indicator 7: Operational costs of the public transport system

Score: 100

Max score: 100

ServicesMarket shares

(estimated)

Fare Revenues

(USD)

Transport

Operating

Expenses

(USD)

Farebox ratio

Railway:

MRT 3 8.2% 38,213,637 79,083,053 48%

LRT 2 4.7% 21,372,600 29,277,534 73%

PNR 1.0% 4,571,031 7,551,765 61%

City Bus 22.2% 161,777,656 107,869,814 150%

Jeepney 63.8% 666,578,541 502,344,603 133%

Total Weighted Average (Year 2019) 126.0%

JeepneyBus

Indicator 8: Investment in public transportation systems

1. Public transport investments:

• Scheduled bus and minibus

services, BRT, train, metro and

tram, ferry services.

• Fleet acquisition and public

transport infrastructure

• Pedestrian and NMT infrastructure.

2. Other transport investments:

• Roads, bridges, flyovers and such

other infrastructure serving mixed

traffic.

Score: 50

Max: 50

Average Investment, Million USD

Public Transport Facilities 858,284,918

Total Transport 1,548,201,467

Share 55%

Indicator 9: Air quality (PM10)

Station LocationPM10

yearly

mean

Population

in area

Population

percentage

1 Pateros 61 63,840 1.01%

2 Manila City 57 1,780,148 28.18%

3 Marikina City 51 450,741 7.13%

4 Quezon City 44 2,936,116 46.47%

5 Makati City 36 582,602 9.22%

6 Muntinlupa City 23 504,509 7.99%

Total 6,317,956 100%

Population weighted concentration (Year 2019) 45.92

Score: 45.92

Max score: 10

WHO’s target is to reduce PM10 to 20 μg/m3 in order to cut

air pollution-related deaths by 15%.

Indicator 10: GHG emissions from transport

Bottom-up

approach

Emissions (tons of

CO2 equivalent)Population Emission/capita

TOTAL 16,675,000 13,453,701.00 1.24

YEAR THAT THE INDICATOR CONCERNS 2020

• Source: Ahancian and Biona (2014) Energy demand,

emissions forecasts and mitigation strategies modeled

over a medium-range horizon: The case of the land

transportation sector in Metro Manila

• Bottom-up approach to forecast future emissions using

the Low Emissions Analysis Platform of the Stockholm

Environment Institute.

• The results of the study were found to approximate to

within 0.7% the actual energy consumption data

reported by the Department of Energy.

Score: 1.24

Max score: 0

ESTIMATION MODEL FRAMEWORK

Key Reflections:1. Increasing transport demand in Metro Manila

poses significant challenges to urban mobility. Public

transport quality and reliability is main challenge

area.

2. Some essential factors to achieving improved

urban mobility have been initiated:

• sizeable investments and profitability of public

transportation

• system reforms in public transport

• increasing prioritization of active transport

However, effects may take time to materialize on

the ground.

3. For future sustainability: there is a need to

consider combined urban mobility indicators in

planning and implementation.SUTI Score: 67.33

Thank you for your attention.

Summary of SUTI Scores

Indicator

1. Extent to which transport plans cover

public transport, intermodal facilities and

infrastructure for active modes

58.33

2. Modal share of active and public transport

in commuting67.06

3. Convenient access to public transport

service72.13

4. Public transport quality and reliability 32.50

5. Traffic fatalities per 100.000 inhabitants 71.10

6. Affordability – travel costs as part of

income71.91

7. Operational costs of the public transport

system100.00

8. Investment in public transportation systems 100.00

9. Air quality (pm10) 74.34

10. Greenhouse gas emissions from transport 54.93